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WeldingJointDesignandWeldingSymbols
WeldingJointDesignandWeldingSymbols
WeldingJointDesignandWeldingSymbols
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Dzevad Hadzihafizovic
University of Sarajevo
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– Lap joint
– Tee joint
– Edge joint
WELD JOINT DESIGN (cont.)
• Types of joints.
WELD JOINT DESIGN (cont.)
• Two ways of fitting up an outside corner joint (A) so it
forms a V-groove or (B) so it forms a square butt joint.
WELD JOINT DESIGN (cont.)
• Edge joint—In an edge joint, the metal surfaces are placed
together so that the edges are even. One or both plates may
be formed by bending them at an angle,
WELD JOINT DESIGN (cont.)
• A method of controlling distortion.
WELD JOINT STRESSES
• The purpose of a weld joint is to join parts together so that the
stresses are distributed.
• The forces causing stresses in welded joints are tensile,
compression, bending, torsion, and shear, Figure 22-5.
WELD JOINT STRESSES (cont.)
• The ability of a welded joint to withstand these forces
depends upon both the joint design and the weld integrity.
• Metals
• Smooth appearance
• Increased strength
JOINT DIMENSIONS
• In some cases, the exact size, shape, and angle can be
specified for a groove, Figure 22-8.
• If exact dimensions are not given, you may make the groove
any size you feel necessary; but remember, the wider the
groove, the more welding it will require to complete.
METAL THICKNESS
• As the metal becomes thicker, you must change the joint
design to ensure a sound weld.
• On thin sections it is often possible to make full penetration
welds using a square butt joint.
• When welding on thick plate or pipe, it is often impossible
for the welder to get 100% penetration without some type of
groove being used.
METAL THICKNESS (cont.)
• U-groove and J-groove joint types.
METAL THICKNESS (cont.)
• Back gouging a weld joint to ensure 100% joint penetration.
METAL TYPE
• Because some metals have specific problems with thermal
expansion, crack sensitivity, or distortion, the joint design
selected must help control these problems.
– The notation placed in the tail of the symbol may indicate the
welding process to be used, the type of filler metal needed,
whether or not peening or root chipping is required, and other
information pertaining to the weld. If notations are not used, the
tail of the symbol is omitted.
LOCATION SIGNIFICANCE OF ARROW
• In the case of fillet and groove welding symbols, the arrow
connects the welding symbol reference line to one side of
the joint.
• The surface of the joint the arrow point actually touches is
considered to be the arrow side of the joint.
• The side opposite the arrow side of the joint is considered to
be the other (far) side of the joint.
• On a drawing, when a joint is illustrated by a single line and
the arrow of a welding symbol is directed to the line, the
arrow side of the joint is considered to be the near side of
the joint.
FILLET WELDS
• Dimensions of fillet welds are shown on the same side of the
reference line as the weld symbol and are shown to the left
of the symbol, Figure 22-20A.
FILLET WELDS (cont.)
• In intermittent fillet welds, the length and pitch increments
are placed to the right of the weld symbol.
PLUG WELDS
• Holes in the arrow side member of a joint for plug welding
are indicated by placing the weld symbol below the
reference line.
• Holes in the other side member of a joint for plug welding
are indicated by placing the weld symbol above the
reference line, Figure 22-23.
PLUG WELDS (cont.)
• Applying dimensions to plug welds.
SPOT WELDS
• Dimensions of resistance spot welds are indicated on the
same side of the reference line as the weld symbol, Figure
22-24.
• Such welds are dimensioned either by size or strength.
SPOT WELDS (cont.)
• Spot welding symbols
SPOT WELDS (cont.)
• Designating strength and number of spot welds
SEAM WELDS
• Dimensions of seam welds are shown on the same side of
the reference line as the weld symbol.
• Dimensions relate to either size or strength.
SEAM WELDS (cont.)
• The strength of seam welds is designated as the minimum
acceptable shear strength in pounds per linear inch.
• The strength value is placed to the left of the weld symbol.
• Strength of seam weld with an electron beam.
GROOVE WELDS
• Joint strength can be improved
by making some type of groove
preparation before the joint is
welded.
• The various types of groove
welds are classified as follows:
– Single-groove and symmetrical
double-groove welds that extend
completely through the members
being joined. No size is included
on the weld symbol, Figure 22-
28A and B.
GROOVE WELDS (cont.)
– Groove welds that extend only
partway through the parts being
joined.
– The size as measured from the
top of the surface to the bottom
(not including reinforcement) is
included to the left of the welding
symbol, Figure 22-28C.
– The size of groove welds with a
specified effective throat is
indicated by showing the depth
of groove preparation with the
effective throat appearing in
parentheses and placed to the left
of the weld symbol, Figure 22-
28D.
GROOVE WELDS (cont.)
– The size of square groove welds
is indicated by showing the root
penetration. The depth of
chamfering and the root
penetration are read in that order
from left to right along the
reference line.
– The root opening of groove
welds is the user’s standard
unless otherwise indicated. The
root opening of groove welds,
when not the user’s standard, is
shown inside the weld symbol,
Figure 22-28E and F.
GROOVE WELDS (cont.)
– The size of groove welds with a
specified effective throat is
indicated by showing the depth of
groove preparation with the
effective throat appearing in
parentheses and placed to the left of
the weld symbol, Figure 22-28D.
The size of square groove welds is
indicated by showing the root
penetration. The depth of
chamfering and the root penetration
are read in that order from left to
right along the reference line.
– The root opening of groove welds is
the user’s standard unless otherwise
indicated. The root opening of
groove welds, when not the user’s
standard, is shown inside the weld
symbol, Figure 22-28E and F.
GROOVE WELDS (cont.)
– The root face’s main purpose is to minimize the burn-through
that can occur with a feather edge. The size of the root face is
important to ensure good root fusion, Figure 22-29.
GROOVE WELDS (cont.)
– The size of flare
groove welds is
considered to extend
only to the tangent
points of the members,
Figure 22-30.
BACKING
• A backing (strip) is a piece of metal that is placed on the back side of a
weld joint.
• The backing must be thick enough to withstand the heat of the root
pass as it is burned in.
• A backing strip may be used on butt joints, tee joints, and outside
corner joints, Figure 22-31.
BACKING (cont.)
• The backing may be
either left on the
finished weld or
removed following
welding.
• If the backing is to be
removed, the letter R
is placed in the
backing symbol,
Figure 22-32.
FLANGED WELDS
• The following welding symbols
are used for light-gauge metal
joints where the edges to be
joined are bent to form flange or
flare welds.
– Edge flange welds are shown by
the edge flange weld symbol.
– Corner flange welds are indicated
by the corner flange weld symbol.
FLANGED WELDS (cont.)
– Dimensions of flange welds are
shown on the same side of the
reference line as the weld symbol
and are placed to the left of the
symbol, Figure 22-33. The radius
and height above the point of
tangency are indicated by
showing both the radius and the
height separated by a plus sign.
– The size of the flange weld is
shown by a dimension placed
outward from the flanged
dimensions.
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING SYMBOLS
SUMMARY
• Understanding the physics of joint design is essential for the
welder so that you can recognize and anticipate the various
forces that will be applied to a weldment in the field.
• Engineers use static and dynamic loading computer programs to
anticipate the weldment’s strength requirements.
• In the field, the welder is expected to understand the types of
forces being applied to the weldment and to determine the best
joint design to prevent these forces from causing a structural
failure.
• Understanding the significance of a welding symbol will prevent
one of the most common problems in the field—that of
overwelding.