A STUDY ON IMPACT OF DG ON POWER SYSTEM

VOLTAGE STABILITY
A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
with specialization in

POWER SYSTEMS AND AUTOMATION

By

CHIKKALA SUSHMA PAUL

(Regd no: 319206627002)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. CH.V.V.S Bhaskara Reddy

Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (A)
ANDHRA UNIVERSITY
VISAKHAPATNAM - 530003
2019-2021
 A STUDY ON IMPACT OF DG ON POWER SYSTEM

VOLTAGE STABILITY

A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the

award of the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

with specialization in

POWER SYSTEMS AND AUTOMATION

By

CHIKKALA SUSHMA PAUL

(Regd no: 319206627002)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. Ch. V. V. S Bhaskara Reddy

Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (A)

ANDHRA UNIVERSITY

VISAKHAPATNAM - 530003

2019-2021
 ANDHRA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (A)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ANDHRA UNIVERSITY
VISAKHAPATNAM – 530003,A.P.,INDIA

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis work entitled “A STUDY ON IMPACT OF DG ON

POWER SYSTEM VOLTAGE STABILITY” which is being submitted by Chikkala
Sushma Paul with Regd.No:319206627002 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in Electrical Engineering during the
year 2019-2021 with specialization in POWER SYSTEMS AND AUTOMATION from Andhra
University College of Engineering(A) is a bonafide record of the student's own work and matter
embodied in this project has not been submitted in part or full for any degree of any university.

Dr. G.V.Siva Krishna Rao Dr. Ch.V.V.S Bhaskara Reddy

Professor & Head, Professor,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering, AU Dept. of Electrical Engineering, AU
College of Engineering(A), College of Engineering(A),
Visakhapatnam - 530003. Visakhapatnam - 530003.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

If words are considered as symbol of approval and tokens of knowledge, then let the words play
the heralding role of expressing my gratitude.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to our guide, Dr. Ch.V.V.S Bhaskara
Reddy, Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Andhra University College of
Engineering (A), Visakhapatnam for his guidance. I shall always cherish our association for his
encouragement, approachability and freedom of thought and actions which I had enjoyed during
thesis work.

I am thankful to Dr.G.V.Siva Krishna Rao, Professor and Head of the Department,

Department of Electrical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering (A) for
providing me all kinds of facilities in the department.

I am thankful to Dr.P.Mallikarjuna Rao, Professor and chairman BOS, Department of

Electrical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering (A) for providing me all kinds
of facilities in the department.

I am thankful to B.Trinadha and T.Phanindra , Research scholars, Department of

Electrical Engineering, Andhra University College of Engineering (A) for helping me in the
project.

I would like to thank all my friends, faculty members and lab staff for their good wishes
and constructive support in building up the thesis. At this point I have to express my indebtedness
to my parents without whom I wouldn’t have made this journey of my life. Last but not least I
express my sincere gratitude to the Almighty.

Finally, I thank everyone who helped me directly or indirectly in successful completion of this
project work.

(Chikkala Sushma Paul)

Regd.No:319206627002
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT iii

ABBREVIATIONS iv

LIST OF FIGURES v

LIST OF TABLES vi

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION (1-6)

1.1 OVERVIEW 1
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2
1.3 VOLTAGE STABILITY PROBLEM 4
1.3.1 ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE INSTABILITY 5
1.4 OBJECTIVES 6
1.5 THESIS LAYOUT 6

CHAPTER 2 POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND VOLTAGE (7-12)

STABILITY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES
2.1 INTRODUCTION 7
2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY 7

2.2 VOLTAGE STABILITY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES 8

2.2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF STATIC VOLTAGE STABILITY
ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES 9
2.2.2 VOLTAGE STABILITY INDICES 10-11

2.3 SUMMARY 12

CHAPTER 3 FORMULATION OF VOLTAGE STABILITY

INDICES AND DISTRIBUTED GENERATION (13-22)
3.1 FAST VOLTAGE STABILITY INDEX 13-15
3.2 MAXIMUM POWER STABILITY INDEX 16-17
3.2.1 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM 18-19
3.3 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 20
3.3.1 INTRODUCTION 20
3.3.2 TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION 21
3.4 SUMMARY 22
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS (23-49)
4.1 INTRODUCTION 23
4.2 ALGORITHM 23
4.3 CASE-1 IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM 24
4.3.1 FVSI INDEX WITH DG CONNECTED 25-26
4.3.2 MPSI WITH DG CONNECTED 27-29

4.3.3 THE VARIATION OF INDEX VALUES WITH DG

CONNECTED WHEN LOAD IS REDUCED 30-32
4.4 CASE-2 IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM 33-34
4.4.1 FVSI WITH DG CONNECTED 35-38
4.3.2 MPSI WITH DG CONNECTED 39-42
4.3.3 THE VARIATION OF INDEX VALUES WITH DG
CONNECTED WHEN LOAD IS REDUCED 43-49

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS (50-51)

5.1 CONCLUSIONS 50

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 51

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B

ii

ABSTRACT

Modern power systems are operating under stressed conditions and this is making the system to

operate closer to their operating limits. Operation of power system is becoming difficult due to

increased competition in power sector, social and environmental burdens resulting to limited

expansion of transmission network, lack of initiatives to replace the old voltage and power flow

control mechanisms, imbalance in load-generation growth. All these factors are power system

stability problems. A power system operating under stressed conditions shows a different

behavior from that of a non-stressed system. As the system is operating close to the stability

limit, a relatively small disturbance may causes the system to become unstable. As the power

system is normally an interconnected system, its operation and stability will be severely affected.

Due to the fast growing of continuous load in the modern power system, it is possible to

connect the small-scale distributed generations (DG), which are affected by the environmental

factors slightly, to the system. Such kind of DG has been developing rapidly in, because of its

high quality of power supply, stable reliability and good environmental benefits. The voltage

stability analysis is performed and a stability index used to study the voltage stability proximity

to collapse. We can perform our analysis by connecting different types of DGs to the system and

calculating the stability index values under different loading conditions.

In this thesis four different types DGs with two voltage stability indices are considered

and are applied to IEEE 5 bus system, IEEE 30 bus system. The variations in the voltage stability

of the system are studied under different loading conditions for two voltage stability indices
connected with different types of DGs. The result we obtained lead the system to voltage

stability condition.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DG Distributed Generation

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

LFF Load Flow Feasibility

SSS Steady State Stability

OLTC On Load Tap Changing Transformer

FVSI Fast Voltage Stability Index

MPSI Maximum Power Stability Index

 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig .No. Figure Name Page

No

Fig 1.1 Causes of Blackout 3

Fig 2.1 Classification of power system stability 8
Fig 2.2 Classification of Voltage Stability Assessment Techniques 9
Fig 2.3 P-V Curve of a Load Bus in the Power System 10
Fig 2.4 Q -V Curve of a Load Bus in the Power System 11
Fig 3.1 Two Bus Power System Model 13
Fig 3.2 Two Bus system 16
Fig 3.3 Typical local network 17
Fig 3.4 Reduced Circuit 17
Fig 4.1. Voltage Profile of IEEE 5 bus system 24
Fig 4.2. FVSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with different types of DGs 25
Fig 4.3. FVSI values with different DG value and DG types for IEEE 5 bus system 27
Fig 4.4. MPSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with different types of DGs 28
Fig 4.5. MPSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with various types of DGs and increased DG 29
Fig 4.6 Voltage profile of IEEE 5 bus when load is reduced. 30
Fig 4.7. FVSI values when load is reduced for IEEE 5 bus system 31
Fig 4.8 MPSI values when load is reduced for IEEE 5 bus system 32
Fig 4.9. Voltage values of IEEE 30 bus system 35
Fig 4.10 FVSI values of IEEE with different types of DGs 30 bus system 36
Fig 4.11 FVSI values of IEEE 30 bus system with different types of DGs and increased DG 38
Fig 4.12 MPSI values of IEEE 30 bus system with different types of DGs 41
Fig 4.13 MPSI values of IEEE 30bus system with different types of DGs and increased DG 43
Fig 4.14 Voltage Profile of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced 45
Fig 4.15 FVSI values of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced 47
Fig 4.16 MPSI values of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced 49

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Name Page No

Table 4.1. Voltage Profile of IEEE 5 bus system 24

Table 4.2. FVSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with different types of DGs 25

Table 4.3 FVSI values with different DG value and DG types for IEEE 5 bus system 26

Table 4.4. MPSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with different types of DGs 29

Table 4.5. MPSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with various types of DGs and increased DG 30

Table 4.6. Voltage profile of IEEE 5 bus when load is reduced. 30

Table 4.7. FVSI values when load is reduced for IEEE 5 bus system 31

Table 4.8. MPSI values when load is reduced for IEEE 5 bus system 32

Table 4.9. Voltage values of IEEE 30 bus system 33

Table 4.10 FVSI values of IEEE with different types of DGs 30 bus system 35

Table 4.11 FVSI values of IEEE 30 bus system with different types of DGs 37

and increased DG

Table 4.12 MPSI values of IEEE 30 bus system with different types of DGs 40

Table 4.13 MPSI values of IEEE 30bus system with different types of DGs

and increased DG 42

Table 4.14 Voltage Profile of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced 44

Table 4.15 FVSI values of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced 46

Table 4.16 MPSI values of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced 48
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview

A power system can be defined as a system which can explain about the generation of

power, transmission of generated power to the substation and distribution of transmitted power to

the consumers. In supplying the power to the consumer’s quality must be maintained. Modern

power systems are operating under stressed conditions and this is making the system to operate

closer to their operating limits. Operation of power system is becoming difficult due to increased

competition in power sector, social and environmental burdens resulting to limited expansion of

transmission network, lack of initiatives to replace the old voltage and power flow control

mechanisms, imbalance in load-generation growth. All these factors are causing power system

stability problems. A power system operating under stressed conditions shows a different

behavior from that of a non-stressed system. As the system is operating close to the stability

limit, a relatively small disturbance may cause the system to become unstable. As the power

system is normally an interconnected system, its operation and stability will be severely affected.

In today’s scenario, as the development is taking place simultaneously the demand for the

electricity in the world is also increasing. Operation and planning of large interconnected power

systems are becoming more and more complex. In power system, voltage stability plays a very

important role. Voltage instability may cause blackouts and collapse of the power system. In last

decade, many countries have experienced the problem of blackouts. The problem of voltage

stability is mainly caused due to stressed loading condition of the system. It is essential to

analyze the voltage stability for improvement in the efficiency of power system.
The voltage stability analysis is performed and a stability index used to monitor the voltage

stability proximity to collapse and to predict the imminent danger of collapse early enough. This

is with a view to alerting system operators to take necessary action to avert a voltage collapse

thereby, making the power system network more secure and reliable.

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

According to IEEE/CIGRE joint task force report, power system stability is defined as

“Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating

condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical

disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically the entire system remains

intact” Power system instability may be evident in various ways depending upon the power

system configuration and operating mode. Different phenomenon that lead to instability are

presented. These phenomena are referred to as: 1) rotor angle stability, 2) voltage stability and 3)

frequency stability. Rotor angle stability is related to the ability of the synchronous generators in

an interconnected power network to maintain synchronism after large disturbances such as

sudden loss of large loads, line tripping due to faults etc. The frequency instability arises due to

imbalance between total generation and load demand. In recent years, the voltage instability was

identified as the primary cause of many blackouts around the world.

The largest blackout in terms of lost power and affected people occurred in India in

2012[1-3]. India is the third largest power producing country after China and USA with a yearly

production of 1423 TWh. The Indian grid has experienced several power blackouts with the

worst experienced in 2012, extreme weather conditions led to a high demand in power for

cooling systems. In the same season due to limited water supplies, the hydro power plants were

generating below their full capacity. On 30 July 2012, around 2:00 a.m. in the morning, a 400
KV. [4] Gwalior-Binar circuit breaker tripped, triggering a series of events, which later led to a

system collapse.

Major Power system blackout causes in India are shown here.

Fig 1.1 Causes of Blackout

From the above Fig. 1.1 it can be concluded that most of the causes of blackouts are

unpredictable and we cannot take the counter measures, but we have to face the situation and try

to clear the blackout as early as possible. Over demand will lead to unbalance in the network

thereby voltage instability may occur which may lead to voltage collapse.

1.3 VOLTAGE STABILITY PROBLEM

Voltage stability problem is significant since it affects the power system security and reliability.

It refers to the “ability of a power system to maintain steady state voltages at all buses under

normal conditions and after being subjected to a disturbance. The system state enters

Voltage instability region when a disturbance or an increase in load demand or alteration in

system state results in uncontrollable and continuous drop in system voltage.

Voltage instability is an aperiodic and dynamic phenomenon .The main factors of the voltage

instability are as follows:

1. Increased loading of transmission lines.

2. Reactive power constraints.

3. Load characteristic at low voltages.

4. Response of On Load Tap Changing (OLTC) transformer.

5. Unexpected relay operations.

1.3.1 Analysis of Voltage Instability

Analysis of voltage instability may be categorized into two approaches as follows:

• Static approaches

i. Load Flow Feasibility (LFF)

ii. Steady State Stability (SSS)

• Dynamic approaches

Static approaches are used to calculate the voltage collapse criteria of the power system. The

static approach used captures system conditions which approximate stages along the time domain

trajectory [7]. LFF is related to the existence of an acceptable voltage profile across the network

based on solving conventional power flow. It is concerned with the maximum power transfer

capability of the network or the existence of a solved load flow case based on evaluating the
singularity of load flow Jacobian matrix. SSS approach is concerned with the existence of a

stable operating point of the power system modeled by algebraic and differential equations. The

steady state Jacobian matrix is obtained by solving the set of equations which is linearized

around the operating point. This approach evaluates the singularity of the steady state Jacobian

matrix to determine the maximum loadability of the power system including effects of generators

and other voltage dependent devices[8].

In literature many static voltage assessment techniques have been proposed, such as the

minimum singularity value, mode analysis and sensitivity method. In dynamic analysis, all

elements of the network are modeled by means of algebraic and differential equations. The study

of the power system is done through time domain simulations. The approach requires a lot of

computations as well as calculation time. Furthermore, it does not provide readily sensitivity

information or the degree of voltage instability. However, it can reflex accurately the mechanism

of voltage instability, which in reality a dynamic phenomenon. In voltage stability analysis, it is

useful to assess voltage stability of power systems by means of scalar magnitudes, or indices.

Operators can use voltage stability indices to know how close the system to voltage collapse.

These indices may be use on-line or offline to help operators in real time operation of power

system or in designing and planning operations. As voltage instability starts in a local network

and gradually extends to the whole system, one can predict it by using local measurements.

There are two types of local evaluation techniques for voltage stability: line-based and node

(bus)-based techniques. Conceptually, if a line or a node in the system is critically voltage-

instable, the whole system approaches a collapse point.

1.4 OBJECTIVE
The objective of the thesis is to study the behavior of the voltage stability of the system with the

help of different voltage stability indices at different loading conditions. Comparison of the

results is carried out to find the changes occur in the stability of the system with change in the

parameters.

1.5 THESIS LAYOUT

The thesis is organized as follows:

 Chapter 1 provides an overview of Power system network, major blackout in India, brief

introduction of voltage stability problem and objective.

 Chapter 2 Gives information about power system stability and Voltage assessment

techniques.

 Chapter 3 introduces the formulation of voltage stability indices.

 Chapter 4 Results analysis

 Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future Scope

 CHAPTER 2

POWER SYSTEM STABILITY AND

VOLTAGE STABILITY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Power system stability forms a vast and major portion of electrical engineering studies. It is

mainly concerned with the production of electrical power and its transmission from the sending

end to the receiving end as per consumer requirements, incurring minimum amount of losses.

The power at the consumer end often changes due to the variation of load or due to disturbances

induced within the length of transmission line. For this reason, the term power system stability is

of utmost importance in this field. [5] It is used to define the ability of the of the system to bring

back its operation to steady state condition within a minimum possible time after having

undergone any transience or disturbance in the line.

2.1.1 Classification of Power System Stability

Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating

condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical

disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically the entire system remains

intact. Classification of power system stability is shown in Figure 2.1.

 Fig 2.1 Classification of power system stability

2.2 VOLTAGE STABILITY ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES

Voltage stability as per the IEEE/CIGRE joint task force report is, “The ability of a power

system to maintain steady voltages at all buses in the system after being subjected to a

disturbance from a given initial operating condition”. It is a local phenomena which gets driven

by load characteristics. [6]In case of disturbance, the power consumed by loads try to restore the

power by the action of slip adjustment in induction motor loads, voltage regulators and tap

changing transformers at distribution and thermostats installed at air conditioner units. Restored

loads further increase the reactive load demand on transmission network and cause a further

voltage reduction. Voltage stability depends upon the ability of the system to maintain

equilibrium between load demand and load supply from the power system.

According to disturbance type, the voltage stability can be classified into large and small

disturbance voltage stability, whereas if time frame is important, the voltage stability may be

either long term or short term. In the literature, various static voltage stability assessment

methods have been proposed and implemented on the real power systems.
2.2.1 Classification of Static Voltage Stability Assessment Techniques

The classification of static voltage stability assessment techniques which are widely used in

literature are represented in Figure 2.2. The voltage stability assessment techniques are classified

in broadly three categories namely[15],

 The methods based on the reformulation of the Jacobian matrix of power flow

 Voltage stability indices

 Measurements based techniques

Fig 2.2 Classification of Voltage Stability Assessment Techniques

2.2.2 Voltage Stability Indices

The voltage stability indices are introduced in order to evaluate the stability limit. Voltage

stability indices are invaluable tools for gauging the proximity of a given operating point to

voltage instability. The objective of the voltage stability indices is to quantify how close a

particular point is to the steady state voltage stability margin.

These indices can be used on-line or off-line to help operators in real time operation of power

system or in designing and planning operations. These indices will be presented to demonstrate

how close to voltage instability a system can be operated and which could lead to blackout in

large parts of the interconnected power system. Elements such as reactive power generating

devices, tap changing transformers are optimally adjusted at each operating point to reach the

objective of minimizing voltage stability index at each individual bus as well as minimizing the

global voltage stability indices. The system can be operated in the stable region by minimizing

voltage stability index of buses and lines[16].

Loading Margin is the most basic and widely accepted method to approximate the voltage

collapse in the power system. For a current operating point, the total increment of load in a

specified pattern of load increase that would cause a voltage collapse is called the loading margin

to voltage collapse. The P-V and Q-V curves are mostly used to determine the loading margin of

a power system in an individual load bus. A typical P-V curve of a load bus in the power system

is shown in Fig 2.3. To build the P-V curve, at a base case, the power system load is gradually

increased.

10
 Fig 2.3 P-V Curve of a Load Bus in the Power System

For each incremental load, it is necessary to recalculate power flows so that the bus voltage

corresponding to the load is determined. The increment of load is stopped when the voltage

collapse point or the nose of the P-V curve is reached. The power margin between the current

operating point and the voltage collapse operating point is used as a voltage stability criterion.

In Fig 2.3., Po is the load power at the current operating point and Pm is the maximum active

power that the load can consume from the system. With Q-V curve, it is possible to know the

maximum reactive power that can be achieved or added to a bus before reaching the minimum

voltage limit. A typical Q-V curve is presented in Fig 2.4. The curve can be produced by varying

the reactive power demand (or injection) at the load bus while maintaining the active power

constant, corresponding load voltage is determined through load flow recalculation. The reactive

power margin is the MVAR distance from the operating point to the bottom of the Q-V curve.

Fig 2.4 Q -V Curve of a Load Bus in the Power System

The Q-V curve can be used as an index for voltage instability. The point where dQ/dV is zero is

the point of voltage instability In Figure 2.4.,Vo is the voltage at the load bus at the current

operating point. Generally such curves are developed by load flow analysis, using conventional,

direct and continuation power flow methods. The procedure of building these curves can be

automated. However, the curves must be generated at each bus. Furthermore, it needs

information of the system which is beyond the operating point and hence the cost of calculations

will be very high [17].

For determining the voltage stability of the system different types of Voltage stability indices are

used. Some of the indices are:

1. Line Stability Index (LSI)

2. Voltage Collapse Prediction Index (VCPI)

3. Maximum Power Stability Index (MPSI)

4. Line Voltage Stability Index (LVSI)

5. L- Index (LI)

6. Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI)

2.3 SUMMARY

The above voltage stability indices are used to determine the voltage collapse points and stability

of the lines or buses of the system considered. Among the different indices, FVSI index and

Maximum Power Stability Index are taken to determine the voltage stability and to find the

voltage collapse point.

 CHAPTER 3

FORMULATION OF VOLTAGE STABILITY INDICES

AND
DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

3.1 FAST VOLTAGE STABILITY INDEX (FVSI)

FVSI index is capable to identify critical areas in a large power system, capable to determine the

point of voltage collapse, maximum permissible load and weak bus in the system and the most

critical line in an interconnected system. This index can either be referred to a bus or a line. The

voltage stability index developed in this work is referred to a line. Generally, it is started with the

current equation to form the power or voltage quadratic equations. The criterion employed in this

work was to set the discriminant of the roots of voltage or power quadratic equation to be greater

than zero. When the discriminant is less than zero, it causes the roots of the quadratic equations

to be imaginary which in turn cause voltage instability in the system. The line index that is

evaluated close to 1 will indicate the limit of voltage instability [12].

Fig 3.1 Two Bus Power System Model

13

FVSI is derived using a two bus power system model as shown in Fig 3.1. The symbols are

explained as follows:

V1, V2 =voltage on sending and receiving end buses.

P, Q = active and reactive power of the bus1 and bus2.

S = Apparent power of bus1 and bus2.

δ = δ2- 0 (angle difference between sending and receiving end buses where δ2=δ)

The line impedance is noted as Z = R+ JX with the current (I) that flows in the line given by;

V 1 ∠ 0−V 2 ∠ δ
I= ---- (3.1)
R+JX

V 1 is taken as the reference and therefore the angle is shifted to 0. The apparent power at bus 2

can be written as

S2 =V 2 I ¿ ---- (3.2)

Rearranging the Equation (3.2), we get

I 2 =¿)* ---- (3.3)

P 2−J Q2
= ---- (3.4)
V 2 ∠δ

Equating equations (3.1) and (3.4)

V 1 ∠ 0−V 2 ∠ δ P 2−J Q2
=
R+JX V 2∠δ 0

V 1 V 2∠-δ-V 22 ∠ 0 = (R+JX) ( P2−J Q2) ---- (3.5)

Separating the real and imaginary parts we get,

V 1 V 2cos δ - V 22 = R P2+XQ2) ---- (3.6)

And

−V 1 V 2sin δ - V 22= X P2 - RQ2 ---- (3.7)

14

Rearranging Equation (3.6) for P2 and substituting into Equation (3.5) yields a quadratic

equation

V2 .

2
2 R R Q
V2 – ( sin δ + cos δ) V 1 V 2 + (X+ ) 2 =0 ---- (3.8)
X X

The roots for V 2 will be

√ [( ]
2

X (
V 2 = R sin δ+cos δ V 1+
) R
X ) R2
sin δ +cos δ V 1 −4( X + )Q 2 ¿ ¿
X 2

---- (3.9)

To obtain real roots for V 2 , the discriminant is set greater than or equal to ‘0’; i.e.,

[( ]
2

)
2
R R
sin δ+cos δ V 1 - 4 ( X+ )Q 2 ≥ 0
X X

2
4 Z Q2 X
2 ≤1 ---- (3.10)
V 1 (R sinδ + X cosδ )

Since δ is normally very small then,

δ≈ 0 , R sin δ≈ 0 and X cos δ ≈ X

Taking the symbols ‘i’ as the sending bus and ‘j’ as the receiving bus, the Fast Voltage Stability

Index (FVSI) can be written as follows:

 2
4Z Qj
FVSI ij = 2 ---- (3.11)
V i X ij

Where,

Z = line impedance

X ij = line reactance

Q j = reactive power at the receiving end

V i = sending end voltage

15

The value of FVSI that is evaluated close to 1 indicates that the particular line is close to its

instability point which may lead to voltage collapse in the entire system. To maintain a secure

condition the value of FVSI should be maintained well less than 1.

3.2 MAXIMUM POWER STABILITY INDEX (MPSI):

For a simple 2 bus system shown in Fig.3.2. At receiving bus, as the load demand increased, the

amount of active power delivered by the system to the bus also increases until it reaches a

maximum value. The power transferred reaches the maximum value when the load impedance

ZL is equal to source impedance ZS.

Fig 3.2 2-Bus system

The assessment of stability in large networks can be exceptionally demanding task. Model

reduction method is often employed to reduce the computational burden. The method transforms

a multiple bus network into an equivalent 2-bus Thevenin model. The formulation of MPSI

index begins with the transformation of network as shown in Figs. 3.3 and 3.4. The power flow

equation at node j in the local network can be written as:

16

Fig 3.3 Typical local network

Fig 3.4 Reduced Circuit

The power flow equation at node j in the local network can be written as

V j ¿ ¿] [V] = S j ---- (3.12)

Where S j = apparent load power ; V j = Voltage magnitude at load bus

[V] = Nodal Voltages

In equation 12, [Y ¿¿ j]¿ is row j-th admittance matrix and we can write:

[Y ¿¿ j]¿ = [−Y ¿ ¿ j 1−Y j 2−Y j 3−…+Y jj …−Y jn ]¿

17

Where [Y ¿¿ j]¿ is admittance between node j and node i, [Y ¿¿ ji]¿ = G ji + j B ji and i=

1…n and i≠j.

n
Y jj = ∑ Y ji
i ,i ≠ j

The equivalent voltage of the network Ej obtained from node j can be written as
n

[ E¿¿ j]¿
∑Y V
= i ,i ≠ j ji i ---- (3.13)
Y jj

Substituting eq (13) for eq (12) will give

¿ ¿
V j ( E j - V j)Y jj = S j ---- (3.14)

Eq (14) is the load flow equation of the reduced network

3.2.1 Maximum Power Transfer theorem:

The maximum power transfer (MPT) theorem can be applied to ac and dc circuit analysis. The

MPT theorem states the maximum power is transferred to a resistive load when the load

resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the source in dc analysis. Similarly to ac circuit,
the maximum power transfer condition can be achieved when the load impedance Z L is equal to

the source or Thevenin impedance ZTH as shown in Fig 3.4. In ac circuit, the Thevenin

impedance ZTH can be written as:

ZTH = RTH + j X TH ---- (3.15)

Both resistance and reactance are considered in the equivalent Thevenin impedance calculation.

Referring to MPT, the interest is to find the value of load resistance RL and reactance XL such

that the power absorbed from the source is maximum.

The purpose of developing the power stability index is to be used with DG application. [13] It

has been claimed by, the inherent role of DG is to be used as a source of active power; such it is

not necessary for DG to be able to produce reactive power.

18

With respect to this definition, the derivation of the proposed voltage stability index focuses on

the active power delivery in a network. The idea of maximum power transfer is to maximize the

amount of active power that can be delivered to the load.

From Fig 3.1., the active power PL at the load can be written as

P L= V L I L cosθ

2
¿ VL
= Re ( V L I L ) = ---- (3.16)
ℜZL

Assuming that voltage and impedance of the source are known initially; therefore, the real power

expression PL can be restated in terms of voltage and impedance of the source as:

P L = Re ( V L I ¿L ) where ---- (3.17)

 ZL
VL= V TH and ---- (3.18)
Z L + ZTH

V TH
IL = ( )* ---- (3.19)
Z L + Z TH

The complex load power S L can be written as:

S L = V L I ¿L

2
V TH
= 2
ZL ---- (3.20)
( Z ¿ ¿ L+ Z TH ) ¿

Thus, the active power PL can also be expressed as:

P L = Re ( V L I ¿L )

2
V TH
= Re ( 2 ) Re(Z¿ ¿ L)¿ ---- (3.21)
¿ Z L + ZTH ∨¿ ¿

2
V TH R L
= 2 2
( R ¿ ¿ L+ RTH ) +( X ¿ ¿ L+ X TH ) ¿ ¿

19

The delivered active power PL is maximized when RL = R Th and XL = -XTh, the load impedance

is equal to the complex conjugate from Thevenin impedance.

[14] Thus, the maximum real power absorbed by the load PL max is:
2 2
V S RL V TH
P Lmax = 2 2 = ----
( R ¿ ¿ L+ RTH ) +(−X ¿ ¿ L+ X TH ) ¿ ¿ 4 RL

(3.22)

According to theory of voltage stability, there is a maximum limit of power that can be

transferred by the network. The maximum active power transfer is obtained when ZL/ZTh = 1.
 The condition represents critical loading point that must be avoided to preserve stability. At the

point where ZL/ZTh =1, the ratio of PL to PL max also shows unity value.

PL
=1 ---- (3.23)
P Lmax

By substitute PL from Eq. (3.16) and PL max from Eq. (3.22) into power ratio expression in Eq.

(23) leads to the formulation of the proposed voltage stability index.

2
4V L
n
2
MPSI = ∑ Y ji V i
i ,i ≠ j
( )
Y jj

Eq. (3.23) defines the collapse criterion of the index. Any value close to 0 represents stable

operating condition in contrary any value close to 1 implies critical operating condition.

3.3 DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

3.3.1 Introduction

Due to the fast growing of continuous load in the power system, it is possible to connect the small-

scale distributed generations (DG), which are affected by the environmental factors slightly, to the

distribution system. Such kind of DG has been developing rapidly in [9], because of its high

quality of power supply, stable reliability and good environmental benefits.

As a consequence, the connection of distributed generation to the grid may affect the power flows

and voltage stability.

Distributed generation (DG), unlike traditional generation, aims to generate part of required

electrical energy on small scale closer to the places of consumption and interchanges the electrical

power with the network. [10]. It represents a change in the paradigm of electrical energy

generation.
Distributed generation, also termed as embedded generation or dispersed generation or

decentralized generation, is defined as small electric power source that can be connected to a

distribution network by a distribution company at any node or by customer at the customer side of

the meter. The emergence of new technological alternatives allows the DG technologies in

distribution network to achieve immense technical, economic and environmental benefits. These

benefits could be maximized by proper planning i.e. placement of DGs at optimum locations with

optimum size and suitable type under certain constraints for benefits [11].

3.3.2 Types of Distributed Generation

DG technologies are classified based on their capability of injecting real and/or reactive power in

the system. Accordingly, DG technologies are grouped in the following manner.

Type1: This type DG is capable of delivering only active power such as photovoltaic, micro

turbines, fuel cells, which are integrated to the main grid with the help of converters/inverters.

However, according to current situation and grid codes the photovoltaic can and in sometimes are

required to provide reactive power as well.

Type2: DG capable of delivering both active and reactive power. DG units based on synchronous

machines (cogeneration, gas turbine, etc.) come under this type.

21

Type3: DG capable of delivering only reactive power. Synchronous compensators such as gas

turbines are the example of this type and operate at zero power factors.

Type4: DG capable of delivering active power but consuming reactive power. Mainly induction

generators, which are used in wind farms, come under this category. However, doubly fed

induction generator (DFIG) systems may consume or produce reactive power i.e. operates similar

to synchronous generator.
3.4 SUMMARY

The Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) and Maximum Power Stability Index

(MPSI) formulated above are used for calculating the stability of the system in both base case and

when different types of DGs are connected to the system.

22

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter an algorithm is defined of how the programming is done in the MATLAB

software. Various cases are considered such as IEEE 5 bus system and IEEE 30 bus system. For
each case results are tabulated and plotted using bar graphs. Finally how the thesis objective is

achieved is discussed in detail.

4.2 ALGORITHM

For the problem solving coding was done in MATLAB software, the steps that are followed in

designing the program are discussed as follows:

 Step 1: For the IEEE system, load flow using Newton –Raphson Method has been

carried

 Step 2: From the load flow solution updated Voltage, Active and Reactive power values

are obtained.

 Step 3: In order to know the stability of system Fast Voltage Stability Index and

Maximum Power Stability Index values are calculated.

 Step 4: Check whether the values of both indices are close to 0 or 1.

 Step 5: If values are near to ‘0’ then the system is stable. Otherwise the system is

unstable.

 Step 6: Now place different types of distributed generation to the given system at all

load buses.

 Step 7: Check the change in the both voltage stability indices after placing dg.

 Step 8: Compare the Voltage stability indices values before and after placing distributed

generation.

23

4.3 CASE-1 IEEE 5 BUS SYSTEM

The IEEE 5 bus system consists of 1 swing bus, 1 generator bus and 3 load buses and 7

transmission lines. The voltage profile of IEEE 5 bus system is represented as:
Table 4.1. Voltage values of IEEE 5 bus system

Bus no Voltage

1 1.060

2 1.000

3 0.987

4 0.984

5 0.972

Fig 4.1. Voltage Profile of IEEE 5 bus system

24

4.3.1 FVSI index with DG connected

The Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) is calculated for lines connected in the system. The

index values are calculated for the base case and also after connecting different types of

distributed generation. Here we have considered the DG value = 10 MW is connected.

Line number Base Case DG_ Type 1 DG_ Type 2 DG_ Type 3 DG_ Type 4

1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

2 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3 0.10576 0.10576 0.10576 0.10576 0.10576

4 0.08000 0.08000 0.08000 0.08000 0.08000

5 0.05333 0.05333 0.05333 0.05333 0.05333

6 0.02053 0.02028 0.00657 0.00664 0.03483

7 0.05509 0.05455 0.05297 0.05358 0.16879

Table 4.2 FVSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with different types of DGs

Line no

Fig 4.2. FVSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with different types of DGs

25

From the fig 4.2, we can observe that the index values of the

 Base case and when Type1 DG connected are similar (close to zero).
  When Type 2 DG and Type 3 DG are connected the values are reduced from base

case and almost near to zero.

 When Type 4 DG connected the values are slightly increased compared to base

values.

But in all cases the index values are close to zero so the system we considered is stable when 10

MW DG is connected to system.

Now let us increase the value of DG to 30 MW the graph is represented as follows:

Table 4.3 FVSI values with different DG value and DG types for IEEE 5 bus system

Line number Base Case DG_ Type 1 DG_ Type 2 DG_ Type 3 DG_ Type 4

1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

2 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3 0.10576 0.10576 0.10576 0.10576 0.10576

4 0.08000 0.08000 0.08000 0.08000 0.08000

5 0.05333 0.05333 0.05333 0.05333 0.05333

6 0.02053 0.01987 0.01834 0.01889 0.06532

7 0.05509 0.05339 0.24574 0.25330 0.41098

26
Fig 4.3. FVSI values with different DG value and DG types for IEEE 5 bus system

From Fig 4.3., the variation in the index values are as follows:

 Base case and when Type1 DG connected index values are similar (close to zero).

 When Type 2 DG and Type 3 DG are connected the index values of one line decreased from

base case and the index values of another line increased from base case.

 When Type 4 DG connected the increase in the index value compared to base case is high.

From above results, the system is stable because in all cases the values are not close to 1.

Now let us consider another voltage stability index to know the stability of the system at the

buses.

4.3.2 MPSI with DG connected

The MPSI index is calculated for load buses connected in the system. The values for both base

case and when DGs are connected are tabulated and shown in graphical representation. Consider

the value of DG = 10MW.

 Bus number Base case Type 1 DG Type 2 DG Type 3 DG Type 4 DG

3 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100

4 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096

5 0.799 0.809 0.806 0.808 0.811

27

Table 4.4 MPSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with different types of DGs

Fig 4.4. MPSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with different types of DGs

From Fig 4.4., the variation in the index values are as follows:

 When Type 1 DG, Type 2 DG and Type 3 DG are connected the index values of the index

values increased from base case.

 When Type 4 DG connected the index value compared to base case is increased slightly.
The index values in all cases are almost close to 1 but the system is stable because they did not

reach to critical operating point.

28

Now increasing the value of DG = 30MW and study the variations in the index values.

Table 4.5 MPSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with various types of DGs and increased DG value

Fig 4.5. MPSI values of IEEE 5 bus system with various types of DGs and increased DG value

Due to the increase in the value of DG there is minute change in the index values and the values

are not close to ‘1’ so the system is stable. There is no change in the values of bus 3 and

4, only the index values are varying at bus 5.

29

4.3.3 The variation of Index values with DG connected when load is reduced

The voltage profile of IEEE 5 Bus system when the load is reduced to half can be represented as
Bus Base case Type 1 DG Type 2 DG Type 3 DG Type 4 DG
Number
3 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100

4 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096

5 0.799 0.806 0.800 0.803 0.815

follows.

Table 4.6 Voltage profile of IEEE 5 bus when load is reduced.

Bus no Voltage

1 1.060

2 1.000

3 1.007

4 1.003

5 0.992
Fig 4.6 Voltage profile of IEEE 5 bus when load is reduced.

The voltage values are slightly increased when load is reduced to half.

When load is reduced to half then the variation in voltage stability of the system

30

with both indices can be studied. Let us consider DG = 10MW.

 The FVSI values with different load condition are tabulated as:

Line number Base Case DG_ Type 1 DG_ Type 2 DG_ Type 3 DG_ Type 4

1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

2 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3 0.10576 0.10576 0.10576 0.10576 0.10576

4 0.08000 0.08000 0.08000 0.08000 0.08000

5 0.05333 0.05333 0.05333 0.05333 0.05333

6 0.01974 0.01968 0.01915 0.01934 0.02025

7 0.05296 0.05287 0.05139 0.05192 0.05446

Table 4.7 FVSI values when load is reduced for IEEE 5 bus system

Line no

Fig 4.7. FVSI values when load is reduced for IEEE 5 bus system
31

From the Fig 4.7., there is a slight variation in the index values with reduction of load.

For Type 4 DG connected system the index value is half of the index value of fully loaded

condition.

 The MPSI values with different load condition are tabulated as:

Bus number Base case Type 1DG Type 2 DG Type 3 DG Type 4 DG

3 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.100

4 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096 0.096

5 0.801 0.804 0.802 0.803 0.807

Table 4.8 MPSI values when load is reduced for IEEE 5 bus system

Bus no

Fig 4.8 MPSI values when load is reduced for IEEE 5 bus system
From Fig 4.8., we can observe that there is negligible change in the MPSI values even after the

load is reduced. So we can conclude that even the load conditions are different the system is in

stable condition.

32

4.4 CASE -2 IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM

The IEEE 30 bus system consists of 1 swing bus, 5 generator bus and 24 load buses and 41

transmission lines. The voltage profile of 30 bus system is represented as:

Table 4.9 Voltage values of IEEE 30 bus system

Bus No Voltage

1 1.0600

2 1.0430

3 1.0217

4 1.0129

5 1.0100

6 1.0121

7 1.0035

8 1.0100

9 1.0507

10 1.0438

11 1.0820

12 1.0576
 15 1.0384

16 1.0445

17 1.0387
13 1.0710
18 1.0282
14 1.0429
19 1.0252

20 1.0291

21 1.0293

22 1.0353

23 1.0291

24 1.0237

25 1.0202

26 1.0025
34
27 1.0265

28 1.0109

29 1.0067

30 0.9953

Fig 4.9. Voltage values of IEEE 30 bus system

4.4.1 FVSI with DG connected

The Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) is calculated for lines connected in the system. The

index values are calculated for the base case and also after connecting different types of

distributed generation. Here we have considered the DG value = 5 MW is connected.

Table 4.10 FVSI values of IEEE 30 bus system with different types of DGs
Line no Base Case Type 1 DG Type 2 DG Type 3 DG Type 4 DG

1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.092 0.092
4 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.006 0.011
5 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.100 0.100
6 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.093 0.093
7 0.003 0.003 0.006 0.006 0.013
8 0.100 0.100 0.074 0.074 0.126
9 0.000 0.000 0.017 0.018 0.019
10 0.000 0.000 0.008 0.009 0.010
11 0.000 0.000 0.039 0.041 0.045
12 0.000 0.000 0.103 0.109 0.119
13 0.000 0.000 0.035 0.036 0.045
14 0.000 0.000 0.018 0.019 0.024

35
15 0.016 0.016 0.032 0.034 0.072
16 0.038 0.037 0.011 0.012 0.074
17 0.085 0.084 0.025 0.026 0.166
18 0.044 0.044 0.013 0.014 0.087
19 0.065 0.065 0.019 0.020 0.129
20 0.026 0.026 0.048 0.051 0.134
21 0.015 0.015 0.023 0.025 0.071
22 0.025 0.025 0.021 0.023 0.095
23 0.005 0.006 0.021 0.023 0.048
24 0.011 0.011 0.004 0.005 0.037
25 0.018 0.019 0.024 0.026 0.083
26 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.032
27 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.009 0.030
28 0.014 0.014 0.018 0.019 0.061
29 0.012 0.012 0.006 0.006 0.023
30 0.023 0.023 0.020 0.021 0.088
31 0.000 0.000 0.041 0.044 0.065
32 0.020 0.020 0.036 0.039 0.109
33 0.112 0.114 0.024 0.026 0.275
34 0.000 0.000 0.088 0.097 0.166
35 0.000 0.000 0.043 0.047 0.080
36 0.000 0.000 0.073 0.078 0.089
37 0.000 0.000 0.085 0.093 0.152
38 0.000 0.000 0.124 0.134 0.221
39 0.021 0.022 0.076 0.085 0.227
40 0.259 0.259 0.208 0.216 0.328
 41 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.013 0.014

Line no

Fig 4.10 FVSI values of IEEE 30 bus system with different types of DGs

36
From Fig 4.10., we can observe that the index values variations as follows:

 When type 1 DG connected to system the values are similar to base case.

 When Type 2 DG Base case and when and Type 3 Dg are connected to system the index

values slightly varied from base case.

 When Type 4 DG connected to system the variation of index values compared with base

case has increased.

But from the above results the system is stable as the index values are near to ‘0’.

Now increase the value of DG to 10MW and observe the variations in the index values.

For Dg=10MW, the FVSI values are tabulated as follows:

Table 4.11 FVSI values of IEEE 30 bus system with different types of DGs and increased DG

Line no Base Case Type 1 DG Type 2 DG Type 3 DG Type 4 DG

1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.090 0.092
4 0.002 0.002 0.013 0.014 0.020
 5 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.098 0.100
6 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.093
7 0.003 0.003 0.013 0.014 0.023
8 0.100 0.100 0.046 0.047 0.156
9 0.000 0.000 0.031 0.034 0.041
10 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.017 0.020
11 0.000 0.000 0.072 0.077 0.093
12 0.000 0.000 0.192 0.206 0.249
13 0.000 0.000 0.062 0.065 0.101
14 0.000 0.000 0.033 0.034 0.054
15 0.016 0.016 0.074 0.080 0.130
16 0.038 0.037 0.010 0.011 0.116
17 0.085 0.083 0.023 0.024 0.262
18 0.044 0.043 0.012 0.012 0.136
19 0.065 0.064 0.018 0.018 0.203
20 0.026 0.025 0.105 0.111 0.278

37

21 0.015 0.015 0.052 0.055 0.147

22 0.025 0.024 0.057 0.060 0.191
23 0.005 0.005 0.040 0.043 0.114
24 0.011 0.011 0.015 0.016 0.076
25 0.018 0.018 0.056 0.060 0.179
26 0.007 0.007 0.022 0.023 0.069
27 0.007 0.007 0.020 0.022 0.065
28 0.014 0.014 0.041 0.044 0.132
29 0.012 0.012 0.001 0.001 0.039
30 0.023 0.023 0.053 0.056 0.178
31 0.000 0.000 0.069 0.074 0.175
32 0.020 0.020 0.077 0.083 0.248
33 0.112 0.109 0.038 0.042 0.572
34 0.000 0.000 0.142 0.158 0.624
35 0.000 0.000 0.068 0.077 0.301
36 0.000 0.000 0.133 0.145 0.192
37 0.000 0.000 0.140 0.154 0.561
38 0.000 0.000 0.203 0.223 0.815
39 0.021 0.020 0.133 0.150 1.026
40 0.259 0.259 0.157 0.166 0.382
41 0.000 0.000 0.022 0.024 0.029
 Line no

Fig 4.11 FVSI values of IEEE 30 bus system with different types of DGs and increased DG

38

From Fig 4.11., we can observe that the index values variations as follows:

 Base case and when type 1 DG connected to system the values are similar.

 When Type 2 DG and Type 3 Dg are connected to system the index values

increasing and decreasing at some lines compared with base case.

 When Type 4 DG connected to system the variation of index values compared

with base case has increased are almost near to Value ‘1’ and at one line the

slightly exceeded the value ‘1’ showing that line is ready to collapse. So the

system stability is at risk when we increased the DG value

From the results, we can say that it is not acceptable to increase DG value for Type 4 system in

order to maintain stability of system.

 4.4.2 MPSI with DG connected

The MPSI index is calculated for load buses connected in the system. The values for both base

case and when DGs are connected are tabulated and shown in graphical representation. Consider

the value of DG= 5 MW.

Table 4.12 MPSI values of IEEE 30 bus system with different types of DGs

Bus Number Base Case Type 1 DG Type 2 DG Type 3 DG Type 4 DG

3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

6 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005

7 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003

9 0.198 0.190 0.156 0.164 0.239

39

10 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003

12 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.012

14 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.008

15 0.013 0.013 0.011 0.012 0.014

16 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

17 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001

18 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.007

19 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005

20 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004

21 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.013

22 0.028 0.027 0.026 0.027 0.029

23 0.026 0.026 0.025 0.025 0.027

24 0.498 0.497 0.491 0.493 0.510

25 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010

26 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016

27 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

28 0.200 0.198 0.195 0.196 0.203

29 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

30 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

40

Fig 4.12 MPSI values of IEEE 30 bus system with different types of DGs
From Fig 4.12., we can observe that the index values when different types of DGs connected are

similar to that of base case ,only at bus 24 the index values are in between ‘0’and ‘1’ but the

system is stable as all the values are not close to ‘1’.

Now increase the value of DG to 10MW and study the variations in the stability index values.

Consider DG = 10MW and tabulate the results.

Table 4.13 MPSI values of IEEE30bus system with different types of DGs and increased DG

Bus Number Base Case Type 1 DG Type 2 DG Type 3 DG Type 4 DG

3 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

4 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

6 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.008

7 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.004

41

9 0.198 0.185 0.134 0.141 0.333

10 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.005

12 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.008 0.017

14 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.012

15 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.018

16 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004

17 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002

18 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.008

19 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.008

20 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004

 21 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.016

22 0.028 0.027 0.025 0.025 0.035

23 0.026 0.025 0.024 0.025 0.031

24 0.498 0.497 0.484 0.484 0.567

25 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011

26 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.016 0.018

27 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

28 0.200 0.197 0.192 0.194 0.216

29 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004

30 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

42

Fig 4.13 MPSI values of IEEE 30bus system with different types of DGs and increased DG value
From Fig 4.13., we can observe that the index values when different types of DGs connected are

similar to that of base case even the DG has increased.

In this case too only at bus 24 the index values are in between ‘0’and ‘1’ but the system is stable

as all the values are not close to ‘1’.

4.4.3 The variation of Index values with DG connected when load is reduced

The voltage profile of IEEE 30 Bus system when the load is reduced to half can be represented

as follows.

Table 4.14 Voltage Profile of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced

Bus no Voltage

1 1.060

2 1.043

43

3 1.032

4 1.024

5 1.010

6 1.020

7 1.013

8 1.010

9 1.061

10 1.059

11 1.082

12 1.070
13 1.071

14 1.062

15 1.059

16 1.062

17 1.057

18 1.053

19
1.051
20 1.052

21 1.052

22 1.054

23 1.052

44

24 1.049

25 1.046

26 1.037

27 1.048

28 1.020

29 1.038

30 1.033
 Fig 4.14 Voltage Profile of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced

From Fig 4.14., we can observe that when the load is reduced the voltage values have slightly

increased. Now we have to analyze the variations of both stability indices in this condition.

45

When load is reduced to half then the variation in voltage stability of the system with both

indices can be studied. Let us consider DG = 10MW.

 The FVSI values with different load condition are tabulated as:

Table 4.15 FVSI values of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced

Line no Base Case Type 1 DG Type 2 DG Type 3 DG Type 4 DG

1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
 3 0.092 0.090 0.088 0.090 0.092
4 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
5 0.100 0.098 0.096 0.098 0.100
6 0.093 0.091 0.090 0.091 0.093
7 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.003
8 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.0100 0.100
9 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
10 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
11 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
12 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
13 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
14 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
15 0.017 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.017
16 0.048 0.036 0.030 0.031 0.048
17 0.108 0.082 0.068 0.069 0.108
18 0.056 0.043 0.035 0.036 0.056
19 0.084 0.063 0.053 0.053 0.084
20 0.036 0.025 0.019 0.020 0.036
21 0.021 0.014 0.011 0.012 0.021
22 0.035 0.023 0.018 0.019 0.035
23 0.008 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.008
24 0.017 0.010 0.007 0.008 0.017
25 0.027 0.018 0.014 0.014 0.027
26 0.011 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.011
27 0.010 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.010
28 0.020 0.013 0.041 0.010 0.020
29 0.018 0.011 0.009 0.009 0.018
30 0.033 0.022 0.017 0.018 0.033
31 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

46

32 0.030 0.019 0.014 0.015 0.030

33 0.188 0.102 0.075 0.079 0.188
34 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
35 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
36 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
37 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
38 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
39 0.000 0.018 0.012 0.013 0.049
40 0.281 0.249 0.235 0.240 0.281
41 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
 Fig 4.15 FVSI values of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced

From the Fig 4.15, the index values in all cases are reduced when load is reduced. When load is

full, one value exceeded ‘1’ when Type 4 DG is connected to system, but as load reduces the

index has reduced. So, the entire system is stable as all values are close to ‘0’.

Now we should analyze another voltage stability index.

47

 The MPSI values with different load condition are tabulated as:

Table 4.16 MPSI values of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced

Bus Number Base Case Type 1 DG Type 2 DG Type 3 DG Type 4 DG

3
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
4
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
6
0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.007
7
0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.004
9
0.189 0.181 0.133 0.140 0.333
10
0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.004
12
0.010 0.010 0.008 0.008 0.016
14
0.007 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.011
15
0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.017
16
0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004
17
0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
18
0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.008
19
0.004 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.007
20
0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004
21
0.013 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.015
22
0.027 0.027 0.025 0.025 0.034
23
0.026 0.025 0.024 0.025 0.030
24
0.498 0.498 0.486 0.487 0.557

48

25
0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011
26
0.016 0.016 0.015 0.016 0.017
27
0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003
28
0.197 0.195 0.190 0.192 0.209
29
0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004
 30
0.004 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035

Fig 4.16 MPSI values of IEEE 30 bus system when load is reduced

From the above Fig 4.16 , we can observe that with the reduction load the change in the stability

index values is very small and the only bus 24 have the index value between ‘0’ and ‘1’ but the

entire system is stable because all the values are within the permissible limits.

49

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 CONCLUSION
 The objective of this thesis is to study the variations in the state of voltage stability when a

distributed generation (DG) is connected to the system by determining voltage stability

values using two different voltage stability indices.

The MATLAB software is used to run the program on the IEEE 5 bus system and IEEE 30 bus

system and to determine the stability index values. The Fast voltage stability index is calculated

for all the lines connected in the system and Maximum power stability index is calculated at the

load buses. Load flow is carried out and the indices are calculated with four types of DGs

connected to system and at different load conditions.

From the results we can state that for both conditions i.e., when the load is full and reduced to

half, the Maximum power stability index (MPSI) values with all types of DGs connected to

system gives a stable condition to both systems.

The Fast voltage stability index (FVSI) values when the load is full and reduced with all types of

DGs connected, for IEEE 5 bus system stable condition is achieved but for IEEE 30 bus system

with Type 4 DG connected at one line the index value is equal to ‘1’when fully loaded but got

reduced when load is reduced to half .But the other types of DGs have given a stable condition to

system at all lines.

So from the results we have studied the variation of voltage stability of power system for the

taken conditions and achieved the objective of thesis.

50

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

Through different voltage stability indices values by connecting different types of DGs we have

observed the variations in stability. In future we can try to reduce the vulnerability of voltage
collapse by incorporating the compensation techniques, placing DG to identified voltage stability

weak buses.

51

REFERENCES
 [1] Kathuria, R.; Kedia, M.; Varma, G.; Bagchi, K.; Sekhani, R. The Anatomy of an Internet

Blackout: Measuring the Economic Impact Of Internet Shutdowns in India; Indian Council

Research on International Economic Relations: New Delhi, India, 2018.

[2] Nagpal, M.; Martinich, T.G.; Jiao, Z.; Manuel, S.H.; Zhang, H.A.; Alimardani, A.Lessons

Learned From a Regional System Blackout and Restoration in BC Hydro. IEEE Trans. Power

Deliv. 2018, 33, 1954–1961.

[3] Lai, L.L.; Zhang, H.T.; Mishra, S.; Ramasubramanian, D.; Lai, C.S.; Xu, F.Y. Lessons

learned from July 2012 Indian blackout. In Proceedings of the 9th IET International Conference

on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management (APSCOM 2012), Hong

Kong, China, 30–31 July 2012.

[4] Tang, Y.; Bu, G.; Yi, J. Analysis and lessons of the blackout in Indian power grid on July 30

and 31, 2012. Proc. Chin. Soc. Electr. Eng. 2012, 32, 167–174

[5] Prabha Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.

[6] Rajput, R. K., “A Textbook of Power System Engineering”, Laxmi publication, 2012.

[7] J.C. Chow: “On the evaluation of voltage collapse criteria”, IEEE Transaction on Power

Systems, Vol. 5, No. 2, May 1990, p. 612-620.

[8] V Balamourougan : “Technique for online prediction of voltage collapse”, in IEE Procedure

on Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Vol.151, No. 4, July 2004, p. 453-460.

[9] Ali M. Eltamaly, Yehia Sayed Mohamed” Impact of distributed generation (dg) on the

distribution system network” International Journal of Engineering Science · April 2019

[10] Singh, Bindeshwar, Sharma, Janmejay, 2017. A review on distributed generation planning.

Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 76, 529–544.

[11] Mohan Kashyap , Satish Kansal and Raisa Kansal “optimal placement of multiple type DGs

in radial distribution system using sensitivity based approach” International Journal of Electrical

Engineering & Technology (IJEET) Volume 9, Issue 3, May-June 2018, pp. 192–198.

[12] Musirin, I., & Rahman, T. K. A. (2002). Estimating maximum loadability for weak bus

identification using FVSI. IEEE Power Engineering Review, 22(11), 50–52.

doi:10.1109/MPER.2002.1045568.

[13] Ackermann T, Andersson G, Söder L. Distributed generation: a definition. Electrical Power

System Res 2001; 57: 195–204.

[14] Cartwright KV. Non-calculus derivation of the maximum power transfer theorem. Tech

Interface 2008; 8(2).

[15] V. Ajjarapu, Computational Techniques for Voltage Stability Assessment and Control. New

York: Springer Science, 2006.

[16] T.V Cutsem: “Voltage stability of electric power system”, Springer, 1998

[17] G.K. Morison: “Voltage stability using static and dynamic approach”, IEEE Transaction on

Power Systems, Vol. 8, No. 3, August 1993, p. 88-100

 APPENDIX A
IEEE 5- Bus Input Data
Bus Data:

Bus no Bus type Voltage Angle PG QG PL QL

1 1 1.06 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 1 0 40 30 20 10
3 3 1 0 0 0 45 15
4 3 1 0 0 0 40 5
5 3 1 0 0 0 60 10

Line Data:

From Bus To Bus R(pu) X(pu) B(pu)

1 2 0.02 0.06 0.03

1 3 0.08 0.24 0.025
2 3 0.06 0.25 0.02
2 4 0.06 0.18 0.02
2 5 0.04 0.12 0.015
3 4 0.01 0.03 0.01
4 5 0.08 0.24 0.025

APPENDIX B
 IEEE 30-Bus Input Data
Bus Data:

Bus Type Vm δ Pg Qg Pl Ql Qmin Qmax Qinj

1 1 1.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 1.043 0 40 50.0 21.7 12.7 -40 50 0
3 3 1.0 0 0 0 2.4 1.2 0 0 0
4 3 1.06 0 0 0 7.6 1.6 0 0 0
5 2 1.01 0 0 37.0 94.2 19.0 -40 40 0
6 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
7 3 1.0 0 0 0 22.8 10.9 0 0 0
8 2 1.01 0 0 37.3 30.0 30.0 -10 40 0
9 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
10 3 1.0 0 0 0 5.8 2.0 0 0 19
11 2 1.082 0 0 16.2 0.0 0.0 -6 24 0
12 3 1.0 0 0 0 11.2 7.5 0 0 0
13 2 1.071 0 0 10.6 0.0 0.0 -6 24 0
14 3 1.0 0 0 0 6.2 1.6 0 0 0
15 3 1.0 0 0 0 8.2 2.5 0 0 0
16 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.5 1.8 0 0 0
17 3 1.0 0 0 0 9.0 5.8 0 0 0
18 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.2 0.9 0 0 0
19 3 1.0 0 0 0 9.5 3.4 0 0 0
20 3 1.0 0 0 0 2.2 0.7 0 0 0
21 3 1.0 0 0 0 17.5 11.2 0 0 0
22 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
23 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.2 1.6 0 0 0
24 3 1.0 0 0 0 8.7 6.7 0 0 4.3
25 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
26 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.5 2.3 0 0 0
27 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
28 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
29 3 1.0 0 0 0 2.4 0.9 0 0 0
30 3 1.0 0 0 0 10.6 1.9 0 0 0

Line Data:
From Bus To Bus R(pu) X(pu) B(pu) Tap Ratio

1 2 0.0192 0.0575 0.0264 1

1 3 0.0452 0.1652 0.0204 1
2 4 0.0570 0.1737 0.0184 1
3 4 0.0132 0.0379 0.0042 1
2 5 0.0472 0.1983 0.0209 1
2 6 0.0581 0.1763 0.0187 1
4 6 0.0119 0.0414 0.0045 1
5 7 0.0460 0.1160 0.0102 1
6 7 0.0267 0.0820 0.0085 1
6 8 0.0120 0.0420 0.0045 1
6 9 0.0 0.2080 0.0 0.978
6 10 0.0 0.5560 0.0 0.969
9 11 0.0 0.2080 0.0 1
9 10 0.0 0.1100 0.0 1
4 12 0.0 0.2560 0.0 0.932
12 13 0.0 0.1400 0.0 1
12 14 0.1231 0.2559 0.0 1
12 15 0.0662 0.1304 0.0 1
12 16 0.0945 0.1987 0.0 1
14 15 0.2210 0.1997 0.0 1
16 17 0.0824 0.1923 0.0 1
15 18 0.1073 0.2185 0.0 1
18 19 0.0639 0.1292 0.0 1
19 20 0.0340 0.0680 0.0 1
10 20 0.0936 0.2090 0.0 1
10 17 0.0324 0.0845 0.0 1
10 21 0.0348 0.0749 0.0 1
10 22 0.0727 0.1499 0.0 1
21 23 0.0116 0.0236 0.0 1
15 23 0.1000 0.2020 0.0 1
22 24 0.1150 0.1790 0.0 1
23 24 0.1320 0.2700 0.0 1
24 25 0.1885 0.3292 0.0 1
25 26 0.2544 0.3800 0.0 1
25 27 0.1093 0.2087 0.0 1
28 27 0.0000 0.3960 0.0 0.968
27 29 0.2198 0.4153 0.0 1
27 30 0.3202 0.6027 0.0 1
29 30 0.2399 0.4533 0.0 1
8 28 0.0636 0.2000 0.0214 1
6 28 0.0169 0.0599 0.0650 1