EFFECT OF GRADED LEVEL 0F THORN APPLE (Datura stramonium)

AND ALOE VERA (Aloe barbadensis) BLEND AS FEED ADDICTIVES IN

BROILERS DIET.

B. TECH PRE-DATA PRESENTATION

BY

AJOFOYINBO OLUWASEUN IYANUOLUWA 191357

OJEBOLA PETER ABAYOMI 197085

ADEBIYI AISHAH KEHINDE 192731

ADISA JANET ABOSEDE 196387

ADENIYI BUKOLA MODUPEOLUWA 192307

ADEOJE GOODNESS BISOLA 191388

SUBMITTED TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES,

LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, OGBOMOSHO

OYO STATE.

APPROVED BY PROF. T.A. RAFIU

SIGN & DATE…………………..

MAY, 2024
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Livestock production refers to the practice of raising animals for various purposes

such as food, fiber, labor, and companionship. Livestock products include meat, milk,

eggs, wool, and leather, among others. Livestock production plays a crucial role in

global food security and rural livelihoods, providing valuable resources and

employment opportunities for millions of people worldwide..NRC. (National

Research Council, 2015).

The poultry industry encompasses the breeding, raising, and processing of

domesticated birds for meat (poultry) and eggs. It is a significant sector within the

agriculture industry worldwide, providing a major source of protein for human

consumption. Poultry products are consumed globally and this include chicken,
turkey,

duck, and other types of birds in Nigeria. FAO, 2018. Due to the ban of antibiotics by

the (European union 2006), they are now used instead of them. They are considered as

an alternative to antibiotics in animal feed production due to concerns surrounding

antibiotic resistance and their harmful and residual effect on human and animal. In

order to provide a healthy diets for livestock and also to make the animals safe for

consumption, this alternative is known as Phytobiotics.

Phytobiotics are natural feed additives derived from plants or plant extracts that

are used to promote growth, improve feed efficiency, and enhance the overall health

and performance of livestock and poultry (Panda et al (2009).

Datura stramonium, also known as thornapple, is a plant species belonging to

the Solanaceae family. It is a highly toxic plant that has a long history of use for its

psychoactive and medicinal properties. Datura stramonium contains tropane alkaloids,

such as atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, which can have hallucinogenic

effects and lead to serious health complications if ingested. Ameri A, Heydari A,

Mortazavian P, et al,.Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Datura

stramonium L.J Integr Med. 2020.

Aloe Vera is a succulent plant species that has been used for centuries for its

medicinal properties. It has been used for centuries to treat various ailments in

humans, but its benefits for livestock are also well documented. Aloe Vera has also been

shown to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making it a useful

supplement for treating various heath issues in livestock. In addition to its medicinal

properties, Aloe Vera is also a rich source of vitamins, minerals and amino acids

making it a valuable nutritional supplement for Livestock. Ebrahim, R, Fouad, A.,

Shanab, O., & Heba, E. (2017).

1.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

 To determine the nutritive value of Thornapple (Datura stramonium), and Aloe

Vera (Aloe barbadensis) as a supplement in the diet of broiler chicken.

1.1.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

 To evaluate the nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens that would be fed diets

supplemented with varying levels of the mixture of Thornapple (Datura stramonium)

and Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis).

 To evaluate the growth performance of broiler chickens that would be fed diets

supplementrd with varying levels of the mixture of Thornapple (Datura stramonium)

and Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis). T

 To evaluate carcass an organs characteristics weight of broiler chickens that

woukd be fed diets supplemented with varying levels of Thornapple (Datura

stramonium) and Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis).

 To evaluate the haematological parameters of broiler chickens that would be fed

diet supplemented with varying levels of the mixture off Thornapple (Datura

stramonium) and Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis).

 To determine the optimum supplemetation level of the mixture of Thornapple

(Datura stramonium) and Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) in the diet of broiler
chickens.

Chapter 2

 Livestock Production

 Poultry Production

 Broiler Poultry Production

 Nutritional Requirements of Broiler

 Feed Additive and Natural Growth Promoters

 Nutrient and Chemical Composition of Thornapple (Datura Stramonium)

 Nutrient and Chemical Composition of Aloe vera

 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Experimental Site

The experiement will be carried out at the poultry unit of Teaching and

Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University Of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State

Nigeria.

3.2 Collection Of Test Ingredients

The test ingredients Thornapple (Datura stramonium) will be fetched within

Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University Of Technology,

Ogbomosho, Oyo State while Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) will be purchases from a

reputable retailer.

3.3 Preparation Of Experimental Diets

A total of 180 Ross broiler birds will be used for this experiment. Six

experimental diets will be formulated using commercial feeds such that diets 2,3,4,5,

and 6 will be supplemented with the combination of Thornapple (Datura stramonium)

and Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) at 2g.4g,6g,8g, and 10g per kilogram diets using

1:1 combination of the test ingredients, while diets 1 will serve as the control diets.

With T1- Control 0g/kg, T2- contains 2g/kg of datura and aloe vera blend, T3-

contains 4g/kg of datura and aloe vera blend, T4- contains contains 6g/kg of datura

and aloe vera blend, T4- contain 8g/kg of datura and aloe vera blend, T5- contains

10g/kg of datura and aloe vera blend.

GROSS COMPOSITION OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS FOR BROILER
CHICKEN.

STARTER FINISHER

Diets 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6

Levels of 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8
Supplementation (g/kg)

Calculated Analysis
Crude protein (%) 22.00 20.00

Oil fibre (%) 5.0 5.0

Metabolizable 3300 3100

Energy (Kcal/kg)

3.4 EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND MANAGEMENT

One hundred and eighty (180) unsexed day old Abor acre chicks will be

purchased from a reputable hatchery and used for the experiment. The birds will be

randomly alloted to six (6) dietary treatments of 3 replicates each (30 birds per

treatment and 10 birds per replicated) in a completely randomized design. Routine

medications and vaccinations programs will be strictly followed as required.

3.5 Data Collection

3.5.1 Growth performance

 Feed Intake

Data on feed intake will be taken on daily basis using the formula below:

Feed intake = quantity served (g) - leftover (g)

Body weight gain

This will be calculated as the difference between the final live weights taken

(weekly) minus the initial body weight for a certain period of time.
Weight gain (WG=final live weight (g) - initial body weight (g)

Feed Conversion ratio (FCR)

This is calculated using the formula below:

FCR= Average feed intake (g)

Average weight Gain (g)

3.5.2 Nutrient Digestibility

Towards the end of the experiment, four birds will be randomly selected from

each treatment and transferred to metabolic cages. They will be acclimated for three

days before the faecal samples will before samples will be collected for five days. The

droppings will be collected daily on previously weighed aluminium foil using the total

collection method such daily droppings from each replicate will be weighed and oven

dried for 72hours. The oven dried samples will be ground, bulked together and sub-

samples will be analyzed for proximate composition according AOAC (2000)

methods.

3.5.3 Carcass characteristics and relative organ weights

Two birds will be randomly selected from each replicate (I.e four birds per

treatment). They will be starved for 12 hours and slaughtered by severing the jugular

vein. The birds will be allowed to bleed; feathers will be removed after which the

visceral organs such as liver, intestine, pancreas, spleen, kidney, proventriculus, and

heart will be removed. The bled, defeathered and eviscerated weights will be

evaluated accordingly. The head and shanks will be removed to determine the carcass

weight.

Dressing percentage (DP) = Carcass weight

X 100
Final live weight

The carcass will be cut into various parts (thigh, breast, back, shank, drumsticks,
wings and head) and their weights will be expressed in percentage relative to the
carcass weight. The weights of the organs will also be expressed in percentage

relative to the carcass weight. The weights of the organs will also be expressedin

relative values. The following calculations will be evaluated;

Relatives cut parts weights = Weight of the cut

X 100
Carcass weight

3.5.4 Blood Analysis

Three animals will be randomly chosen from each replicates. Blood samples will

be collected from their jugular vein. The blood samples meant for haematology will

be collected into Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid (EDTA) bottles, while those

meant for serum analysis will be collected into EDTA-free bottles, The following

haematological and serum parameters will be analyzed.

Heamatology parameters: Red blood cell (RBC), White blood cell (WBC),

packed cell volume (PCV), Platlets, Haemoglobin and Lymphocytes.

Serum biochemistry parameters: Albumin, Globulin, Total protein,

Cholestrol, Urea, Creatine, Alkaline Phosphate (ALP), Alanine amino transaminase

(ALT) and Asparate amino transaminase (AST).

3.6 Chemical Analysis

Samples of the experimental diets and faecal samples will be analyzed for

proximate composition by the methods of AOAC. (2000).

3.7 Statistical Analysis

Data generated will be analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA)

of SAS (2010) and Duncan Multiple Range Test of the same statistical package will

be used to separate means with significant difference.

 REFERENCES
AOAC, 2000). Food consumption; additives; natural contaminants. In: Official

Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17 th (edited by H. William),

Washington,

DC, 2:12-42.

AOAC, (2011). Official methods of analytical chemist. 18th edition. Association of

official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

El-tahir, K.E.h., Ashour, M.M . and Al-Harbi, M. M., (1993). The respiratory effects

of the volatile oil of the black seed (Nigella sativa) in guinea pigs: elucidation of the

mechanisms of action. Gen. Pharmacol. 24:1115-1122. Gilani, S,H., Atif, M.,

Mukhtar, N., Rehman, A. and Ghulan, F., (2011).