UCSP
 Adjust
SOCIALIZATION – a lifelong process
where individuals develop a self-concept
and prepare for roles, which in turn shape
personality.
IT IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH
HUMANS:
1) Acquire a sense of self or a social
identity.
2) Develop their human capacities,
3) Learn the cultures of the society in
which they live, and
4) Learn expectations for behavior
ENCULTURATION – the process by
which people learn the requirements of
their surrounding culture and acquire the
values and behaviors appropriate or
necessary in that culture.
NORMS – rule or standard of behavior
shared by a members of a social group;
and are proscriptive (stating what we
should not do,) and some are prescriptive
(stating what we should do)
MORES - refer to the norms that are
widely observed and have great moral
significance
FOLKWAYS – refer to norms for routine
and casual interaction
VALUES – culturally defined standards
that people use to decide what is desirable,
good and beautiful, and that serve as broad
guidelines for social living
PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION
 Acquire
 Accept
 Apply
 Adopt
STATUS – position in the society; can be
ascribed or achieved
 Ascribed – a social position
receives at birth or takes on
involuntarily later in life
 Achieved – a social position a
person takes
ROLE – behavior expected of someone
who holds a particular status
THREE GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. it teaches impulse control and helps
individual develop a conscience
2. teaches individuals how to prepare and
perform certain roles- occupational roles,
gender roles, and the roles of institutions
such as marriage and parenthood
3. cultivates shared sources of meaning
and value
CONSEQUENCES
1. Conformity – behavior in accordance
with socially accepted conventions or
standards
2. Deviance – behavior that violates
expected rules or norms- non conformity
or a behavior that departs significantly
from social expectations
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
THE FAMILY
  Basic unit of society, the primary
social institutions or social group
where one is born
 Serves as the main background
information for learners
 Link between the child and
society and is the first, the
closest and most influential
social group in the child’s life.
THE PEER GROUP
 Informal grouping of two or
more members, more or less of
the same age, the neighborhood
or school is called peer group,
friends, clique, gang or barkada.
 This is the only agency of
socialization not controlled
primarily by adults.
THE CHURCH
 Provides spiritual guidance,
norms of conduct, and rules of
behavior.
 It helps the government to
become honest, fair and
democratic.
 The basic principles and tenets
of the Christian religion
centering God and His love for
people are taught to the children.
THE SCHOOL
 A formal agency for wearing
children from home and
introducing them to society.
MASS MEDIA
 Informs, educates, and
entertains. It affects the
audience’s behavior and
attitudes, positively or
negatively.
THE WORKPLACE
 Where the individual gets
socialized to its norms and
values and finds his or her place
in its hierarchy of statuses.
 The person also joins
professional associations,
unions, or other groups. Should
they find the workplace dull and
unfair or unrewarding, the
employee can always look for
another job.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
GROUP
 Reciprocal relationship
 Sense of unity and feeling of
sympathy towards each other
 We – feeling: members defend
their interests collectively.
 Common interests and ideals
 Similar behavior: for achieving
the common goals and interests.
 Group norms: every group has
it’s own set of rules and norms.
GROUP VS SOCIETY
GROUP
 A collection of human beings,
 An artificial creation
 Membership is voluntary
 Group is always organized
 A specific purpose
 Marked by co-operation
 Group may be temporary
SOCIAL
  A system of social relationships
 A natural growth
 Membership is compulsory
 Society may be unorganized
 General purposes
 Marked by both co-operation
and conflict
 Society is permanent.
GROUP VS INSTITUTION
Group
 A collection of human beings
 It is an artificial creation
 Group may be temporary
Institution
 A set of folkways and mores
 Institution is a natural growth
 Institution is comparatively
permanent
TYPES OF GROUPS
According to the nature of social ties
 Primary (family, neighbor)
 Secondary
According to social identification
 In-groups
 Out-groups
 Reference
According to organization
 Formal organization (utilitarian,
coercive, voluntary)
 Informal organization
CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS:
KINSHIP, MARRIAGE AND THE
HOUSEHOLD
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION – defined as
the system of relationships between
persons and among groups with regard to
the division of activity and functional
mutual obligations within society.
INSTITUTIONS – a society or
organization founded for a religious,
educational, social, or similar purposes
 Established law, practice or custom
 Ex. Organization, foundation,
establishment, institute, center
KINSHIP – a network of relatives within
which an individual posses certain mutual
rights and obligations; a system of social
organization which is based on recognized
family ties
1. BLOOD/CONSANGUINEOUS
KINSHIP
 Kinship patterns basically
include people related either by
descent or by marriage
 Descent – genetic relatedness
 Marriage – legal union
UNILINEAL – when a child is born, he or
she is automatically assigned to either his
or her
PATRILINEAL – children are
automatically made members of the
father’s group only
MATRILINEAL – children are
automatically made members of the
mother’s group only
BILATERAL – is used to categorize
children that are made of all ancestor’s
both parents
2. MARRIAGE/AFFINAL KINSHIP – a
socially/ ritually recognized union or legal
contract between spouses that establishes
rights and obligations between them
KINDS OF MARRIAGE
ENDOGAMY – the social rule which
states the partner must be selected from a
person’s own social group
EXOGAMY - the rule which proclaims
that a partner must be chosen from a group
different from one’s town
MONOGAMY – happens when both
married partners only have one spouse;
each other
POLYGAMY – an individual has multiple
spouses
POLYGYNY – happens when one man is
married to more than one women
simultaneously
POLYANDRY – happens when a woman
is married to more than one man
simultaneously
GROUP MARRIAGE – the marriage of
several men with several women
POST – MARITAL RESIDENCY
PATRILOCAL – husband’s father’s place
of residence
MATRILOCAL – wife’s mother’s place
of residence
AMBILOCAL – may choose either
patrilocal or matrilocal
NEOLOCAL – builds a household in a
different location
AVUNCOLOCAL – residence of the
groom’s mother’s brother
FAMILY – a group of people living
together and functioning as a single
household usually consisting of parents
and their children
KINDS OF FAMILY
NUCLEAR – consists of parents and
children
EXTENDED – nuclear family with
relatives
RECONSTITUTED FAMILY – spouses
and children from previous marriage
3. RITUAL – kinship relationship extend
to people an individual has religious,
economic or political relationship with or
other kinds of social ties
COMPRADRINAZGO – the
godparenthood complex
PADRINAZGO – spiritual parenthood
which emphasizes a vertical relationship
HOUSEHOLD – defined as either one
person living alone or group of people
living together who share living
arrangements.
4. POLITICAL KINSHIP – relations
may extend to people an individual or a
family has political affiliation with
POLITICAL DYNASTY – refer to the
system of succession of political leaders
from the same family or clan that
maintains power for many generations
AUTHORITY – the concept of right to
issue and, using coercive power to enforce
a command
LEGITIMACY – originated from the
latin word “legitimare” meaning to
declare, lawful.
 According to Weber, it is the
basis of every system of
authority, a willingness to obey,
and a belief by virtue of which
persons exercising authority are
lent prestige.
THREE TYPES
 TRADITIONAL
AUTHORITY – legitimated by
sanctity of traditions or customs
 CHARISMATIC
AUTHORITY – authority made
legitimate by a leader with a
mission and vision that inspire
others
 LEGAL-RATIONAL
AUTHORITY – refers to a form
of leadership made legitimate
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
ECONOMY – is the institution that
provides for the production and
distribution of goods and services, which
people in every society needs. Sometimes
they can provide these things for
themselves and sometimes they rely on
others for goods and services, they must
have something to exchange, such as
currency (in industrialized societies) or
other goods or services (in non-
industrialized societies). The customs
surrounding exchange and distribution of
goods and services shape societies in
fundamental ways.
HOW ARE GOODS ANS SERVICES
ARE BEING EXCHANGED?
1. RECIPROCITY – is a form of gift
exchange between tow parties wherein
return is expected after product or gift
giving (Parry, 1986)
2. DISTRIBUTION – it is the act of the
government to distribute income from
wealthy businesses and citizens to the less
wealthy (Mares, 2014)
3. MARKET TRANSACTIONS
 LOANS – are money advanced
to a business with an interest
charge that must be paid and
returned at some point in the
future (Peavler, n.d)
 PURCHASES – buyer and
seller interact with one another
to exchange goods for an amount
of money (Arcinas & Mactal,
2016)
ECONOMIC SYSTEMS – a system of
production and exchange of goods and
services as well as allocation of resources
in a society
There are two dominant economic systems
in the world are capitalism and socialism.
Most societies have varying blends of the
two systems. Common hybrids of
capitalism and socialism are welfare
capitalism and stare capitalism.
CAPITALISM – a system under which
resources and means of production are
privately owned, citizens are encouraged
to seek profit for themselves, and success
or failure of an enterprise is determined by
free-market competition
Ex. The United States is one of the most
purely capitalistic societies in the world.
Most U.S businesses are privately owned,
but the government does regulate business
practices.
WELFARE CAPITALISM – a system
that features a market-based economy
coupled with an extensive social welfare
system that includes free health care and
education for all citizens.
Ex. Sweden allows private business
ownership, but the government controls a
significant part of the economy. High taxes
support an extensive array of social
welfare programs.
STATE CAPITALISM – a system under
which resources and means of production
are privately owned but closely monitored
and regulated by the government.
Ex. South Korea’s government works
closely with the country’s major
companies to ensure their success in the
global marketplace.
SOCIALISM – a system under which
resources and means are owned by society
as a whole, rights to private property are
limited, the good of the whole society is
stressed more than individual profit, and
the government maintains control of the
economy.
Ex. China is a socialist country. The
government owns and controls almost all
natural resources.
RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS
ORGANIZATIONS – refers to a formally
constituted entity, composed of individuals
performing a set of functions for the
achievement of a certain mandate,
obligation or task
RELIGION – came from a latin word
religo, which means to “bind” or to
obligate
- a unified system of beliefs and
practices related to sacred things, i.e.,
things set apart and forbidden-beliefs and
practices which unite into one single moral
community called “church” according to
Emile Durkheim
TYPES OF RELIGIOUS
ORGANIZATIONS
CHURCH – the most recognized form of
religious organizations
- formal religious organizations that is well
integrated into the society and sometimes
used fused with the state
Ex. Catholic church – Roman Empire,
Angelican church – Church of England,
Confucianism – China, Islam – Pakistan
and Iran
DENOMINATION – have a large number
of members but are less formal than a
church.
- Gain members by recruiting and
converting members from other
churches and denominations
- Ex. Different protestant and
Christian denomination that
includes Baptist, Methodists, and
Lutherans, episcopalians,
unitarians and presbyterians
- Sunni and Shi’a Muslim
denominations
SECT – religious organizations that tend
to differ and often times reject a larger
religion’s beliefs.
- Considered as less formal than
churches and denominations
 - Does not have well
organizational structure and
formal leadership
CULTS – relatively small religious
organizations whose doctrines are outside
mainstream religious traditions, usually
small and localized communities led by a
charismatic leader who exercises absolute
control over its member
CATEGORIES OF RELIGION
MONOTHEISTIC – asset the existence
of single divine being
Ex. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
POLYTHEISTIC – belief in the existence
of multiple deities or gods
Ex. Hinduism and Buddhism
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
BAND AND TRIBES – simplest political
system, often perceived to be “acephalous”
or without a well-defined system of
leadership
BAND – formed by several families living
together based on marriage ties, common
descendants, friendship affiliations and
members usually have common interest, or
enemy
BAND THAT ARE PEDESTRIAN-
FORAGERS – women have high
influence
BAND THAT ARE PASTORALIST-
AGRICULTURAL – men have more
leadership
BAND FISSIONING – band splitting into
family lines
SOCIAL VELOCITY – some family are
leaving the band to form their own
TRIBE – a band that survives band
fissioning and social velocity, considered
still as acephalous
PANTRIBAL
ASSOCIATION/SODALITIES – manner
by which tribes are organized; come in the
form of tribal elders or councils
NATION – collective group of people that
shared common history, language,
traditions, customs habits, and ethnicity
- These groups are conscious of
their identity and of their
potential to become autonomous
and unified
- Remains as a political entity that
does not possess the status of
being recognized as an
independent political entity
STATE - A political unit consisting of a
government that has sovereignty presiding
over a large group of people and a well-
defined territory
SOCIOLOGY’S THEORTICAL
PERSPECTIVE
FUNCTIONS – are the processes that
occur in society that keeps it running
smoothly
FUNTIONALISM/ STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONALISM/
FUNCTIONALIST THEORY – society
is in a state of balance and stays that way
through the function of society’s
component parts
MANIFEST FUNCTIONS – are those
that are obvious and easily discovered

LATENT FUNCTIONS – those that are

less apparent and more difficult to uncover.