KPS PU COLLEGE, ARSIKERE

Chapter – 12
Atoms

Alpha-particle scattering and Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom:

Geiger-Marsdens (or Rutherford’s) 𝜶 particle scattering experiment.

Experimental set up: A narrow beam of 𝛼 particles from a radioactive source 83 Bi 214 was
allowed to fall on a thin gold foil of thickness 2.1 × 10 𝑚. The scattered 𝛼 particles were
observed through a rotatable detector consisting of zinc sulphide screen and a microscope.
The 𝛼 particles striking the screen produced light flashes which could be observed through a
microscope as shown.

Observations of Geiger-Marsden’s experiment on scattering of alpha particles.

1. Most of the 𝛼-particles pass along straight line through the gold foil without any
deflection.
2. Only about 0.14% of the incident 𝛼-particles deflected by more than 1 .
3. About 1/8000 of incident 𝛼-particles are deflected by more than 90 .

Features of Rutherford’s atom model:

Based on the experimental data Rutherford proposed an atomic model the features of
which are as follows
i. Every atom consists of a positively charged core called nucleus
ii. The size of the nucleus is small compared to the size of the atom.
iii. The entire mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
iv. The negatively charged electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits.
v. The necessary centripetal force for the electrons to revolve is provided by the
electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons.
vi. The atom as a whole is electrically neutral because the total positive charge of
the nucleus is equal to total negative charge of all the revolving electrons.

Page 1 of 12
Limitations of Rutherford’s atomic model
According to electrodynamics any accelerated charge will lose energy by radiating
electromagnetic waves. The revolving electrons in the Rutherford model are accelerated,
so they have to lose energy by radiating electromagnetic waves and fall to the nucleus.
But this is not happening. So the model couldn’t explain
i. The stability of the nucleus
ii. The line spectra of hydrogen atom
To overcome these limitations Bohr proposed his atom model.

Some important definitions:

Scattering angle 𝜽: The angle between incident and emergent directions of an 𝛼 particle
Impact parameter 𝒃: The distance between the initial velocity vector of an 𝛼 particle from
the centre of the nucleus.

Relation between Impact parameter ‘b’ and scattering angle

𝜃
𝑍 𝑍 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2
𝑏=
8𝜋𝜀 𝐾
𝑍 → 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑍 → 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠
𝐾 → 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠,
𝜃 → 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝛼 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑍 = 2

Number of particles scattered

1
𝑁(𝜃) ∝
𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
Distance of closest approach ‘r’
𝑍𝑍 𝑒
𝑟 =
4𝜋𝜀 𝐾

Significance of impact parameter [1 mark]

When impact parameter is small, the scattering angle is large because electrostatic force is
large.

Significance of Geiger-Marsden’s experiment [1 mark]

It explains about the size of the nucleus.
Page 2 of 12
Bohr model of Hydrogen atom:
This model of an atom was proposed by Danish Physicist Neils Bohr. He applied principles of
quantum theory proposed by Plank-Einstein to explain the structure of an atom.

Bohr’s postulates of hydrogen atom. [3 mark] [March 2014, July 2015]

i. An electron in an atom can revolve around the nucleus only in certain stable
circular orbits without radiating energy. These orbits are called stationary states.
ii. The stable orbits are those for which angular momentum of the electron is an
integral multiple of
𝑛ℎ
𝑖. 𝑒, 𝑚𝑣𝑟 =
2𝜋
(This is called Bohr’s quantisation rule)
iii. When an electron makes a transition from an orbit of higher energy to another of
lower energy, then a photon of radiation is emitted whose energy is equal to the
difference in energy between the two orbits.
Suppose an electron makes a transition from an orbit having energy 𝐸 to
another having energy 𝐸 and 𝐸 > 𝐸 . Then the frequency of emitted photon
is
ℎ𝜗 = 𝐸 − 𝐸
(This is called Bohr’s frequency condition)

What is a stationary state according to Bohr’s theory? [1 mark]

A stationary state is one in which a moving electron does not emit energy.

Note:
Bohr’s model is applicable only to atoms/ions containing one revolving electrons around
the nucleus.
Eg: Hydrogen atom ‘H’, 𝐻𝑒 𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐿𝑖 𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐵𝑒 𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐵 𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑡𝑐.,
Atomic number Z for
𝐻 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 → 1
𝐻𝑒 𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 2
𝐿𝑖 𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 3
𝐵𝑒 𝑖𝑜𝑛 → 4
and so on..

Radius of 𝒏𝒕𝒉 stationary orbit of hydrogen atom. [3 mark] [March 2015]

Page 3 of 12
Consider an electron revolving around a nucleus of charge +𝑍𝑒
Let,
𝑛 → 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟 → 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡
𝑣 → 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑚 → 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
−𝑒 → 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
The necessary centripetal force for revolution is provided by the electrostatic force of
attraction between the electron and the nucleus.
𝑚𝑣 1 𝑍𝑒(𝑒)
𝑖. 𝑒, =
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
𝑍𝑒
𝑚𝑣 𝑟 = → (1)
4𝜋𝜀
By Bohr’s quantisation rule
𝑛ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟 =
2𝜋
Squaring both sides,
𝑛 ℎ
𝑚 𝑣 𝑟 = → (2)
4𝜋
𝑛 ℎ
(2) 𝑚 𝑣 𝑟
⇒ = 4𝜋
(1) 𝑚𝑣 𝑟 𝑍𝑒
4𝜋𝜀
𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
𝑚𝑟 =
𝜋𝑍𝑒
𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
𝑟=
𝜋𝑚𝑍𝑒
is the expression for radius.
For Hydrogen atom 𝑍 = 1
𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
𝑟=
𝜋𝑚𝑒

How does radius of an electron orbit vary with principal quantum number? [1 mark]
∝𝑛

Velocity of electron in 𝒏𝒕𝒉 stationary orbit of hydrogen atom. [3 mark]

Page 4 of 12
Consider an electron revolving around a nucleus of charge +𝑍𝑒
Let,
𝑛 → 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟 → 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡
𝑣 → 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑚 → 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
−𝑒 → 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
The necessary centripetal force for revolution is provided by the electrostatic force of
attraction between the electron and the nucleus.
𝑚𝑣 1 𝑍𝑒(𝑒)
𝑖. 𝑒, =
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
𝑍𝑒
𝑚𝑣 𝑟 = → (1)
4𝜋𝜀
By Bohr’s quantisation rule
𝑛ℎ
𝑚𝑣𝑟 = → (2)
2𝜋
𝑍𝑒
(1) 𝑚𝑣 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀
⇒ =
(2) 𝑚𝑣𝑟 𝑛ℎ
2𝜋
𝑍𝑒
𝑣=
2𝜀 𝑛ℎ
is the expression for velocity.
For Hydrogen atom 𝑍 = 1
𝑒
𝑣=
2𝜀 𝑛ℎ

Total Energy of an electron in 𝒏𝒕𝒉 orbit

Derive the expression for total energy of an electron in the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 stationary orbit of hydrogen
atom. Or
Assuming the expression for radius, derive the expression for total energy of an electron in
the 𝒏𝒕𝒉 stationary orbit of hydrogen atom. [5 mark] [July 2014, July 2016]

Consider an electron revolving around a nucleus of charge +𝑍𝑒

Let,
𝑛 → 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑟 → 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡
𝑣 → 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑚 → 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
−𝑒 → 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
Page 5 of 12
The necessary centripetal force for revolution is provided by the electrostatic force of
attraction between the nucleus and the electron
𝑚𝑣 1 𝑍𝑒
𝑖. 𝑒, =
𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
𝑍𝑒
𝑚𝑣 =
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
1
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣
2
1 𝑍𝑒
𝐸 = → (1)
2 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
Potential energy is given by,
1 𝑍𝑒(−𝑒)
𝐸 =
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
𝑍𝑒
𝐸 =− → (2)
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
Total energy is
𝐸 =𝐸 +𝐸
1 𝑍𝑒 𝑍𝑒
𝐸= −
2 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟
𝑍𝑒 1
𝐸= −1
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2
𝑍𝑒 1
𝐸= −
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2
𝑍𝑒
𝐸=− → (3)
8𝜋𝜀 𝑟
But, radius of 𝑛 stationary orbit of the atom is
𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
𝑟= → (4)
𝜋𝑚𝑍𝑒
𝑍𝑒
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 (4)𝑖𝑛 (3), 𝐸 = −
𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
8𝜋𝜀
𝜋𝑚𝑍𝑒
𝑚𝑍 𝑒
𝐸=−
8𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
is the expression for total energy.
For hydrogen atom 𝑍 = 1
𝑚𝑒
𝐸=−
8𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
-ve sign indicates that electron is bound to the nucleus of the atom.
Substituting the values we get
2.18 × 10
𝐸=− 𝐽
𝑛
13.6
𝑜𝑟 𝐸 = − 𝑒𝑉
𝑛
13.6
𝑜𝑟 𝐸 = − 𝑒𝑉
𝑛

Page 6 of 12
Give the expression for energy of an electron in 𝒏𝒕𝒉 stationary state of hydrogen atom in
eV. [1 mark]
13.6
𝐸 =− 𝑒𝑉
𝑛

How does the energy of an electron in H-atom vary with the principal quantum number 𝒏?
[1 mark]
1
∝
𝑛

What is the significance of negative total energy of an electron orbiting round the nucleus?
[1 mark]
Negative energy indicates that electron is bound to the nucleus.

What is the energy possessed by a free electron in the state of principal quantum number
equal to ∞ ? [1 mark]
Zero.

What is the relation between potential energy and kinetic energy of an electron in an
atom? [1 mark]
𝐸 = −𝐸

Write a note on energy levels of hydrogen atom. [3 mark]

The energy of electron in the 𝑛 staionary orbit is

13.6
𝐸 =− 𝑒𝑉
𝑛
For electron revolving in state 𝑛 = 1
𝐸 = −13.6𝑒𝑉
The atom is said to be in the ground state.
For 𝑛 = 2

Page 7 of 12
 13.6
𝐸 =− 𝑒𝑉
2
𝐸 = −3.4𝑒𝑉
The atom is said to be in the first excited state.
For 𝑛 = 3
13.6
𝐸 =− 𝑒𝑉
3
𝐸 = −1.51𝑒𝑉
The atom is said to be in the second excited state. And so on.

Atomic Spectra:
A line in the spectrum corresponds to the radiation which is emitted when transition of
an electron occurs from an orbit of higher energy to an orbit of lower energy.
In the spectrum of hydrogen atom there are five groups of lines. Each group of lines is
called series. The five spectral series are
i. Lymann series → Lies in the Ultraviolet region
ii. Balmer series → Lies in the Visible region
iii. Paschen series → Lies in the Infrared region
iv. Brackett series → Lies in the Infrared region
v. Pfund series → Lies in the Infrared region

Obtain the expression for frequency and hence wave number of the radiation emitted for
an electronic transition between any two stationary orbits of a hydrogen atom. Also
mention the expression for Rydberg constant. [5 mark]
Consider an atom of atomic number 𝑍 containing a single electron revolving around the
nucleus in a circular orbit.

Page 8 of 12
Let the electron make a transition from a stationary orbit 𝑛 of energy 𝐸 to orbit 𝑛 of
energy 𝐸 . Let, 𝐸 > 𝐸 .
Then,
𝑚𝑍 𝑒
𝐸 =−
8𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
𝑚𝑍 𝑒
𝐸 =−
8𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
After transition, a photon of electromagnetic radiation is emitted whose energy is equal to
the difference in energy between the two states
If 𝜗 is the frequency of the photon then,
ℎ𝜗 = 𝐸 − 𝐸
𝑚𝑍 𝑒 𝑚𝑍 𝑒
ℎ𝜗 = − − −
8𝜀 𝑛 ℎ 8𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
𝑚𝑍 𝑒 𝑚𝑍 𝑒
ℎ𝜗 = −
8𝜀 𝑛 ℎ 8𝜀 𝑛 ℎ
𝑚𝑍 𝑒 1 1
ℎ𝜗 = −
8𝜀 ℎ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑚𝑍 𝑒 1 1
𝜗= −
8𝜀 ℎ 𝑛 𝑛
For hydrogen 𝑍 = 1
𝑚𝑒 1 1
∴𝜗= −
8𝜀 ℎ 𝑛 𝑛
is the expression for frequency
𝑐
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝜗 =
𝜆
𝑐 𝑚𝑒 1 1
∴ = −
𝜆 8𝜀 ℎ 𝑛 𝑛
1 𝑚𝑒 1 1
∴ = − → (1)
𝜆 8𝜀 ℎ 𝑐 𝑛 𝑛
is the expression for wave number.
Comparing (1) with empirical relation for the wave number,
1 1 1
=𝑅 −
𝜆 𝑛 𝑛
𝑚𝑒
𝑅=
8𝜀 ℎ 𝑐
is the expression for Rydberg constant. Substituting the values,
𝑅 = 1.097 × 10 𝑚

Merits of Bohr atom model:

i) Explains Hydrogen/ Hydrogen like spectrum.
ii) Explains stability of an atom.
iii) Rydberg constant calculated by Bohr’s theory is in agreement with
experimental value.

Page 9 of 12
Limitations of Bohr’s atom model: [2 mark]
i. It is not applicable to atoms or ions having more than one electron.
ii. It could not explain relative intensities of spectral lines.
iii. It could not explain the fine structure of spectral lines.
iv. It could not explain Zeeman effect.

Give an account of the spectral series of hydrogen atom with an energy level diagram
showing electronic transitions. [3 mark]

The expression for wave number of radiation emitted for electronic transition from an
orbit 𝑛 to a lower orbit 𝑛 in a hydrogen atom is
1 1 1
=𝑅 −
𝜆 𝑛 𝑛
𝑅 = 1.097 × 10 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑅𝑦𝑑𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
The transitions corresponding to the various spectral series are
(a) Lymann series:
𝑛 = 1, 𝑛 = 2,3,4 … It lies in the Ultraviolet region.
(b) Balmer series:
𝑛 = 2, 𝑛 = 3,4,5 … It lies in the Visible region.
(c) Paschen series:
𝑛 = 3, 𝑛 = 4,5,6 … It lies in the Infrared region.

Page 10 of 12
(d)Brackett series:
𝑛 = 4, 𝑛 = 5,6,7 … It lies in the Infrared region.
(e) Pfund series:
𝑛 = 5, 𝑛 = 6,7,8 … It lies in the Infrared region.

To which level electron should jump from higher energy levels to (a) Lymann (b) Balmer
(c) Paschen (d) Brackett (e) Pfund series [1 mark each]
(𝑎) 𝑛 = 1 (𝑏) 𝑛 = 2 (𝑐) 𝑛 = 3 (𝑑) 𝑛 = 4 (𝑒) 𝑛 = 5

Mention the empirical formula for wave number of

(a) Lymann (b) Balmer (c) Paschen (d) Brackett (e) Pfund series [1 mark each]
(a) Lymann series:
1 1 1
=𝑅 − 𝑛 = 2,3,4 …
𝜆 1 𝑛
(b) Balmer series:
1 1 1
=𝑅 − 𝑛 = 3,4,5 …
𝜆 2 𝑛
(c) Paschen series:
1 1 1
=𝑅 − 𝑛 = 4,5,6 …
𝜆 3 𝑛
(d)Brackett series:
1 1 1
=𝑅 − 𝑛 = 5,6,7 …
𝜆 4 𝑛
(e) Pfund series:
1 1 1
=𝑅 − 𝑛 = 6,7,8 …
𝜆 5 𝑛

In which region of electromagnetic spectrum does the following series of hydrogen atom
lie?
(a) Lymann (b) Balmer (c) Paschen (d) Brackett (e) Pfund series? [1 mark each]
(a) Lymann series: Ultraviolet region [March 2015]
(b) Balmer series: Visible region [July 2015]
(c) Paschen series: Infrared region
(d) Brackett series: Infrared region
(e) Pfund series: Infrared region

What is excitation energy? [1 mark]

The energy required to transfer the electron in an atom from its lowest energy state
(ground state) to any state of higher energy.

What is ionisation energy? [1 mark]

The minimum energy required to free the electron in an atom from its ground state is
called ionisation energy.

Name the series of the hydrogen atom which has the least wavelength? [1 mark]
Lymann series.

Page 11 of 12
 Name the series of the hydrogen atom which has the highest wavelength? [1 mark]
Pfund series.

What is series limit? [1 mark]

Wavelength corresponding to the transition of an electron from an infinite energy state
to any lower state is called series limit.

Mention the expression for Rydberg’s constant and explain the terms. [2 mark]
𝑚𝑒
𝑅=
8𝜀 ℎ 𝑐
𝑚 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑒 − 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑐 − 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
ℎ − 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

To what type of species Bohr’s model can be applied to? [1 mark]

Unielectron species 𝐸𝑔: 𝐻, 𝐻𝑒 , 𝐿𝑖 , 𝐵𝑒

De Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s Second postulate of Quantization:

Give de-Broglie explanation of Bohr’s quantization rule. [3 mark]

de-Broglie argued that the motion of an electron in an orbit is associated with a wave.
Only those orbits exist which give rise to a standing wave pattern. For a standing wave
pattern the total distance travelled by the wave must be equal to integral multiple of the
wavelength of the wave.
For electron wave in an orbit the total distance travelled is the circumference of the orbit.
If 𝑟 is the radius of 𝑛 stationary orbit and 𝜆 is the wavelength of the electron wave,
then
2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆 (𝑛 = 1,2,3 … )
ℎ ℎ
𝑏𝑢𝑡, 𝜆 = =
𝑝 𝑚𝑣
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡, 𝑚 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
ℎ
2𝜋𝑟 = 𝑛
𝑚𝑣
𝑛ℎ
𝑚𝑣 𝑟 =
2𝜋
is the Bohr’s quantization rule.

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