2022-2023

Semester 2

SEHH2008: Chemistry and Modern Living

Lecturer: Mr. Baldur Woo
BNurs, RN, MSc in Mkt and Sales Mgt, MMedSC

Lecture 3: Acid and Base

13/2/2023
Objectives

• Understand the relationship of ions and occupied electron shells

• Understand what is acid and base

• Understand the neutralization and formation of salt

• Understand the comment usage of acid

Revision of Lecture 2

• Atom = Nucleus (Protons + Neutrons) + Electrons

• The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge

• If the number of protons and electrons are equal, then the atom is electrically neutral (not equal to chemical stable)

• If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive charge, respectively – such
atoms are called ions

• Type of IONS:

• Anion: A negative ion

• Cation: A positive ion

• During a chemical reaction, the atoms of the original substances gain, lose or share their electrons with those of the
substances with which they are reacting
Arrangement of Electrons in Electron Shell (1)
Arrangement of Electrons in Electron Shell (2)
Relationship Between Ions and Electron Shell

• The purpose of ion formation---When atoms lose or gain electrons to meet the octet rule (fill the
outermost electron shell completely) and have entire outer valence electron shells, ions are
created

• In general, atoms are most stable, least reactive, when their outermost electron shell is full

• Metal atoms drop their highest energy level electron, or electrons, and produce positively
charged ions

• Nonmetal atoms gain one electron or multiple electrons to form negatively charged ions
The Experimental Definition of Acid and Base

• Acids:

• Taste sour

• Turn litmus red

• React with active metals to release hydrogen gas

• React with bases to form water and a salt

• Bases:

• Taste bitter and feel slippery

• Turn litmus blue

• React with acids to form water and a salt

Svante Arrhenius’s Definition of Acid and Base

• Swedish scientist, Svante Arrhenius introduced Arrhenius theory in 1887 that explained the
definition of acid and base in ionic way.

• Acid: A molecular substance that ionizes in aqueous solution to form hydrogen ions (H+)

• Base: A substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in aqueous solution

• Limitations of the Arrhenius Theory:

• H+ ions do not exist in water solution. Protons react with water to form
hydronium ions (H3O+)

H+ + H2O → H3O+

• The Arrhenius theory does not explain the basicity of ammonia and similar
compounds

• It only applies to reactions in aqueous solution

Brønsted-Lowry’s Definition of Acid and Base

• The Brønsted–Lowry theory is an acid–base reaction theory which was proposed independently
by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry in 1923

• Acid: Proton donor HCI + H2O → H3O+ + CI-

• Base: Proton acceptor NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-

Some Common Acid and Base
Base and Alkali

• 酸鹼  Why we don’t call ”acid and alkali” but we call “acid and base”

• A base is a substance that neutralizes an acid. An alkali is a SOLUBLE base. (All alkalis are
bases, but not all bases are alkalis)
Salt (1)

• Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations other than hydrogen and anions other than
hydroxide
Salt (2)

• Anhydride means without water.

• Nonmetal oxides are acidic anhydrides. SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

• Metal oxides are basic anhydrides. Example: Lime (calcium oxide) reacts with water to
form slaked lime (calcium hydroxide). CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Neutralization

• During neutralization, an acid reacts with a base, forming water and a salt

• The amount of acid (or base) in a solution is determined by careful neutralization

The pH Scale (1)

• The concept of pH was first introduced by the Danish chemist Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen at
the Carlsberg Laboratory in 1909

• pH is the scale of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution

• pH means “power” of hydrogen. pH = -log[H+]

• The lower the pH, the higher the H+ in aqueous statue, the higher the acidity

• The higher the pH, the lower the H+ in aqueous statue, the higher the basicity
The pH Scale (2)
Antacids: A Basic Remedy for Stomachache (1)

• Stomach acid is a digestive fluid formed within the stomach lining, with a pH between 1 and 3

• A typical adult human stomach will secrete about 1.5 liters of gastric acid daily

• The main component of stomach acid is hydrochloride acid

• The highly acidic environment in the stomach degrades proteins, activate the enzyme to break
down proteins and kill bacteria
Antacids: A Basic Remedy for Stomachache (2)

• Hyperacidity is occurred when the stomach secretes too much acid

• High levels of stomach acid can lead to stomachache, heartburn, acid reflux, and ulcers

• Antacids are often taken to neutralize excess acid and reduce the symptoms of hyperacidity

• Excessive use of antacids can lead to an increase in the pH of blood, a condition known as alkalosis

• Symptoms of alkalosis can vary, such as:

• nausea and numbness

• prolonged muscle spasms

• muscle twitching

• hand tremors
Antacids: A Basic Remedy for Stomachache (3)

Substance Formula Product(s)

Sodium NaHCO3 Baking soda
bicarbonate

Calcium CaCO3 Tums®

carbonate

Aluminum Al(OH)3 Amphojel®

hydroxide

Magnesium Mg(OH)2 Milk of

hydroxide Magnesia®
Acids and Bases in Industry and at Home (1)

• Common Acids:

• Sulfuric acid is the leading chemical substance produced in the U.S. It is used to
manufacture fertilizers and industrial chemicals. It is the acid of automotive
batteries. Production is 40 billion kg/year

• Hydrochloric acid has a number of uses. It is used as a rust remover, and it

removes lime from mortar and household plumbing fixtures. It can be purchased
from hardware stores as muriatic acid. Annual U.S. production is 4 billion kg
Acids and Bases in Industry and at Home (2)

• Common Bases:
• Lime (CaO) is produced by heating limestone (CaCO3)
CaCO3 + heat → CaO + CO2
• Lime can be slaked by reacting with water to make calcium hydroxide
(Ca(OH)2)
• Slaked lime is used to make mortar and cement and to sweeten soil.
Annual U.S. production is 22 billion kg
Acids and Bases in Industry and at Home (3)

• Common Bases:
• Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, can be purchased for home use as
oven cleaner or drain cleaners. It is used commercially to make soap.
Annual U.S. production is 9 billion kg
• Ammonia is produced for use as fertilizer and in household cleaning
products. Production is about 11 billion kg/year