2022-2023

Semester 2

SEHH2008: Chemistry and Modern Living

Lecturer: Mr. Baldur Woo
BNurs, RN, MSc in Mkt and Sales Mgt, MMedSC

Lecture 2: Science and Technology (2)

6/2/2023
Objectives

• What is atom

• Understand the history of finding atoms

• Introduction of Atomic Structure and Isotopes

• Introduction of Periodic Table

Revision of Lecture 1

• Elements are composed of one type of atom

• Atoms are the smallest particle of an element

• Compounds are made of two or more elements chemically combined

• Many compounds exist as groups of atoms bonded together as a unit. These units are called
molecules
Atom (1)

• Atom = Nucleus (Protons + Neutrons) + Electrons

• 原子 = 由質子及質子結構而成的原子核 + 原子核周圍的電子

• Chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their
atoms

• The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electric charge, and
the neutrons have no electric charge
Atom (2)

• During a chemical reaction, the atoms of the original substances gain, lose or share their
electrons with those of the substances with which they are reacting
Ions

• If the number of protons and electrons are equal, then the atom is electrically neutral.

• If an atom has more or fewer electrons than protons, then it has an overall negative or positive
charge, respectively – such atoms are called ions. (離子)

• Type of IONS:

• Anion: A negative ion.

• Cation: A positive ion.

History of Discovery of Atoms (1)

• ~ 450 B.C.E., Leucippus and Democritus (留基伯及德謨克利特):

• Shows the definition of atom: the point at which matter can no longer be subdivided

• Matter is composed of atoms separated by empty space through which the atoms move

• Atoms are solid, homogeneous, indivisible, and unchangeable.

• All apparent changes in matter result from changes in the groupings of atoms

• There are different kinds of atoms that differ in size and shape

• The properties of matter reflect the properties of the atoms the matter contains
History of Discovery of Atoms (2)

• ~384 B.C.E., Aristotle (亞里士多德):

• Disagreed the theories from Leucippus and Democritus

• All matter is composed of four elements and all matter is continuous, not atomistic

• Four earth elements: earth, air, water, fire, (combinations of the “contrarities” hot, cold, wet, and dry)

• Change was not explained by a rearrangement of atoms but by the transformation of matter from its
potential to its actuality
History of Discovery of Atoms (3)

• Early 1700s, Antoine Lavoisier (安東萬.拉瓦錫):

• Father of Modern Chemistry

• Law of Conservation of Mass: During a chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed. The
total mass of the products of a chemical reaction is always the same as the total mass of the starting
materials consumed in the reaction

• Operated the reaction oxygen with inflammable air, obtaining "water in a very pure state”. Stated water
was not an element but a compound of oxygen and inflammable air, or hydrogen as it is now known.
History of Discovery of Atoms (4)

• 1799, Joseph Proust (約瑟夫.普魯斯特):

• Law of Definite Proportions: A compound always contains the same elements in certain definite
proportions

• Example 1: Regardless of the source, copper carbonate always has the same composition

• Example 2: Oxygen makes up about 8/9 of the mass of any sample of pure water, while hydrogen
makes up the remaining 1/9 of the mass: the mass of two elements in a compound are always in the
same ratio
History of Discovery of Atoms (5)

• 1803, John Dalton (約翰.道耳頓):

• All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms

• All atoms of a given element are alike and differ from the atoms of any other element

• Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine in fixed proportions

• A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of atoms

• His atomic theory was the foundation of many modern atomic study
History of Discovery of Atoms (6)

• 1803, John Dalton (約翰.道耳頓):

• Law of Multiple Proportions: Elements may combine in more than one set of proportions, with each set
corresponding to a different compound.

• If two elements form more than one compound, then the ratios of the masses of the second element
which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will always be ratios of small whole numbers

• Based on the theory from Joseph Proust

History of Discovery of Atoms (7)

• Discovery of sub-atomic practices and charged ions:

• 1886, Eugen Goldstein (歐根·戈爾德斯坦): Observed positive rays (anode ray) using a perforated
cathode. Later identified as positive ions in the gas phase including the hydrogen ion.

• 1897, Joseph John Thomson (約瑟夫·湯姆森): Determined the charge: mass ratio of cathode rays
and discovered electrons

• 1990, Robert Millikan (羅伯特.密立根): Used the oil-drop experiment to determined the charge of an
electron
History of Discovery of Atoms (8)
History of Discovery of Atoms (9)

• Discovery of radioactivity:

• 1895, Wilhem Roentgen (威廉.倫琴): Using a cathode ray tube, Roentgen discovered X-rays

• 1895, Antoine Becquerel (亨利.貝克勒) : Discovered radioactivity

• During the following decade and a half, Marie and Pierre Curie (居禮夫婦) worked to isolate pure
radioactive substances
History of Discovery of Atoms (10)

• In 1911, Ernest Rutherford (歐尼斯特·拉塞福) published a paper in which he detailed his Gold
Foil Experiment. Using an apparatus similar to that shown below, Rutherford discovered the
atomic nucleus
History of Discovery of Atoms (11)
Radioactivity (1)

• Radioactivity is the act of emitting radiation spontaneously. This is done by an atomic nucleus
that, for some reason, is unstable; it "wants" to give up some energy in order to shift to a more
stable configuration

• The time it takes for half of the atoms in a given mass to emit radiation and change to a more
stable state--is called the half-life

• Type of Radioactivity:
Radioactivity (2)

• Alpha radiation consists of two protons and two neutrons. Beta radiation consists of electrons.
Gamma radiation consists of electromagnetic wave and with no mass
Atomic Structure

• Atomic number: The number of protons in a nucleus

• Mass number: The sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

• Isotopes have the same atomic number, but have different mass numbers (same number of
protons, but different number of neutrons)
Periodic Table (1) (完素表)

• In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev (德米特里·門得列夫) arranged the elements in order of increasing

atomic mass to form the periodic table

• He left gaps for yet undiscovered elements. He also predicted the properties of those elements

• When those elements were eventually discovered, many of his predictions were found to be
accurate

• In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit followed by
electrons around an atom's nucleus.
Periodic Table (2)
Periodic Table (3)

• In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit followed by
electrons around an atom's nucleus

• The first shell (closest to the nucleus) can hold two electrons. The second shell can hold 8
electrons. The third shell can hold 32 electrons and so on

• The rows (usually horizontal) are called “periods” and the columns (usually vertical) are called
“groups”

• All elements in periods have the same number of electron shells. The elements in a groups have
similar physical or chemical characteristics of the outermost electron shells of their atoms