CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION & SUB ROJECT AREA

1.1 GENERAL

This detail feasibility report is the out come of the field investigation and detail survey of Siddhamul khola
Water Supply Scheme carried out to ascertain the need as well as technical and socio-economic viability of
drinking water project. The field study team composed of social mobilizer, overseer and engineer has
identified subproject sites and collected all the relevant data and assessed the willingness of the community
people for the participation in project implementation. The investigation and survey was carried out following
to standard guidelines used for social survey and technical feasibility survey format referenced by Poverty
Alleviation Fund.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF DETAILED STUDY

The basic objectives of the work are:

 To assess the present water supply and sanitation situation in the sub-project area assessing the extent
of hardship/felt need.

 To assess communities' willingness to participated in project implementation.

 To prepare plan for most appropriate piped drinking water supply and sanitation system.

 To carry out financial, technical and socio-economic feasibility study.

1.3 APPROACH & PROCEDURES

The feasibility study was carried out in systematic ways by following the stepwise process. The community
organization demanded plays the key role in the survey process. Following process are adopted in the survey

 Social mapping: To make a clear idea of beneficiary settlement, fixing taps location and other
required structures.

 Focus group discussion: To ensure the community cost sharing in the implementation, to ensure
the reliability of proposed water source and to assess the possible funding by VDCs and other
agencies in the proposed project.

 Technical Survey: water discharge measurement, measurement of distance and RL of proposed pipe
route and location survey for proposed structures.
1.4 Sub Project Area
1.4.1 Location and Accessibility
The proposed project is located in Ghodagaun VDC of Rolpa district. The nearest road head point is
Bhalawang of Rolpa district which is about 6 km from, Kimichaur,Pyuthan, the market place. The proposed
project site is about 25 km from Bhingri from where goods are supplied.
1.4.2 Topography, Geology, and Vegetation
The sub project site lies in the hilly region. The altitude various about 1200 m to 1800 m above mean sea
level undulated land with terrace farming is the topography pattern of the sub project area. The soil in the
project area is mainly hard and bolder mixed soil in barren lands and loose soft soil in cultivated lands. The
natural vegetation over the project area consists of bushes, barren land and scattered trees.

1.4. 3 Climate

The climate in the project area is moderated with varying altitude of location. In winter climate is cold.

Rainfall occurs mostly in monsoon season. The average temperature various maximum 35 to minimum at the
range of 0 degree Celsius and average annual rainfall is at the range of 100 cm.

1.4.4 Occupation and Socio-Economic Structure

People in and around the project areas are involved in cereals based agriculture pattern. However few people
are also involved in local business and government services. Agriculture which engages major parts of the
population of t he village plays a predominant role in their livelihood. About 80% percent households own 5-
10 ropanies of non irrigable land. Dalits have less land having average about 2 ropanies. Food deficit
households account for 80%. In the recent years local people engaged in collection of herbals during April
May June, which are high valued and it sustain their livelihood for more than 9 months. Apart from
agriculture and herbal collection some households also indulge themselves in other activities like labor works
in the road and some seasonal migration to India. Livestock rearing is also major occupation of the
community. The social system is based on local tradition, payments in cash and kind for public services.
Exchange labor is practiced in irrigation and agriculture works. People have positive attitude for contribution
in public utilities like trails, schools and drinking water system. There are no any development agencies
working.

1.4.5 Education, Health and Sanitation

There is one school in the proposed project area. Older age people and women are mainly illiterate. The
current school enrolment trend is very encouraging. General health condition of the people is not good due to
the lack of appropriate sanitation and malnutrition .

1.4.7 Location Map

The location map is the scheme is attached in the initial pages of the report.
 CHAPTER – 2

DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB PROJECT

2.1 Background

Poverty Alleviation Fund (PAF) is working for poor and vulnerable communities to enhance their livelihood.
It as aimed to support to the marginalized community to get access to basic social and economic services and
infrastructure providing opportunities for income generation and human development to the poor. The Goal of
PAF is to help the poor find their way on a sustained path out of poverty. Targeting to Poor, Social Inclusion,
Demand Driven Approach, Direct Payment to Community, and transparence are he main program strategies
of PAF. Social mobilization as Main Trust of program and partner organizations are mobilized fro social
mobilization and technical support to communities. Community of demand, Siddhamul khola water supply
scheme, as there is no proper drinking water facilities and it has always been difficult to fetch the drinking
water to people and especially for women. The proposed water supply project is gravity type and will be
constructed by the community by contributing the unskilled labor and local construction materials.
2.2Existing Water Supply Situation

Presently water supply situation in the project area is very poor. From field survey, it was found that a stream
source at the down of village at the distance about half an hour walk is the major drinking water source of the
community. The sub -project area has no drinking water system and people are facing very hardship for
drinking.
2.3 Selection of the Source
Spring is the source which is selected as a source for the drinking water. Since there are no other alternatives
and quality of water in these springs are acceptable, communities preferred to select these source. The safe
yield of theses source are sufficient to meet the required water demand service area.
.2.4 Outline of the Sub Project
2.4.1 Service area the sub-project
Ghodagaun VDC, ward no-8, is the service area of the project. The settlement is small one with 20
households. All 20 household are the direct beneficiary of the project. The service area is about 6 km
distance from road head and link with mule trail with road head point.
2.4.2 Water Quality

Proposed source is spring, which is clear with good taste. Though water quality has not been tested in lab but
as it has been using from very past, it can believed as safe drinking water source.
2.4.3 Component of the sub project

Intake Structure: Spring type intake structure with collection chamber is proposed in the source. Safety of
intake structure as well as protection of the source from the pollution is taken into consideration in selecting
the intake location.
Reservoir Tank: Ferro cement Tank having capacity of 5 m3 is proposed to meet the water demand of the
community.
Transmission and Distribution Mains: 1815 meter pipeline with different sizes of HDPE as listed in design
table is proposed in transmission and distribution line of the project.
Tap stand: 5 tapstands have been proposed. The proposed tap stands are medium type stone
masonry.
Details of each component is given in quantity and cost estimate.

2.4.4 Environmental consideration

Environmental issues are associated with every development projects. Utilization of natural resources alter the
natural condition and it’s impact on environment may be positive or negative. But the micro level rural infra
structure has very insignificant impacts on the environment due to its scale. By the implementation of the
proposed Siddhamul khola water supply project there will not be any major threats to the physical,
biological and socio economic component of the environment. Below table presents the assessment
of the possible environmental impacts due to the proposed project. A separate check list has been
prepared as per guideline of PAF and will be attached with community proposal.
Environmental Magnitude of Impact
Parameters None Low Medium High Remarks
Physical Resources

Construction Stage
Change in land use 
and likely loss of farm
and forest lands
Landscape disturbance 
Land stability,
landslide and soil 
erosion
Change in water  During the
quality down stream to construction of
source Intake only
Stocking piling of 
construction materials
Operation and
Maintenance Stage
Slope stability, erosion 
etc.
Change in water 
quality down stream to
source
Biological Resources

Construction Stage
Loss of vegetation as a 
part of site clearance
of pipeline and
different structures
Aquatic life 
Operation and
Maintenance Stage
Birds and wild life 
using the source for
drinking purpose.
Socio-economic and Cultural Resources

Construction Stage
 Loss of assets due to 
land acquisition
Loss of other 
livelihood opportunity
due to volunteer
contribution project
construction.
Operation Stage
Economic 
opportunities by the
project

Table: Environmental assessment of project

2.4.5 Operation and Maintenance

The operation and maintenance cost will be bored by the community. One VMW will be trained by technical
staffs of Pos, and community will be responsible for remuneration of VMW. The community has discussed to
raise fund 1500 per tap which is also deposited to O&M fund. In addition to this monthly water tariff will be
decided by the community after completion of construction activities.

2.5 Technical Aspects of the Design

2.5.1 Adopted norms and guidelines:

Nepal is a country full of rural villages. Community People are using the water traditionally from well, tap,
nearby spring and stream. There are many different agencies working parallel in the water supply and
Sanitation sector have their own guidelines to implement their schemes For example, Department of Water
Supply and Sewerage, RWSSP/FINNIDA, Australian Forestry Community Water Supply Program and other
have their own guidelines. Among above mentioned guidelines RWSSFDB (Rural Water Supply and Fund
development Board) have more elaborate technical guideline with appropriate examples. Hence, this guide
line has been mostly used for the preparation of this report.

2.5.2 Function of different Components of gravity Water Supply system

Intake: In this system intake is the structure which collects and taps water from source and supplies to the
transmission line. The more common water sources are spring, spring fed stream and stream or river. Its
design will be site specific.

Collection Chamber: The main purpose of this chamber is to collect water from one or more sources. If the
Intake is not possible to construct in safe places then collection chamber should be constructed. It should have
provision for inlet, outlet, overflow and washout mechanisms.

Distribution Chamber: Distribution chambers (DC) are provided to divide the flow for the provision of
multiple reservoirs. Hence, distribution chamber saves the cost of pipe between the RVT and DC.
Reservoirs: The reservoirs tanks are constructed to balance the variations of water demand in a day. It serves
to store water that is provided by the source during low demands periods, such as overnight period, for use
during high demand periods such as early morning.

Air Valves: Air valves serve for three main purposes namely:

i) To release air from pipeline during pipeline filling process.

ii) To release air from the pipeline during the normal operation of water supply system.

iii) To prevent the development of vacuum in case valve is closed upstream of the air valve.

Washouts: During operation of system, suspended particles carried in the flow will tend to settle down,
particularly at low points in the pipeline or where the flows velocity drops below 06 m/s. So, washout is
provided in the transmission main to clear sediment deposition at low points.

Sedimentation Tanks: Water from stream sources and large spring contains suspended particles (clay, silt,
floating maters) carried in the flow can give the water a dirty and unhealthy taste and also scour the pipe
surface. If the water is allowed to stay quietly in the tank for some time which is called detention time then
most of the suspended particles sink and settle down to the bottom of the tank.

Pipeline: Pipe line is a medium to transfer the water from source to tap stand. Pipeline acquires the major part
in gravity flow rural water supply systems. Therefore, during selection of pipe alignment, pipe size, materials
and design special care should be taken .There are various types and sizes of pipes but mostly high density
polyethylene (HDP) pipes are used in rural water supply schemes. In rocky terrains, at gully crossing and at
high pressure, GI pipes are used.

Pipe Crossing: It is sometimes unavoidable to pipelines run through undesirable terrain such as across
landslides, over gullies or streams. In such case, a separate structure is considered called pipe crossing.

If span of crossing are short such as less than 12m than anchored GI pipes are used. These are called Non-
suspended crossing. For longer spans more than 12m, where alternate layout of the pipeline is not possible
and where water depth is sufficiently high, it may be necessary to hang the pipe with the use of cables called
suspended crossing.

Tap stands: The public tap stand post is the last component in water supply systems. This is the point from
where people collect water to their households. A tap stands post has greater significance in the community.
The waste water of the tap stand should be properly disposed by digging a small soak pit, pond or should be
used in the kitchen garden.
2.5.3 Design Criteria for Water Supply System

Population Growth rate: The scheme should be designed for design period. Therefore, population should
forecast for the end of design period called as design population. Present population would be multiplied by
the corresponding district growth factor to obtain design population.

Design Period: Design period is time for which a service life of water supply system was assumed. In rural
water supply systems in Nepal should be planned and designed periods of 15 or 20 years.
SN Description Design Period Remarks
For rural area of annual growth < 2.0% 20 years
For rural area of annual growth >= 2.0% 15 Years

Water Demand: The total daily design demand for system is the sum of total daily domestic demand and
non domestic demand such as institutional demands (e.g. schools, heath posts) and other daily demand if
considered.
SN Description Per capita Remarks
Demand/day
Domestic covering part of animal demand
Public Connection 45 LPCD
Private connection 65 LPCD
Institutional demand
For day scholar students 10 LPCD
For Hostel students 45 LPCD
Hospital/Health center demand
OPD patient 1000 L/day
Night staying patient 3000 L/day
Temple/Church/Gumba
Outside prayer 25 LPCD
Monks, Nun, priest 45 LPCD

Projection of drinking water requirement for design period: Projection of water demand for design period
can be done by multiplying the per capita water demand to the population projected at design year. The
population projection can be done by using following

Pn =P (1+r/100) ^n
Therefore, Pn=Design population
P=Present population
r =Annual growth rate in % (1.56 for Pyuthan district.)
n =Number of years
Water demand (design year) = Pn * per capita per day demand (LPCD)
Reservoir Tank Capacity: Reservoir capacity is calculated by assessing the cumulative demand and
supply of the system. In intermittent system the reservoir is assumed to be closed for 10 hours (7pm to 5am),
where as in continuous system, the reservoir remain open for 24 hours. The round number near the maximum
deficit of water is recommended for reservoir capacity.

Pipe line Design: The design of pipeline is based on the theory of gravity force and headloss due to friction.
Different methods can be used for it. A Chart developed for different pipe sizes at different velocity can be
used for it. However for more accurate friction losses following formula has been recommended. A spread
sheet program has been developed with iteration micros to design the pipeline.
Pipe Line Design from Colebrook-White Equation

HL= f*l*v^2/ (2*g*d)

1/√f = -2*log ((k/3.71*D) + (2.51/Re*√f))
Re= ρ*v*d/µ

2.5.4 Institutional Arrangement for sustainability:

For sustainability of the schemes, water users committee (representative from community) plays great role.
The communities are responsible with full ownership and commitment for operation and maintenance and
management of the scheme. Hence, they should be involved from planning stage of the scheme. The
maintenance fund is proposed to collect as up front before implement of the scheme to ensure the utility of the
project after completion. Similarly, a regular water traffic per month per household should also raised (all
decisions made of Users committee and should be deposited in O and M fund for meeting expenditure of O/M
.The provision of village maintenance workers (VMW) for the tap replacement and other necessary repairing
works should made it also helps in the sustainability of the scheme. Village Maintenance workers should be
trained and employed for regular O and M of the schemes.
 CHAPTER – 3

SUB PROJECT COST ESTIMATE

3.1 Labor Wage Rates

Labor wage rate is used from district approved rate of Current fiscal year 2071/072. Rate of skilled labor is
Rs. 580.00 and for unskilled labor is Rs 425.00 per day is decided by district rate in current fiscal year.

3.2 Construction Materials

Local Materials: Local materials are mainly stone, aggregate, sand and wood. Sand is not available in the
locality; it should be transported from Madikhola. Other materials are available in the site. Community will
contribute partially for local construction materials.

External Materials: External construction materials including cement, reinforcement bars, pipes fitting etc
are to be procured from Rolpa the nearest market place. The transportation distance is about 19 km by
vehicles and about 6 km to be ported manual.

3.3 Analysis of Rates

Rate analysis is done for cost of local materials and transportation. For external materials adopted rate is
market rate plus transportation charge. Rate analysis for construction works units (e.g. stone masonry in m3)
is not relevant in community managed project as the works also need to break down in labor and material
components.

3.4 Overall Cost of Sub Project

The overall cost of Siddhamul khola water supply Scheme sub project is Nrs. 986696.The total project cost
includes the community contribution and grant from PAF. Detail break down of project cost has been
presented in following table.
Table: Break down of sub project cost

Cost Sharing
Sn Items Total PAF Community
1 Local materials 185413 101407 84007
2 Non local material 151954 151954 0
3 Pipes 104150 104150 0
4 Tools and fittings 120397 120397 0
5 Transportation 118573 87955 30618
6 Skilled and unskilled labor 306209 155546 150663
Totals 986696 721409 265287