UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

1. DATA COMMUNICATION
DATA & INFORMATION
Data refers to the raw facts that are collected while information refers to processed data that enables us
to take decisions.

DATA COMMUNICATION
Data Communication is a process of exchanging data or information. In case of computer networks this
exchange is done between two devices over a transmission medium. This process involves a
communication system which is made up of hardware and software. The hardware part involves the
sender and receiver devices and the intermediate devices through which the data passes. The software
part involves certain rules which specify what is to be communicated, how it is to be communicated
and when. It is also called as a Protocol.
Characteristics of Data Communication
The effectiveness of any data communications system depends upon the following four fundamental
characteristics:
1. Delivery: The data should be delivered to the correct destination and correct user.
2. Accuracy: The communication system should deliver the data accurately, without introducing any
errors. The data may get corrupted during transmission affecting the accuracy of the delivered data.
3. Timeliness: Audio and Video data has to be delivered in a timely manner without any delay; such a
data delivery is called real time transmission of data.
4. Jitter: It is the variation in the packet arrival time. Uneven Jitter may affect the timeliness of data
being transmitted.
Components of Data Communication/Block diagram
A Data Communication system has five components as shown in the diagram below:

Fig.1.1 Components of a Data Communication System

1. Message Message is the information to be communicated by the sender to the receiver.
2. Sender
The sender is any device that is capable of sending the data (message).
3. Receiver
The receiver is a device that the sender wants to communicate the data (message).
4. Transmission Medium
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

It is the path by which the message travels from sender to receiver. It can be wired or wireless and many
subtypes in both.
5. Protocol
It is an agreed upon set or rules used by the sender and receiver to communicate data.
A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication.
A Protocol is a necessity in data communications without which the communicating entities are like
two persons trying to talk to each other in a different language without know the other language.

DATA FLOW
Two devices communicate with each other by sending and receiving data. The data can flow between
the two devices in the following ways.
1. Simplex
2. Half Duplex
3. Full Duplex
Simplex
In Simplex mode, data flow in one direction. One can send the data and other can receive only. Example:
keyboard and monitor

Figure 1.2: mode of data communication

Half Duplex
In half duplex both the stations can transmit as well as receive but not at the same time. When one
device is sending other can only receive and vice-versa (as shown in figure above.) Example: A walkie-
talkie.
Full Duplex
In Full duplex mode, both stations can transmit and receive at the same time. Example: mobile phones
COMPUTER NETWORK

Computer Networks are used for data communications

Definition:
A computer network can be defined as a collection of nodes. A node can be any device capable of
transmitting or receiving data. The communicating nodes have to be connected by communication links.

Categories of Network
Networks are categorized on the basis of their size. The three basic categories of computer networks
are:
A. Local Area Networks (LAN) is usually limited to a few kilometres of area. It may be privately
owned and could be a network inside an office on one of the floors of a building or a LAN could be a
network consisting of the computers in an entire building.
B. Wide Area Network (WAN) is made of all the networks in a (geographically) large area. The
network in the entire state of Maharashtra could be a WAN
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

C. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is of size between LAN & WAN. It is larger than LAN but
smaller than WAN. It may comprise the entire network in a city like Mumbai.
GOALS OFNETWORK:
 The main goal of networking is "Resource sharing", and it is to make all programs, data and
equipment available to anyone on the network without the regard to the physical location of the
resource and the user.
 A second goal is to provide high reliability by having alternative sources of supply. For
example, all files could be replicated on two or three machines, so if one of them is unavailable,
the other copies could be available.
 Another goal is saving money. Small computers have a much better price/performance ratio
than larger ones. Mainframes are roughly a factor of ten times faster than the fastest single chip
microprocessors.
 Another closely related goal is to increase the systems performance as the work load increases
by just adding more processors. With central mainframes, when the system is full, it must be
replaced by a larger one, usually at great expense and with even greater disruption to the users.
 Computer networks provide a powerful communication medium. A file that was updated or
modified on a network can be seen by the other users on the network immediately.

NETWORK APPLICATIONS:

 Access to remote programs.

 Access to remote databases.
 Value-added communication facilities
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
General model of Wireless communication/Block diagram of wireless communication Link
A wireless communication link includes a transmitter, a receiver, and a channel, as shown below,
adapted from. Quantization, coding and decoding are only performed in digital systems. Most links are
full duplex and include a transmitter and a receiver or a transceiver at each end of the link.

Figure 2.1: Block diagram of a wireless communication link

Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

General packet Radio Service (GPRS)

“GPRS IS A PACKET SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY THAT ENBLES DATA TRANSFER
THROUGH CELLULER NETWORK GSM, PROVIDING END TO END WIDE AREA
WIRELESS IP CONNECTIVITY”

ADVANTAGES-
1. RESOURCES ARE RESERVED ONLY WHEN NEEDED
2. CONNECTION SETUP TIMES ARE REDUCED
3. ENABLES NEW SERVICE OPPORTUNIIES

General packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an enhancement of GPS, which is packet oriented mobile data
service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system. It provides connection to the external packet
data network through the GSM infrastructure with short access time to the network for independent
short packets. It uses exactly uses the same physical radio channel as GSM and only new logical GPRS
Radio Channel are defined. GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD & i-mode packet-switched cellular
technologies. Here in this post, GPRS Architecture in Mobile Communication is explained in detail.
GPRS Network Architecture:
GPRS is usually attempts to reuse the existing GSM network elements as much as possible. There are
new entities called GPRS that supports nodes (GSN) which are responsible for delivery and routing of
data packets between mobile stations and external packets networks. There are two types of GSNs,
 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
These two modes are comparable to MD-IS in CPDP. There is also a new database called GPRS register
which is located with HLR. It stores routing information and maps the IMSI to a PDN address. Thus,
GPRS Reference Architecture is shown as-

Figure 3.1: GPRS Network Architecture

Subsystems of GPRS Architecture
Mobile Station:
GPRS Services required New Mobile Station as the existing GSM phones are not capable of handling
the enhanced air interface or the packet data. A wide variety of Mobile stations exist which includes a
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

high-speed version of current phones to support high-speed data access like PC cards for laptop
computers. These mobile stations are in backward compatibility mode in order to make voice calls
which are used GSM.

Base Station Subsystem:

Each BSC requires the installation of Packet Control Units in addition to software upgrade. They
provide physical and logical data interface to BSS to estimate packet data traffic. BTS too require a
software upgrade but typically does not involve hardware enhancements.
When the traffic is originated at the subscriber mobile then it is transported over the air interface to BTS
and then from BTS to BSC, the same way in standard GSM call. But at output of BSC the traffic is
separated, the voice is sent to the mobile switching centre per standard GSM and the data is sent to the
new device called the SGSN via the PCU.

GRPS Support Nodes:

 SGSN: The Serving GPRS Support Node is responsible for authentication of GPRS mobiles,
registration of mobiles in the network, mobility management, and collecting information for
charging for the use of the air interface.
 GGSN: The Gateway GPRS Support Node acts as an interface and a router to external
networks. The GGSN contains routing information for GPRS mobiles, which is used to
tunnel packets through the IP based internal backbone to the correct Serving GPRS Support
Node.
Internal Back Network:
The internal backbone is an IP based network which is used to carry the new packets between different
GSN. The process of Tunnelling is used in-between SGSNs and GGSNs, this is done to safe exchange
of domain information outside the GPRS Network without informing internal backbone.

Mobility Support:
In a manner similar to GSM and CDPD, there are mechanism in GPRS to support mobility. There are
two types of Mobility Support in GPRS Network-
 Attachment Procedure
 Location and Handoff Management

Short Messaging Services in GSM:

For the proliferation of GSM enable the introduction of SMS, which is similar to peer-to-peer instant
messaging on the Internet. Users of SMS can exchange alphanumeric message of up to 160 char. within
seconds of submission of the message.

GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE)

GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data services. Important facts about the GSM are given below:
 The concept of GSM emerged from a cell-based mobile radio system at Bell Laboratories in
the early 1970s.
 GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European
mobile telephone standard.
 GSM is the most widely accepted standard in telecommunications and it is implemented
globally.
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

 GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz channel into eight 25 kHz time-
slots. GSM operates on the mobile communication bands 900 MHz and 1800 MHz in most
parts of the world. In the US, GSM operates in the bands 850 MHz and 1900 MHz.
 GSM owns a market share of more than 70% of the world's digital cellular subscribers.
 GSM makes use of narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique for
transmitting signals.
 GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of
data rates.
 Presently GSM supports more than one billion mobile subscribers in more than 190 countries
throughout the world.
 GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services including roaming service. Roaming
is the ability to use your GSM phone number in another GSM network.
 GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a channel with two other
streams of user data, each in its own timeslot.

FEATURES OF GSM:
 Improved spectrum efficiency
 International roaming
 Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs)
 High-quality speech
 Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and other telephone company
services
 Support for new services
GSM Architecture
A GSM network comprises of many functional units. These functions and interfaces are explained in
this chapter. The GSM network can be broadly divided into:
 The Mobile Station (MS)
 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
 The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

Figure:4.1: GSM Architecture: The MS and the BSS communicate across the Um interface. It is also
known as the air interface or the radio link. The BSS communicates with the Network Service
Switching (NSS) centre across the A interface.
1. GSM -The Mobile Station
The MS consists of the physical equipment, such as the radio transceiver, display and digital signal
processors, and the SIM card. It provides the air interface to the user in GSM networks. As such, other
services are also provided, which include:
 Voice teleservices
 Data bearer services
 The features' supplementary services
2.GSM -The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
The BSS is composed of two parts:
 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
 The Base Station Controller (BSC)

The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

The BTS houses the radio transceivers that define a cell and handles the radio link protocols with the
MS (Mobile users). In a large urban area, a large number of BTSs may be deployed. The BTS
corresponds to the transceivers and antennas used in each cell of the network. A BTS is usually placed
in the centre of a cell.
The Base Station Controller (BSC)
The BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTS. It handles radio channel setup, frequency
hopping, and handovers. The BSC is the connection between the mobile and the MSC. The BSC also
translates the 13 Kbps voice channel used over the radio link to the standard 64 Kbps channel used by
the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or ISDN. It assigns and releases frequencies and time
slots for the MS. The BSC also handles intercell handover. The function of the BSC is to allocate the
necessary time slots between the BTS and the MSC.
3.GSM -The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
The Network switching system (NSS), the main part of which is the Mobile Switching Centre (MSC),
performs the switching of calls between the mobile and other fixed or mobile network users, as well as
the management of mobile services such as authentication.
4.GSM -The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)
The operations and maintenance centre (OMC) are connected to all equipment in the switching system
and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is called the operation and support system (OSS). Here
are some of the OMC functions:
 Administration and commercial operation (subscription, end terminals, charging, and
statistics).
 Security Management.
 Network configuration, Operation, and Performance Management.
 Maintenance Tasks.
The operation and Maintenance functions are based on the concepts of the Telecommunication
Management Network (TMN), which is standardized in the ITU-T series M.30.
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

2. CDMA (CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)

CDMA technology was originally designed by Qualcomm in the U.S., and it is primarily used in U.S.
and other places in Asia by other carriers. Nowadays 14% of the worldwide market is choosing CDMA
because it leaves more space at the time of data transferring. CDMA is radically a new concept
in wireless communications wherein both data and voice are separated from the signals using codes,
and then it is transmitted by using a wide range of frequency. GSM and CDMA are two dominant
technologies in mobile communication. These technologies differ in the way both calls and data travel
over a mobile network. When we compare both technologies, the GSM technology has some limitations
as far as the quality is concerned; still, it is more flexible compared to the CDMA technology. The
difference between GSM and CDMA can be considered in terms of technology they use, the security
factors, and the data transfer speeds, and so on

Overview of CDMA

CDMA technology is used in commercial cellular communications to make better use of radio spectrum
when compare to other technologies. This technology was used as a military technology for first time
in the World War II by the English associates to break the German attempts of jamming transmissions.

CDMA technology is known as a spread-spectrum technique which allows many users to occupy the
same time and frequency allocations in a given band and space. Individual conversations are encoded
with the help of pseudo-random digital sequence.

Working of CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access is entirely a different approach from the Time Division Multiple Access.
CDMA, after digitizing the data, spreads out the date over the entire available bandwidth. Multiple calls
are overlapped to each other on a channel which is assigned with a unique sequence code. CDMA is a
form of spread-spectrum technique, which means data can be sent in small pieces over a number of
frequencies available to use at any time in the specified range.
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

Figure: CDMA Transmission

All the users’ data can be transmitted in a similar way to that of wide band chunk of spectrum. Users
Signals are spread over the entire bandwidth by a unique spreading code. At the receiver end, the same
code is used to recover the signal. CDMA system requires accurate time stamp on each piece of a signal.
Eight and ten separate calls are carried out in the same channel space as one analog-call.

Advantages of CDMA Technology

I. Improvement in capacity and security

II. Improvement in hand over/ hand off:

COMPARISION OF GSM AND CDMA

BASIS FOR COMPARISION GSM CDMA

BASIC GSM IS SIM Specific CDMA is handset specific
Full form Global system for mobile Code division multiple access
communication
Technology TDMA & FDMA CDMA
Network Network Tower in each cell There are a physical channel and
serves the mobile phone of that a dedicated code for each device
area. in the network.
Transmission Voice and data transmission at the Cannot do voice and data
same time. transmission simultaneously.
Roaming Worldwide Limited
Data rate Slower Faster
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

1. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
BASIC CONCEPTS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

 A communication satellite is an orbiting artificial earth satellite that receives a communications

signal from a transmitting ground station, amplifies and possibly processes it, then transmits it
back to the earth for reception by one or more receiving ground stations.
 Communications information neither originates nor terminates at the satellite itself. The
satellite is an active transmission relay, similar in function to relay towers used in terrestrial
microwave communications.
 The commercial satellite communications industry has its beginnings in the mid1960s, and in
less than 50 years has progressed from an alternative exotic technology to a mainstream
transmission technology, which is pervasive in all elements of the global telecommunications
infrastructure. Today’s communications satellites offer extensive capabilities in applications
involving data, voice, and video, with services provided to fixed, broadcast, mobile, personal
communications, and private networks users.
Architecture of Satellite Communication
The satellite communications portion is broken down into two areas or segments: (a) space segment (b)
ground (or earth) segment.

Figure General architecture satellite communication

UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

Satellite Control Centre function:

 Tracking of the satellite

 Receiving data
 Eclipse management of satellite
 Commanding the Satellite for station keeping.
 Determining Orbital parameters from Tracking and Ranging data
 Switching ON/OFF of different subsystems as per the operational requirements.
Advantages Of Satellite Communication
 Universal: Satellite communications are available virtually everywhere.
 Versatile: Satellites can support all of today's communications needs.
 Reliable: Satellite is a proven medium for supporting a company's communications needs.
 Seamless: Satellite's inherent strength as a broadcast medium makes it perfect.
 Fast: Since satellite networks can be set up quickly, companies can be fast-to-market with new
services
 Flexible
 Expandable
 High Quality
 Quick Provision of Services
 Mobile and Emergency Communication
 Suitable for both Digital and Analog Transmission

2. RADAR COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION TO RADAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging System. It is basically an electromagnetic system
used to detect the location and distance of an object from the point where the RADAR is placed. It
works by radiating energy into space and monitoring the echo or reflected signal from the objects. It
operates in the UHF and microwave range.
A radar is an electromagnetic sensor, used to notice, track, locate, and identify different objects which
are at certain distances. The working of radar is, it transmits electromagnetic energy in the direction of
targets to observe the echoes and returns from them. Here the targets are nothing but ships, aircraft,
astronomical bodies, automotive vehicles, spacecraft, rain, birds, insects, etc. Instead of noticing the
target’s location and velocity, it also obtains their shape and size sometimes.
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

The main objective of radar as compared with infrared and optical sensing devices is to discover
faraway targets under difficult climate conditions & determines their distance, range, through precision.
Radar has its own transmitter which is known as a source of illumination for placing targets. Generally,
it works in the microwave area of the electromagnetic spectrum that is calculated in hertz when
frequencies extend from 400 MHz to 40 GHz. The essential components which are used in the radar

Radar undergoes quick development during the years 1930-the 40s to reach the requirements of the
military. It is still broadly used through the armed forces, wherever several technological advances have
created. Simultaneously, radar is also utilized in civilian applications particularly in controlling air
traffic, observation of weather, navigation of ship, environment, sensing from remote areas, observation
of planetary, measurement of speed in industrial applications, space surveillance, law enforcement, etc.

Working Principle

The radar working principle is very simple because it transmits electromagnetic power as well as
examines the energy returned back to the target. If the returned signals are received again at the position
of their source, then an obstacle is in the transmission way. This is the working principle of radar.
Fundamentals of Radar

The RADAR system generally consists of a transmitter that produces an electromagnetic signal which
is radiated into space by an antenna. When this signal strikes an object, it gets reflected or reradiated in
many directions. This reflected or echo signal is received by the radar antenna which delivers it to the
receiver, where it is processed to determine the geographical statistics of the object.

The range is determined by calculating the time taken by the signal to travel from the RADAR to the
target and back. The target’s location is measured in angle, from the direction of the maximum
amplitude echo signal, the antenna points to. To measure the range and location of moving objects, the
Doppler Effect is used.

The essential parts of this system include the following.

 A Transmitter: It can be a power amplifier like a Klystron, Travelling Wave Tube, or a

power Oscillator like a Magnetron. The signal is first generated using a waveform generator
and then amplified in the power amplifier.
 Waveguides: The waveguides are transmission lines for transmission of the RADAR
signals.
 Antenna: The antenna used can be a parabolic reflector, planar arrays, or electronically
steered phased arrays.
 Duplexer: A duplexer allows the antenna to be used as a transmitter or a receiver. It can be
a gaseous device that would produce a short circuit at the input to the receiver when the
transmitter is working.
 Receiver: It can be a superheterodyne receiver or any other receiver which consists of a
processor to process the signal and detect it.
 Threshold Decision: The output of the receiver is compared with a threshold to detect the
presence of any object. If the output is below any threshold, the presence of noise is
assumed.
UNIT 5: PART 2: COMMUNICATION (DATA, WIRELESS, MOBILE, SATELLITE, RADAR) SHAHBAZ ALAM

Figure 7.1: Block diagram of a Radar System

APPLICATIONS OF RADAR

1.Military Applications

It has 3 major applications in the Military:

 In air defence, it is used for target detection, target recognition, and weapon control
(directing the weapon to the tracked targets).
 In a missile system to guide the weapon.
 Identifying enemy locations on the map.

2.Air Traffic Control

It has 3 major applications in Air Traffic control:

 To control air traffic near airports. The Air Surveillance RADAR is used to detect and
display the aircraft’s position in the airport terminals.
 To guide the aircraft to land in bad weather using Precision Approach RADAR.
 To scan the airport surface for aircraft and ground vehicle positions
3.Remote Sensing

It can be used for observing whether or observing planetary positions and monitoring sea ice to ensure
a smooth route for ships.

4.Ground Traffic Control

It can also be used by traffic police to determine the speed of the vehicle, controlling the movement of
vehicles by giving warnings about the presence of other vehicles or any other obstacles behind them.

5.Space

It has 3 major applications

 To guide the space vehicle for a safe landing on the moon

 To observe the planetary systems
 To detect and track satellites
 To monitor the meteors