A Read the texts below. Match choices (A-H) to (1-5).

There are three choices you

do not need to use.

1 (A. see the place where a famous writer is buried)

Dublin: The Irish Gem
Looking for a break that offers both history and culture? Then visit Dublin for an
unforgettable experience.
We offer guided coach tours of the city and surroundings which include
• the world-famous Trinity College
• Dublin Castle, dating back to 1204
• St Patrick's Cathedral, which is the famous author Jonathan Swift's resting place
• the picturesque Dún Laoghaire port with opportunities for sailing
• shopping at Liberty Market
For more information, call us on 0156773981

2 (G. see where famous people live)

Visit the City of Angels
For those of you looking for a little glamour in life, Los Angeles is THE place to
visit.
Take in all the sights on our daily hop-on hop-off bus tours featuring
all the most famous landmarks of Los Angeles: TCL Chinese Theatre, the Hollywood
Walk of Fame, Paramount Pictures Studios, Sunset Strip and more

• shopping on Rodeo Drive

a sneak peek at over 50 celebrity homes
Our tours depart from Venice Beach every hour, starting at 08.00
Visit our site: www.cityofangelstours.com

3 (F. watch a live entertainment show outdoors)

MONTREAL
Old Montreal has much to offer visitors this spring! Apart from the museums and
galleries, the old town will be abuzz with street fairs. From stalls serving the
best street food to top-class restaurants, street performers and shopping, it's the
place to be this spring.

4 (D. see how people lived ten centuries ago)

York: something for everyone There's so much to see and do in York, a city steeped
in the past.
Activities for the whole family:
• York Maze: the biggest maze in the world
Jorvik Viking Centre: explore 1,000-year-old houses
• National Railway Museum: 300 years of railway history, housing the only Japanese
Bullet Train outside of Japan
The York Dungeon: a walk through history Click HERE to purchase an official
discount pass.

5 (B. try an ancient watersport)

Cape Town
Join one of our tours this summer!
• 2-day city tour including a cable car ride to the top of Table Mountain and
guided walking tours of the main attractions
• 3-day adventure tour featuring Stand Up Paddle
Boarding, a sport with roots in the distant past, and sea kayaking
• 1-day gourmet tour sampling all the best food the South African capital has to
offer
10% discount on bookings for family groups. www.cometocape.com

In which city can people

A. see the place where a famous writer is buried
B. try an ancient watersport
C. visit a nature reserve
D. see how people lived ten centuries ago
E. buy handmade souvenirs
F. watch a live entertainment show outdoors
G. see where famous people live

The capital down under

When asked about the capital city of Australia, many people mistakenly think of
Sydney with its landmark Opera House. However, in actual fact, the capital of
Australia is a much smaller city called Canberra, situated 240 km southwest of
Sydney. Lying at the foot of the Australian Alps, Canberra enjoys relatively cool
winters. although snow in the region is not common. Summers are typically warm,
with temperatures reaching around 28 °C.

It was not until 1909 that Canberra was chosen as the new Australian capital. In
1911 a competition was held for the best design for the new capital, which was won
by the well-known American architect, Walter Burley Griffin. Work on the building
started in 1913, but the outbreak of World War One put construction on hold until,
eventually, In 1927, the new capital took over from its predecessor, Melbourne.

As a new city, Canberra was carefully planned and designed in a wheel-shaped

pattern by Burley Griffin, after whom the lake, central to the city, was named.
Lake Burley Griffin, created in 1963, runs through the very heart of the city,
dividing it in two, and offers visitors the opportunity to enjoy the city while
kayaking or boating. Canberra is also a very green city, featuring large areas of
natural vegetation.

There is much to be enjoyed in a city boasting one of the best lifestyles in the
world. Being only the eighth largest city in Australia, Canberra has the vibe of a
small city but is surprisingly packed with things to do and see, ke iconic
buildings, exhibitions of Aboriginal art and sculpture gardens. For those who love
nature, Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve is a must! Located just 45 minutes from the
capital by car, it offers a range of trails and

hikes where you can spot Australia's famed and unique wildlife: koalas, kangaroos,
wallabies and emus, and, if you are very lucky, maybe even a platypus! Visitors to
the city can enjoy panoramic views of its design from the summit of Mount Ainslie,
especially spectacular at dawn for any early birds.

Canberra is host to a variety of annual events, the most famous of which is the
Enlighten Festival, held every autumn. As its name suggests, the Enlighten Festival
lights up the night skies over the city with a variety of projections. Another part
of the festival is the Canberra Balloon Spectacular, which sees a whole nine days
when the sky is full of colourful hot-air balloons. The whole festival is marked by
a buzz of activity in the city, including live bands, delicious international
cuisine and interactive installations. So, what are you waiting for? Come and visit
Canberra, the star down under.

1. According to the text, what is TRUE about the capital of Australia?

A. It used to be Sydney before 1909.
B. It is covered in snow every winter.
C. It is not a very large city. +
D. It is situated in the middle of the Australian Alps.
2. Why did it take so long to complete the building of the new capital?
A. War interrupted the construction work. +
B. The plans were complicated and needed time.
C. Walter Burley Griffin had to go back to America.
D. The lake could not be completed until 1963.

3. What might surprise visitors about Canberra?

A. There are spectacular birds living on Mount Ainslie.
B. They can go kayaking in the heart of the city.
C. There is so much unique wildlife close to the city.
D. There are so many things to do in such a small city. +

4. When is the best time to visit Mount Ainslie?

A. during the Enlighten Festival
B. at sunrise +
C. in the evening
D. after a visit to Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve

5. Which of the following can you NOT see during the Enlighten Festival?
A. light projections
B. stars down under +
C. hot-air balloons
D. music performances

THE LANGUAGES OF IRELAND

In 1922 most of Ireland became independent from the United Kingdom, and the Union
Jack was taken down from government buildings. From the beginning, the new (1) (C.
Republic) of Ireland was faced with a problem: after hundreds of years of British
rule, the country's original language, Irish, was disappearing fast. The
authorities were concerned (2) (A. about) what would happen to the county's rich
cultural heritage if its traditional language were to die out.

In 1937 the government in Dublin decided to declare Irish as Ireland's first (3)
(B. official) language, the second being English. Steps were taken to teach Irish
in primary schools, and to make street signs in the country (4) (D. bilingual)
Today, nearly one third of the population of Ireland knows the basics of the Irish
language. Only 5% use it in their day-to-day life, however, compared (5) (A. to)
95% who use English.

1. A. Island B. Country C. Republic D. South

2. A. about B. for C. to D. through
3. A. formal B. official C. national D. native
4. A. double B. English-speaking C. English D. bilingual
5. A. to B. from C. about D. on

The British pound sterling is the oldest currency still in use in the modern world.
In fact, it has been the official currency of England (6) (B. since) 928 CE.

The name comes from the Latin libra pondo, meaning 'a pound by weight'. This, in
the early days of the currency, meant one pound's weight (almost half a kilogram)
of silver pennies the only coins that (7) (A. existed) at the time. In those days,
this was a huge amount of money.

At that time, around 240 silver pennies (8) (D. were needed) to make up a pound's
weight. Amazingly, until 1971, this amount stayed the same: one pound was worth 20
shillings, and one shilling was worth 12 pennies (9) (B. which meant) that there
were 240 pennies in a pound. Confusing? Many other people thought so too: in 1971,
the system changed (10) (C. so that) one pound would simply be worth 100 pennies.

6. A. in B. since C. until D. from

7. A. existed B. have existed C. had existed D. existing
8. A. have needed B. needed C. needing D. were needed
9. A. whose meaning B. which meant C. that meaning D. what is meant
10. A. although B. so as C. so that D. in order

Going green

Environmental issues are widespread and can affect everyone on the planet. It has
become increasingly evident that humans can do serious (1) (A. damage) to the
environment and that something must be done to (2) (C. reduce) these adverse
effects. Thankfully, more and more people are adopting a more (3) (D.
environmentally-friendly) way of living.

Green living combines human activities and communities with conserving the natural
(4) (B. resources) and habitats of the earth. Certified experts can advise people
as to what small steps can be taken to make their way of living more eco-friendly.
For example, they encourage people to participate in responsible behaviour such as
ecotourism. This type of tourism respects the natural habitat of the wildlife in an
area, supporting local (5) (B. conservation) efforts and ensuring low-impact
visitor behaviour. Eco-friendly experts explain that by making our lives greener we
are creating a better outlook for future generations.

1. A. damage B. disaster C. threat D. destruction

2. A. decline B. drop C. reduce D. lower
3. A. captivating B. down-to-earth C. industrial D. environmentally-friendly
4. A. reserves B. resources C. trails D. parks
5. A. deforestation B. conservation C. emission D. evacuation

PREDICTING NATURAL DISASTERS

People might wonder whether (6) (C. can we ) ever be protected from natural
disasters. Although we cannot stop them, there are ways to mitigate their effects.

More than a decade ago, Japan was hit by a 9.0-magnitude earthquake, which
scientists announced (7) (B. was) the strongest earthquake on record in Japan. As
soon as the earthquake struck, residents were warned that a tsunami was coming.
Despite the warning, more than 18,000 people were killed.

Following the disaster, Japan's Meteorological Agency (JMA) admitted that the
height of the tsunami waves (8) (A. had been) underestimated in the warning, which
resulted in a slow evacuation. They also announced that they (9) (D. are making)
changes in the warning system used so as to avoid similar phenomena in the future.
Needless to say, it is very important that such natural disasters (10) (D. be)
predicted as accurately as possible as this could save many lives.

6. A. will we B. could we C. can we D. we could

7. A. is B. was C. being D. would be
8. A. had been B. have been C. are D. might be
9. A. must make B. will make C. would make D. are making
10. A. had been B. to be C. being D. be

There are noticeable changes in the climate on our planet because of the pollution
of the atmosphere and the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is caused mainly
by the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) which are used by
manufacturing plants, trains, cars, aeroplanes and other machinery to create power
and electricity. Creating nuclear (1) (b. energy) does not lead to the emission of
dangerous gases. However, a leak from a nuclear power plant could be deadly to the
environment and to humans.

A stronger greenhouse effect leads to global (2) (d. warming) which has far-
reaching consequences, some of which have already started coming into effect. The
oceans are a critical part of the climate system, having a greater capacity to trap
(3) (a. heat) than the atmosphere. Even a small, slow increase in their temperature
makes a big difference. Sea levels rise as glaciers melt, and also because of the
expansion of the water in the oceans as it heats up. This leads to (4) (a.
flooding) and major damage during coastal (5) (c. storms)

The overall effect of these environmental changes on the weather systems is already
evident. Higher temperatures bring increased rainfall, which creates all sorts of
damaging effects such as soil (6) (a. erosion) This has a harmful effect on
agriculture, as farmers need to protect the top layer of soil, because it is the
most fertile. Strong tropical storms are also on the increase. These storms often
turn into (7) (d. hurricanes) the aftermath of which can be utterly devastating.

There are also bound to be changes in regional and local weather patterns, which
will make it difficult to (8) (b. forecast) the weather accurately. A particularly
notable change has been detected in the seasons. A good example can be found in the
northern hemisphere where some countries have very high (9) (b. temperatures) in
winter, sometimes as high as 18 °C or more, and rainy (10) (d. showers) in the
summer. The southern hemisphere has also seen some changes in the weather with snow
falling in countries like South Africa. There may be (11) (d. frost) on the ground
in the morning in spring or even a heatwave.

1. a. ecology b. energy c. downpour d. smog

2. a. heating b. cooling c. melting d. warming
3. a. heat b. cold c. humidity d. pollution
4. a. flooding b. sunshine c. darkness d. sleet
5. a. clouds b. drizzle c. storms d. rainbows
6. a. erosion b. deforestation c. drought d. strengthening
7. a. accidents b. lightening c. opportunities d. hurricanes
8. a. report b. forecast c. tell d. see
9. a. atmosphere b. temperatures c. thunderstorms d. weather
10. a. seasons b. effects c. spells d. showers
11. a. fog b. snowdrift c. hail d. frost

We are often terrified and fascinated by the power that hackers possess. (1) (C.
Although) they frighten many of us, the choices and actions they take influence us
all. Hackers are usually associated with (2) (C. online) criminal activity, and if
a hacker were mentioned in the news, we would expect to be informed about how
money. personal details or (3) (b files) were stolen. However, there are other
hackers who are more interested in finding the weak points of the (4) (a. web)
These hackers force companies and organisations to improve their products in terms
of (5) (C.Internet) security. For instance, last year a hacker discovered a serious
flaw in a company's Internet system. He found out that anyone could steal files
from their customers' (6) (a.personal) computers without the need for a (7)
(C.password) He sent the company a(n) (8) (C email) describing the problem and the
solution, and the company was forced to fix the problem.

There are now organisations of hackers who have come together to fight for the
freedom of the Internet. They are against controls being imposed on the Internet
because they believe that we should all be allowed to (9) (b browse) the Web
without restrictions. They have (10) (C. also) made a stand against actions which
they perceive to be wrong or unfair, and although they are a relatively new
movement, they could well change our perception of hackers in the future.
 1 a. However b Despite C. Although
2 a. website b offline C. online
3 a.attachment b files C.equipment
4 a. web b. site C. program
5 a.application b.graphics C.Internet
6.a.personal b.laptop C.individual
7 a.printout b scanner C.password
8 a. database b mailbox C email
9 a. observe b browse c look
10 à..again b both C. also

SUFFERING FROM ASTHMA?

If you suffer from asthma, you may want to have your vitamin levels (6) (D.
checked) The potential of vitamin D to help asthma patients breathe more easily
(7) (B. was discovered ) by scientists at King's D College London, in a study (8)
(C. funded) by the charity Asthma UK.

Asthma is a disease where sufferers find it hard to breathe and includes symptoms
such as coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. If it is severe,
sufferers may (9) (A. be admitted) to hospital to receive oxygen treatment.

The recommended daily amount of vitamin D can be obtained from approximately ten
minutes of sun exposure daily. For those living in rainy climates or concerned
about the risks of skin cancer, it (10) (D. is recommended that) people get the
vitamin from supplements or from foods such as eggs, fatty fish or mushrooms.

people get the vitamin from supplements or from foods such as eggs, fatty fish or
mushrooms.

6. A. to check B. check C. checking D. checked

7. A. discovered B. was discovered C. was discovering D. is being discovered
8. A. was funded B. which funded C. funded D. that funds
9. A. be admitted B. admit C. be admitting D. have admitted
10. A. recommends that B. is recommended to C. recommends to D. is recommended that

Most people spend an average of thirteen hours a day sitting down, at least eight
of those spent in the workplace. According to the findings of a recent study, the
effect on our health is devastating. Researchers reported (1) (F. that those who
spend most of the day in a sedentary position) in other words sitting down and not
moving much, have a 112% increase in the likelihood of developing diabetes and a
147% increase in the chances of suffering from a cardiovascular disease. They are
also 90% more likely to die as a result of a cardiovascular disease, (2) (H. as
well as almost 50% more likely to die prematurely) due to any cause.

If one were to argue that these health hazards may take years to appear, what can
be said about the short-term effects? After only a few weeks or months of sitting
down for an eight-hour shift, people report a series of uncomfortable changes and
sometimes even serious injuries to the body. These include sharp pains in the
wrists (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome) caused by using the computer mouse; dry eyes that
develop (3) (G. because of the strain they are put under) by staring at the
computer screen without blinking; chronic lower back pain due to bad posture and
non-ergonomic desk chairs, (4) (D. as well as constant tension in the upper back,
neck and shoulders)

Perhaps the most identifiable change is weight gain. Sitting in a chair all day
seems to encourage binge eating or frequent snacking, especially in the afternoon,
when people are struggling to stay awake. Surprisingly, studies show (5) (A. that
the harm to one's health does not only affect overweight people) but also those who
maintain a normal weight and try to exercise for about forty-five minutes a day.
The researchers call these people 'active couch potatoes'.

However, there are solutions to the problem. First of all, take a break every half
an hour and walk around for a minute or two. Going out for a short walk during your
lunch break (6) (B. is also another effective way to combat this condition) Last
but not least, when you finish work, do not spend your free time watching TV or
surfing the Internet. Go out for a long walk, a jog or a ride on your bicycle
instead.

A. that the harm to one's health does not only affect overweight people
B. is also another effective way to combat this condition
C. because of the active lifestyle they lead
D. as well as constant tension in the upper back, neck and shoulders
E. is not recommended to people who spend many hours sitting
F. that those who spend most of the day in a sedentary position
G. because of the strain they are put under
H. as well as almost 50% more likely to die prematurely

Practical Ways To Stop Procrastination

You have a deadline looming. However, instead of doing your work, you are fiddling
with miscel- laneous things like checking email, social media, watching videos,
surfing blogs and forums. You know you should be working, but you just don't feel
like doing anything.
We are all familiar with the procrastination phe- nomenon. When we procrastinate,
we squander away our free time and put off important tasks we should be doing them
till it's too late. Don't let pro- crastination take over your life. Here, I will
share my personal steps which I use to overcome procrastina- tion with great
success. These steps will definitely apply to you too:

(H Break your work into little steps)

17. Part of the reason why we procrastinate is because subconsciously, we find the
work too overwhelming for us. Break it down into little parts, then focus on one
part at the time. If you still procrastinate on the task after breaking it down,
then break it down even further. Soon, your task will be so simple that you will be
think- ing "gee, this is so simple that I might as well just do it now!". Suddenly
it seems very manageable.

(C Change your environment)

18. Different places have different impact on our productivity. Look at your work
desk and your room. Do they make you want to work or do they make you want to
snuggle and sleep? If it's the latter, you should look into changing your
workspace.

(F Hang out with people who inspire you to take action)

19. I'm pretty sure if you spend just 10 min- utes talking to Steve Jobs or Bill
Gates, you'll be more inspired to act than if you spent the 10 minutes doing
nothing. The people we are with influence our behaviors. Of course spend- ing time
with Steve Jobs or Bill Gates every day is probably not a feasible method, but the
principle applies. Identify the people, friends or colleagues who trigger you -
most likely the go-getters and hard workers and communi- cate with them more often.

(A Seek out someone who has already achieved the outcome)

20. What is it you want to accomplish here, and who are the people who have
accomplished this already? Go seek them out and connect with them. Seeing living
proof that your goals are very well achievable if you take action is one of the
best triggers for action.

(B Get a grip and just do it)

21. At the end, it boils down to taking action. You can do all the strategizing,
planning and hypothesizing, but if you don't take action, nothing's going to
happen. Occasionally, I get readers and clients who keep complaining about their
situations but they still refuse to take action at the end of the day.

A Seek out someone who has already achieved the outcome

B Get a grip and just do it
C Change your environment
D Eliminate your procrastination pit-stops
E Stop over-complicating things
F Hang out with people who inspire you to take action
G Create a detailed timeline with specific deadlines
H Break your work into little steps

Task 5

(D Do they serve very special meat?)

27. Simpson's in the Strand. The restau- rant's speciality is Scottish beef on the
bone that has been aged for 28 days for maximum flavour. The beef is carved at
guests' tables classics such as roast saddle of lamb and steak and kidney pie.

(C Can you taste the best sea food?)

28. Wiltons. Since 1742 Wiltons has been synonymous for the finest oysters, wild
fish and game and traditional, courteous, hospital- ity. The British menu aims to
offer the fresh- est fish, game and meats from the very best fleets and farms the
United Kingdom has to offer. Wiltons still very much recognises and respects its
origins, serving the finest Oysters from the British Isles since gaining our first
Royal Warrant for sup\plying Oysters to the Royal household in 1836.

(G Can you enjoy the best british cooking?)

29. Roast. Based in Britain's oldest food mar- ket, Roast is dedicated to the best
of British cooking using the country's finest seasonal produce. Dishes range from
the traditional like roast beef and also features a wide selections of seafood and
organic salads. Open for break- fast lunch and dinner Monday to Saturday, Brunch on
Saturday and for Sunday lunch.

(E Can you listen to live music?)

30. Belgravia. Boisdale of Belgravia, London's best-loved shrine to all things
Scottish, is located next to Eton Square, a short stroll from Victoria Station. In
the restaurant you will find one of the world's finest selections of malt whiskies
and Cuban cigars. Every night live world-class classic jazz and blues are performed
at Boisdale.

(H Can you enjoy elegant interior?)

31. The Game Bird. The Game Bird serves classic comfort food with the style
expected of a restaurant housed within a luxury five-star hotel. Original 17th-
century features sit in har- mony with the clean lines of marble and glass from
antique silver-domed trolleys, which is a practice that began over 150 years ago
and for which Simpson's is world-renowned. Other Simpson's signature dishes include
in the elegant dining room, while a cabinet proudly displays the daily offerings of
game and steaks. Pies, puddings and stews all make an appearance, as does a trolley
filled with smoked and cured fish, soda bread and a wide variety of garnishes,
wheeled directly to tables for an added element of fun.

(A Can you enjoy the best view of london?)

32. The Portrait Restaurant. The National Por- trait gallery's rooftop restaurant
boasts spec- tacular views over London, and has established itself as one of the
capital's most sought after dining areas, set 92 feet above ground level on the
Gallery's third floor. Diners can enjoy an unparalleled vista of Nelson in
Trafalgar Square and across Whitehall to the Houses of Parlia- ment, Big Ben and
the Coca-Cola London Eye. It is a smart, stylish place to enjoy dishes based on
superb seasonal ingredients sourced from the country's most esteemed suppliers.
Open daily for lunch and three evenings a week - Thursday, Friday and Saturday.
Reservations are recommended at peak times.

In which of restaurants

A Can you enjoy the best view of london?

B Can you enjoy the food in the beautiful old vanderbilt family mansion?
C Can you taste the best sea food?
D Do they serve very special meat?
E Can you listen to live music?
F Can you enjoy food at an expansive garden terrace?
G Can you enjoy the best british cooking?
H Can you enjoy elegant interior?

Task 7

How Hitler tried to destroy Paris

On 14 June 1940, the German Blitzkrieg rolled into the French capital and would
begin a near-four year occupation until the city's liberation by the Al- lies on 25
August 1944, near the end of World War 2.

Unknown to many, Paris, "the city of love", (33) (G was nearly burned to the ground
by the Nazis) By August 1944, the Nazi war machine (34) (E was in full retreat)
Eager to leave his mark on Europe, Hitler demanded that the Nazi Governor of Paris,
Dietrich von Choltitz, (35) (B raise every religious building and historical
monument to the ground)

Luckily, the general disobeyed the order and the German forces in Paris surrendered
to the liberating forces. Some contemporary historians believe that the broken
Wehrmacht had no power (36) (H to destroy the city even) if Choltitz had accepted
the order but chillingly, the allies found several bridges and monuments wired with
explosives. Thankfully, the general never or- dered that the fuses be lit.

Paris in the Second World War was the polar opposite to somewhere like Stalingrad.
The Soviet city was completely ravaged after some of the fierc- est fighting ever
seen while Paris, although bruised (37) (C was in no way battered) Choltitz himself
was no stranger to war crimes (he ordered the destruction of other occu- pied
cities and reportedly assisted in the execution of Jews). This makes the general's
defence of Paris (38) (F even more surprising) Choltitz himself has been quoted as
say- ing that he disobeyed because at this point in the war he knew the Führer was
insane.

A was governed by the German military and by French officials

B raise every religious building and historical monument to the ground
C was in no way battered
D to distribute gas masks to civilians
E was in full retreat
F even more surprising
G was nearly burned to the ground by the Nazis
H to destroy the city even
Plots against Fidel Castro

The former director of Cuba's intelligence service claims that there were more than
600 attempts to kill or destabilise Cuban dictator Fidel Castro (1926-2016). These
(49) (B were backed) by various opponents of the regime, most notably the United
States, often operating at a dis- tance by using gangsters or anti-Castro Cuban
exiles.
These included using thallium to make his famous beard (50) (C to fall out) or LSD
to make him sound mad during a radio broadcast. Then there was the (51) (D
poisoned) div- ing suit, the exploding cigar, and the femme fatale who was to
seduce him in the latter case Castro claimed he uncovered her intentions, offered
her a pistol and told her to kill him, but she didn't have the nerve.
There was also a tide-line of exploding sea- shells, which went off 40 minutes
after Fidel's visit to the beach, but which did succeed in fusing Ha- vana's
traffic lights. There are also bizarre tales of a plan to beam a holographic image
of the Virgin Mary, which was supposed to inspire Catholic Cu- bans to shun
communism, (52) (B though ) it doesn't ap-pear to have been tried.
A lot of these plots are impossible to substantiate properly, though there can be
no question that many people wanted Castro dead. "If surviving assassina- tion
attempts were an Olympic event, I (53) (A would win) the gold medal."

49. A have been backed B were backed C had been backed D backed
50. A fall out B falling out C to fall out D to have fallen out
51. A poisoning B being poisoned C having been poisoned D poisoned
52. A therefore B though C despite D in spite of
53. A would win B will win C will have won D would have won

Stethoscope

A French doctor (54) (B named) Rene Theophile Hya- cinthe Laënnec (1781-1826) at
the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital in Paris (55) (A invented) the first stetho-
scope in 1816. Before its discovery, physicians used (56) (A tapping) their fingers
on the (57) (A patient's) chest in order to get clues about his condition. This
proved to be a problem for this gentleman doctor when he needed to inspect a young
female patient. Reluctant to embarrass the girl, he rolled up a sheet of paper to
create a tube, which he then placed on her chest. He was surprised when this method
actually facili- tated an accurate diagnosis. This breakthrough led (58) (A to) the
invention of the first stethoscope, albe- it one made out of a wooden tube.

54. A naming B named C was named D is named

55 A invented B has invented C had invented D was inventing
56 A tapping B to patting C to tap D tap
57 A patient's B patients' C patient D patients
58 A to B with C up D in