Suggestions for Chemistry-I

Chapter 1
1.What is matter and mass?
• Matter—anything that occupies space and has mass.
• Mass—defines the quantity of matter in an object
2. What are pure substances and mixtures? Differentiate them with
examples.
Pure substances » Same physical and chemical properties throughout.
» Cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical processes.
Mixtures » Composed of two or more pure substances. » Can be
separated by physical processes.
2.Elements:
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
by chemical or physical means. Examples: Sodium( Na), Potassium( K)
• Compounds:
• Pure substance composed of two or more elements combined in
definite proportions. Can be broken down into individual elements by
chemical means.
Examples: Water(H2O)
3.Determine whether the mixtures are Homogeneous or
Heterogeneous:
• Salt and water- homo
• Mud and water- hetero
• Chicken soup- hetero
• Metalloid- homo
• Air- homo
• Glucose Water- Homo
• Brass- Homo
4.How many significant numbers are there?
• 1) 050-
• 2)030-
• 3) 30503-
• 4)40504-
• 5)0.05432-
• 6)0.0456-
• 7)0-
• 8)5467-
Chapter 2( from 6 no question)
5. The density of Na is 20.1 g/cm3. What is the volume of 8.7 grams Na?
The density of K is 6.5 g/cm3. What is the volume of 10 grams K?
(D=M/V)
6. Use the format AX to write the symbol for the nuclides having 17 protons
and 18 neutrons.
Use the format AX to write the symbol for the nuclides having 20 protons
and 20 neutrons.
Use the format AX to write the symbol for the nuclides having 8 protons and
9 neutrons.
Use the format AX to write the symbol for the nuclides having 10 protons
and 20 neutrons.
• 7. Find the average atomic mass of Carbon using the data below:
• [ Example: Average atomic mass of neon: (19.9924 × 0.904838) +
(20.99395 × 0.002696) + (21.9914 x 0.092465) = 20.1797 am while
natural abundance and atomic mass will be given)
• 8. Name the following compound:
• NO, NO2 , N2O, N2O5, SO3, P4O10, CCl4,P2N5, H2SO4, NH4, H2SO4
Chapter 3
9.Balance the equations:
• Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
Fe2O3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) → H2O(l) + Fe2 (SO4 )3 (aq)
• FeSO4 + NaOH → Na2SO4 + Fe (OH)2
• N2O5 (g) + H2O(g) → HNO3 (l)
• N2 + H2 → NH3
• CO2 + H2O → C6H12O6 + O2
• CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
10.How many moles of Li atoms are present in 20.0 g of Lithium?
How many moles of B atoms are present in 20.0 g of Barium?
How many moles of N atoms are present in 40.0 g of Nitrogen?
How many moles of O atoms are present in 16.0 g of oxygen?
[No. of moles= Measured gm/ atomic mass of element]
Chapter 4:
11. Write down the Lewis structure:
• A. H2 b.N2 c. O2 d. CHF3
Chapter 5:
12. What is molar solution? What is the molarity of an aqueous
solution prepared by adding 36.5 g of barium chloride to enough water
to make 750.0 mL of solution?

What is the molarity of an aqueous solution prepared by adding 54.5 g

of sodium chloride to enough water to make 500.0 mL of solution?
[ You need to calculate no. of moles first, then you have to take the volume
in liter by dividing 1000, then go for molar solution formula=
No. of moles/ volume]

12. Differentiate/ Define Saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solution

with examples.
• (unsaturated: contains less than the maximum amount of solute that a
solvent can hold at a specific temperature
• saturated: contains the maximum amount of solute that a solvent can hold
at a specific temperature
• supersaturated: contains more than the maximum amount of solute that a
solvent should be able to hold at specific temperature
• 13. Define bronsted Lawry acid base theory
• The Bronsted-Lowry theory defines an acid as a donor of protons.
• ⦿ A base is defined as a proton acceptor (or H+ ion acceptor) by
this theory.
• ⦿ Bronsted acids undergo dissociation to yield protons and
therefore increase the concentration of H+ ions in the solution.
• ⦿ On the other hand, Bronsted bases accept protons from (the
solvent) to yield hydroxide ions.
• ⦿ An advantage of the Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and
bases is its ability to explain the acidic or basic nature of ionic species.
• 14. Define Lewes Concept Of acid and base.
• ⦿ The Lewis definition of an acid states that it is a species that has
a vacant orbital and therefore, has the ability to accept an electron
pair.
• ⦿ A Lewis base is a species that holds a lone pair of electrons and
can, therefore, act as an electron-pair donor.
• ⦿ This theory does not involve the hydrogen atom in its definition
of acids and bases.
• ⦿ Lewis acids are electrophilic in nature whereas Lewis Bases
possess nucleophilic qualities.
• Examples of Lewis acids: Cu2+, BF3, and Fe3+. Examples of Lewis bases:
F–, NH3, and C2H4 (ethylene).
• ⦿ A Lewis acid accepts an electron pair from a Lewis base, forming
a coordinate covalent bond in the process. The resulting compound is
referred to as a Lewis adduct.
• ⦿ A notable advantage of this concept is that many compounds can
be defined as acids or bases by it.
• 15. What is precipitation?
• if a compound is insoluble in water
• 16. What is colloidal solution?
• A colloid is a kind of solution in which the size of solute particles is
intermediate between those in true solutions and those in suspensions.
• The size of solute particles in a colloid is bigger than that of true solution
but smaller than those of suspension.
• Though colloids appear to be homogenous to us but, they are found to be
heterogenous when observed through a high-power microscope.
Chapter 6:
• 16. What is enthalpy?
• Enthalpy: quantity of heat in a system. is equal to the sum of
internal energy of such a system with the constant. The total heat
content of a system, at constant pressure, is equivalent to the internal
energy E plus the PV energy
• H=E+PV
• 17. What is entropy?
• Entropy: Thermodynamic state of quantity that is a measure of the
randomness or disorder of the molecules of the system. A process
accompanied by an increase in entropy is spontaneous process.
• 18. Write down the differences between exothermic and endothermic
reactions.
• 19. What is a system? Write down the three types of system.
• System is that part of the universe which is under thermodynamic
study
• Three types of thermodynamics systems. I. Isolated system: It is one
that can transfer neither matter nor energy to and from its
surroundings. II. Closed system: It is one which can’t transfer matter
but can transfer energy in the form of heat, work and radiation to and
from its surroundings. III. Open system: It is one that can transfer
both matter and energy to and from its surroundings.
• 20. Write down the first law of thermodynamics.
• The total energy of an isolated system remains constant though it may change from one
• form to another.
• When a system is changed from state A to state B, it undergoes a change in the internal
• energy from EA to EB. Thus, we can write,
• ΔE= EA – EB
• This energy change is brought about by the evolution or absorption of heat and/or by
• work being done by the system. So the total energy must remain constant. We can write
• the mathematical term of the first law as: the net energy change of a closed system is
• equal to the heat transferred to the system minus the work done by the system
• ΔE=q-w
• Where q= the amount of heat supplied to the system
• w= work done by the system
• 21. Write down Second law of thermodynamics.
• Whenever a spontaneous process takes place, it is accompanied by an
increase in the total energy of the universe. One simple statement
of the law is that heat always moves from hotter objects to colder
objects (or "downhill"), unless energy is supplied to reverse the
direction of heat flow.
Chapter 7 :
• 22. A balloon is filled with hydrogen to a pressure of 1.35 atm and has
a volume of 2.54 L. If temperature remains constant, what will the
volume be when the pressure is increased to 2.50 atm?
• [P1v1=p2v2]
• A gas exerts a pressure of 3 kPa on the walls of container 1. When
container 1 is emptied into a 10-liter container, the pressure exerted
by the gas increases to 6 kPa. Find the volume of container 1. Assume
that the temperature and quantity of the gas remain constant.
• 23. Define Charle's law/ Boyle’s law for gaseous state.
• Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental
gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A
modern statement of Charles's law is: When the pressure on a sample
of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume
will be in direct proportion.
• gas law which states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given
mass, kept at a constant temperature) is inversely proportional to the
volume occupied by it
24. Calculate the pressure of 1.2 mol of methane gas in a 3.3 L
container at 25°C.

25. Calculate the pressure in atmospheres and pascals of a 1.2 mol

sample of methane gas pascals of a 1.2 mol sample of methane gas in a
3.3 L container at 25°C.in a 3.3 L container at 25°C.