23EE322 - LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

COIMBATORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Government Aided Autonomous Institution affiliated to Anna University)

COIMBATORE - 641014

INDEX
1
S.No Date Name of the Experiment Marks Sign

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 23EE322 - LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY

L T P C
0 0 2 1

ASSESSMENT : PRACTICAL
COURSE OUTCOME
After successful completion of this course, the students will be able to,
CO1: Design and test regulated power supply for the given specifications using IC723, IC7805.
CO2: Design and test waveform generators and wave shaping circuits using IC741 for the given
specifications.
CO3 :Design and test the frequency response of first and second order filters using IC741.
CO4 :Design and test ADC and DAC circuits for the given specifications using IC741.
CO5 :Construct astable and monostablemultivibrator using IC555 timer for the given specification.
CO6 :Design and test various analog circuits for arithmetic operations using IC741.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS - CYCLE 1

1. Linear applications of Operational Amplifier
2. Second order Low Pass and High Pass Filters
3. Astable and Monostable Multivibrator using IC 555
4. Precision Rectifier and Zero Crossing Detector
5. Instrumentation Amplifier
SIMULATION USING MULTISIM
6. RC Phase Shift Oscillator
7. Clippers and Clampers

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS - CYCLE 2

1. Square, Triangle and Ramp Waveform Generators
2. Analog to Digital Converters
3. Digital to Analog Converters
4. Voltage Regulator using IC 723
5. Wien Bridge Oscillator
SIMULATION USING MULTISIM
6. Voltage Controlled Oscillator
7. Schmitt Trigger Circuit

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 DO’s & DON’Ts

● Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory. Don’t talk aloud
or crack jokes in the lab.
● A lab coat should be worn during laboratory experiments. Dress properly during a
laboratory activity. Long hair, dangling jewelry and loose or baggy clothing are a
hazard in the laboratory.
● Observe good housekeeping practices. Replace the materials in the proper place after
work to keep the lab area tidy.
● Do not wander around the room, distract other students, startle other students or
interfere with the laboratory experiments of others.
● Do not eat food, drink beverages or chew gum in the laboratory and do not use
laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages.
● Do not open any irrelevant internet sites on the lab computer.
● Do not use a flash drive on lab computers.
● Do not upload, delete or alter any software on the lab PC.
● Students are not allowed to touch any equipment or other materials in the laboratory
area until you are instructed by a teacher or technician.
● Before starting laboratory work, follow all written and verbal instructions carefully. If
you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ASK YOUR CONCERN
FACULTY BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY.
● Labels and equipment instructions must be read carefully before use. Set up and use the
equipment as directed by your faculty.
● Any failure / break-down of equipment must be reported to the teacher.
● Protect yourself from getting electric shocks.
● Before giving supply to the circuit, ensure that the connections are correct.

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 741

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PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 723

PIN DIAGRAM OF IC 555

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 1. LINEAR APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
AIM

To design and implement an inverting, non inverting, voltage follower, summing and
differential amplifier, integrator and differentiator circuit using opamp IC 741.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No. Components/Equipments Range Quantity

1. IC 741
2. Fixed Power Supply
3. Bread Board, Connecting wires
4. Resistors
5. Capacitors
6. RPS
7. Function generator
8. Multimeter
9. CRO / DSO

1. Inverting Amplifier
An amplifier, which provides a phase shift of 180o between input and output is called Inverting
Amplifier.
The expression for its closed loop gain, 𝐴𝐶𝐿 = 𝑉𝑂 / 𝑉𝑖 = −𝑅𝑓 /𝑅𝑖
The Rf / Ri is the gain of the amplifier while the negative sign indicates that the polarity of
output is opposite to that of input. Hence it is called an inverting amplifier.
Design:

Gain 𝐴𝐶𝐿 =______; Let 𝑅𝑖 = ______; 𝑅𝑓 = 𝐴𝐶𝐿 * 𝑅𝑖 =

Figure 1: Inverting Amplifier

Procedure:

1. Make the connections of the inverting amplifier as shown in figure 1.

2. Vary the input voltage (in such a way that the theoretical output voltage is less than 80 % of
±Vcc) and note down the corresponding output voltages in table 1.
3. Calculate the value of practical gain and check whether it is equal to the theoretical value.

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 Table 1: Inverting Amplifier

S.No 𝑉𝑖 (V) Vo (V) Theoretical Gain (-Rf/Ri) Practical Gain (Vo/Vi)

1
2
3
4
5

Calculation:
For reading No. Vi = ; Vo = ; Practical Gain (Vo/Vi) =

2. Non-Inverting Amplifier

An amplifier, which amplifies the input without producing any phase shift between input and
output, is called Non-inverting amplifier.

The expression for the closed loop gain of non inverting amplifier is

𝑉𝑂 𝑅𝑓
𝐴𝐶𝐿 = = 1 +
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖

The positive sign indicates that there is no phase shift between input and output.

Design:
𝑉𝑂 𝑅𝑓
Gain 𝐴𝐶𝐿 =______; Let 𝑅𝑖 = ______; 𝐴𝐶𝐿 = = 1 + which implies 𝑅𝑓 =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑖

Figure 2: Non Inverting Amplifier

Procedure:

1. Make the connections of the inverting amplifier as shown in figure 2.

2. Vary the input voltage (in such a way that the theoretical output voltage is less than 80 % of
±Vcc)and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Calculate the value of practical gain and check whether it is equal to the theoretical value.

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 Table 2 : Non Inverting Amplifier

Sl.No Vi(V) Vo(V) Theoretical Gain(1+Rf/Ri) Practical Gain (Vo/Vi)

1
2
3
4
5

Calculation:
For reading No. Vi = ; Vo = ; Practical Gain (Vo/Vi) =

3. Voltage Follower

In a voltage follower circuit, the output voltage is equal to the input voltage both in magnitude
and phase. In other words output follows the input exactly, hence the name voltage follower. This circuit
has unity gain and has high input impedance and low output impedance. It draws less current from the
source. Voltage follower is used as a buffer for impedance matching i.e. to connect a high impedance
source to a low impedance load.

Figure 3: Voltage Follower

Procedure:

1. Make the connections of the Voltage follower circuit as shown in figure 3.

2. Vary the input voltage (in such a way that the theoretical output voltage is less than 80 % of
±Vcc) and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Check whether the output voltage is equal to the input voltage.

Table 3 : Voltage Follower

Input Voltage Output Voltage
S.No
Vi (V) Vo (V)

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 4. Inverting summer
The output voltage of inverting summer is equal to the sum of the input voltages applied to
the inverting terminal with 180 degree phase shift.
The output voltage,
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − [ ] [𝑉𝑖𝑛1 + 𝑉𝑖𝑛2] , When Rf= R1 = R, then Vo = - [Vin1+Vin2]
𝑅1
As the input impedance is large for an op-amp, more inputs can be applied to the inverting terminal of
an op-amp.

Figure 4: Inverting Summer

Procedure:

1. Make the connections of the inverting summer circuit as shown in figure 4.

2. Vary the input voltage (in such a way that the theoretical output voltage is less than 80 % of
±Vcc) and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Check whether the output voltage is equal to the sum of the input voltages.

Table 4 : Inverting Summer

S. No Input voltages(V) Theoretical Output Voltage Practical Output
-(Vin1 + Vin2 ) (V) Voltage
Vin1 (v) Vin2(v)
V0 (V)
1
2
3
4
5

5. Differential Amplifier
A circuit that amplifies the difference between two signals is called a differential amplifier.
The output voltage is VO = R2/R1 (V1-V2).

Figure 5: Differential Amplifier

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Procedure:
1. Make the connections of the inverting summer circuit as shown in figure 5.
2. Vary the input voltage (in such a way that the theoretical output voltage is less than 80 % of
±Vcc) and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Check whether the Practical output voltage is equal to the theoretical output voltage.

Table 5: Differential Amplifier

S.no Input voltages(V) Theoretical Output Practical Output Voltage
Voltage Vo (V)
V1 (v) V2(v)
(V2-V1) (R2 / R1) (V)
1
2
3
4
5

6. Integrator

The output voltage of an integrator is the integral of the input voltage.

Figure 6: Basic Integrator

The equation for voltage across the capacitor is

1 𝑉𝑖 1 𝑡
𝑉𝐶 = ∫ 𝑖𝑑𝑡 + 𝑉𝐶 (0+ ) and 𝐼𝑓 = −𝐼𝑖 ; 𝐼𝑖 = ; 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ∫ 𝐼𝑓 𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝑓 𝑅𝑖 𝐶𝑓 0
𝑉𝑖
− = 𝐼𝑓
𝑅𝑖
−1 𝑡
Output voltage 𝑉𝑜 = ∫0 𝑉𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝐶𝑓 ∗𝑅𝑖

Figure 7: Practical Integrator

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Procedure:
1. Make the connections of the inverting summer circuit as shown in figure 7.
2. Apply 1V, 1 kHz square wave and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Check whether the output voltage is integration of the input voltage.

Table 6: Integrator
Input Voltage(V) Time Peak to Output Time Peak to
period(ms) Peak Voltage(V) period(ms) Peak
Amplitude Amplitude
(V) (V)
Square wave: Triangular wave:

Model Graph: Input Voltage and Output Voltage

7. Differentiator
Differentiator circuit performs the mathematical operation of differentiation. The output
voltage is the negative of the derivative of the input signal.

Figure 8: Basic Differentiator

NODAL ANALYSIS,

𝐼𝑐 = 𝐶𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛 /𝑑𝑡

−𝐼𝑐 + 𝐼𝑓 = 0
𝑑(𝑉𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡)
−𝐶𝑖𝑛 ∗ + (− =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑅𝑓 𝐶𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑑(𝑉𝑖𝑛 )/𝑑𝑡

Figure 9 : Practical Differentiator

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Procedure:
1. Make the connections of the inverting summer circuit as shown in figure 7.
2. A 5V, 10 kHz triangular wave is applied to the input of the circuit and note down the
corresponding output voltage.
3. Check whether the output voltage is integration of the input voltage.
Table: Differentiator

Input Voltage(V) Time period Peak to Output Time Peak to

(ms) Peak Voltage(V) period (ms) Peak
Amplitude Amplitude
(V) (V)
Triangular wave Square wave

Model Graph: Input Voltage and Output Voltage

RESULT:

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 2. SECOND ORDER LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS FILTER
Aim:
To design a second order low pass and high pass active filter using OP-AMP and
observe the frequency response using a spectrum analyzer and draw the frequency response in
a semi log sheet.

Components Required:

S.No Name of the Component Range Quantity

1 OP-AMP IC741
2 Power supplies
3. Resistors
4. Capacitors
5. CRO / DSO
6. Function generator
7. Bread Board
8. Connecting wires

THEORY
Filters are frequency selective. They permit electric signals from some frequency bands
to pass through with little or no attenuation while attenuating electric signals from other
frequency bands.

SECOND ORDER FILTERS:

This second order low pass filter circuit has two RC networks, R1 – C1 and R2 – C2
which give the filter its frequency response properties. The filter design is based around a non-
inverting op-amp configuration so the filters gain, A will always be greater than 1. Also the op-
amp has a high input impedance which means that it can be easily cascaded with other active
filter circuits to give more complex filter designs.

The frequency response of the second order low pass filter is fixed by the RC network
and is generally identical to that of the first order type. The main difference between a 1st and
2nd order low pass filter is that the stop band roll-off will be twice the 1st order filters at
40dB/decade (12dB/octave) as the operating frequency increases above the cut-off frequency
ƒc, point

Low Pass Filter:

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 𝑅2
The gain of the above circuit is 𝐴𝐹 = 1 + ; The cut-off frequency of second order low pass
𝑅1
1
filter is 𝑓𝑐=
2𝜋√𝑅3𝑅4𝐶1𝐶2
The frequency response and the designing steps of the second order filter and the first order
filter are almost same except the roll off of the stop band. The roll off value of the second order
filter is double to that of first order filter that is 40dB/decade or 12dB/octave. These filters filter
out the high frequency signals more steeply.

Design equations

1. Choose cutoff frequency 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑘𝐻𝑧

2. To simplify design calculation, set 𝑅3 = 𝑅4 = 𝑅and 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶.
3. Choose 𝐶 = 0.01µ𝐹 (≤ 1µ𝐹)
1
4. Calculate R. using 𝑅= = _______________
2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝐶
𝑅
5. Make 𝑅2 = 𝑅1 = 𝑅; 𝐴𝐹 = 1 + 𝑅2 ; 𝐴𝐹 = 2
1

TABULATION 1

Second Order Low Pass Filter

Input Voltage = ______ (V)

S. No Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (V) Gain(dB)

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 High Pass Filter:

The second order filter circuit is shown above.

𝑅
The gain of the above circuit is 𝐴𝐹 = 1 + 1
𝑅2
1
The cut-off frequency of second order high pass filter is 𝑓𝑐=
2𝜋√𝑅3𝑅4𝐶1𝐶2
The frequency response and the designing steps of the second order filter and the first order
filter are almost same except the roll off of the stop band. The increase in gain value of the
second order filter is double to that of the first order filter that is 40dB/decade or 12dB/octave.
These filters filter out the high frequency signals with a steep rise

Design equations:

1. Choose cutoff frequency 𝑓𝑐 = 10𝑘𝐻𝑧.

2. To simplify design calculation, set 𝑅3 = 𝑅4 = 𝑅and 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 𝐶.
3. Choose 𝐶 = 0.04µ𝐹(≤ 1µ𝐹)
1
4. Calculate R. using 𝑅=
2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝐶
𝑅1
5. 𝐴𝐹 = 1 + ; 𝐴𝐹 = 3 − 𝛼 ; 𝛼 = 1.414 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑅2
𝑅1 𝑅1
3-1.414 = 1.586 = 1 + ; 0.586 = ; if R2 =10k then R1 =5.86k ;
𝑅2 𝑅2

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TABULATION 2

Second Order High Pass Filter

Input Voltage= _________ (V)

S. No Frequency (Hz) Output Voltage (V) Gain(dB)

Model Calculation :

Result:

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 3. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF IC 555 TIMER
APPLICATIONS
AIM

To design and implement an astable and amonostablemultivibrator circuit using IC 555 timer.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

Sl.No Components Range Quantity

1. RPS
2. IC 555
3. Function Generator
4. Resistors
5. Capacitor
6. LED
7. CRO / DSO
8. Bread Board

9. Connecting wires

THEORY
AstableMultivibrator
The 555 timer is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay or oscillation.
Astablemultivibrator is one of the main applications of the 555 timers.AstableMultivibrator is an
electronics circuit which generates square waves of its own without any external triggering pulse .The
555 timer is used to operate as Astablemultivibrator. Initially when the power supply is switched on,
the external timing capacitor C charges towards Vcc through a resistor RA and RB. When the capacitor
voltage is equal to (2/3) Vcc, the capacitor C starts discharging towards ground through a resistor R B.
This charging and discharging of the timing capacitor C is continuously repeated. So
Astablemultivibrator is also called a free running multivibrator.
ON time, 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ = 0.693(𝑅𝐴 + 𝑅𝐵 )𝐶; OFF time ,𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.693𝑅𝐵 𝐶

Time Period 𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ + 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.693(𝑅𝐴 + 2𝑅𝐵 )𝐶;

1 1
Frequency 𝑓 = = 𝐻𝑧
𝑇 0.693(𝑅𝐴 +2𝑅𝐵 )𝐶

MonostableMultivibrator

The circuit has only one stable state. When a trigger is applied it produces a pulse
(unstable state or quasi stable state) at the output and returns back to its stable state. The
duration of the pulse depends on the values of R and C. As it has only one stable state, it is
called one shot multivibrator
DESIGN
Sample Design:
AstableMultivibrator; For the frequency f= 4kHz
Assume C= 0.1 µF
Also assume 𝑅𝐴 = 2.2KΩ
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Compute 𝑅𝐵 : 𝑅𝐵 = ; Then 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ = 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑤 =

Time period: T = 1.1(RC)

MonostableMultivibrator;Required T =4ms Assume C =0.1µF Find R, 𝑅=

𝑇
=36.36KΩ
𝐶(1.1)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Astable Multivibrator

Monostable Multivibrator

MODEL GRAPHS
Astablemultivibrator

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Monostable multivibrator

TABULATION

Application Theoretical value Practical value

Monostable
T=
Astable
𝑇𝑂𝑁 =
𝑇𝑂𝐹𝐹 =
Note:Trigger for monostable should be applied along with DC bias. If peak to peak voltage of 5V.
Then the trigger pulse must be shifted (2.5+1.66) above the ground reference. That is 4.16 V above
the ground reference.
RESULT

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 4. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRECISION RECTIFIER AND ZERO
CROSSING DETECTOR
AIM:
To Design and implement Precision Rectifier and Zero Crossing Detector using opamp 741

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Components Range Quantity

1. Opamp (741)
2. Resistors
3. Function Generator
4. Diode
5. Dual Power Supply
6. Breadboard
7. CRO /DSO
8. connecting wires
Zero crossing detector:

The zero crossing detector circuit is an important application of the op-amp comparator
circuit. Any of the inverting or non-inverting comparators can be used as a zero-crossing detector. The
only change to be brought in is the reference voltage with which the input voltage is to be compared,
must be made zero (Vref = 0V). An input sine wave is given as Vin. These are shown in the circuit
diagram, Input and output waveforms of an inverting comparator with a 0V reference voltage.
Precision Rectifier:
The major limitation of ordinary diodes is that they cannot rectify voltages below V(~0.6v), the
cut in voltage of the diode. A circuit that acts like an ideal diode can be designed by placing a diode in
the feedback loop of an op-amp. Precision diodes are capable of rectifying the input signals of the order
of millivolt.
Half wave precision rectifier:

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Full wave Precision Rectifier:

Zero crossing detector and model waveform:

MODEL GRAPHS:

Half Wave Precision Rectifier:

Full wave Precision Rectifier

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CIRCUIT Input Time Output - Time period (ms)
Amplitude(V) period(ms) Amplitude(V)

Half wave
Rectifier
Full wave
Rectifier
Zero crossing
Detector

Result:

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 5. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
AIM

To design and implement Instrumentation Amplifiers using 741 OP AMP.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl.No Components Range Quantity

1 IC 741
2 Resistor
3 Transistor
4 Dual RPS
5 Multimeter
6 Bread Board
7 Connecting Wires

THEORY

Instrumentation Amplifier :

In a number of industrial and consumer applications, physical quantities are usually measured
with the help of transducers. The output of the transducer has to be amplified so that it can drive the
indicator or display system. This function is performed by an instrumentation amplifier. The important
features of an instrumentation amplifier are:

1) High gain accuracy 2) High CMRR 3) High gain stability with low temperature coefficient 4) Low
dc offset 5) Low output impedance

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Instrumentation Amplifier :

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Calculation:
𝑅2 2𝑅’
Output Voltage 𝑉𝑜 = ( ) (1 + ) (𝑉1– 𝑉2)
𝑅1 𝑅

TABULATION

GAIN =

Sl.No V1 (mV) V2 (mV) Theoretical Vo (V) Practical Vo (V)

RESULT

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