12/23/2022

LAB
REPORT

Prepared By:
Zillehuma FA22-BCS-103
Noor-ul-Huda FA22-BCS-081
Saffiullah FA22-BCS-069
Mughees ul Hassan FA22-BCS-067
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MAGNETIC FIELD
&
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH

Objective:
Following are the two objectives of this experiment:
 To demonstrate applications of magnetic fields.
 To learn how to use magnetic devise in burglar alarm.

Introduction:
Magnetic switches and relays are widely used in control circuits. Magnetic
switches are generally activated by the magnet and electromagnetic relays are
activated by the currents brough the coils. In this circuit the magnetic switch MS is
used to simulate a door. When magnet approaches to tie switch, the magnetic
S'M1tch Wi] be activated by the magnetic field and then the contact is dosed. This
stands for door closed.
The steps to operate the alarm circuit are:

 Turn on reset switch. Relay will be activated and there will no contact too.
 Approach the magnet to the magnetic switch
 Turn off reset switch. The relay is still activated through magnetic switch.
 The circuit is now in normal condition.
 Remove the magnet from the switch.
 LED is lighted up.
 The circuit will give the alarm.

Current is produced by changing magnetic field. It was noticed when current carrying
wire affected the compass.
If the number of wires is wounded together, it makes a coil which generate more flux.
More the loops, stronger will be the magnetic field. The wire wounded on the coil
leads to solenoid. The characteristic of solenoid is that when we change the current
in it, it behaves like a bar magnet.

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Lenz’s law:
Lenz's law states that the direction of the electric current induced in a conductor by
a changing magnetic field is such that the magnetic field created by the induced
current opposes changes in the initial magnetic field.
It is named after physicist Emil Lenz, who formulated it in 1834. Lenz’s Law is
reflected in the formula of Faraday’s law. Here the negative sign is contributed by
Lenz’s law. The expression is:

Emf=−N(Δϕ/Δt)

Where,
Emf is the induced voltage (also known as electromotive force).
N is the number of loops.
Δϕ is change in magnetic flux

Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction:

Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction states, “Whenever a conductor is

placed in a varying magnetic field, an electromotive force is induced. Likewise,
if the conductor circuit is closed, a current is induced, which is called induced
current.”

Apparatus:
 Module KL-13003
 Main unit kl-21001
 Magnet
 Digital multimeter (DMM)
 Connecting wires
 Short-circuit clips

Diagram:

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METHODOLOGY

For magnetic field:

1. We set the module KL-13003 on unit KL-21001, and located block a.

2. We completed the circuit as shown in figure.
3. Then we disconnected the short-circuit clip for turning reset switch to OFF
position.
4. We applied +6V to V+:
 We observed that LED was turned ON
 We observed that relay remained OFF

5. We plugged in short-circuit clip to turn reset switch ON:

 Observation on relay: ON
We removed the short-circuit clip a
 We noticed that relay remained OFF
 Circuit didn’t operate in normal

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6. We approached the magnet to the magnetic switch:

 It was observed that relay remained OFF
 We plug in short-circuit clip and approached the magnet on magnetic
switch.
 Relay was turned ON

7. We approached the magnet to the switch and removed short-circuit clip a

again
 We observed that relay was OFF
 Circuit didn’t operate in normal
 We observed that LED remained OFF

8. We removed the magnet from magnetic switch:

 We observed relay turned OFF
 We observed that LED was turned ON
 Circuit gave alarm

For magnetic field strength:

 We Set the module Kl-13003 on the main unit KL-21001, and located the
block c.
 We Completed the circuit as shown. The ammeter had been used from the
main unit.
 We applied +18V to V+, then slowly turned the VR1 counter-clockwise until
the iron bar was drawn into the coil.
 The recorded value of current is: I= 0.13 A
 Then we turned off the power and turned the voltage control to the left
completely.
 Then we turned on the power and slowly raised the positive power until the
iron bar is drawn into the coil.
 Recorded value for
 E = 14.4 V
 I = 0.13 A

RESULTS

Following results were observed:

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For magnetic field:

Step 3: ON; OFF
Step 4: ON; OFF; NO
Step 5: OFF; ON
Step 6: ON; YES; OFF
Step 7: OFF; ON; YES

For magnetic field strength:

Step 3: 0.13A
Step 4: 14.4V; 0.13A

CONCLUSION

For magnetic field:

We have completed the experiment for an alarm and have understood the
existence and function of magnetic field. Since the earth itself is a large spinning
mass, it also produces a magnetic field. The earth acts as though it has a bar
magnet extending through its center, with one end near the north pole, and the
other end near the south pole.
As, there are forces coming cut of the magnetic poles to cause those
actions. But the actions do not only take at the poles, The magnetic force actually
surrounds the magnet in a field.

For magnetic field strength:

In steps 3 and 4, we proved that the magnetic field in the coil is directly
proportion to the current flowing in the coil and the number of turns in the coil.
The magnetic field of a coil can be made stronger still by keeping an Iron
core inside the coil of wire. Since the soft iron is magnetic and has a low
reluctance, it allows more flux lines to be concentrated in it than would air.

PHY121-AppliedPhysics for Engineers