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392875865-Capacitors-Investigatory-Project.pdf_20240708_222239_0000
392875865-Capacitors-Investigatory-Project.pdf_20240708_222239_0000
Capacitors
Introduction
A capacitor is a device used to store electric charge.
Capacitors have applications ranging from filtering
static out of radio reception to energy storage in heart
defibrillators. Typically, commercial capacitors have
two conducting parts close to one another, but not
touching. When battery terminals are connected to an
initially uncharged capacitors, equal amount of positive
and negative charge, +Q and –Q, are separated into its
two plates. The capacitor remains neutral overall, but
we refer to it as storing a charge Q in this circumstance.
FIG. Both capacitors
shown here were
initially uncharged
before being connected
to a battery. They now
have separated charges
of +Q and –Q on their
two halves.
A) A parallel plate
capacitor
B) A rolled
capacitor with
an insulating
material
between the
charged plates
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We know that,
V = Ed
So, VαE
Hence, VαQ
FIG. Electric field lines
in the parallel plate Removing sign of proportionality
capacitor, as always,
we get,
start on positive and end
on negative charges.
Q = CV
1𝐶
= 1f
1𝑉
Self-Capacitance
Self-capacitance property is related to the capacitors
especially to the isolated conductor to raise its potential
difference to one volt. Generally normal conductors will have
mutual capacitance. This is also measured in the S.I units i.e.
Farads.
The Self-capacitance of a conducting sphere which has the
radius ‘R’ is given by.
C=4πεoR
Energy in a Capacitor
Energy is the amount of some work against the electro-static
field to charge the capacitor fully. In the capacitor at initial
stage of charging, the charge Q transferred between the
plates from one plate to another plate. This charge either +Q
or –Q is interchanged between two plates of a capacitor.
After transformation of some charge an electric field is
formed between the plates, in that case we need some extra
work to charge the capacitor fully. This extra work is called
as the energy stored in a capacitor, the energy is measured
in the units of Joules (J). Now we see the equations for this
energy and work.
dW = V dQ
dW = (Q/C) dQ
After integration of the above equation is
W = Q2 / 2C
W = (CV)2 / 2C
W = CV2 / 2 Joules
Finally we get the energy stored in a capacitor is
Energy (W) = CV2 / 2 Joules
Now we calculate the energy stored in a capacitor of
capacitance 200 µF which operate with voltage of 12V
W = (200 x 10-6 x 122) / 2 = 14.4 mJ
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Type of Capacitors
Film Capacitors
Film Capacitors comprising of a generally expansive
group of capacitors with the distinction being in
their dielectric properties.
Film Capacitors are available in almost any value
and voltages as high as 1500 volts.
They come in tolerance from 10% to 0.01%.
There are two types of film
capacitors i.e. Radial lead type &
Axial lead type.
The electrodes of film capacitors
may be metalized aluminum or zinc.
It use polystyrene, polycarbonate
or Teflon as their dielectrics.
It can be used in AC voltage
applications, and they have much more stable
electrical parameters.
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Ceramic Capacitors
Ceramic capacitors are used in high frequency
circuits such as audio to RF.
Ceramic Capacitors are the vest choice for high
frequency compensation in audio circuits.
These capacitors are also called as disc
capacitors.
Ceramic
are capacitors
made by coating two sides of a
small porcelain or ceramic disc
with silver and are then stacked
together to make a capacitor.
One can make both
capacitance in ceramic
capacitors.
They come in values from a few Pico farads to 1
microfarad.
The voltage range is from a few volts up to many
thousands of volts.
Ceramics are inexpensive to manufacture and
they come with several dielectrics types.
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Electrolytic Capacitors
It is most prevalently used capacitors which have
a wide tolerance capacity.
Electrolytic capacitors are available with working
voltages up to about 500V.
There are two types of
electrolytic capacitor, Tantalum
and Aluminum.
Tantalums capacitors have
ordinarily better exhibition, higher
value.
The dielectric properties of
tantalum oxide is much superior to
those of aluminum oxide.
It has an easier leakage current and better
capacitance strength which makes them suitable
for obstructing, decoupling, filtering applications.
The thickness of the aluminum oxide film and
heightened breakdown voltage gives the
capacitor exceptionally elevated capacitance
values for their size.
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Uses of Capacitors
Capacitors are devices which store electrical charge. They
are a basic component of electronics and have a host of
various applications. The most common use for capacitors
is energy
power conditioning,
storage.signal
Additional
coupling or
uses
decoupling,
include electronic
noise filtering, and remote sensing. Because of its varied
applications, capacitors are used in a wide range of industries
and have become a vital part of everyday life.
Capacitors for
Energy Storage
Capacitors have been
used to store electrical
energy since the late 18th
Benjamin Franklin was thecentury.
first to coin the phrase
“battery” for a series of capacitors in an energy store
application. Individual capacitors generally do not hold a
great deal of energy, providing only enough power for
electronic devices to use during temporary power
outages or when they need additional power. For
example, large capacitors are included in car audio
systems to provide extra power to amplifiers when
needed.
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Capacitors as Sensors
Capacitors are used as sensors to measure a variety of
things, including air humidity, fuel levels and
mechanical strain. The capacitance of a device is
dependent on its structure. Changes in the structure
can be measured as a loss or gain of capacitance. Two
aspects of a capacitor are used in sensing applications:
the distance between parallel plates and the
material between them. The former is used to detect
mechanical changes such as acceleration and pressure.
Even minute changes in the material between the plates
can be enough to alter the
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