Electricity & Magnetism

ELECTROSTATICS FORMULA
Jawad Zaarour
December 2019

ELECTRIC FORCE
1 𝑞1 . 𝑞2
Coulomb’s Law 𝐹⃗12 = 𝑟̂ = −𝐹⃗21
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

Force exerted by 𝒒𝟏 on 𝒒𝟐 𝐹⃗12 = 𝑞2 𝐸⃗⃗𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑞1

Force exerted by 𝒒𝟐 on 𝒒𝟏 𝐹⃗21 = 𝑞1 𝐸⃗⃗𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑞2

ELECTRIC FIELD
1 𝑑𝑞
Point charge 𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

1 𝑑𝑞
Continuous Charge Distributions 𝐸⃗⃗ (𝑟) = ∫ 2 𝑟̂
4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟

𝑄 𝑑𝑞
Volume charge density 𝛒 𝜌= =
𝑉 𝑑𝑣

𝑄 𝑑𝑞
Surface charge density 𝛔 𝜎= =
𝐴 𝑑𝐴

𝑄 𝑑𝑞
Linear charge density 𝛌 𝜆= =
𝐿 𝑑𝑙

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 Electricity & Magnetism

GAUSS’S LAW

Electric Flux 𝝓𝑬 = ⃗𝑬⃗. ⃗𝑺⃗ = 𝑬𝑺𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)

𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
Gauss’s Law in free space 𝜙𝐸 = ∯ 𝐸⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 =
𝜖0

Shape Volume and Area

4𝜋 3
𝑉= 𝑅 𝑑𝑉 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
Sphere 3
𝑆 = 4𝜋𝑅 2
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑉 = 2𝜋𝐿𝑟𝑑𝑟
Cylinder
Lateral Area: 2𝜋𝑅𝐿
𝑑𝑆 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
Disc
𝑆 = 𝜋𝑅 2
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑟𝑑𝜃
Circle
𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑅

Rod ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗̂

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ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
𝑝2
Work done by charge 𝒒 against the
𝑊𝑝1→𝑝2 = − ∫ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑞(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
field of 𝑸 𝑝1

𝑝2
Work done by charge 𝒒 with the
𝑊𝑝1→𝑝2 = + ∫ 𝑞𝐸⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝑞(𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )
field of 𝑸 𝑝1

Electric potential Energy 𝑼 between 1 𝑞𝑄

𝑈=
𝒒 and 𝑸 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

Electric potential 𝑽 of a point 1 𝑄

𝑉=
charge 𝑸 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟

𝑛 𝑛
Potential due to a collection of 1 𝑄𝑖
𝑉 = ∑ 𝑉𝑖 = ∑
charged particles 4𝜋𝜖0 𝑟𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑃2
Electric potential Difference
𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = − ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙
between two point 𝑷𝟏 and 𝑷𝟐 𝑃1

𝑟
Calculating 𝑽 form 𝐄
⃗⃗ 𝑉(𝑟) = − ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙
∞

𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝐸⃗⃗ = −𝛻⃗⃗𝑉 = − ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
⃗⃗ form 𝑽
Calculating 𝐄
𝑑𝑉
𝐸𝑟 = −
𝑑𝑟

Relation between 𝑼 and 𝑽 ∆𝑈 = 𝑞∆𝑉

Conservation of Mechanical Energy ∆𝐾 + ∆𝑈 = 0

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CONDUCTORS

Electric Field Inside conductors 𝐸=0

Charge Inside conductors 𝜌=0

Electric Field perpendicular to the 𝜎

𝐸𝑛 =
surface of conductors ϵ0

The surface of conductors is

𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵
equipotential

DIELECTRICS (INSULATORS)

Polarization Vector 𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝜖0 𝜒𝑒 𝐸⃗⃗

Electric susceptibility 𝜒𝑒

Electric Displacement ⃗⃗ = 𝜖0 𝐸⃗⃗ + 𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝜖𝐸⃗⃗

𝐷

Permittivity of the medium 𝜖 = 𝜖0 𝜖𝑟

Relative permittivity or dielectric

𝜖𝑟
constant

Generalized Gauss's law- applicable

to free space as well as to dielectric 𝜙𝐸 = ∯ 𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑
⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑠
medium

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Useful Integrals
𝑑𝑥
∫ = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 |
√𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 2 2
= ± 𝑙𝑛(𝑎2 ± 𝑥 2 )
𝑎 ±𝑥 2

𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −1
∫ =
(𝑥 2 2
+𝑎 ) 3/2
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ = √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎 2
√𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2

𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ =
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )3/2 𝑎2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

Constant

ϵ0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C2 ⁄N. m2 permittivity of free space.

1
K= = 8.99 × 109 N. m2 ⁄C2 Coulomb Constant.
4πϵ0

c = 3 × 108 m⁄s Speed of light in a vacuum

e = 1.6 × 10−19 𝐶 Elementary charge

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Units

Electric Force 𝐅⃗ [𝐍]

Electric Field ⃗⃗
𝐄 [ 𝐍/𝐂]

Electric Displacement ⃗⃗
𝐃 [𝐂/𝐦𝟐 ]

Electric Flux 𝛟𝐄 [ 𝐍. 𝐦𝟐 /𝐂]

Electric Potential 𝐕 [𝐕]

Electric potential Energy 𝐔 [𝐉]

Volume charge density 𝛒 [𝐂/𝐦𝟑 ]

Surface charge density 𝛔 [𝐂/𝐦𝟐 ]

Surface charge density 𝛌 [𝐂/𝐦]

Work 𝐖 [𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐞 𝐉]