Acid base

acidus(latin word) - sour

al-qali(arabic word)- substances which felt slippery or soppy to touch
Acids and alkalis are simply chemicals that dissolve in water to form ions .
An acid dissolves in water to form positively charged hydrogen ions (H+), with a strong acid forming more hydrogen ions
than a weak one.
An alkali (or base) dissolves in water to form negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH−). Again, stronger alkalis (which can
burn you as much as strong acids) form more of those ions than weaker ones.
 Indicators
Substances that change color when added into acid or alkaline solution.

Universal Indicator

Water has slight charge as oxygen pulls electrons.

H2O—--->H+ + OH-
A single H+ ion cant stay alone . It combines with one water molecule to form H3O+ ion(hydronium ion)
1 molecule out of 1,00,00,000 breaks into H+ and OH- ions
Concentration of H+ ions will be [H+]= 1/1,00,00,000
=1x10^(-7),This power 7 ios known as pH
pH value of common solutions
Ions present in solutions
Alkalis and bases
Alkalis are bases which are soluble in water.

Bases- metal oxides and hydroxides-neutralise acids

*Salt is a compound made when the metal or ammonium ion takes the place of hydrogen in an acid. Acid
from which salt is made call parent acid of the salt.

Reaction of acid with Metal

Metal+acid—--------------> salt+hydrogen
Reaction of acids with bases

Acid + base—-------------> salt+water

Reaction of acid with carbonates

Acid+metal carbonate—----------->salt+water+CO2
 Acid, base reactions
In addition to neutralization reactions with acids, bases also react with ammonium salts to produce
ammonia gas. How to test ammonia?

Classification of non-metals and metal oxides

Neutral oxides dont react with either acids or alkalis.

Metal oxides that can react as either an acid or a

base to produce a salt and water are called
amphoteric compounds.
Solubility of salts
Method A- acid+solid metal, base or carbonate