M3

SUB. : ENGG.
MATHEMATICS III
( All Branch)
Chapter 1 : Laplace transform
Introduction : By a Particular type of definite integral as an operator a new function can be defined one
Such operator is called as Laplace transform , Laplace transform changes a function of
One variable by ‘ t’ into another variable by ‘s’
Definition : LetF(t) be a function of ‘ t ‘ specified for t >0 then the L. T. of F(t ) denoted by L{ f(t) }
& it is Defined as
∞
L { f(t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 (1)
Where ‘s’ is parameter or ‘s ’ is real no.
The L . T. is also denoted by

∞
L { f(t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = f(s) or 𝜑(𝑠)
Laplace Transform of some Standard Function :
1) find the L.T. of L{1} = 1/s if s > 0
Proff:by using definition of L. T.

∞
L { f(t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 [ f(t) =1]
∞
L { 1 } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1𝑑𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞
={ ( −𝑠
)} limit 0 to ∞ or [ −𝑠 0
]
𝑒 −𝑠∞ 𝑒 −𝑠0
=[ −𝑠
- −𝑠
] …..[𝑒 −∞ =0 &𝑒 0 =1 ]
1
=[0+ 𝑠 ]
1
∴ L{1} =𝑠
List of Standard formula for Laplace Transform :
1) L{1} = 1/s
2)L{t } = 1/𝒔𝟐
𝒏!
3)L{𝒕𝒏 } =
𝒔𝒏+𝟏
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
𝟏
4)L{𝒆𝒂𝒕 } =
𝒔−𝒂
𝟏
5)L{𝒆−𝒂𝒕 } = 𝒔+𝒂
𝒂
6)L{sinat} = 𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐
𝒂
7)L{sinhat} = 𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐
𝒔
8)L{cosat} =
𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐
𝒔
9)L{coshat} = 𝒔𝟐−𝒂𝟐
𝟏
10)L{𝒄𝒂𝒕 } = 𝒔−𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒄
** Linearity property **
If 𝑐1 &𝑐2 are any constant ,& 𝐹1 (t) & 𝐹2 (t ) are function with L.T. 𝐹1 (s) &𝐹2 (s) resp. then
L { 𝑐1 𝐹1 (t) +𝑐2 𝐹2 (t) } = 𝑐1 L { 𝐹1 (t) } + 𝑐2 𝐿{𝐹2 (t)}
= 𝑐1 𝐹1 (s) + 𝑐2 𝐹2 (s)
Example:1
1)find the L. T. of f(t) where
F( t) = cos ( t- 𝛼 ) , t>𝛼
= 0, 0<t<𝛼
solution: By using definition of L. T.

∞
L { f(t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝛼 ∞
= ∫0 0𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝛼 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 cos1( t- 𝛼 )𝑑𝑡
∞
= 0 + ∫𝛼 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 cos1( t- 𝛼 )𝑑𝑡
1
Formula : ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2+𝑏2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ( acosbx + bsinbx) ( a= -s b=1 , x =t ]
1
= 0 + [ 𝑠2 +1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( -s cos1( t- 𝛼) + 1sin1( t- 𝛼) ]∞
𝛼
1
= [ 0 - 𝑒 −𝑠𝛼 ( -scos 0 + sin0) ] [ cos0=1 , sin0=0]
𝑠 2 +1
1
= [ 0 - 𝑒 −𝑠𝛼 ( -s.1 + 0 )
𝑠 2 +1
SUB. : ENGG. MATHEMATICS III
( All Branch)
1
= 𝑠2 +1[ 0 + s 𝑒 −𝑠𝛼 ]
𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝛼
= √
𝑠 2+1
Example:2
2) find the L. T. of f(t) where
F(t) = 0 0 < t <1
= ( 𝑡 − 1)3 t>1
solution : By using definition of L. T.

∞
L { f(t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (0) 𝑑𝑡 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( 𝑡 − 1)3 𝑑𝑡
∞
= 0 + ∫1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( 𝑡 − 1)3 𝑑𝑡 (1)
Put , t -1 = u → 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢 when t→1 ∴𝑢→0 &
∴ 𝑡 = 𝑢+1 when t → ∞ ∴𝑢→∞

∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠( 𝑢+1) 𝑢3 du
∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑢 . 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑢3 du
∞
= 𝑒 −𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑢 . 𝑢3 du
= 𝑒 −𝑠 L { 𝑢3 }
3! 𝑛!
= 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑠4 ( by formula L{𝑡 𝑛 } = 𝑠𝑛+1 ) [ 3! =3 x2 x1 =6 ]
6
= 𝑠4
𝑒 −𝑠 √
Example :3
find the L. T. of f(t) where
f t) = sin2t 0<t<𝜋
=0 t> 𝜋

CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
∞
L { f(t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝜋 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡dt + ∫𝜋 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡
𝜋
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡dt + 0
1
Use formula: ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 2+𝑏2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ( asinbx – bcosbx) [ comparing a = -s , b= 2 , x = t ]
1
= [ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( -ssin2t – 2cos2t) ]𝜋0
𝑠 2 +4
1
= 𝑠2+4 [𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 ( -ssin2𝜋 – 2cos2𝜋) – 1( 0 – 2)] [ sinn𝜋 = 0 , cosn𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 ]
1
= 𝑠2+4 [𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 ( 0 – 2 .1) +2 ] [ sin2𝜋 = 0 , cos2𝜋 = (−1)2 =1]
1
= 𝑠2+4[ -2 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 + 2)]
2
= ( 1- 𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 )] √
𝑠 2 +4
Example :4
find the L. T. of f(t) where
f t) = cost 0 <t <2𝝅
=0 t >2𝝅

∞
L { f(t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 ∞
=∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡dt + ∫2𝜋 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡
2𝜋
=∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡dt + 0
1
Use formula :∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2+𝑏2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ( acosbx + bsinbx) [ a= -s , b= 1 x= t ]
1
= 𝑠2 +1[ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( -scost + sint )]2𝜋
0
1
= 𝑠2 +1 [ 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 ( -scos2𝜋 + sin2𝜋) – 1( -s .1+ 0)] [ sin2 𝜋 =0 , cos2𝜋 =1 ]
1
= [𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 ( -s.1 + 0 ) + s ]
𝑠 2 +1
( All Branch)
1
= 𝑠2 +1 [−𝑠𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 +s]
𝑠
= 𝑠 2 +1
( 1- 𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 ) √
Example :5
1 1
find the L. T. of [ ]
√𝜋𝑡 √𝜋 .√𝑡
solution: By using definition of L. T.

∞
L { f(t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
∞ 1
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
√𝜋𝑡
1 ∞ −𝑠𝑡 1 1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑒 √𝑡
√𝜋 0
𝑑𝑡 (
√𝜋𝑡
=
√𝜋 √𝑡
[ ])
1 ∞ −𝑠𝑡 −1/2 1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 [ = 𝑡 −1/2 ]
√𝜋 0 𝑡 1/2
𝑢 1
Put st = u ∴𝑡= 𝑠
& dt = 𝑠 du ( u = 0 to ∞)
1 ∞ −𝑢 𝑢 −1/2 1
= ∫ 𝑒 (𝑠 )
√𝜋 0 𝑠
𝑑𝑢
1 ∞ (𝑢)−1/2 1
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 (𝑠)−1/2 𝑠 du
√𝜋 0
1
1 ∞ (𝑢)−1/2 1
− +1
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑢 (𝑠)−1/2 𝑠1 du ( 𝑠 2 = 𝑠1/2 ]
√𝜋 0
𝑠 −1/2 ∞ ∞
=
√𝜋
∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢 −1/2 𝑑𝑢 [ ᴦ𝑛 = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 dx]
1
𝑠 −1/2 ∞ − +1−1
=
√𝜋
∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
1
𝑠 −1/2 ∞ −1
=
√𝜋
∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 [ n= ½] [ ᴦ1/2 = √𝜋 )
𝑠 −1/2
= ( ᴦ1/2)
√𝜋
𝑠 −1/2
=
√𝜋
√𝜋
1
L{ } = 𝑠 −1/2 √
√𝜋𝑡
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
EXERCISE -1
Q : find the Laplace Transform of f(t) where
1) f( t) = 3 , 0<t<5
𝟑
=0 , t>5 [ Ans. 𝒔 ( 1- 𝒆−𝟓𝒔 ]
2) f( t) = ( 𝑡 − 1)2 , t >1
𝟐 𝒆−𝒔
=0 , 0 < t< 1 [ Ans. 𝒔𝟑
]
3) f( t) = ( 𝑡 − 2)2 , t>2
𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒔
=0 , 0<t<2 [Ans . ]
𝒔𝟑
4) f( t) = t , 0<t<3
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
=6 , t>3 [𝑨𝒏𝒔 . +( − ) 𝒆−𝟑𝒔 ]
𝒔𝟐 𝒔 𝒔𝟐
** Particular value of the function L {f(t) }**
Let { f(t)} or 𝜑(𝑠) is an a function of ‘s’ & hence , for different value of ‘s’ we get different value of L{f(t)}
or 𝜑(𝑠)
∞
L{ f(t)}= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
Example :1
∞
Evaluate the following Laplace Transform L { ∫0 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 } ( s = 3)
Solution : Let f(t) = sint
Taking both side Laplace Transform
L {f(t) } = L { sint} ( a =1)

1 𝒂
= 𝑠2 +12 = 𝜑(𝑠) [ using formula . L{sinat} = 𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐 ]
( All Branch)
Put s = 3 in above value
1 1
= 32+12 = 9+1
∞ 1
L { ∫0 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 } = 10 √
Example :2
∞
Q. Evaluate the following Laplace Transform L { ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒕𝒅𝒕 } [ s =2]
Solution: Let f(t) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 t
L {f(t) } = L { 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 t }
3 1
= L { 4 sint - 4 sin3t } [ use formula: sin3t = 3sint – 4 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 t ]
3 1
= 4
𝐿{ sint} - 4 L {sin3t } [4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 t= 3sint-sin3t]
3 1 1 3 1
= ( )– ( ) = 𝜑(𝑠) [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 t= [3sint-sin3t ]
4 𝑠 2 +12 4 𝑠 2 +32 4
Put s= 2 in above value

3 1 1 3
= 4
( 22 +12 ) – 4
( 22 +32 )
3 1 1 3
= ( )– ( )
4 5 4 13
3 3 𝑎 𝑐 𝑎𝑑−𝑐𝑏
= 20 − 52
[ 𝑏
-𝑑= 𝑏𝑑
]
6
= √
65
Example :3
∞
Q. Evaluate the following Laplace Transform L { ∫𝟎 𝒆− 𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟑 𝒕𝒅𝒕 } ( s =4 )
Solution : : Let f(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 3 t
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
f(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 3 t [ coshax= ] ( a=1)
2
𝑒 𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑡 3
=L{( ) } [ x=t]
2
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
1
= 8 L { ( 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )3 }
1
= 8 [ (𝑒 𝑡 )3 + 3 (𝑒 𝑡 )2 𝑒 −𝑡 + 3𝑒 𝑡 (𝑒 −𝑡 )2 + (𝑒 −𝑡 )3 ]
1
= 8 [𝑒 3𝑡 + 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 + 3𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑒 −3𝑡 ]
1
= 8 [(𝑒 3𝑡 +𝑒 −3𝑡 ) + 3( 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )]
1 2(𝑒 3𝑡 +𝑒 −3𝑡 ) 2(𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )

= [ +3. ]
8 2 2
1 (𝑒 3𝑡 +𝑒 −3𝑡 ) (𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )
=4[ 2
+3. 2
]
1
F(t)= 4 [ cosh3t +3 cosht]
Taking both side L. T.

1
L{ F(t)}=L{ 4 [ cosh3t +3 cosht]}
1
= 4 [ L { cosh3t } +3.L { cosht } ]
1 𝑠 𝑠
= 4 [ 𝑠2 − 32 +3. 𝑠2 −12 ]= 𝜑(s)
Put s= 4 in above value

1 4 4
= [ +3. ]
4 42 −32 42−12
1 4 12
= [ + ]
4 16−9 16−1
1 4 12
=4[ 7
+ 15
]
1 60+84
= [ ]
4 105
1 144
= 4 [ 105 ]
36
=[ ]
105
12
= 35 √
EXERCISE -2
∞ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 𝟏𝟏
1) Evaluate the L { ∫0 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡 } (s=3)[𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 = ] ( Ans . )
2 𝟑𝟗
( All Branch)
∞ 𝟏
2) Evaluate the L { ∫0 𝑒 −5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 3 𝑡𝑑𝑡 } ( Ans. 𝟔𝟒 )
∞ 𝟒𝟎
3) Evaluate the L { ∫0 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 } ( Ans. )
𝟐𝟒𝟑
∞ 𝟔
4) Evaluate the L { ∫0 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡𝑑𝑡 } ( Ans. )
𝟒𝟐𝟓
∞ 𝟒
5) Evaluate the L { ∫0 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡𝑑𝑡 } ( Ans. . 𝟏𝟓 )
** change of scale property **
Statement : - If L { f(t) } = 𝝋(𝒔) then

𝟏 𝒔
L { f(a t) } = 𝝋( )
𝒂 𝒂
Example :1
2𝑠
If L [ f(t)] = 𝑠 2 +4
find , L { f( 2t) }
2𝑠
Solution : Given that L [ f(t)] = = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑠 2+4
By change of scale property

1 𝑠
L { f(at) } = 𝑎
𝜑( 𝑎 ) (a=2)
𝑠
1 2( )
2
L{f(2t)} = [ 𝑠 ]
2 ( )2 +4
2
𝑎
1 𝑠 1 𝑠 1 𝑠 𝑏 𝑎 𝑑
= [ 𝑠2 ]= [ 𝑠2 +16
]= 2 [ 𝑠2 +16
] [ 𝑐 =𝑏x 𝑐 ]
2 +4 2
4 4 4 𝑑
1 4𝑠
= [ ]
2 𝑠 2 +16
2𝑠
= 𝑠2 +16 √
Example :2
𝑠 2 −𝑠
If L [ f(t)] = 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠+5
find , L { f( 3t) }
𝑠 2 −𝑠
Solution : Given that L [ f(t)] = 𝑠2 + 3𝑠+5
= 𝜑 (𝑠)
By change of scale property :

CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
1 𝑠
L { f(at) } = 𝑎
𝜑( 𝑎 )
𝑆 𝑠
1 ( )2 −
3 3
L { f( 3t) } = [ 𝑠 2 𝑠 ]
3 ( ) +3( . )+5
3 3
𝑠2 𝑠
1 −−
9 3
= 3
[ 𝑠2
]
+ 𝑠+5
9
𝑠2 3𝑠
1 −−
9 9
= 3
[ 2
𝑆 +9𝑆+45
]
9
1 𝑠 2 −3𝑠
= 3
[𝑠2 +9𝑠+45 ] √
Example :3
2
If L [ f(t)] = 𝑒 −𝑠 , find L { f( 2t) }
𝑠3
2
Solution: Given L [ f(t)] = 𝑠3
𝑒 −𝑠 = 𝜑 (𝑠)
By change of scale property :

1 𝑠
L { f(at) } = 𝑎
𝜑( 𝑎 )
𝑠
−
1 2𝑒 2
L { f( 2t) } = 2 [ 𝑠 ]
( )3
2
𝑠
−( )
1 2𝑒 2
=2[ 𝑠3
]
8
𝑠
−
𝑒 2
=8 𝑠3
√
EXERCISE -3
𝑠+3 𝒔+𝟔
1) If L [ f(t)] = log( 𝑠+1
) find , L { f( 2t) } [ Ans. log √𝒔+𝟐 ]
( All Branch)
** First Shifting property by Laplace Transform**
Statement : 1) If L{ f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠) then
L{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠 + 𝑎 )
Statement : 2) If L{ f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠) then
L{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠 − 𝑎)
Example :1
Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 }
Solution : Given that f( t) = sin2t
L { f( t)} = L {sin2t }
2
=
𝑠 2 +22
2
= = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑠 2+4
By using Shifting property of Laplace Transform
L{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠 − 𝑎)
2
L { 𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 } =
(𝑠−3)2 +4
2
= 𝑠 2−6𝑠+9+4
2
= 𝑠2−6𝑠+13 √
Example :2
Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 }
Solution : Given that f( t) = cos3t

𝑠
= 𝑠 2 +32
= 𝜑 (𝑠)
L{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠 + 𝑎)

CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
𝑠+2
= (𝑠+2)2 +32
𝑠+2
= 𝑠2 +4𝑠+4+9
𝑠+2
L { 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 } = √
𝑠 2 +4𝑠+13
Example :3
Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡 }
Solution : Given that f( t) = sinht
L{ f( t) } = L { sinht }
1
= 𝑠2 −11 = 𝜑 (𝑠)
L{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠 − 𝑎)
1
L { 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡 } =
( 𝑠−2)2−11
1
=
𝑠 2 −4𝑠+4−1
1
= 𝑠2 −4𝑠+3 √
Example :4
Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑡 }
Solution : Given that f( t) = cosht
L{ f( t)} = L {cosht }
𝑠
=𝑠2 −11 = 𝜑 (𝑠)
L{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠 + 𝑎)

𝑠+1
=
( 𝑠+1)2−11
( All Branch)
𝑠+1
= 𝑠2 +2𝑠+1−1
𝑠+1
L { 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑡 } = √
𝑠 2 +2𝑠
EXERCISE -4
1) Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑡 }
2)Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡 }
3)Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 }
4)Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 }
**Multiplication by ‘ t’ by using Laplace Transform **
Statement :If L{ f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠) then
𝑑𝑛
L{𝑡 𝑛 f( t)} = (−1)𝑛 𝑑𝑠𝑛 [𝜑 (𝑠)] where n = 1, 2,3 ….
Note : i) if n= 1
𝑑1
L{𝑡1 f( t)} = (−1)1 𝑑𝑠1 [𝜑 (𝑠)] = -1 𝜑′ (𝑠 ) =− 𝜑′ (𝑠 )
ii) n=2
𝑑2
L{𝑡 2 f( t)} = (−1)2 [𝜑 (𝑠)] = +1 𝜑′′ (𝑠 ) = 𝜑′′ (𝑠 )
𝑑𝑠 2
iii) n=3
𝑑3
L{𝑡 3 f( t)} = (−1)3 [𝜑 (𝑠)] = -1 𝜑′′′ (𝑠 ) =−𝜑′′′ (𝑠 )
𝑑𝑠 3
Example :1
1) Find the L. T. of L { t sinat } (n=1)
Solution : let f(t) = sinat
L{ f( t)} = L {sinat }
𝑎
= = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
By using Multiplication by ‘ t ’
𝑑1
L{ t f( t)} = (−1)1 𝑑𝑠1 [𝜑 (𝑠)]where ( n =1)
𝑑1 𝑎
= (−1)1 ( )
𝑑𝑠 1 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2
𝑑 𝑎
= -1 ( )
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2+𝑎 2
𝑑 1
= -a 𝑑𝑠 ( 𝑠 2+𝑎 2
)
1 𝑑 𝑑 1 1 𝑑 1
= -a [ - ( 𝑠2 +𝑎 2)2 .𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 ) ] formula [ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
( ) =[ - 𝑥 2 ]𝑑𝑥 (x)= - 𝑥 2 .1]
1
=- a [ - ( 𝑠2 +𝑎2)2 . (2𝑠 + 0) ]
2𝑎𝑠
=(𝑠2 +𝑎2)2 √
Example :2
1) Find the L. T. of L { t 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 sin3t } (n=1)
Solution : let f(t) ={ 𝑒 −4𝑡 sin3t }
L{ f( t)} = L {𝑒 −4𝑡 sin3t }

3
L{sin3t} = 𝑠 2 +32
3
L{sin3t} = 𝑠 2 +9
= 𝜑 (𝑠)

3
L { 𝑒 −4𝑡 sin3t } = (𝑠+4)2+9
3
= 𝑠 2+8𝑠+16+9
3
L { 𝑒 −4𝑡 sin3t} = 𝑠 2+8𝑠+25
= 𝜑 (𝑠)
By using Multiplication of ‘ t ’ Laplace Transform
𝑑1
L { t𝑒 −4𝑡 sin3t } = (−1)1 𝑑𝑠1 [𝜑 (𝑠)]
( All Branch)
𝑑1 3
= (−1)1 [ ]
𝑑𝑠 1 𝑠 2 +8𝑠+25
𝑑 3
= -1 [ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +8𝑠+25
𝑑 1
= -3 [
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +8𝑠+25
]
1
= -3[ - (𝑠2 +8𝑠+25)2 (2s +8.1+0) ]
6(𝑠+4)
= √
(𝑠 2 +8𝑠+25)2
Example :4
1) Find the L. T. of L { t √𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 }
Solution : let f(t) ={√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 }
L{ f( t)} = L {√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 }
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
=L {√𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (2) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( 2 ) − 2sin(2 ). cos(2)
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
= L {√𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ( ) − 2sin( ). cos( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ( )
2 2 2 2
𝑡 𝑡 2
= L {√[cos( ) − sin( )]
2 2
𝑡 𝑡
= L { cos( ) − sin( )}
2 2
𝑡 𝑡 1
= L { cos(2 )} − 𝐿{ sin(2) } [ a = 2 ]
1
𝑠 2
= 1 - 1
𝑠 2 +( )2 𝑠 2+( )2
2 2
1
𝑠 2
= 1 - 1
𝑠2+ 𝑠2+
4 4
4𝑠 2
=4𝑠2 +1 - 4𝑠2 +1
4𝑠−2
=4𝑠2 +1
2(2𝑠−1)
L {√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 } = 4𝑠 2 +1
= 𝜑 (𝑠)
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
By using Multiplication of ‘ t’ Laplace Transform
𝑑1
L { t√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 } = (−1)1 𝑑𝑠1 [𝜑 (𝑠)]
𝑑1 2(2𝑠+1)
=(−1)1 ( )
𝑑𝑠 1 4𝑠 2 +1
𝑑1 (2𝑠+1)
= -2 𝑑𝑠1 ( 4𝑠2 +1 )
𝑑 𝑑
(4𝑠 2 +1 ) ( 2𝑠+1)− (2𝑠+1) ( 4𝑠 2 +1)
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
= -2 [ (4𝑠 2 +1)2
]
(4𝑠 2 +1 ) 2− (2𝑠+1)8𝑠
=-2 [ (4𝑠 2 +1)2
]
(4𝑠 2 +1 ) 2 − (2𝑠+1)8𝑠
=-2 [ ]
(4𝑠 2 +1)2
8𝑠 2 +2− 16𝑠 2−8𝑠

=-2 [ ]
(4𝑠 2 +1)2
− 8𝑠 2 −8𝑠+2
= -2 [ (4𝑠 2+1)2
]
4𝑠 2+4𝑠−1
=4 [ (4𝑠 2 +1)2
] √
EXERCISE -5
𝟐(𝒔+𝟐)
1) Find the L. T. of L { t 𝑒 −2𝑡 sint} [ Ans . (𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝒔+𝟓)𝟐 ]
𝟒.( 𝒔−𝟑)
2) Find the L. T. of L { t 𝑒 3𝑡 sin2t} [ Ans. ]
( 𝒔𝟐−𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑)𝟐
𝟔( 𝒔−𝟑)
3) Find the L. T. of L { t 𝑒 −3𝑡 cos2t} [ Ans. Ans. ]
( 𝒔𝟐−𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟖)𝟐
𝟐𝒔(𝒔−𝒂)
4) Find the L. T. of L { t 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sinat} [ 𝑨𝒏𝒔. ( 𝒔−𝒂)𝟐+𝒂𝟐 ]
𝒔𝟐−𝟐𝟐
5)Find the L. T. of L { t cos2t } [𝑨𝒏𝒔. (𝒔𝟐+𝟐𝟐)𝟐 ]
** Particular value of the function L [{t.f{ t) }**
Example :1
∞
Evaluate the L.T. L { ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕 }
( All Branch)
Solution : Le f (t) = t sint
L { f (t)} = L { t sint }
1
L { sint } = 𝑠 2+1
= 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑑1
L { tsint } = (−1)1 𝑑𝑠1 [𝜑 (𝑠)]
𝑑 1
= -1 𝑑𝑠 [𝑠2 +1 ]
1
= -1 [ - .2s ]
( 𝑠 2 +1)2
2𝑠
= ( 𝑠2 +1)2 = 𝜑 (𝑠)
Comparing the def. of Laplace Transform

∞
L { ∫0 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 } = 𝜑 (𝑠)
2𝑠
= ( 𝑠2 +1)2
Put ( s = 3) in above value
2(3)
= ( 32 +1)2 = 6/100
= 3/50 √
Example :2
∞
Evaluate the L.T. L { ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Solution : Le f (t) = t cost
L { f (t)} = L { t cost }
𝑠
L { cos1t } = 𝑠 2 +1
= 𝜑 (𝑠)
By using Multiplication of ‘ t ’ Laplace Transform
𝑑1
L { t cost } = (−1)1 𝑑𝑠1 [𝜑 (𝑠)]
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
𝑑 𝑠
= -1 [ ]
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +1
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑠 2 +1 ) ( 𝑠)− (𝑠) ( 𝑠 2+1)
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
= −1 [ ]
(𝑠 2 +1)2
(𝑠 2 +1 ) 1− (𝑠).2𝑠
= − 1[ ]
(𝑠 2 +1)2
(𝑠 2+1 − 2𝑠 2 )
=−[ (𝑠 2+1)2
]
( −𝑠 2 +1)
=−1 [ (𝑠 2 +1)2
]
( 𝑠 2 −1)
L{tcost} =[ ] = 𝜑 (𝑠)
(𝑠 2+1)2
Comparing the def. of Laplace Transform

∞
L { ∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 } = 𝜑 (𝑠)
( 𝑠 2 −1)
=[ (𝑠2 +1)2 ]
Put ( s = 2) in above value
( 22−1)
=[ ] =
(22+1)2
=3/25 √
Example :3
∞
Evaluate the L.T. L { ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒕 𝒕𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒅𝒕 } ( s=1)
Solution :Le f (t) = 𝑡 3 sint
L { f (t)} = L { 𝑡 3 sint }
1
L { sin1t } = = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑠 2 +1
𝑑3
L { 𝑡 3 sint } = (−1)3 𝑑𝑠3 [𝜑 (𝑠)] [ n=3]
𝑑2 𝑑 1
= -1𝑑𝑠2 [𝑑𝑠 ( 𝑠2 +1) ]
( All Branch)
𝑑2 1
= -1 [- (2s) ]
𝑑𝑠 2 ( 𝑠 2 +1)2
𝑑2 2𝑠
= [ ]
𝑑𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +1)2
𝑑 𝑑 2𝑠
= [ ( )]
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 ( 𝑠 2 +1)2
𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
= 2 𝑑𝑠 [ 𝑑𝑠(( 𝑠2 +1)2 )]
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 ( 𝑠 2 +1)2 (𝑠)−( 𝑠) ((𝑠 2 +1)2 𝑑 𝑑
= 2 𝑑𝑠 [ 𝑑𝑠
( 𝑠 2 +1)4
𝑑𝑠
] [ 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 𝑛 )= n.𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 (x)]= n.𝑥 𝑛−1 . 1= n.𝑥 𝑛−1 . ]
𝑑 ( 𝑠 2 +1)2 1 –( 𝑠)2 ( 𝑠 2 +1)2𝑠

= 2 𝑑𝑠 [ ( 𝑠 2 +1)4
]
𝑑 (𝑠 2 + 1)[𝑠 2 +1 – 4𝑠 2 ]
= 2 𝑑𝑠 [ ( 𝑠 2+1)4
]
𝑑 (𝑠 2 + 1).[1 – 3𝑠 2 ]
=2 𝑑𝑠 [ ( 𝑠 2 +1)4
]
𝑑 [ – 3𝑠 2 +1 ]
=2 [ ]
𝑑𝑠 ( 𝑠 2+1)3
𝑑 [ 3𝑠 2 −1 ]
=-2 [ ]
𝑑𝑠 ( 𝑠 2+1)3
𝑑 𝑑
( 𝑠 2 +1)3 (3𝑠 2 −1)−( 3𝑠 2−1) (𝑠 2 +1)3
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
= -2 [ ]
( 𝑠 2 +1)6
( 𝑠 2 +1)3( 6𝑠)−( 3𝑠 2 −1)3(𝑠 2+1)22𝑠

= -2 [ ( 𝑠 2 +1)6
]
( 𝑠 2 +1)2 [(𝑠 2+1 )( 6𝑠)−( 3𝑠 2−1)3(2𝑠)]

=2 [ ( 𝑠 2 +1)6
]
[(𝑠 2 +1 )( 6𝑠)−( 3𝑠 2 −1)6𝑠)]

=2 [ ]
( 𝑠 2+1)4
[(6𝑠 3 +6𝑠)−18𝑠 3 +6𝑠)]

=2 [ ( 𝑠 2 +1)4
]
[(6𝑠 3 +6𝑠)+6𝑠−18𝑠 3 )]
=2[ ]
( 𝑠 2 +1)4
6𝑠 3 +6𝑠+6𝑠−18𝑠 3 )]
=2[ ( 𝑠 2 +1)4
]
(−12𝑠 3 +12𝑠)
L { 𝑡 3 sint } = 2[ ( 𝑠 2 +1)4
] = 𝜑 (𝑠)
Put s=1 in above value

CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
=0√
EXERCISE -6
∞ 𝟏
1)Evaluate the L.T. L { ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 } [ Ans. ]
𝟖
∞ 𝟓
2)Evaluate the L.T. L { ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 } [ Ans. 𝟏𝟔𝟗
]
∞ 𝟓𝟕𝟔
3) Evaluate the L.T. L { ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒕𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕 } [ Ans. - 𝟐𝟓
]
∞ 𝟏𝟐𝟒
4)Evaluate the L.T. L { ∫𝟎 𝐞−𝟑𝒕 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕 } [Ans. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 ]
** Laplace Transform by division ‘t’**
Statement : : If L{ f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠) then

1 ∞
L { 𝑡 f(t)} = ∫𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
Example :1
1
Find the Laplace Transform L { ( 1 -cost) }
𝑡
Solution:Let f(t)= ( 1- cost )
L{f(t)}= L { 1- cost}
L { 1- cost} = L{1} – L { cos1t}

1 𝑠
= - = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑠 𝑠 2 +1
By using division by ‘t’

1 ∞
L { 𝑡 ( 1 -cost) } = ∫𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
∞ 1 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 ( − )𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 2+1
∞ 1 1 2𝑠 𝑓′(𝑥)
= ∫𝑠 [ 𝑠 − ( 2) 𝑠2+1 ]𝑑𝑠 [ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) dx = log f(x)]
1
= [ logs - 2 log (𝑠 2 + 1)]∞
𝑠
1
= - 2
[ log (𝑠 2 + 1) - 2log s ]∞
𝑠 [ nlogm=log𝑚 𝑛 ]
1
= -2[ log (𝑠 2 + 1) - log 𝑠 2 ]∞
𝑠
( All Branch)
1 𝑠 2 +1
= - [ log ( ) ]∞
𝑠
2 𝑠2
1 1
= - [ log ( 1+ ) ]∞
𝑠
2 𝑠2
1 1 1
= -2[ log ( 1+0) - log ( 1+ 𝑠2 )] [ ∞ = 0] &[log1= 0]
1 1
= -2[ 0 - log ( 1+ 𝑠2 )]
1 1
= 2[ log ( 1+ 𝑠2 )]
1 𝑠 2 +1
= 2[ log ( 𝑠2
) ] √
Example :2
1
Find the Laplace Transform L { 𝑡 (𝑒 −𝑡 sint) }
Solution:Let f(t)= 𝑒 −𝑡 sint
L{f(t)}= L {𝑒 −𝑡 sint}
1
L {sint} = 𝑠2 +1 = 𝜑 (𝑠)
By using shifting property

1
L {𝑒 −𝑡 sint } = (𝑠+1)2 +1 = 𝜑 (𝑠)

1 ∞
L { 𝑡 (𝑒 −𝑡 sint) } = ∫𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
∞ 1 1 1 𝑥
=∫𝑠 [ ]𝑑𝑠 [∫ dx = tan−1 ( ) ]
(𝑠+1)2+1 𝑥 2+𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑠+1
= [ tan−1 ( 1
)]∞
𝑠
= [ tan−1 (𝑠 + 1)]∞
𝑠
= [ tan−1 (∞ + 1) - tan−1 (𝑠 + 1)]

𝜋 𝜋
= [ 2 − tan−1 (𝑠 + 1)] [ 2 − tan−1 𝜃 =cot −1 𝜃]
= cot −1 (𝑠 + 1)
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Example :3
1
Find the Laplace Transform L { (𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 - 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ) }
𝑡
Solution ::Let f(t)= 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 - 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡
L{f(t)}= L { 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 - 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 }

1 1
L {𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 - 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ) } = 𝑠+𝑎 - 𝑠+𝑏 = 𝜑 (𝑠)

1 ∞
L { 𝑡 ( 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 - 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 ) } = ∫𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
∞ 1 1
=∫𝑠 (𝑠+𝑎 − 𝑠+𝑏
)𝑑𝑠
= [ log (s+a) – log (s+b) ]∞

𝑠
𝑠+𝑎
= [log( )]∞
𝑠
𝑠+𝑏
𝑠+𝑎
( )
= [ log ( 𝑠
𝑠+𝑏 )]∞
𝑠
( )
𝑠
𝑎
(1+ )
= [ log ( 𝑏
𝑠
]∞
𝑠
(1+ )
𝑠
𝑎
(1+ 0) (1+ )
𝑠
= [ log ( ) - log ( 𝑏 )]
(1+0 ) (1+ )
𝑠
𝑎
(1+ )
𝑠
=log (1) - log ( 𝑏 ]
(1+ )
𝑠
𝑠+𝑎 𝑚 𝑛
= 0 - [log( 𝑠+𝑏 ) ] [ - log( 𝑛
)= log( 𝑚) ]
𝑠+𝑏
= log ( ) √
𝑠+𝑎
EXERCISE -7
sin 𝑡
1) Find the Laplace Transform L { ( } } [ Ans. 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( 𝒔) ]
𝑡
1
2) Find the Laplace Transform L { 𝑡 ( 𝑒 −𝑡 sinat } [ Ans. 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( 𝒔 + 𝟏/𝒂)
1 𝟑 𝟏 𝒔−𝟐
3)Find the Laplace Transform L { ( 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 t } [Ans. 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( 𝒔 − 𝟐) - 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( )]
𝑡 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑
( All Branch)
1 𝒔+𝟐
4)Find the Laplace Transform L { 𝑡 ( 𝑒 −2𝑡 sin3t } [ 𝑨𝒏𝒔. 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 ( 𝟑 ) ]
1 𝟏 𝒔𝟐+𝒃𝟐
5)Find the Laplace Transform L { (cosat – cosbt ) } [ Ans. log ( )]
𝑡 𝟐 𝒔𝟐+𝒂𝟐
𝒇{𝒕}
** Particular value of the function L [ ]
𝒕
1) Example: 1
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝜋
show that L { ∫0 𝑑𝑡 } = 2 ( s = 0)
𝑡
Solution : f (t) = sinat
L { f ( t) } = L { sinat }
𝑎
L { sinat } = 𝑠 2+𝑎2 = 𝜑 (𝑠)

1 ∞
L { 𝑡 ( sinat) } = ∫𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
∞ 𝑎
= ∫𝑠 𝑠2 +𝑎2
ds
∞ 1
= a ∫𝑠
𝑠2 +𝑎2
ds
1 𝑠
= a [ 𝑎 tan−1( 𝑎 )]∞
𝑠
𝑠
=[ tan−1 ( )]∞
𝑠 𝑎
=[ tan−1 ( ∞) - tan−1 ( 𝑠 /𝑎) ]

𝜋
= 2 - tan−1 ( 𝑠 /𝑎) ]
𝑠
= cot −1 ( 𝑎 ) = 𝜑 (𝑠)
By using def. of L .T.

∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
that L { ∫0 𝑑𝑡 }= 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑡
𝑠
= cot −1 ( 𝑎 ) ( put s = 0 )
= cot −1 ( 0 )
𝜋
=
2
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Example: 2
∞ cos4t−cos3t
Evaluate the L. T .L {∫0 dt } [ s = 0]
t
cos4t−cos3t
Solution :Let f(t) = t

𝑠 𝑠
L{cos 4t – cos3t }= - = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑠 2 +42 𝑠 2 +32

𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 ∞
L{ } =∫𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 𝑠 𝑠 𝑓′(𝑥)
= ∫𝑠 [ − 𝑠2 +32 ] ds[ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) dx = log f(x)]
𝑠2 +42
𝟏 ∞ 2𝑠 2𝑠
= ∫𝑠 [ − 𝑠2+32 ] ds
𝟐 𝑠2 +42
𝟏
= 𝟐
[ log ( 𝑠 2 + 42 ) - log ( 𝑠 2 + 32 )]∞
𝑠
𝟏 𝑠 2 +42
= 𝟐 [ log ( 𝑠2 +32 )]∞
𝑠
𝟏 𝑠 2 +42 /𝑠 2
= 𝟐 [ log ( 𝑠2 +32 /𝑠2 )]∞
𝑠
𝟏 1+42 /𝑠 2
= [ log ( )]∞
𝑠
𝟐 1+32 /𝑠 2
𝟏 1+0 1+42 /𝑠 2
= 𝟐 [ log ( 1+0 ) − log ( 1+32 /𝑠2 ]
𝟏 1+42 /𝑠 2
= 𝟐 [ log ( 1 ) − log ( 1+32 /𝑠2 ]
𝟏 1+42 /𝑠 2
= 𝟐 [ ( 0) − log ( 1+32 /𝑠2 ]
𝟏 𝑠 2 + 16
= 𝟐
[ - log ( 𝑠 2+9
) ] = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝟏 𝑠2 + 9
= [ log ( ) ] = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝟐 𝑠 2 +16
∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝟏 𝑠2 + 9
L {∫0 𝑒 −0𝑡 ( )𝑑𝑡 } = 𝟐
[ log ( 𝑠2 +16) ] = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑡

( All Branch)
𝟏 0+ 9
=𝟐 [ log ( 0+16)]
𝟏 9
= [ log ( )] [ nlogm = log𝑚 𝑛 ]
𝟐 16
=𝑙𝑜𝑔√9/16
= log( 3/4)
Example: 3
∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
Evaluate the L. T .L {∫0 𝑑𝑡 }
𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
Solution :Let f(t) = 𝑡

𝑠 𝑠
L{cos 6t – cos4t }= 𝑠 2 +62
- 𝑠2+42 = 𝜑 (𝑠)

𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 ∞
L{ } =∫𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 𝑠 𝑠
= ∫𝑠 [ − 𝑠2 +42 ] ds
𝑠2 +62
𝟏 ∞ 2𝑠 2𝑠
= ∫𝑠 [ − 𝑠2+42 ] ds
𝟐 𝑠2 +62
𝟏
= [ log ( 𝑠 2 + 62 ) - log ( 𝑠 2 + 42 )]∞
𝑠
𝟐
𝟏 𝑠 2 +62
= 𝟐 [ log ( 𝑠2 +42 )]∞
𝑠
𝟏 𝑠 2 +62 /𝑠 2
= [ log ( )]∞
𝑠
𝟐 𝑠 2 +42 /𝑠 2
𝟏 1+62 /𝑠 2
= 𝟐 [ log ( 1+42 /𝑠2 )]∞
𝑠
𝟏 1+0 1+62 /𝑠 2
= 𝟐 [ log ( 1+0 ) − log ( 1+42 /𝑠2 ]
𝟏 1+62 /𝑠 2
= 𝟐 [ log ( 1 ) − log ( 1+42/𝑠2 ]
𝟏 1+62 /𝑠 2
= 𝟐 [ ( 0) − log ( 1+42 /𝑠2 ]
𝟏 𝑠 2+ 36
= 𝟐
[ - log ( 𝑠2 +16 ) ] = 𝜑 (𝑠)
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
𝟏 𝑠 2 + 16
= 𝟐
[ log ( 𝑠 2+36
) ] = 𝜑 (𝑠)
∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 𝟏 𝑠 2 + 16
L {∫0 𝑒 −0𝑡 ( )𝑑𝑡 } = 𝟐
[ log ( 𝑠 2 +36
) ] = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑡

𝟏 0+ 16
=𝟐 [ log ( 0+36 )
𝟏 16
=𝟐 [ log ( 36)]
16
= log √36
= log ( 4/6)
= log ( 2/3) √
Example: 4
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Evaluate the L. T .L {∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 ( )𝑑𝑡 } [ s = 1]
𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Solution :Let f(t) = 𝑡

1
L{sint} = = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑠 2 +1
By using div .by t
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∞ 1
L{ } = ∫𝑠 𝑠 2 +1
𝑑𝑠
𝑡
=[ tan−1 (𝑠)]∞
𝑠
=[ tan−1 (∞) - tan−1 ( 𝑠 )]

𝜋
= 2 - tan−1 ( 𝑠 )
= cot −1 ( 𝑠 ) = 𝜑 (𝑠)

∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
L {∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 ( )𝑑𝑡 } = cot −1 ( 𝑠 ) = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑡
( All Branch)
=cot −1 ( 1 )
𝜋
=4
EXERCISE -8
∞ ( 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 −3𝑡 )
1) Evaluate the L. T .L {∫0 𝑑𝑡 } [ Ans. log( 3) ]
𝑡
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 𝝅
2)Evaluate the L. T .L {∫0 𝑑𝑡 } [ Ans. log( 𝟐 ) ]
𝑡
3𝑡
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ( ) 𝟏
3)Evaluate the L. T . L {∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 ( 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 } [ Ans. 𝟒log( 10) ]
∞ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝟏
4)Evaluate the L. T .L {∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 ( )𝑑𝑡 } [ Ans.𝟐 log( 2) ]
𝑡
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2(2𝑡) 𝟏
5)Evaluate the L. T . L {∫0 𝑒 −2𝑡 ( )𝑑𝑡 } [ Ans.𝟒 log( 5) ]
𝑡
**Laplace Transform of Derivative** :

𝑑𝑦
Statement : : If L{ f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠) then [ f’(t)= y’(t)= 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑦′]
L { f ‘ (t) } = - f(0) + s. L{ f(t)} (1)
L { f ‘ ‘(t) } = - f ’(0) - s f(0) + 𝑠 2 𝐿 {𝑓(𝑡)} (2)
L { f ‘ ‘‘(t) } = - f ’’(0) - s f ’(0) - 𝑠 2 𝑓(0) + 𝑠 3 𝐿 {𝑓(𝑡)} (3)
In General form we can write
L { 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑡) } = - f n-1
(0) - s f n-2 (0) - 𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑛−3 (0) + .. + 𝑠 𝑛 𝐿 {𝑓(𝑡)} (4)
Example: 1
Given that f( t) = t+1 , 0<t≤2

=3 t > 2 find the L { f(t) } & L{ f ‘ ( t) }
Solution :By using definition of L. T.

∞
L { f(t) } = ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
2 ∞
= ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( 𝑡 + 1)𝑑𝑡 + ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 .3𝑑𝑡 [ LIATE]
2 ∞
= ∫0 ( 𝑡 + 1)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 3 ∫2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 [ ∫ 𝑢. 𝑣𝑑𝑥 = u.𝑣1 - u’𝑣2 +u’’𝑣3 -…]
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ∞

= [ ( t+1) −𝑠
- 1. 𝑠2 0
] +3[ −𝑠 2
]
𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 1 1 𝑒 −2𝑠

= [( 3 −𝑠
- 𝑠2
) – ( −𝑠 - 𝑠2 ) ] + 3 [0 - −𝑠
]
𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 1 1 𝑒 −2𝑠

=[ -3 𝑠
- 𝑠2
+𝑠+ 𝑠2
+3 𝑠
]
𝑒 −2𝑠 1 1
=[ - + + ]
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠2
1 1
L{ f (t) } = 𝑠 + 𝑠2
( 1 - 𝑒 −2𝑠 ) = 𝜑(𝑠)
Now find the L { f ‘ (t) } = - f(0) + s L {f(t) } [ f(t)= t+1]

1 1
= -1 + s [ 𝑠
+ 𝑠2
( 1 - 𝑒 −2𝑠 ) ]
1
= -1 +1 + ( 1- 𝑒 −2𝑠 )
𝑠
1
= 𝑠
( 1- 𝑒 −2𝑠 ) √
Example: 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
Given f(t) = , find the L { f ‘ ( t) }
𝑡
Solution :let f(t) = sint/t
L { f(t) } = L { sint/t }
1
L { sint } = 𝑠 2 +1
= 𝜑 (𝑠)
By using div. by ‘ t ‘
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∞
L{ } = ∫𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑡
∞ 1
= ∫𝑠 𝑠 2 +1
𝑑𝑠
= [tan−1 ( 𝑠)]∞
𝑠
= [tan−1 ( ∞) - tan−1 ( 𝑠)]

( All Branch)
𝜋
= 2 - [tan−1 ( 𝑠)]
L[f{t}] = cot −1 (𝑠)
𝑠𝑖𝑛0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠0

Find L{ f ‘ ( t ) } = - f(0) + s L {f(t) } [ f(0)= = lim( )= lim𝑡→0 = = 1]
0 𝑡→0 𝑡 1 1
= -1 + s . cot−1 (𝑠)
Example: 3
𝑑
Find the L .T .L{𝑑𝑡 ( t sin2t )}
Solution :let f(t) = t sin2t

2
L{ sin2t } = 𝑠 2 +4
= 𝜑 (𝑠)
By using multiplication .By’ t ‘

𝑑
L { t sin2t } = (−1)1 𝑑𝑠 [𝜑 (𝑠) ]
𝑑 2
= -1 (
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +4
)
𝑑 1
= −2 ( )
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +4
1
= -2 [ - ( 𝑠2 +4)2 (2s ) ]
4𝑠
L { tsin2t } = (𝑠2+4)2 = 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑑
Find .L{ ( t sin2t )} = - f(0) + s L f(t)
𝑑𝑡
4𝑠
= 0 + s ((𝑠2+4)2 )
4𝑠 2
= (𝑠2+4)2
EXERCISE -9
1) Given f(t) = 3 , 0< t< 5 f(0)= 3

𝟑
=0 t>5 find the L { f(t) } & L{ f ‘ ( t) } [ Ans . 𝒔 ( 1- 𝒆−𝟓𝒔 ]
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
&-3 𝒆−𝟓𝒔 ]
2)Given f(t) = t , 0< t< 3 f(0)=0

𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
=6 t >3 find the L { f(t) } & L{ f ‘ ( t) } [ Ans. 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒆−𝟑𝒔 ( 𝒔 -𝒔𝟐 )
𝟏 𝟏
& 𝒔 + 𝒆−𝟑𝒔 (3 - 𝒔 )]
**Laplace Transform of an Integral** :
Statement :If L { f(t) } = 𝜑 (𝑠) then

𝑡 1
L { ∫0 𝑓 (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 } = 𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)
Example: 1
𝑡
Find the L .T .{∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢 du }
Solution : let f(t) = sin2t ( u Replace by t )

2
L{ sin2t } = 𝑠 2 +4
= 𝜑 (𝑠)
By using L .T. of an Integral

𝑡 1
L { ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑢du } = 𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)
1 2
= 𝑠 (𝑠2 +4 )
2
= 𝑠(𝑠2 +4)
Example: 2
𝑡
Find the L .T .{∫0 𝑢−1 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 du }
Solution : let f(t) = 𝑡 −1 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ( u Replace by t )
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
= 𝑡
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
L {( t ) } = L{ }
𝑡
( All Branch)
1
Find L { sint} = 𝑠 2+1 = 𝜑 (𝑠)
By using L .T .of shifting prop.

1
L { 𝑒 −𝑡 sint} = ( 𝑠+1)2 +1
By using Division by ‘ t’
𝑒−𝑡sint ∞
L{ 𝑡
} = ∫𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
∞ 1
= ∫𝑠 [ ]𝑑𝑠
( 𝑠+1)2 +1
=[ tan−1 (𝑠 + 1)]∞
𝑠
=[ tan−1 (∞) - tan−1 (𝑠 + 1)]

𝜋
=[ 2 - tan−1 (𝑠 + 1)]
= cot −1 (𝑠 + 1)= 𝜑 (𝑠)
By using L .T. of an Integral

𝑡 1
L { ∫0 𝑓 (𝑢)𝑑𝑢 } = 𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)
𝑡 1
L { ∫0 𝑢−1 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢du }= 𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)
1
= 𝑠 cot −1 (𝑠 + 1)
Example: 3
𝒕
Find the L .T .{𝒆−𝟒𝒕 ∫𝟎 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒖 du }
Solution : let f(t) = tsin3t ( u Replace by t )
let L { f(t)} = L { t sin3t }

3
L { sin3t } = 𝑠2 +32
3
=𝑠2+9 = 𝜑 (𝑠)
By using L .T. multiplication by ‘ t ‘

CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
𝑑
L { tsin3t } = (−1)1 [𝜑 (𝑠)]
𝑑𝑠
𝑑 3
= -1 ( )
𝑑𝑠 𝑠2 +9
1
= -3( - .2s)
( 𝑠 2 +9)2
6𝑠
=( ) = 𝜑 (𝑠)
( 𝑠 2 +9)2
Now by using L. T. of integral

𝑡 1
L {∫0 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑢du } = 𝑠 𝜑 (𝑠)
1 6𝑠
=𝑠 [ 2 ]
( 𝑠2 +9)
6
= [ 2 ] = 𝜑 (𝑠)
( 𝑠2 +9)
Now by using L. T. of shifting prop.

𝑡 6
L { 𝑒 −4𝑡 ∫0 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑢du } = [ 2 ]
[ ( 𝑠+4)2 +9]
6
=[ 2 ]
( 𝑠2 +8𝑠+16+9)
6
=[ 2 ] √
( 𝑠2 +8𝑠+25)
EXERCISE -10
𝑡 𝟔
1) Find the L .T .{∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑢3 du } [ Ans. 𝒔( 𝒔+𝟏)𝟐 ]
𝑡 𝟖(𝒔+𝟑)
2)Find the L .T . { ∫0 𝑢𝑒 −3𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑢du } [ Ans. 𝟐 ]
𝒔(𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟐𝟓)
𝑡 𝑒 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝟏
3) Find the L .T .{∫0 du } [ Ans. 𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 (𝒔 − 𝟏) ]
𝑢
𝑡 𝟒
4)Find the L .T .{∫0 𝑒 −3𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑢 du } [ Ans. 𝒔( 𝒔𝟐+𝟔𝒔+ 𝟐𝟓) ]
𝑡 𝟐(𝒔+𝟏)
5)Find the L .T .{∫0 𝑢𝑒 −𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 du } [ Ans.- 𝟐 ]
𝒔(𝒔𝟐+𝟐𝒔+𝟐)
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝟏
6) Find the L .T .{∫0 du } [ Ans. 𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 (𝒔) ]
𝑢
( All Branch)
** LAPLACE TRANSFOPRM OF PERIODIC FUNCTION :
Sinn𝜋 = 0 , cosn𝜋 = (−1)𝑛
If f(t) is a periodic function of period a , then

𝟏 𝒂
L{f(t)} = 𝟏−𝒆−𝒂𝒔 ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒔𝒕 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 if [ f(t + a) = f(t)] (1)
Example:1)
𝑡
Find the L.T. of f(t)= k.𝑇 , for 0 < t < T & f(t)= f(t+T ) [a=T]
Solution : since f(t) is periodic with period T

1 𝑎
L{f(t)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 0
if [ f(t + a) = f(t) ]
1 𝑇 𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑘 . 𝑇 𝑑𝑡 ( a= T )
𝑘 𝑇
=𝑇(1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠) ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 [ LIATE]
𝑘 𝑇
= ∫ 𝑡. 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇(1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠) 0
𝑘 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
=𝑇(1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠) [ t . – (1)( )]𝑇0
−𝑠 𝑠2
𝑘 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑇
=𝑇(1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠) [ t . – ]
−𝑠 𝑠2 0
𝑘 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 1
=𝑇(1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠) [( T. – ) -(0- )]
−𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2
𝑘 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 1
= [( T. – + )]
𝑇(1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠) −𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2
𝑘 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 1
= 𝑇(1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠)[ -T. + ( 1 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 )]
𝑠 𝑠2
𝑘 1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇
= [𝑠 2 ( 1 − 𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 ) − T. ] √
𝑇(1−𝑒 −𝑇𝑠) 𝑠
Example : 2)Find the L.T. of f(t)= 1, 0≤𝑡<𝑎
-1 , a < t < 2a & f(t) is periodic with period 2a
Solution :since f(t) is periodic with period 2a [ a = 2a]

CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
1 𝑎
L{f(t)} = 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 if [ f(t + 2a) = f(t) ] ( a = 2a)
1 2𝑎
=
1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠
∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝑎 2𝑎
= 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 . 1𝑑𝑡 +∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 (−1)𝑑𝑡 ]
1 𝑎 2𝑎
=1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 [∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 -∫𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ]
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 2𝑎
=1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠{ [ ] - [ ] }
−𝑠 0 −𝑠 𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 1 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎

=1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 { [[ – ( −𝑠 )] – [[ –( )]}
−𝑠 −𝑠 −𝑠
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 1 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎

= {[ - + + – ]}
1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
1 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 1 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠
=1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 { [-2 +𝑠 + ]}
𝑠 𝑠
1 1−2𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 +𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠

=1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠{ }
𝑠
1 1
= 𝑠 {( 1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ) (1 − 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 + 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠 ) } { 1- 2𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 +(𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2 }
1 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)2
= 𝑠 {( ) } ( 1 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )2
1−𝑒 −2𝑎𝑠
1 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )(1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)

= {( )}
𝑠 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
1 (1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 )
=𝑠 [ ]
(1+𝑒 −𝑎𝑠)
1 (𝑒 𝑎𝑠/2 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑠/2 )
=𝑠 [ ]
(𝑒 𝑎𝑠/2 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑠/2 )
𝟏 𝒂𝒔
L{f(t)} = 𝒔 tanh( )√
𝟐
Example: 3)
𝜋
Find the L.T. of f(t) = a sinpt , 0< t <
𝑝
𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
0, <t< & f(t)= ( t + ) [a= ]
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
2𝜋
Solution: since f(t) is periodic with period
𝑝
( All Branch)
1 𝑎 2𝜋 2𝜋
L{f(t)} = 1−𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 f(t)= ( t + ) [ a= ]
𝑝 𝑝
1 2𝜋/𝑝
= 2𝜋𝑠 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
−
1−𝑒 𝑝
1 𝜋/𝑝
= 2𝜋𝑠 [∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 0]
−
1−𝑒 𝑝
𝑎 𝜋/𝑝
= 2𝜋𝑠 []∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑡𝑑𝑡
−
1−𝑒 𝑝
1
Use formula: ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 ( asinbx - bcosbx) ( a = -s , b = p)
𝑎 +𝑏
𝑎 1 𝜋/𝑝
= 2𝜋𝑠 [𝑠 2+𝑝2 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( −𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑡 − 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑡)]0
−
1−𝑒 𝑝
𝑎 1 𝜋/𝑝
= 2𝜋𝑠 .(𝑠 2 +𝑝2 ) [𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 ( −𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑡 − 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝𝑡]0
−
1−𝑒 𝑝
1 𝑎 𝜋 𝜋
= (𝑠 2+𝑝2 ) 2𝜋𝑠 .[𝑒 −𝑠𝜋/𝑝 ( (-ssinp.(𝑝 )- p cosp.(𝑝 )) - 1( 0 - p)]
−
1−𝑒 𝑝
1 𝑎
= (𝑠 2+𝑝2 ) 2𝜋𝑠 .[𝑒 −𝑠𝜋/𝑝 ( (-ssin𝜋- p cos𝜋 ) - ( 0 - p)] { sin𝜋 = 0 , cos𝜋 = −1}
−
1−𝑒 𝑝
1 𝑎
= (𝑠 2 +𝑝2 ) 2𝜋𝑠 .[𝑒 −𝑠𝜋/𝑝 ( (0 - p (-1)) - ( 0 - p)]
−
1−𝑒 𝑝
1 𝑎
= (𝑠 2 +𝑝2 ) 2𝜋𝑠 .[ p𝑒 −𝑠𝜋/𝑝 + p)] [ Sinn𝜋 = 0 , cosn𝜋 = (−1)𝑛
−
1−𝑒 𝑝
𝑎𝑝 1 −𝑠𝜋/𝑝
=(𝑠 2+𝑝2 ) 2𝜋𝑠 .[ 𝑒 + 1)]
−
1−𝑒 𝑝
𝑠𝜋
−
𝑎𝑝 ( 1+𝑒 𝑝 )
= 2𝜋𝑠
−
(𝑠 2+𝑝2 )(1−𝑒 𝑝 )
𝑠𝜋
−
𝑎𝑝 ( 1+𝑒 𝑝 )
= −
𝜋𝑠
(𝑠 2+𝑝2 )(11−(𝑒 𝑝 )2 )
𝑠𝜋
−
𝑎𝑝 ( 1+𝑒 𝑝)
= −
𝜋𝑠
−
𝜋𝑠
(𝑠 2+𝑝2 )(1−𝑒 𝑝 )(1+𝑒 𝑝 )
𝑎𝑝
= −
𝜋𝑠
(𝑠 2+𝑝2 )(1−𝑒 𝑝 )
EXERCISE-11
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
𝑡
1)Find the L.T OF , f(t)= , 0<t≤𝑎
𝑎
1 𝟏 𝒂𝒔
= ( 2a- t , a< t < 2a & f(t) = f( t+2a) [Ans. tanh( )]
𝑎 𝒂𝒔𝟐 𝟐
2)Find the L.T OF , f(t)= t, 0 < t <𝜋

𝟏−(𝟏+𝝅𝒔)𝒆−𝝅𝒔
𝜋 − 𝑡 , 𝜋 < 𝑡 < 2𝜋&f(t)= f(t+ 2𝜋)[ Ans. ]
𝒔𝟐 (𝟏+𝒆−𝝅𝒔 )
3) f(t) = 𝑡 2 , 0< t < 2, where f(t)is a periodic function with period 2

𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
[ Ans. 𝟏−𝒆−𝟐𝒔 ( 𝒔𝟑 - 𝒔𝟑 𝒆−𝟐𝒔 - 𝒔 𝒆−𝟐𝒔 - 𝒔𝟐 𝒆−𝟐𝒔 ]
4) f(t) = t , 0< t < 1, where f(t)is a periodic function with period 1

𝟏 𝒆−𝒔
[ Ans. 𝒔𝟐 - 𝒔( 𝟏− 𝒆−𝒔) ]
*** END ***

( All Branch)
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
( All Branch)
CHAPTER :1
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
( All Branch)
( All Branch)
Chapter :2 Inverse Laplace transform
Definition: if L { f(t) } = = then f(t) is called the inverse Laplace Transform of &
can be denoted as { } = f(t)
List of Standard formula for InverseLaplace Transform:
1) L{1} = 1/s { }= 1
2) L{t } = 1/ { }= t
3) L{ } = { }=
4) L{ } = { }=
5)L{ } = { }=
6)L{sinat} = { } = sinat
7)L{sinhat} = { } = sinhat
8)L{cosat} = { } = casat
9)L{coshat} = { }=
10)L{ } = { }=
Example: 1)
find the Inverse L. T. of {
solution: {
= {
= {
= 2.1 + +
{ } =2 + +
( All Branch)
Example: 2)
find the Inverse L. T. of {
solution: { = {
=3 {
=3 {
{ = 3.cos4t +4. sin4t
= 3.cos4t+ sin4t
Example: 3)
find the Inverse L. T. of { } or }
{ } = { }
= { }
=3. + 2. t + 1
Example: 4)
find the Inverse L. T. of { }
solution: { }= { + }
= { }+ }
= { + }
= { + } [ = ]
=1/4 .cosh( t+ sinh( t
= cosh( t+ sinh( t
( All Branch)
EXERCISE -1
1)find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans . 2cos3t + sin3t )
2)find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. 1- + ]
3) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. cos2t + sin2t ]
4) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [Ans. ]
**Inverse Laplace transform by using shifting property :
Statement : If L f{ f(t) } = then L { f(t) } = ( s +a) this means if f(t) = then
[ ( s +a) ] = f(t ) & [ ( s -a) ] = f(t )
Example: 1)
solution : { }= { }
= .t
Example: 2)
solution: { }= { }
= cos3t
Example: 3)
solution : { } =
{ }
( All Branch)
= { }
= { }
= { }+ { }]
{ } = [cos3t + 4. sin3t ]
Example: 4)
solution :of { = { }
= { }
= { }
=4. { }
=4 { }- { } ]
=4 [ 1- t]
EXERCISE -2
1)find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. cost ]
2) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. ( 2cost + sint) ]
3)find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. ]
4) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. ]
5) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. cost ]
6) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. ]

( All Branch)
**Inverse Laplace transform by using partial fraction method :
Whenever possible we express the given function into the sum of linear or quadratic partial as
We use partial fraction method there are three method .
Method : 1) when the denometers contain different linear factor
Example: 1)find the Inverse L. T. of { }
solution : Let = + + (1)
taking both side L. C. M.
= A ( s-2) (s-3) + B ( s+1)( s-3) +c ( s+1)( s-2) (2)
Put s= -1 in above equation( 2) we get A
A=-
Again Put s= 2 in above equation( 2) we get B
B=-
Again Put s= 3 in above equation( 2) we get C
C=
Now Put the value A, B , C in above equation( 1)
= + +
= ]- [ ]+ [ ]
Now taking inverse L. T .both side
{ }= ]- [ ]+ [ ]
= - +
Example: 2)
( All Branch)
find the Inverse L. T. of { } - +11s-6= [( s-1)(s-2)(s-3)]
solution :Let = + + ( 1)
= A( s-2) (s-3)+ B(s-1)(s-3) +c (s-1)(s-2) ( 2)
Put s= 1 in above equation( 2) we get A
A=
Again Put s= 2 in above equation( 2) we get B
B = -1
Again Put s= 3 in above equation( 2) we get C
C=
= + +
= [ ] - + [ ]
{ }= ]- [ ]+ [ ]
= - +
EXERCISE-3
1) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [Ans.3 -2 ]
2) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. -2 + ]
3) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [Ans. 4 -2 ]
Method : 2) when the denometers contain Repeated linear factor

( All Branch)
Example: 1)
solution :Let = + + ( 1)
=A( s-1) (s+2)+B (s+2)+c (2)
= A( +2s-s-2) +Bs+2B +C (
= A +As-2A+Bs+2B +C
=A +C +As +Bs -2Cs -2A +2B +C
=(A+C) +(A +B-2C)s +(-2A +2B +C)
Making the coefficient of power of ‘s ‘
A+C =0 , A+B-2C = 4 , -2A +2B+C = 5
A+0B+C =0 , A+B-2C = 4 , -2A +2B+C = 5
Solving these three equation, we get A, B , C
A = 1/3 , B = 3 , C = - 1/3
= + +
= [ ]+3[ -
{ }= ] +3 [ ]- [ ]
= -3 -
Example: 2)
Solution :let { }= + + (1)

( All Branch)
= A( s+1) ( s+2) +B ( s+2) +C (2)
= A +B ( s+2) +C )
=A + 3As +2A + Bs+2B + C
= (A +C )+(3As + Bs+2Cs ) 2A + 2B +C
2s+3 = (A + C ) +(3A + B+2C ) (2A + 2B +C )
Making the coefficient of pawer of ‘s ‘
A+C = 0 , 3A + B+2C = 2 , 2A + 2B +C = 3
A+0B+C =0 3A + B+2C = 2 , 2A + 2B+C=3
Solving these three equation we get A, B , C
A=1 , B=1 C=-1
Now , Put the value A, B , C in above equation( 1)
{ }= + +
= + -
{ }= }+ - }
Method : 3) when the denometers contain irreducible quadratic factor
Example: 1)
Solution : = (1)
=A( +( Bs+C)( s +4) ( 2)
=A +B +4Bs + Cs + 4C
( All Branch)
= A + B + 4Bs+ Cs + 9A + 4C
S+29 =( A + (4B+ C)s +( 9A + 4C )
Making the coefficient of pawerof ‘s ‘
A+ B = 0 , 4B+C = 1 , 9A + 4C= 29
A + B+0C = 0 , 0A+4B+C = 1 , 9A +0B+ 4C= 29
Solving these three equation ,we get A, B , C
A=1 , B = -1 C=5
{ } = {
= - - }
= - +5 { }
= – cos3t + 5. sin3t
Example: 2)
Solution: = (1)
= (As+B) ( + (Cs+D)(
= A +4As+ B + C +9Cs +D
=( A +C +( B +D 4As + 9Cs) + (4B + 9D)
=( A+C +( B +D) 4A+ 9C)s + (4B + 9D)

( All Branch)
A+ C = 0 , B+D = 1, 4A + 9C= 0 , 4B + 9D = 0
Solving these three equation we get A, B , C , D
A=0 , B = 9/5 C = 0 , D= - 4/5
Now ,Put the value A, B , C, D in above equation( 1)
{ = {
= { }- { }
= sin3t - . sin2t
= sin3t - sin2t
EXERCISE -3
1)find the Inverse L. T. of { } [Ans. ½ -2 + 5/2 ]
2)find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans.3 ]
3)find the Inverse L. T. of { } [
4) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. -1 +t+ ]
5)find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. sin2t – sint ]
6)find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. - cos2t + ]
**Inverse Laplace transform by using Convolution theorem: -
Definition : - if (t) & (t) are two function then the following integral (t-u) du is called
The convolution of (t) & (t)& is denoted by (t) * (t)
Thus (t) * (t) = (t-u) du
Theorem: Let L (t )}= (s) & L{ (t )} = (s) . then

( All Branch)
[ (s ). (s) ] = (t-u) du
Where (t) = [ (s )] & [ (s)]
Procedure of Applying Convolution Theorem :
To find [ (s ). (s) ]
1) find [ (s ).] = (t) = (u) , say ,putting ’ t ‘ in place of ‘u’
2)find [ (s)] = (t) = (t-u) say ,putting ’ t ‘ in place of ‘t-u’
3)find [ (s ). (s) ] = (t-u) du
Example: 1)
find the Inverse L. T. of using convolution theorem { }
Solution: { }= { . }
Let (s ) = & Also (s )=
Let { (s )} = } = cosat = cosau = (u) [ put t=u ]
Also { (s )} = } = cosat = cosa(t-u) = (t-u) [ put t =t-u ]
By using convolution theorem
[ (s ). (s) ] = (t-u) du
cosA cosB = [ cos(A+B)+cos(A-B)]
= [
= [cosat.t + sin( 2at-at) – (0 + sin( 0 – at)]
= [ t cosat +
( All Branch)
= [ t cosat+ ]
= [ t cosat+ ]
= [ sinat + atcosat ]
Example: 2)
find the Inverse L. T. of using convolution theorem { }
solution : { }= { . }
Let (s ). = Also (s )=
Taking the Inverse L. T. both side.
Let { (s )} = }= = = (u)
Also { (s )} = }= = = (t-u)
By using convolution theorem.
[ (s ). (s) ] = (t-u) du
= du [ ]
= du
= du
= [ -( )]
{ } =
Example: 3)
find the Inverse L. T.by using convolution theorem of { }

( All Branch)
solution: let o { }= [ ] (1)
[ ]= [ . ]
Let { (s )} = } = cos2t = cos2u = (u)
Also { (s )} = } = cos2t = cos2(t-u) = (t-u)
[ (s ). (s) ] = (t-u) du
= cos2t. t + sin( 4t-2t) – ( 0 + sin( 0-2t)]
= [ t .cos2t +
= [ t cos2t +
[ ] = [ t cos2t +
[ ] = [ 2tcos2t + sin2t ]
Put the these value in (1)
{ }= [ sin2t + 2tcos2t
Example: 4)
find the Inverse L. T.by using convolution theorem of { }

( All Branch)
Solution: Let { }= { . }
Let { (s )} = }= = .u= (u)
Also { (s )} = }= = = (t-u)
[ (s ). (s) ] = (t-u) du
= du
= [u -
= (t - )–(0- )]
= t - + )]
= 2at - + )]
{ } = [1- – 2at. ]
= [1- (1+2at) ]
Example: 5) find the Inverse L. T. by using convolution theorem of { }
Solution : let { }= { }
( All Branch)
Here (s ) = Also (s )=
Let { (s )} = } = 1- = 1- = (u)
{ (s )} = }= = = (t-u)
[ (s ). (s) ] = (t-u) du
= du
= du
= du
= du
= [ -
= [( - ) – ( - 1)]
= [( - )+ ]
= [ ]
{ }= [
EXERCISE -3
1)find the Inverse L. T. by using convolution theorem of { } [ Ans. (sin2t + 2tcos2t)]
2)find the Inverse L. T. by using convolution theorem of { } [ Ans. (sin3t + 3tcos3t)]
3)find the Inverse L. T. by using convolution theorem of { } [ Ans. (1- cos2t)]
4)find the Inverse L. T. by using convolution theorem of { }
[ Ans. cos3t + 3tsin3t)]

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[ Ans. ( )]
( )]
**Inverse Laplace transform by using differentiation of :-
Statement: if L {f(t)} = then { }=- [
Note : this type of Example depends upon [ { log , , ]
Example -1)
find the Inverse L. T. of { log ( )}
Solution: let = log ( )
) = log ( s+a) - log ( s+b)
Find = -
Taking inverse L .T. both side
= { - }
= { - { }
= -
By using differentiation of
{ }=- [
=- ( - )
{log ( )} = ( - )
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Example -2)
find the Inverse L. T. of {log ( )}
Solution: = log ( )
=[ log ( ]
Find, = - [ . ( )= ]
= { - }
= { - { }
= 2 cosat - 2 cosbt
{ }=- [
=- (2 cosat - 2 cosbt)
=-2 (cosat - cosbt )
{log ( )} = (cosbt - cosat )
Example -3)
Solution : =
Find = . ( )
= (- )
= ( )
= (- )
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=-
= {- }
= -2 { }
= -2 . sin2t
{ = - sin2t
{ }=- [
= - (-sin2t )
{ } = ( sin2t )
Example -4)
Solution :let = }
Find = - (s+1)
=-
= {- }
=- { }
= { }
= sint
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{ }=- [
=- ( sint
{ }= ( sint )
EXERCISE -4
1)find the Inverse L. T. of {log (1+ ) } [ Ans. ( 1- cos2t)]
2) find the Inverse L. T. of { log ( )} [ Ans.- ( sinht)]
3) 2) find the Inverse L. T. of {log (1+ ) } [ Ans. ( 1- cost)]
4)find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans.- sint)]
5) find the Inverse L. T. of { } [ Ans. sin3t)]
**Application of Laplace Transform** :
For finding the Laplace Transform of we need the following rules : ( Dy = = y ’(t) = f ’(t)] y = y(t)
1) L { y(t)} = y(s) [ y= = y’’(t) = f’’(t)]
2) L {y ‘ (t)} = s.y(s) – y(0)
3) L { Y’ ‘ (t) } = y(s) – s.y(0) - y ‘(0)
4) L{y ‘’’(t) } = y(s) - y(0) – s y’(0) – y’’(0)
Example -1)
Solve the differential equation using Laplace Transform y’’ (t) + y(t) = t , subject to y(0) = 1, y ’(0) = -2
Solution : Given that the equation y’’ (t) + y(t) = t , condition is y(0) = 1 & y’( 0) -2
Taking both side Laplace Transform & using the condition
L { y’’ (t)} +L { y(t)} = L{t }

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We know that
y(s) – s y(0) - y ‘(0) + y(s) =
Using condition y(0) = 1, y’(0) = -2
y(s) – s (1) - (-2) + y(s) =
y(s) – s + 2 + y(s) =
( 1+ ) y(s) = + s -2
( 1+ ) y(s) =
y(s)= = ( 1)
Now taking both side Inverse L. T .
{ y(s)} = { } ( 2)
Let consider = + + ( 3)
= As( ) +B( ) + (C s+D)
=A +As + B +C +D
=( A +C +(B D + As +B
= ( A+C) + (B+D) +As + B
A+ C = 1 , B+D = -2 , A= 0 , B = 1
Solving these four equation we get A, B , C , D
A=0 , B = 1, C= 1 , D= - 3
Now, Put the value A, B , C, D in above equation ( 3)
= + +
= +
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{ = + }
= + { }
= t +[ { - }]
= t +( cost - 3sint )
{ = t + cost - 3sint
Example -2)
Solve the differential equation using Laplace Transform +2y+ = sint , subject to y(0) = 1,
Solution :given that +2y+ = sint , y(0)=1
Y’(t)+ 2y(t) + dt = sint
Taking both side Laplace Transform & using the condition
L{ Y’(t)}+ 2L{y(t)} + dt} = L{sint}
S.y(s)- y(0) + 2y(s) + y(s) =
Sy(s) - 1 + 2y(s) + y(s) =
Sy(s) + 2y(s) + y(s) = +1
( s+ 2+ ) y(s) =
( ) y(s) =
Y(s) =
Y(s) = (1)
{ Y(s)} = }
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Let consider = + + (2)
= A( s+1)( +B( ) + ( Cs+D)
= A( +B + ( Cs+D) (
= A +B + +2C + D
=( A + ( As + Cs + 2Ds ) + A+B+D
=( A + ( A + C+ 2D ) s +( A+B+D)
A+ C = 1 , A+B +2C+D = 0 , A+C+ 2D = 2 , A+B+D = 0
Solving these four equation , we get A, B , C , D
A=1 B= - , C= 0 , D=
Now, Put the value A, B , C, D in above equation( 2)
= + +
= - + (
{ = { - }+ {
{ }= - .t + . sint
Example : 3)solve the equation by using L. T. ( +4D + 13)y= sint , where y=0 & Dy= 0 at , t= 0
Solution : let consider the equation
+4Dy + 13y = sint y ’(0)= 0 , y(0)=0
Y’’(t) + 4 y ’ (t)+ 13y(t) = sint
L { Y’’(t) + 4 y’ (t)+ 13y(t)} = L{ sint }
L { Y’’(t) }+ 4L{ y’ (t)}+ 13L{y(t)} = L{ sint }

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y(s) – sy(0) - y ‘(0) +4 [ s y(s) – y(0) ] +13 y(s) =
y(s) -0 – 0 + 4s y(s)+0 +13y(s) =
Y(s) [ +4s +13 ]=
Y(s) = (1)
Taking inverse L. T. both side
[Y(s)] = ] (2)
Let consider = + (3)
1 =( As+B) ( +( Cs+D)
1 =A +2A +2As + B +2Bs+ 2B + C +4C +13Cs + +4Ds+ 13D
1= A + C + 2A + 2As +2Bs+13Cs+4Ds +2B +13D
1= (A+ C + (2A +( 2A +2B+13C+4D)s +(2B +13D)
Making the coefficient of power of ‘s’
A+ C = 0 , 2A , 2A +2B+13C+4D = 0 , 2B +13D = 1
Solving these four equation , we get
A = 2/85, B = -3/85 , C = -2/85, D = 7/85
Put the value in (3)
consider = [ +
= [ -
Taking inverse L. T. both side
{ y(s)} = [ - ]
= { - } ]
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= { - } ]
= { - } ]
= { - } ]
= { - } ]
= { - } ]
= { – }
- - }]
= { – 7 }
-2 { }+9 { }]
= [ cos3t – 7 . sin3t - 2 cost+ 9 sint]
{ y(s)} = (2cos3t – 7. sin3t )- (2cost- 9sint)]
Example: 4) using L. T. solve the following differential equation with the given condition
+2 -3y = 0 ; x = 0 , y = 0 ,
Solution: the given equation is +2 -3y = 0 , y(0)=0 , y’(0)= 4
Put x = t
+2 -3y = 0 ; y(0)=0 , y’(0)= 4
Y’’(t) +2y’(t) - 3y(t) = 0
Taking both side L.T.
L{ Y’’(t)} +2L{y’(t)} - 3L{y(t)} = 0
y(s) – sy(0) - y ‘(0) + 2[ sy(s) – y(0)] – 3y(s)= 0
Put initial condition
y(s) – s(0) - 4 + 2[ sy(s) – 0] – 3y(s)= 0

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y(s) - 4 + 2 sy(s) – 3y(s)= 0
Y(s) [ +2s-3] = 4
Y(s)= (1)
Taking inverse L.T.
{Y(s)}= { } ( 2)
Let = = + (3)
4 = A( s+3) + B ( s-1) (4)
Put s = 1 in (4)
4 = A( 4)+0
A=1
& put s = -3 in( 4)
4= 0+B( -4)
B= - 1
Put A & B in( 3)
= +
= -
Now taking inverse L. T.
{Y(s)}= { - }
= { }- { }
{Y(s) }= - ( t = x)
{Y(s) }= -
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Exercise: 7
using L. T. solve the following differential equation with the given condition
1) ( +4D + 3 )y = ; y(0)= y ’(0)=0 [Ans.y = + + ]
2) + 3y + 2 =t ; with y=0 at t = 0 [ y(0)=0] [ + - ]
3)( +25)y= 10cos5t ; y(0)= 2 & y’(0)= 0 [ Ans. y= 2cos5t +t sin5t ]
4) y’’- 2y’ +y = ; y(0)=2, y’(0)= -1 [ Ans. y= (2-3t+ ]
5) ( -2D + 1 )x = ; x=2 , Dx= -1 at t= 0 [ Ans. x= 2 + ]
**HEAVISIDE’S UNIT –STEP FUNCTION**
The function defined by
H( t-a) = 0 , for 0 < t < a &
H(t-a) = 1 , for t
Is called as Heaviside’s unit –step function . in particular if a = 0 , we have the unit step function
H( t) = 0 , for t < a &
H(t) = 1 , for t
** Laplace Transform of H(t-a) **
By definition of L.T.
L { f(t) }=
L { H(t-a) } = H(t-a)dt
= (0)dt + (1)dt
=0+ (1)dt
= dt
=[
=[0–( )]
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L { H(t-a)} = (1)
L { H(t-a)} = & ( ) = H (t-a) (2)
Note : if a = 0 , L { H(t)} = & ( ) = H (t) (3)
**Laplace Transform of f(t-a) . H(t-a) **
By definition of Laplace transform
L { f(t-a) H(t-a)} = .H(t-a)dt
= .(0)dt + .(1)dt
= 0 + dt
= dt
Put t-a = u t = u+a
dt = du
t-a=u
t a
u 0
= du
= du
= du
= L {f(u)}
L { f(t-a) H(t-a)} = . (1)
& { . } = f(t-a) H(t-a) (2)
Note: in particular if a=0 , then
L [f(t) H(t) ] = L {f(u)} (3)
Example1): Express f(t) = 1, t 2
0, t < 2 as Heaviside unit step function & find its L. T.

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Solution: comparing the given problem with the definition
a=2 hence , the corresponding Heaviside function function can be defind as
H(t-2) = 0 for t< 2
= 1 , for t
& L { H( t-2) } = [ L { H (t-a) = ]
Example:2)Express the following function in terms of Heaviside unit step function
F(t)= sint , 0< t<
Sin2t
Sin3t t>2
Solution : The function f(t) can be Express as
F(t)= sint { H (t-0) – H( t- ) } + sin2t { H( t- ) - H( t- ) } + sin3t { H( t- )}
= sint { H (t) – H( t- ) } + sin2t { H( t- ) - H( t- ) } + sin3t { H( t- )}
= sint { H (t) }–sint{ H( t- ) } + sin2t { H( t- ) } - sin2t{ H( t- ) } + sin3t { H( t- )}
= sint { H (t) } – H( t- ) { sint - sin2t} - H( t- ) { sin2t -sin3t }
Example :3) Express the following function by using Heaviside unit step function & find the L. T.
F(t)= 2, 0<t<
0, <t<2
Sint , t > 2
Solution : The function f(t) can be Express as
F(t)= 2 { H ( t-0) – H ( t- ) } + 0 { H ( t- ) - H ( t- 2 )} + sint{ H ( t- 2 ) }
= 2 H ( t) –2 H ( t- ) + 0 + sint{ H ( t- 2 ) }
=2 H ( t) –2 H ( t- ) + sint{ H ( t- 2 ) }
L { f ( t )} = 2 L { H ( t) } – 2 L { H ( t- ) } +L { sint H (t- 2 )} [ L H(t-a)= ]
=2( ) -2( ) + L { sin( t- 2 ) H ( t- 2 )} [ L { f(t-a) H(t-a)} = . ]

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=2 ( ) - 2 ( ) + L{ sin( 2 (t- 2 ) H ( t- 2 )}
=2 ( ) - 2 ( ) + L { sin( 2 (t- 2 ) H ( t- 2 )} [ sin (2 ]
=2( ) -2( ) + L { sin( (t- 2 ) H ( t- 2 )} [ L { f(t-a)H(t-a)}= L{f(t)}]
= 2( ) -2( ) + L { sint }
= 2( ) -2( ) + .
=2( ) -2( ) +
Example: 4)Express the following function by using Heaviside unit step function & find the L. T.
F( t) = 1, 0<t<1
2, 1<t<2
3, 2<t<3
…………………………..
…………………………..
Solution: The function f(t) can be Express as
F(t)= 1{ H(t-0) – H(t-1)} + 2{ H (t-1)- H(t-2)} + 3{ H(t-2)-H(t-3)}+……
= H(t)- H(t-1) +2H (t-1)- 2H(t-2)+ 3H(t-2)-3H(t-3) +……
= H(t)+ H(t-1) +H(t-2)+ H(t-3) +……
L {f(t)} = L{H(t)}+ L{H(t-1)} +L{H(t-2)+L{ H(t-3)} +……
= + ( )+ + ( )+ + ( )+…..
= ( 1+ + + +…..)
Example: 5) Find the L. T. L{ H ( t-3)} ( a=3)
Solution : we first Express f(t) = as a function of f(t-3) using Taylor’s series is states that
F(x) = f(a) + (x-a) f’(a) + f ‘’(a) + +………. (1)

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Let f(t) = , find f(a) = f(3) = =9
F ‘(t) = 2t , find f’(a)= f’(3)= 2x3= 6
F’’(t)= 2 , Find f’’( a)= f’’(3) = 2
Equation (1) becomes
F(t) = f(a) + (t-a) f ’(a) + f ‘’(a) + +………. (2)
= 9 + (t-3) 6 + 2.
= 9 +6 (t-3) +
L { f( t-a)H(t-a)}= L {f(t)}
Find L { H(t-a)}= L { 9 +6 (t-3) + } H(t-3)
L { f(t-3) H(t-3)} = L [{ 9 +6 (t-3) + } H{t-3}] [L { f( t-a)H(t-a)}= L {f(t)}]
L{ H ( t-3) } = L { 9 + 6t + }
= L { 9} + 6L{t} + ]
= 9L { 1} + 6L{t} + ]
= [ 9. + 6 . + ]
L{ H ( t-3) } = [ + + ]
Example :6) Find the L. T. L{( 1+2t -3 +4 H ( t-2)} (a=2)
Solution : we first Express f(t) = ( 1+2t -3 +4 as a function of f(t-2) using Taylor’s series is states
that
F(x) = f(a) + (x-a) f’(a) + f ‘’(a) + +………. (1)
Let f( t)= 1+2t -3 +4 , find f(a) = f(2)= 1+2(2)-3( )+4 ( ) = 25
F ‘(t)= 2-6t+12 , find f ‘(a) = f’(2) = 2- 6x2+12 ( ) = 38
F’’( t)= -6 + 24t , find f ‘’(a) = f’’( 2) = -6 +24x2 = 42
F’’’( t)= 24 , f’’’(a)= f’’’( 2)= 24

( All Branch)
F(t) = f(a) + (t-a) f’(a) + f ‘’(a) + +………. (2)
F(t)= 25 + (t-2) 38 + .42 + .24
= 25 +38 (t-2) + .42 + .24
F(t) = 25 +38 (t-2) + 21 +4
Now , we know that L { f( t-a)H(t-a)}= L {f(t)}
L { (1+2t -3 +4 H ( t-2) }= L { 25 +38 (t-2) + 21 +4 H(t-2)}
= L { 25 +38 t +21 +4 }]
= [ 25 L(1) + 38L {t} + 21 L{ } +4L{ }]
= [ 25. + 38. + 21. +4. ]
L { ( 1+2t -3 +4 H ( t-2) } = [ + + + ]
Exercise- 8
1) Find the L. T. { t H(t-2)} [ Ans. [ + ]
2) Find the L. T . { H( t-2)} [ Ans. [ + + + + ]
3) Find the L. T. { (1+3t- 4 +2 )H (t-3)} [ Ans. [ + + + ]
4) Find the L. T. { H(t-2)} [ Ans. [ + + ]
5) Find the L. T. { ( t- )(H(t- )} [ Ans. .( )]
6) Find the L. T. { (1+2t+3 + )H (t-3)} [ [ + + + ]
** Dirac – delta Function ( Unit impulse Function ) ** ( t-a)
Consider the function f(t) defined by,
F(t)= 0, t<a
1/ , a t
0 , t > a+ is called Dirac – delta Function & it is denoted as ( t-a)

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** Laplace transform of Dirac – delta Function L { ( t-a)} **
Laplace transform of Dirac – delta Function L { ( t-a)} can be defined as
L { ( t-a)} = (1)
Note : if a= 0 , then L{ ( t)} =1
**Laplace transform of f(t) ( t-a)**
L { f(t) ( t-a)} = f(a) (2)
Example: 1) find the L. T. of L{ sin2t. (t-2)} [ a =2 ]
Solution : taking f(t) = sin2t & a=2
L { f(t) ( t-a)} = f(a)
L { sin2t . (t-2) } = sin 2x2
= sin4
Example: 2) find the L. T. of L{ t[ H (t-4) ]+ (t-4)}
Solution : let consider L{ t H(t-4)} + L { (t-4)} ( 1)
Find first L{ t H(t-4)}
we first Express f(t) = t, as a function of f(t-4) using Taylor’s series is states that
F(x) = f(a) + (x-a) f’(a) + f ‘’(a) + f’’’(a)+………. (2)
F(t) = t , find f(a) = f(4) = 4
F’(t)= 1 , find f’(a)= f’(4)= 1
F(t) = f(a) + (t-a) f’(a) + f ‘’(a) + +………. (3)
F(t) = 4 + 1(t-4)
We know that L { f(t-a) H(t-a)} = L {f(t)}
L { t H(t-4)} = L {( 4 + 1(t-4))H(t-4)}
= L{ 4 + t}
= [ 4 L{1} + L{t}]
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L { { t H(t-4)} = [ + ] ( 4)
Also find L { (t-4)}=
L{ (t-4)}= 16 . ( 5)
Adding 4 & 5 in (1)
L{ t H(t-4)} + L { (t-4)} = [ + ] +16 .
L{ t H(t-4) + (t-4)} = [ 16 + + ]
Exercise – 9
1) find the L. T. of L{ sint. (t- )} - (t-2)} [ Ans. -4 ]
2) find the L. T. of L{ H(t- 2)} - (t-2)} [ Ans. ( + + + + ) - 4]
*** END***
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Example: Using Laplace transform technique, solve the differential equation t

given that y(0) = 1.
Solution: The given differential equation can be re- written as
ty”(t)+2y’(t) +ty(t) = cos t; y(0) =1 … … … .(1)
(s)-y(0)} -
= sin t,
Which is a solution of differential equation (1)
Example 1: solve by using Laplace transform + x = cos t given that x =2 and y= 0 when
t = 0.
Solution: The given differential equation can be re-written as
Where x(0) =2 and y(0) =0
Taking the Laplace transform of eq. (1), We have

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L{ x’ (t)}+ L{ y(t) } =L { sin t}
Taking the Laplace transform of eq. (2), We have
L{x(t)} +L{ y’(t)} = L{ cost}
…. … …. …. …(4)
Now ,(3) x 1 - (4) x s gives
( 1-
Using (5) in eq. (2), We have
Hence the solution is

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Example 2: Solve the differential equations :
,When t=0.
Solution: The given differential equation can be re- written as
Where
From Eq. (1), we have after integration
Where
Using condition (3) in (4), We have
3 + (0) =
From Eq (4) , We have therefore
Adding the Eqn (2) and (5) , We have
L{
= 3s-2 +
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(6)
From (5) , we have
X(t) +y(t) =
y(t) = x(t)
+3 – +
+3 – -
The Expressions (6) and (7) are the solutions of the given system of differential equations.
Example :3 solve the following simultaneous equations by Laplace transform:
Solution: The given equations can be written as
Where x(0)=y(0) =0 … …. …. ……(3)
Taking the Laplace Transforms of (1) and (2) and using the condition (3), we obtain
… … … … … (5)
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Eliminating ( 4 -5 )
…… … … …. …(6)
Using (6) in (2) , we obtain.
x = 2y(t) +
= 2( )+
x = +
x = -
integrating we , get
Using
… .. . … …(7)
Thus (6) and (7 ) together give the complete solution of differential equations(1) – (3).
Example :4 solve the simultaneous differential equations
Given that
Solution: The given simultaneous differential equations are:
… … … … …(2)
Where … … … … ….(3)
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… … … … ….(4)
Taking the Laplace transforms of (1) and (2) ,we obtain
2 …. … ,.. … …. …(5)
… …. … …. …. …(6)
Eliminating
Using (7) in (1) , we obtain
The solutions (7) and (8) together give the complete solutions of (1)-(4).
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Objective Type Questions On Chapters – 1&2
1. Laplace transform of the function f(t) is valid for
a) t
2.
a) t
3. Laplace transform of
a) b) c) d)
a) b) c) d)
5. L{
a) b) c) d) None of these
6.
a) b) c) d)
a) b) ( c) ( d)
8.
a) b) c) d)
9.
a) 1 if 2 b)
c) - 1 if 2 d) 0 if 2
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10. Inverse Laplace transform of 1 is
a) b) c) d)
11. if
a) b) c) d.
12.
a) b) c) d)
13 .
a) b) c) 1- d)
14. the Laplace transform of the function:
a) b) c) 0 d)
15. the inverse Laplace transform of log ( is given by
a) cosht b) c) d)
16.
a) b) ) c) d)
17. The inverse Laplace transform of

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a) b) c) d)
18.
a) b) c) ) d) None of these
19. The Laplace Transform of
a) b) c) d)None of these
20. The inverse Laplace transform of the function
a) b) c) ) d) None of these
21. Laplace transform of t sin t is
22.
a) 0 b) c) d) 1
23. The inverse Laplace transform of
24. Inverse Laplace transform of
25.
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26.
a) zero b) c) d) None of these
27.
28.
a) b)
c) d) None of these
29.
a) b c) d) None of these
30. is equal to
31.Laplace transform of
32.
33.
a) b) c) d)
34.
a) b) c) d)
35. For a periodic function of period
33333333333333b3333 3aaaaaa2aa_a72121122 442424224. Inverse Laplace transform2323

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Chapter :3 Fourier Transform
Introduction: In this chapter we shall first state the Fourier Integral theorem and then consider Fourier
Transform .with the help of these Transformation problems with initial condition we sol.of This problem.
Let I=
x=c to x= d & y=a to y= b
I=
y=c to y=d & x=a to x=b
Ex. I= [ x = 0 to 1 , y = 1 to 2 ]
= ydy
= ydy
= [ ]
= [
I= [ 4-1]=
Even Function : A function f( x) is called Even function if f(-x ) = f(x) [ x=-x]
Ex. F(x) = +cosx
Put x=-x
F(-x) = +cos(-x)
F(-x) = +cosx
F(-x) = f(x) [ even function ]
Odd function : A function f( x) is called odd function if f(-x ) = - f(x) [ x=-x]
Ex. F(x)= +sinx [ put x=-x ]
F(-x) = +sin(-x)
( All Branch)
= - sin(x)
=-[ +sin(x)]
F(-x) = - f(x) [ odd function ]
Formula:
i) =2 if f(x) is an even function
=0 if f(x) is an odd function
ii) = . ( asinbx- bcosbx)
iii) = . ( acosbx+ bsinbx)
** Fourier Integral :if f(x) satisfies Dirichlet’s condition in each finite interval –l & if f(x) is
integrable in - then Fourier Integral Theorem can be states that .
F(x) = (1)
** Fourier Sine & Cosine Integral: - the Above integral can be written as
Cos ( A-B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
F(x)= +
i.e.f(x) = + ( 2)
** Fourier Cosine Integral** -
When f(s) is an even function .f(s) will be even but f(s)sin will be odd function & f(s)cos will be
even function . Hence from (2) second integral will be zero & we will get.
f(x) = ( 3)
this is called Fourier Cosine Integral Transform
** Fourier Sine Integral:-
When f(s) is an odd function .f(s) will be odd but f(s)sin will be even function & f(s)cos will be odd
function . Hence from (2) first integral will be zero & we will get.
f(x)= (4)
this is called Fourier Sine Integral Transform

( All Branch)
Example: 1) Express the function f(x)= - for x < 0
for x > 0
As Fourier sine Integral & hence prove that d = if x > 0 , k > 0
Solution :by using Fourier Sine Integral formula
f(x)=
f(x )=
formulas : =[ ( asinbx – bcosbx)
camparning a= -k , b= , x= s
= [ ( -ksin - d
= [ ( -ksin - d [ =0]
= [ 1. ( - d
= [ ]d
F(x) = d
d = f(x)
d = if x > 0
Example: 2) Find the Fourier integral representation of f(x) = ,-
Solution: the Fourier integral of f(x) is
F(x) = ]
Since f(x) ix an even function , we have Fourier cosine integral formula
f(x) =
f(x) =
( All Branch)
= . ( acosbx+ bsinbx)
a= -1 b = , x=s
f(x) = [ -cos + d
f(x) = [0- ]d
f(x) = [ ]d
f(x) = d
d = f(x)
d =
Example: 3)Find the Fourier cosine integral representation of f(x) = x > 0 & hence show that
d =
Solution: the Fourier integral of f(x) is
F(x) = ]
Since f(x) ix an even function ( x > 0) , we have Fourier cosine integral formula
f(x) =
f(x) =
= . ( acosbx+ bsinbx) [ a=-a b= , x=s ]
f(x) = [ -acos + d
f(x)= = [0- ]d
f(x) = d
d = f(x)
( All Branch)
d =
For deduce that a=1 in above value
d =
Example: 4) Express the function f(x)= x as Fourier sine Integral & hence show that
d = (
Solution: we have Fourier sine integral formula
f(x)=
f(x)=
f(x)= - ]d
using formula : : =[ ( asinbx – bcosbx)
a=-1 , b= , x=s | a=-2 , b= , x=s
f(x)= [ ( -sin ) -[ ( -2sin ) }d
f(x)= {[ (0– ]- (0- ]}d
f(x)= {[ ]- ]}d
f(x)= {[ - ]}d
f(x)= [ ]d
f(x)= [ ]d
f(x)= [ ]d
f(x)= [ ]d
[ ]d = f(x)
d = (
( All Branch)
EXERCISE-1
1)Express f(x) = ( k>0) As Fourier sine & cosine Integral& show that
i) d = ii) d =
2)Express the function
F( x) = 1 for 0
0 for x>1
As Fourier cosine Integral &hence , show that
d = if 0
**FOURIER TRANSFORM OR COMPLEX FOURIER TRANSFORM : -
Definition : if a function f(x) is defined on ( - is piec ewise continuous in each finite interval &
is absolutely in (- ) then the integral dx is called as the fourier transform of f(x)
&is denoted by F { f(x)} or F(s) thus
F(s) = dx (1)
Example: 1) find the fourier transform of f(x) ,if
F(x) = , a< x< b
0 , x<a , x > b
Solution :by definition of F. T.
F(s) = dx
= dx
= dx
= [
= [ ]
Example: 2 :find the fourier transform of f(x) =

( All Branch)
Solution: by definition of F. T.
F(s) = dx
= dx
= dx (1)
Now consider - + isx
=- [ ]
=- [ ]
=- [ - [ = -1 ]
= dx
= dx ( 2)
Put ( x-is) = y dx= dy
= dy
= dy [ dy = ]
F(s) =
Example: 3) find the fourier transform of f(x) , if
F(x) = , |x| [ - to ]
0, |x|>
Solution:by definition of F. T.
( All Branch)
F(s) = dx
= dx
= dx
= [
= [ ] [ sin = ]
F(s) = sin s
Example: 4) find the fourier transform of f(x) =
Solution:by definition of F. T.
F(s) = dx
= dx
= dx [ = cos ]
= dx + i dx
Since the first integral is even & the second integral is odd ( & hence zero )
f(s) = dx+ 0 [ = , = ]
= dx [ |x| = x when x>0 ]
Use formula: dx = acosbx +bsinbx)
( a=-1 , b= s )
= [ ( -cossx +s sinsx)
= [0- ( -1+ 0) ]
= [ ]
( All Branch)
Example: 5) find the fourier transform of f(x) =
by definition of F. T.
F(s) = dx
= dx
= dx [ = cos ]
= dx + i dx
Since the first integral is even & the second integral is odd ( & hence zero )
f(s) = dx+ 0 [ = , = ]
= dx [ |x| = x when x>0 ]
Use formula: dx = acosbx +bsinbx)
( a=-a , b= s )
= [ ( -acossx +s sinsx)
= [0- ( -a+ 0) ]
= [ ]
EXERCISE :2
1)find the fourier transform of f(x) = K , |x|< a [Ans. . sinsa]
0 ,| x|> a
2)find the fourier transform of f(x) = 1- |x|, if |x|<1 [ Ans . ]

( All Branch)
0 , if |x|> 1
3)find the fourier transform of f(x)= 1, a<x<b [ Ans. ( - )]
0 , x<a , x>b
4)find the fourier transform of f(x) = [Ans. ]
5)find the fourier transform of f(x) = 1 , if . sinsa ]
0 , if |x|> a
6) find the fourier transform of f(x) = [Ans. ]
INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORM OR COMPLEX INVERSE FOURIER TRANSFORM:
IF F(s) = is the Fourier transform of f(x) & if f(x) satisfies certain condition in every finite interval ( -l , l) &
then f(x) is defined as
F(x) = ds
F( x) is called the inverse Fourier Transform F(s)
Example : 1) Find the fourier transform of
f(x) = 1, |x|< k ( - k to k)
0, |x|> k & hence , Evaluate
i) ds ii) ds iii) ds
Solution: by definition of F. T.
F(s) = dx
= dx
= [
( All Branch)
= . [ ]
F(s) = . . sinsk for s
Now we use inverse Fourier Transform .we know that if
F(x) = ds
= ds
= sinsk. ds
= ds - ds ( s=- s)
The second integral being odd is zero
F( x) = ds - 0
ds = . f(x)
= 1.
= (1)
ii) in above result , if we put x= 0 , we get
= /2 ( 2)
iii) in the above result put k = 1, we get
= /2 ( 3)
Example: 2) Find the fourier transform of
F(x)= ( 1- |x|) , |x| ( -1 to 1 )
0, |x|> 1
( All Branch)
And hence Evaluate ).cos( ) dx = -
Solution :by definition of F. T.
F(s) = dx
= dx
By using integration parts
= [( – ( -2x) + (- 2) [ = = -1i = -i ]
= [( – ( -2x) + (- 2)
= [( – ( 2x) + ( 2)
= [ ( 0 -2 +2 ) – ( 0 +2 +2 )]
= === [ -2 +2 )–2 -2 )]
= [ -2( + ) +2( - )]
= [- ( )+ ( – )]
= [- ( )+ ( )]
= [- coss + sins s]
F(s) = -2 [ ] (1)
Now we use inverse Fourier Transform
F(x) = ds
= ) ds
= ) ds
= ( cossx – isinsx) ds
( All Branch)
= ( cossx )ds + sinsx) ds
Now the second integral being odd is zero thus
F(x)= ( cossx )ds
( 1- )= ( cossx )ds
Put x = 1/2
( 1- )= cos(s/2) ds
( 1-1/4) = ( cos(s/2) ds
= cos(s/2) ds
- = ( cos(s/2) )ds
The given function is even
- = ( cos(s/2) )ds
- = ( cos(s/2) )ds OR
To change the variable ‘s ‘to ‘x’
cos(x/2) dx = -
EXERCISE -3
1) Find the inverse Fourier Transform F( s) = [ Ans. ]
** Fourier Sine Transform **
The infinite Fourier Sine Transform of f(x) , 0< x < by (s) , is defined by
(s) =
Example: 1 ) find the Fourier sine Transform of f(x) if
F( x) = 1,0
0, x>1
( All Branch)
Solution :by using def. Fourier Sine Transform :
(s) =
= [-
= [ - cos s/s - ( - 1/s)]
(s) = [ ]
Example: 2) Find the Fourier Sine Transform of f( x)if
F( x) = 0, 0< x < a
X, a
0, x> b
Solution : by Def. of the Fourier Sine Transform
(s) =
= + +
=0+ +0
= [ x (- ) - (1)( - )
=[- x + ]
= [( -b + ) – (-a + )]
( All Branch)
= [ -b + +a - )]
(s) =[ + ]
Example:3) Find the Fourier Sine Transform of , f( x) =
Solution :by Def. of the Fourier Sine Transform
(s) =
Put sx= t
X=
Sx=t
x 0
t 0
= dt
= .(
(s) =
Example:4) Find the Fourier Sine Transform of , f( x) = 2 +5
(s) =
( All Branch)
(s) =
= + ]
(a= -5 , b= s , a= -2, b = s )
= {2. [ -5sinsx –scossx) +5 . [-sinsx – scossx) }
= { [ -5sinsx – scossx) + [-sinsx – scossx) }
= { [ 0 –1(0-s)] + [0 -( 0 - s)] }
= [ + ]
(s) = [ + ]
EXERCISE -3
1)Find the Fourier Sine Transform of , f( x) = ,(a>0) [ Ans. ]
2)Find the Fourier Sine Transform of , f( x) = [ Ans. = [ + ]
3)Find the Fourier Sine Transform of , f( x) = ,(a>0) [Ans. ]
4))Find the Fourier Sine Transform of , f( x) = x , 0< x < 1
2-x, 1< x< 2
0, x>2 [ Ans. 2 . ( 1- coss)]
** Inverse Fourier Sine Transform **
If (s) is the Fourier Sine Transformof f( x) then the function f( x) can be defined as
F( x) = (1)
( All Branch)
F(x) is called the Inverse Fourier Transform of (s)
Example:1)
Find f(x) if its Fourier sine Transform is
Solution: by Def. of the Inverse Fourier Sine Transform
F( x) =
( a=-a , b = x ,x = s )
= [ ( -asinsx-xcossx)
= [ 0 -1 ( 0 - x)]
F(x) = ]
Example:2)
if (s)= , find f(x) . Hence the inverse Fourier sine transform of
Solution:by Def. of the Inverse Fourier Sine Transform
F( x) =
= (1)
Differentiating w.r.t. to x,we get
[ f(x)]=
=
( All Branch)
Use formula dx= ( acosbx + bsinbx)
( a= -a , b= x , x=s )
= [ ( -acossx- xsinsx)
= [ 0 - 1( -a-0)]
[ f(x)] = [ ] (2)
Now integrating both side w.r. t. to ‘ x ’ ,we get
F(x)= a.[ ] +c
F(x) = [ ] +c (3)
When x=0 , from( 1) we see that f( 0) & =0
We get c = 0
F(x) = [ ] ( 4)
To obtain the inverse Fourier sine transform of 1/s , we put a= 0 in the above result , we have that
(s)= ,
then f(x)= [ ]
= .
F(x) = (5)
Example: 3)
Find the Fourier sine transform of , x &Hence deduce that
dx= , ( m > 0).

( All Branch)
(s) =
( a= -1, b= s )
= [ ( -1sinsx- scossx)
= { [ 0 -1 ( 0 - s)]}
(s)= [ ] ( 1)
For deduction , we use that inverse Fourier sine transform
By definition
F( x) =
= ds
Put x = m in above value
= ds
since in definite integral variable is immaterial ,we changing s to x, we get
dx =
Example: 4)
Find the Fourier sine transform of f(x) = & Hence deduce that =
(s) =
= (1)
Differentiating both w.r.t.to ‘ s ’

( All Branch)
[ (s)]
Use formula dx= ( acosbx +bsinbx)
( a= -a , b = s)
= [ ( -acsosx- ssinsx)
= [ 0- 1( -a - 0)]
[ (s] = [ ] (2)
Integrating w. r. t. to ‘ s’ ,we get
(s)= a[ +c
(s) = [ +c ( 3)
But when s= 0 , from( 1) (s)=0 c = 0 we get
(s) = [ ( 4)
Now we use Inverse Fourier sine transform
F( x) =
F( x) =
Put x= 1 , we get
=
( All Branch)
Changing s to x , we get
**Fourier cosine Transform **
The infinite Fourier Sine Transform of f(x) , 0< x < by (s) , is defined by
(s) =
Example: 1)
Find the Fourier cosine transformof f(x) if f(x)= 1, 0
0, x >1
Solution :by using def. Fourier cosine transform
(s) =
= [
= [ - 0]
= [ ]
Example: 2)Find the Fourier cosine transformof f(x)= + , ( x > 0)
(s) =
=
( All Branch)
= + ]
Use formula dx= ( acosbx +bsinbx)
( a= -1 , b= s & a= -2 , b = s )
= [ ( -1cossx+ ssinsx) +[ ( -2cossx+ ssinsx) }
= [ ( 0-(-1)] + [ )}
(s) = [ + ]
EXERCISE- 5
1)Find the Fourier cosine transform of f(x)= + , ( x > 0)
[ Ans. 2. ( + ]
2)Find the Fourier cosine transformof f(x)= x , 0< x < 1
2-x , 1< x < 2
0, x> 2
[ Ans. 2. . ( 1- coss)]
3) of f(x)= k, 0 < x < a
0, x > a
[Ans. 2. . ]
Inverse Fourier cosine Transform :
If (s) is the Fourier cosine transform of f(x) then the function f(x) can be definied as
F(x) = .
F(x) is called as Inverse Fourier cosine transformof (s)

( All Branch)
Example: 1) find f(x) if its Forier cosine transform is
Solution :by using def. Inverse Fourier cosine transform
F(x) = .
= .
By using formula dx= ( acosbx +bsinbx)
( a = -1 b = x )
= [ ( -cossx +xsinsx)
= [ -cossx +xsinsx)
= [ 0 - ( -1+0)]
Example: 2) find f(x) if its Fourier cosine transform is
(s) = ( k- ) , if 0< s< 2k
0, if s > 2k
Solution: by using def. Inverse Fourier cosine transform
F(x) = .
= .
= [ –(- )(- )
= [ – )
= [(0- )–(0- )]
( All Branch)
= [( ) + )]
= [ ]
= [ ]
F(x) =
Example: 3)find Fourier cosine transform of ,. x & hence deduce that dx=
(s) =
By using formula dx= ( acosbx +bsinbx)
( a = -1 , b = s )
= [ . ( -1cossx+ ssinsx)
= [ ( -1cossx+ ssinsx)
= [ 0 - 1( -1+0)]
(s )=
Now we use inverse Fourier cosine transform
F(x) = .
=
( All Branch)
=
Put x = m ,
Since in definite integral the variable does not matter ( s = x )
=
Chapter :PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION & APPLICATION
Definition : A differential equation which containing partial derivative of a two or more independent
variable is called as partial differential equation .
If z is independent variable & x & y are independent variable
∴ z= f(x,y) (1)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
The partial derivatives , are denoted by p &q resp. then
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
P= 𝜕𝑥
,& q = 𝜕𝑦
Here p&q are occur only first degree equation
𝜕𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
Ex. The equation i) = C2 ii) + = 0 are partial differential equation
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
Solution : let z = x2 +y2+xy+1
𝝏𝒛
Find 𝝏𝒕
=zx = 2x+0+1. y+0 =2x+y=p
𝝏𝒛
=zy = 0+2y+x. 1+0 =2y+x=q
𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
= uxx = 2. 1+0=2=r
𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
= uyy = 2. 1+0 =2 =t
𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
=uxy=0+1=1 =s
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝟐 𝒛
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒙
= 𝒖𝒚𝒙 = 0+1=1 = s
**Solution of partial differential equation**
Formation of partial Differential equation : there three method to solution of partial differential
i) By the elimination of arbitrary constant
ii) By the elimination of arbitrary function
iii)solution by direct integration .
** By the elimination of arbitrary constant**
Let us consider the function
F( x, y, z , a, b )= 0 (1)
Where x, y are independent variable & z is a dependent variable. & a , b are arbitrary constant
In this equation eliminating arbitrary constant a & b
Example:Form the partial differential equation from the following equation by eliminating the
arbitrary Constant
i) z = ax +by +ab
Solution : Let the given equation is
z = ax +by +ab (1)
diff .( i) partially w. r. t. to x &y , we get

𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥
= a. 1 +0 +0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥
=a
∴p=a (2)
𝜕𝑧
& 𝜕𝑦
= 0 + b +0
q= b ( 3)
put a & b in equation( 1), we get
z= px + qy + pq
ii) z = ax + 𝒂𝟐𝒚𝟐 + b
z = ax + 𝑎2𝑦2 + b (1)
diff .( 1) partially w. r. t. to x , we get

𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥
= a. 1 +0 +0
∴ P =a ( 2)
diff .( 1) partially w. r. t. to y , we get
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦
= 0 + 2𝑎2y +0
q= 2𝑎2y [ 𝑎2 = 𝑝2 ]
q = 2𝑝2y
or q- 2𝑝2y =0
which is partial differential equation
iii) z = (𝑥2+a)( 𝑦2 + 𝑏)
Z =(𝑥2+a)( 𝑦2 + 𝑏) (1)
diff .( 1) partially w. r. t. to x
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥
=( 2x +0) (𝑦2 + 𝑏)
∴P = 2x(𝑦2 + 𝑏) ( 2)
diff .( 1) partially w. r. t. to y
𝜕𝑧 = (𝑥2+a)( 2y+0)
𝜕𝑦
∴ q= 2y(𝑥2+a) ( 3)
∴ pq = 2x(𝑦2 + 𝑏). 2y(𝑥2+a)
pq = 4xy(𝑥2+a)( 𝑦2 + 𝑏)
∴ pq = 4xyz
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
iv) 2z = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
Solution : : Let the given equation is
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
2z = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 (1)
𝝏𝒛 𝟐𝒙
2 𝝏𝒙 = 𝒂𝟐 +0
𝟐𝒙
2p = 𝒂𝟐
𝒙
∴P = 𝒂𝟐
∴ 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒙
(2)
𝒑
Now diff .( 1) partially w. r. t. to y, we get

𝝏𝒛 𝟐𝒚
2 𝝏𝒚 = 𝒃𝟐 +0
𝟐𝒚
2q = 𝒃𝟐 +0
𝒚
q= 𝒃𝟐
∴ 𝒃𝟐= 𝒚 ( 3)
𝒒
Put the value (2) &( 3) in (1)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒑𝒙𝟐 𝒒𝒚𝟐
2z = 𝒙 + 𝒚 = + 𝒚
𝒑 𝒒
𝒙
∴2z = px + qy
v) az +b= 𝒂𝟐x+ y
Solution : : Let the given equation is
az +b= 𝒂𝟐x+ y (1)

𝝏𝒛
a 𝝏𝒙 = 𝒂𝟐
ap = 𝒂𝟐
∴p=a (2)
Now diff .( 1) partially w. r. t. to y , we get

𝝏𝒛
a 𝝏𝒚 = 1
aq= 1 ( 2)
put a = p in( 2)
pq =1
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
vi) + + =1
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝒂𝟐
+𝒃𝟐 +𝒄𝟐 =1 (1)

𝟐𝒙 𝟐𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒂𝟐
+0 + 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙 = 0
𝒙 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
2( 𝒂𝟐
+ 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙 )= 0
𝒙 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
+
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙
=0 ( 2)
now diff .( 1) partially w. r. t. to y , we get

𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒃𝟐
+0 + 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚 = 0
𝒚 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
2( +
𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚
)= 0
𝒚 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒃𝟐
+ 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚 = 0 ( 3)
Again diff.(2) partially w. r. t. x, we get

𝟏 𝝏 𝟐𝒛
𝟏 + [z + (𝝏𝒛 )𝟐 ]=0
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙
𝟏 𝒛 𝝏𝟐𝒛 𝟏
+ + (𝝏𝒛 )𝟐 =0 (4)
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙
From eq( 2) , we get

𝒙 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
+ =0
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙
𝒙 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒂𝟐
= - 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙
𝒛
∴𝟏 =- 𝝏𝒛
𝒂𝟐 𝒙𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙
Put these value in( 4)
Equation( 4) becomes
𝟏 𝒛 𝝏𝟐𝒛 𝟏 𝝏𝒛 𝟐
+ + ( ) =0
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙
𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝒛 𝝏𝟐𝒛
∴- + 𝟏 𝝏𝒛
+ ( )𝟐 =0
𝒙𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝟐𝒛
∴
𝟏
[-
𝒛 𝝏𝒛 + z + (𝝏𝒛 )𝟐 ] = 0
𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝟐𝒛
- 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 + z + (𝝏𝒛 )𝟐 =0
𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙
Or
− 𝒛𝒑
𝒙
+ z r + 𝒑𝟐 =0 ( 5)
Again diff.(3) partially w. r. t. y, we get

𝟏 𝝏𝟐𝒛
𝟏 + [z + (𝝏𝒛 )𝟐 ]=0
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝒛 𝝏𝟐𝒛 𝟏
+ + (𝝏𝒛 )𝟐 =0 (6)
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚
From( 3) can be written as

𝒚 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
+ =0
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚
𝒚 𝒛 𝝏𝒛
𝒂𝟐
= - 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚
𝒛
∴𝟏 =- 𝝏𝒛
𝒂𝟐 𝒚𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚
Put these value in (6 ) , we get

𝒛 𝝏𝒛 𝒛 𝝏𝟐𝒛 𝟏 𝝏𝒛 𝟐
- + + 𝒄𝟐 ( ) =0
𝒚𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝒄𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒚
𝟏 𝝏𝟐𝒛
[ - 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 + z + (𝝏𝒛 )𝟐] = 0
𝒄𝟐 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐𝒛
- 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 + z + (𝝏𝒛 )𝟐 =0
𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒚
Or
− 𝒛𝒒 +zt + 𝒒𝟐 =0 ( 7)
𝒚
Exercise -1
Q. Form the partial differential equation from the following equation by eliminating the arbitrary
Constant
a) z = zx + by [ Ans . z = px + qy ]
b)( 𝑥 − 𝑎)2 +( 𝑦 − 𝑏)2 +𝑧2 =1 [ Ans,. 𝒛𝟐 ( 𝒑𝟐+ 𝒒𝟐 +1)=1 ]
c)z= xy +y√(𝑥2 − 𝑎2) +b [ Ans. px +qy = pq ]

𝑏(𝑦−1)
d) z = alog{ } [ Ans. p+q= px +qy ]
(1−𝑥)
1
e)z = ax𝑒𝑦 + 2 𝑎2𝑒2𝑦 +b [ Ans. q = px + 𝒑𝟐 ]
Method : 2) **By the elimination of arbitrary function **
Example :1) z = f( 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐)
Solution : diff . z partially w. r. t. x .we get

𝜕𝑧 = p = f ‘(𝑥2 − 𝑦2) 𝜕 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
P = f ‘(𝑥2 − 𝑦2) 2x
p = 2x f ‘(𝑥2 − 𝑦2) (1)
Now diff . z partially w. r. t. y . we get

𝜕𝑧 = q = f ‘ (𝑥2 − 𝑦2) 𝜕 ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑦2 )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
q = f ‘ (𝑥2 − 𝑦2) (-2y)
q = -2y f ‘ (𝑥2 − 𝑦2) (2)
Dividing (1) by( 2)

𝑝 2xf ‘ (𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
=
𝑞 −2yf ‘ (𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
𝑝 𝑥
=
𝑞 −𝑦
Py = -qx
py +qx = 0
2) z = f( x+at ) + g( x-at)
Solution : given that
Z = f( x+at ) + g( x-at) (1)
diff . z partially w. r. t.to x .we get
𝜕𝑧 = p = f ‘( x+at) 1 + g ‘ ( x-at )1
𝜕𝑥
∴ P = f ‘( x+at) + g ‘ ( x-at )
Again diff .p partially w. r. t. to’ x’ ,we get.

𝜕2 𝑧
= f "( x+at) + g" ( x-at )
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕2 𝑧
= f "( x+at) + g " ( x-at ) (2)
𝜕𝑥 2
diff .(1) z partially w. r. t.to ‘t’ .we get

𝜕𝑧 = q = f ‘( x+at) a + g ‘ ( x-at ) (-a) [ 𝜕 ( x+at)= 0+a 𝜕 (𝑡)= a.1=a]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
∴ q = af ‘( x+at) - a g ‘ ( x-at ) (3)
Again diff (3) partially . w. r. t.to t ,we get.

𝜕2 𝑧
= af "( x+at)a - ag " ( x-at ) (-a)
𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕2 𝑧
= 𝑎2f "( x+at) +𝑎2 g" ( x-at ) (4)
𝜕𝑡 2
dividing (2) by (4) ,we get

𝜕 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥2 f ‘’( x+at) + g ‘’ ( x−at )
𝜕 2𝑧 = 𝑎 2 f ‘’( x+at) +𝑎 2 g ‘’ ( x−at )
𝜕 𝑡2
𝜕 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥2 f ‘’( x+at) + g ‘’ ( x−at )
𝜕 2𝑧
=
𝑎 2 [f ‘’( x+at)+ g ‘’ ( x−at )]
𝜕 𝑡2
𝜕 2𝑧
𝜕𝑥2 1
∴ 𝜕 2𝑧
=
𝑎2
𝜕 𝑡2
𝜕2 𝑧 𝜕2 𝑧
∴ 𝒂𝟐 =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑡 2
Example: 3) z = 𝝋(𝒙)𝑇(𝒚)
Z == 𝜑(𝑥)𝑇(𝑦) (1)
diff . z partially w. r. t. x .we get

p = 𝜑′(𝑥)𝑇(𝑦) (2)
diff . z partially w. r. t. y .we get
q = 𝜑(𝑥)𝑇′(𝑦) ( 3)
diff. (2) partially w. r. t . y , we get

𝜕2 𝑧
= s = 𝜑′(𝑥)𝑇′(𝑦) ( 4)
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
Again diff. (3) partially w.r.t. x , we get

𝜕2 𝑧
= s = 𝜑′(𝑥)𝑇′(𝑦) ( 5)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
∴ pq= 𝜑′(𝑥)𝑇(𝑦) . 𝜑(𝑥)𝑇′(𝑦)
= 𝜑(𝑥)𝑇(𝑦) 𝜑′(𝑥) 𝑇′(𝑦)
∴ pq = zs
∴pq -zs = 0
Example:4) z = x+y +f(xy)
z = x+y +f(xy) (1)

diff . z partially w. r. t. x .we get
p = 1 +0 + f ‘( xy)y [ 𝝏 (xy) = y 𝝏
(x) = y .1 = y]
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙
∴ p = 1+f’(xy)y
∴ p-1= f’(xy)y (2)

& diff . z partially w. r. t. y .we get
q= 0+1+f’(xy)x
∴q-1 = f ’(xy)x ( 3)
Dividing (2) by (3)

𝑝−1 𝑓′ ( 𝑥𝑦 )𝑦 𝑦
= =
𝑞−1 𝑓′ (𝑥𝑦 )𝑥 𝑥
x( p-1)= y(q-1)
Px-x = qy –y
∴ Px- qy = x+y
Example: 5) f ( x+y+z , 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐) = 0
Solution : Let consider
u = x+y +z , v = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2
f ( u , v)=0 ( 1)
diff.( 1) partially w. r. t. to x
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 ]=0
[ + . ]+ [ + .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 [ 1 +1. 𝑝 ]+ 𝜕𝑓 [ 2𝑥 +2z. 𝑝 ] = 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 [ 1 + p ] + 𝜕𝑓 [ 2𝑥 +2z𝑝 ] = 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 [ 1 + p ] = - 𝜕𝑓 [ 2𝑥 +2z𝑝 ] ( 2)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
diff. (1) partially w. r. t. to y , we get

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 ]=0
[ + . ]+ [ + .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 [ 1 +1. 𝑞 ]+ 𝜕𝑓 [2y+2z𝑞 ] = 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 [ 1 +𝑞 ]+ 𝜕𝑓 [2y+2z𝑞 ] = 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 [ 1 +𝑞 ] = - 𝜕𝑓 [2y+2z𝑞 ] (3)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Eliminating 𝜕𝑓 & 𝜕𝑓 from 2 & 3 , we get

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Dividing 2 by 3 ,we get

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
[ 1 +p ] [ 2𝑥 +2z𝑝 ]
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓
[ 1 +𝑞]
= 𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
[2y+2z𝑞 ]
1+𝑝 2𝑥+2𝑧 2( 𝑥+𝑧𝑝 )

= =
1+𝑞 2𝑦+2𝑧𝑞 2( 𝑦+𝑧𝑞 )
1+𝑝 𝑥+𝑧𝑝
=
1+𝑞 𝑦+𝑧𝑞
( 1+p)( y+zq) = (1+ q)( x+zp)
y+zq+py+pqz= x+zp+qx+pqz
y+zq+py= x+zp+qx
py-zp + zq-qx = x-y

∴(y-z)p + (z-x)q= x-y
Example: 6) z= 𝒆𝒎𝒚 𝝋 ( 𝒙 − 𝒚)
Z =𝒆𝒎𝒚 𝝋 ( 𝒙 − 𝒚) (1)
Diff .(1)partially w. r. t. to x , we get

𝝏𝒛 = 𝒆𝒎𝒚 𝝋′ ( 𝒙 − 𝒚) .1
𝝏𝒙
P = 𝒆𝒎𝒚 𝝋′ ( 𝒙 − 𝒚) ( 2)
Now Diff .(1) partially w. r. t. to y , we get

𝝏𝒛 = 𝒆𝒎𝒚 [𝝋′ ( 𝒙 − 𝒚) (-1) ] + [ 𝝋 ( 𝒙 − 𝒚) 𝒆𝒎𝒚 m]
𝝏𝒚
q =𝒆𝒎𝒚 [−𝝋′ ( 𝒙 − 𝒚) ]+ [ 𝒎𝝋 ( 𝒙 − 𝒚) 𝒆𝒎𝒚]
q = - 𝒆𝒎𝒚 𝝋′ ( 𝒙 − 𝒚) + m 𝒆𝒎𝒚 𝝋 ( 𝒙 − 𝒚)
q = -p +mz
∴ p +q = mz
Example: 7) z = f ( xy +𝒛𝟐 , x +y+z)
Z = f ( xy +𝒛𝟐 , x +y+z)
Let z = f ( u , v ) (1)
Where u = xy +𝒛𝟐 , v = x+y+z

diff. (1) partially w. r. t. to x
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 ] =0
[ + . ]+ [ + .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 [ 𝑦 +2z𝑝 ]+ 𝜕𝑓 [1 + 𝑝 ] = 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 [ 𝑦 +2z𝑝] = - 𝜕𝑓 [1 + 𝑝 ] (2)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
diff. (1) partially w. r. t. to y , we get

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 ] =0
[ + . ]+ [ + .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 [ 𝑥 +2z𝑞 ]+ 𝜕𝑓 [1+1. 𝑞 ] =0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 [ 𝑥 +2z 𝑞]+ 𝜕𝑓 [1+ 𝑞 ] = 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 [ 𝑥 +2z 𝑞] = - 𝜕𝑓 [1+ 𝑞 ] ( 3)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
Dividing ( 2) by (3)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
[ 𝑦 +2z. ] − [1 + ]
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
=
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑧
[ 𝑥 +2z. ] − [1+ ]
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
𝑦+2𝑝𝑧 1+𝑝
=
𝑥+2𝑧𝑞 1+𝑞
(1+q)( y+2zp)= (1+p)( x+2zq)
y +2zp + qy + 2zpq = x+2zq+ px + 2zpq
y + 2zp+qy = x+ px + 2zq
(y-x )+ (2zp-px ) + (qy-2zq) = 0
∴ (y-x) + p(2z-x) + q( y-2z) = 0
Or
y-x = p ( x-2z) + q ( 2z-y)
Example: 8) u= f ( 𝑥2+2yz , 𝑦2 +2zx)
Solution :: given that
Z = f ( 𝑥2 +2yz , 𝑦2+ 2zx)
Let z = f ( u , v ) (1)
Where u= 𝑥2 +2yz , v = 𝑦2+ 2zx
diff.(1) partially w. r. t. to x
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 ]=0
[ + . ]+ [ + .
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 [2𝑥 +2y. 𝜕𝑧 ]+ 𝜕𝑓 [2z+2x. 𝜕𝑧 ]=0

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓 [2𝑥 +2y 𝑝 ]+ 𝜕𝑓 [2z+2x𝑝 ] = 0

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 [2𝑥 +2y 𝑝 ] = - 𝜕𝑓 [2z+2x𝑝 ] ( 2)

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
diff.(1) partially w. r. t. to y
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑧 ] =0
[ + . ]+ [ + .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 [ 2𝑧 +2y 𝜕𝑧 ]+ 𝜕𝑓 [2y+ 2𝑥 𝜕𝑧 ] = 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑓 [ 2𝑧 +2y 𝑞 ]+ 𝜕𝑓 [2y+ 2𝑥𝑞 ] = 0

𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓 [ 2𝑧 +2y 𝑞 ] = - 𝜕𝑓 [2y+ 2𝑥𝑞 ] ( 3)

𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣
Dividing ( 2) by (3)
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
[2𝑥 +2y 𝑝 ] − [2z+2x𝑝 ]
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑓 = 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑓
[ 2𝑧 +2y 𝑞] − [2y+ 2𝑥𝑞 ]
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑣
2𝑥 +2y 𝑝 2z+2x𝑝
=
2𝑧 +2y 𝑞 2y+ 2𝑥𝑞
𝑥 +y 𝑝 z+x𝑝
=
𝑧 +y 𝑞 y+ 𝑥𝑞
( x + py ) ( y+ qx) = (z+px)( z+qy)
xy +q𝑥2 + p𝑦2 + pqxy = 𝑧2 + qyz + pxz + pqxy
xy +q𝑥2 + p𝑦2 = 𝑧2 + qyz + pxz
p𝑦2- pxz + q𝑥2 – qyz = 𝑧2- xy
∴ p(𝑦2- xz) + q( 𝑥2 - yz) = 𝑧2- xy
Example: 9) z = 𝒇𝟏( x) 𝒇𝟐( y) [ pq - zs =0]
Example : 10) z = 𝒙𝟐f(y) + 𝒚𝟐 g(x) [ xys = px+qy- z]
Method :3) **Solution by Direct Integration**
The partial diff. equation containing only one partial derivative can be solved by direct integration
𝟐𝒛
Example : 1) Solve 𝝏 = sin(xy)
𝝏𝒚 𝟐
Solution : given that equation

𝜕2 𝑧
= sin(xy) (1)
𝜕𝑦 2
Integrating w. r. t. to y , we get [ keeping x is constant ]

𝜕𝑧 cos ⁡
(𝑥𝑦 )
=- 𝜕 + f(x)
𝜕𝑦 (𝑥𝑦 )
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 = - cos ⁡(𝑥𝑦 ) + f(x) (2) [ f(x) is constant ]

𝜕𝑦 𝑥
Here the constant of integration is taken as a function of x

Again Integrating w. r. t. to y , we get
z= - sin ⁡(𝑥𝑦 ) + y f(x) + 𝜑 (x)

2 𝑥
Which is the solution

𝟐𝒛
Example : 2) Solve 𝝏 = xy
𝝏𝒙 𝟐

𝜕2 𝑧
= xy (1)
𝜕𝑥 2
Integrating (1) w. r. t. to x , we get

2
𝜕𝑧 = 𝑥 y + f(y) (2)
𝜕𝑥 2
Here the constant of integration is taken as a function of y.
Again Integrating (2)w. r. t. to x , we get

3
z = 𝑥 y + xf(y) + 𝜑(𝑦) (3)
6
𝟑𝒛
Example :3)𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝝏
= cos( 2x+3y)
𝝏𝒙𝟐𝝏𝒚

𝜕3 𝑧
= cos( 2x+3y) (1)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦
Integrating w. r. t. to y , we get
𝜕2𝑧 sin ⁡
(2𝑥 +3𝑦)
= + f(x) ( 2)
𝜕𝑥 2 3
Again Integrating(2) w. r. t. to x , we get

𝜕𝑧 = - cos ⁡( 2𝑥+3𝑦) + x f(x) + 𝜑(𝑦) (3)
𝜕𝑥 6
now Again Integrating( 3)w. r. t. to x , we get

(2𝑥+3𝑦) 2
z = - sin + 𝑥 f(x) + x𝜑(𝑦) + 𝑇(𝑦) (4)
12 2
𝟐𝒛
Example: 4) solve log( 𝝏
) = x+y
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚
Solution : the given equation is

2𝑧
log( 𝜕
) = x+y
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
𝜕2 𝑧
= 𝑒𝑥+𝑦 ( 1)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Integrating w. r. t. to y , we get keeping x is constant
𝜕𝑧 = 𝑒𝑥+𝑦 + f(x) (2)

𝜕𝑥
Again Integrating w. r. t. to x , we get keeping y is constant
z = 𝑒𝑥+𝑦 + xf(x) +f(y) (3)

𝟐𝒛
Example; 5) solve 𝝏 𝟏
=
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝒙𝒚
Solution : the given equation is

𝜕2 𝑧 𝟏
= (1)
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝒙𝒚
Integrating w. r. t. to y , we get keeping x is a constant

𝜕𝑧 = 1 ( log(y) ) + f(x) ( 2)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥
Again Integrating w. r. t. to x , we get keeping y is constant
Z = log(x) . log(y) + xf(x) + 𝜑(𝑦) (3)

𝟐𝒛
Example : 6) 𝝏
= 2x+2y
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐𝒛
7) = 4 sin (3xy)
𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙
𝟐𝒛
Example : 9) solve 𝝏
= sinxsiny , given that 𝝏𝒛 = - 2siny when x =0 & when y is an odd multiple of
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
𝝅
𝟐
Solution : here given that

𝝏𝟐𝒛
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚
= sinxsiny (1)
Integrating w. r. t. to x , keeping y as constant , we have

𝝏𝒛 = - cosxsiny +f(y) ( 2)
𝝏𝒚
Now 𝝏𝒛 = -2siny at x = 0 gives from (2)

𝝏𝒚
-2siny = - siny + f(y)
- 2siny + siny = f(y)
f(y) = -siny
put these value in (2 )
𝝏𝒛 = - cosxsiny - siny ( 3)
𝝏𝒚
Integrating( 3) w. r.t. to y , keeping x as constant
z = cosxcosy + cosy + 𝝋(𝒙) (4)
When y as an odd multiple of y= 𝝅 , cos(𝝅)= 0

𝟐 𝟐
For y being an odd multiple of 𝝅 , z = 0

𝟐
Hence from (4) , we have 𝝋 (x) = 0
∴ z = ( 1+ cosx) cosy
Which is a solution
𝟑𝒛
Example : 10) solve 𝝏
+18x𝒚𝟐+ sin( 2x-y)= 0
𝟑𝒛
Solution : 𝝏
= -18x𝒚𝟐 - sin( 2x-y) (1)
Integrating( 1) w. r.t. to y , keeping x as constant

𝝏𝟐𝒛 𝟑
= -18x𝒚 - [ - cos( 2x-y) /( -1)] + f(x)
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝟑
𝝏𝟐𝒛 𝟑
= - 18x𝒚 - cos( 2x-y) + f(x) (2)
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝟑
Integrating( 2) w. r.t. to x , keeping y as constant

𝝏𝒛 𝒙𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒙−𝒚) + xf(x) + 𝝋(𝒚)
= -6𝒚𝟑 –
𝝏𝒙 𝟐 𝟐
𝝏𝒛 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒙−𝒚) + xf(x) + 𝝋(𝒚) ( 3)

= -3𝒚𝟑 𝒙𝟐 -
𝝏𝒙 𝟐
Integrating( 3) w. r.t. to x , keeping y as constant

𝟑 𝟐
z= -3𝒚𝟑 𝒙 - [ - 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝒙−𝒚) ] +𝒙 f(x) +x 𝝋(𝒚) + 𝑇(𝒚)
𝟑 𝟒 𝟐
𝟐
z= - 𝒙𝟑𝒚𝟑 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝒙−𝒚) ] +𝒙 f(x) +x 𝝋(𝒚) + 𝑇(𝒚) (4)
𝟒 𝟐
𝟐𝒛
Example :11 ) 𝝏 = 𝒂𝟐 when 𝝏𝒛 = asiny & 𝝏𝒛 = 0 at x= 0
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
**Linear Equation of First Order **
The partial diff. equation that contain first order partial derivatives p & q
only is called a partial diff. equation of first order . if p & q both occur in the first degree only & are not
multiple together , it is called linear partial diff. equation of the first order
** Lagrange’s Linear Equation** :
The partial diff. equation of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 , where P, Q , R are the function of x, y, z, is
the standard form of the quasi – linear partial diff. equation of the first order & is called Lagrange’s
Linear equation
The Lagrange’s Linear equation is 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = 𝑅 (1)
& Its solution is 𝜑 ( 𝑐1, 𝑐2) =0 (2)
**Solution of The Lagrange’s Linear equation is 𝑷𝒑 + 𝑸𝒒 = R **
Method -1 to solve the equation 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = R
Its Auxillary equation is

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 (3)
= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
Find 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝟏&𝒄𝟐 from (3)
Procedure:
i) taking first two fraction 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑃 𝑄
then by using variable separable method
& integrating both side we get 𝒄𝟏
ii) taking first & last fraction 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧 or Last two fraction 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑧

𝑃 𝑅 𝑄 𝑅
then by using variable separable method
& integrating both side we get 𝑐2
iii) put 𝑐1&𝑐2 in (2) we get required solution
Example: 1) solve the equation xzp + yzq = 𝒛𝟐
Solution : the given equation is xzp + yzq = 𝑧2
Which is form of 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = R
Where P = xz , Q = yz , R = 𝑧2
We know that Lagrange’s Auxillary equatin is

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
= =
𝑥𝑧 𝑦𝑧 𝑧2
Form (2 )
Taking first two fraction

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑥𝑧 𝑦𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (3)
=
𝑥 𝑦
Which is variable separable method
Integrating both side ,we get
∫ 1 dx = ∫ 1 dy
𝑥 𝑦
logx = logy + log𝑐1
logx – log y = log𝑐1
log( 𝑥 ) = log 𝑐1
𝑦
𝒄𝟏 = 𝒙
(4)
𝒚
Form (2) Taking Last two fraction , we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= 2
𝑦𝑧 𝑧
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑦 𝑧
Integrating we get
∫ 1 dy = ∫ 1 dz
𝑦 𝑧
logy = logz + log𝑐2
logy – log z = log𝑐2
log( 𝑦 ) = log 𝑐 2
𝑧
𝑐2 = 𝑦
(5)
𝑧
Put these value 𝑐1&𝑐2 in solution 𝜑 ( 𝑐1, 𝑐2) =0

𝜑(𝒙,𝑦 )=0
𝒚 𝑧
Example :2) solve yzp + zxq = xy
Solution : the given equation is yzp + xzq = xy
Where P = yz , Q = xz , R = xy
We know that the Lagrange’s Auxillary equation is

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
= =
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦
Form (2 )

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑦 𝑥
xdx = y dy
Integrating both side we get
∫ 𝑥 dx = ∫ 𝑦 dy
𝑥2 2
=𝑦 +𝑐
2 2 1
𝑥2 2
− 𝑦 =𝑐
2 2 1
𝑥2 - 𝑦2 = 2𝑐1 [2𝑐1 = 𝑐1 ]
𝑥 2 - 𝑦2 = 𝑐 1 ( 3)
Taking Last two fraction

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑧 𝑦
ydy = z dz
Which is Variable separable method

Integrating we get
∫ 𝑦 dy = ∫ 𝑧 dz
𝑦2 2
=𝑧 +𝑐
2 2 2
𝑦2 2
− 𝑧 =𝑐
2 2 2
𝑦2 - 𝑧2 = 2𝑐2 [2𝑐2 = 𝑐2 ]
𝑦2 - 𝑧 2 = 𝑐 2 ( 4)
Put these value 𝑐1 & 𝑐2 in solution 𝜑 ( 𝑐1, 𝑐2) = 0
𝝋 (𝒙𝟐 - 𝒚𝟐 , 𝒚𝟐 - 𝒛𝟐 ) = 0
Example :3) solve p tanx + qtany = tanz
Solution : the given equation is p tanx + qtany = tanz
Where P = tanx , Q = tany , R = tanz

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= = (2)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧
Form (2 )

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦

1 1
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 dx = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 dy
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 dx = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
dy
log(sinx) = log ( siny) + log𝑐1
log(sinx) - log ( siny) = log𝑐1
log( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) = log𝑐 1

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒄𝟏 = (3)
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
Taking Last two fraction

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧

1 1
∫ dy = ∫ dz
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑧
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑧
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 dy = ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧
dz
log(siny) = log ( sinz) + log𝑐2
log(siny) - log ( sinz) = log𝑐2
log( 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 ) = log𝑐

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑧 2
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝒄𝟐 = ( 4)
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚
𝝋( , )=0
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒛
Example :4) solve 𝒚𝟐zp + 𝒙𝟐zq= x𝒚𝟐
Solution : the given equation is 𝒚𝟐zp + 𝒙𝟐zq= x𝒚𝟐
Where P =𝒚𝟐z , Q =𝒙𝟐𝒛 , R = x𝒚𝟐

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
= 𝒙𝟐𝒛 = 𝐱𝒚𝟐 (2)
𝒚𝟐𝒛
Form (2 )

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝒚𝟐𝒛
= 𝒙𝟐𝒛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝒚𝟐
= 𝒙𝟐
𝑥2dx = 𝑦2𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝒙𝟐 dx = ∫ 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
𝑥3 3
=𝑦 +𝑐
3 3 1
𝑥3 3
-𝑦 =𝑐
3 3 1
∴ 𝑥3 − 𝑦3 = 3𝑐1
∴ 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑 = 𝒄 𝟏 (3)
Taking first & last fraction

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
=
𝒚𝟐𝒛 𝐱𝒚𝟐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
=
𝒛 𝐱
xdx = zdz
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑥2 2
=𝑧 +𝑐
2 2 2
𝑥2 2
-𝑧 =𝑐
2 2 2
∴ 𝑥2 − 𝑧2 = 2𝑐2
∴ 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒄 𝟐 (4)
∴ 𝝋 ( 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑, 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 ) = 0
𝟒𝒛
Example :5) solve; 𝒚 p + z𝒙𝟑q = 𝒚𝟒
𝒙
𝟒𝒛
Solution : the given equation is 𝒚 p + z𝒙𝟑q = 𝒚𝟒
𝒙
𝟒𝒛
Where P = 𝒚 , Q = z𝒙𝟑 , R = 𝒚𝟒
𝒙

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝒚𝟒𝒛
= = 𝒚𝟒
𝐳𝒙𝟑
𝒙
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ( 2)
= =
𝒚𝟒𝒛 𝐳𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟒
Form (2 )

𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝒚𝟒
= 𝒙𝟑
𝑥4 dx = 𝑦4dy
Integrating both side, we get
∫ 𝒙𝟒 dx = ∫ 𝑦4 𝑑𝑦
𝑥5 5
=𝑦 +𝑐
5 5 1
𝑥5 5
-𝑦 =𝑐
5 5 1
∴ 𝒙𝟓 − 𝒚𝟓 = 𝒄 𝟏 ( 3)
Taking first & last fraction
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝒚𝟒𝒛
= 𝒚𝟒
𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
=
𝒛 𝟏
xdx = zdz
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝑥2 2
=𝑧 +𝑐
2 2 2
𝑥2 2
-𝑧 =𝑐
2 2 2
∴ 𝒙 𝟐 - 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒄 𝟐 ( 4)
∴ 𝝋 ( 𝒙𝟓 − 𝒚𝟓, 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 ) = 0
H . W.
1) solve : 𝒙𝟐p – xyq= 𝒛𝟐 [ Ans. 𝝋 (𝒙𝒚 , 𝟏 − 𝟏 ) = 0 ]
𝒙 𝒛
2) solve : yq- xp = z [ Ans. 𝝋 (𝒙𝒚 , 𝒚 ) = 0 ]
𝒛
3) solve : px+ qy= nz [ Ans. 𝝋 ( 𝒙 , 𝒚 )=0

𝒚 𝒏√𝒛
4)Solve : yp - 𝒙𝟐q = 𝒙𝟐y [ Ans. 𝝋 (𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟑 , 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒛 ) = 0 ]
5)solve : xzp + yzq = xy [ Ans. 𝝋 ( 𝒙 , 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒛𝟐 ) = 0 ]

𝒚
6)solve :p𝒙𝟐 + 𝒒𝒚𝟐 = 𝒛𝟐 [ Ans. 𝝋 ( 𝟏 − 𝟏 , 𝟏 − 𝟏 )=0]

𝒙 𝒚 𝒚 𝒛
7)Solve : p-q= log(x+y) [Ans. 𝝋 ( 𝒙 + 𝒚, 𝒙𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒙 + 𝒚) = 0]

𝟐𝒛
8)solve : 𝒚 p +xzq= 𝒚𝟐 [ Ans. 𝝋 ( 𝒙𝟑 − 𝒚𝟑, 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐 ) = 0 ]
𝒙
Method -2
The equation of the form 𝑃𝑝 + 𝑄𝑞 = R
Its auxillary equation is

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
Choosing l, m, n, & adding , we get

𝒍𝒅𝒙+𝒎𝒅𝒚+𝒏𝒅𝒛
=0
𝒍𝑷+𝒎𝑸+𝒏𝑹 →𝟎
If denometer becomes zero
Then Integrating we get the required solution 𝒄𝟏
Again Choosing l’, m’, n’, & adding , we get

𝒍′ 𝒅𝒙+𝒎′ 𝒅𝒚+𝒏′ 𝒅𝒛
=0
𝒍′ 𝒑+𝒎′𝒒+𝒏′ 𝒓 →𝟎
Then Integrating we get the required solution 𝒄𝟐
Put these value 𝑜𝑓𝑐1 & 𝑐2 in solution 𝜑 ( 𝑐1, 𝑐2) = 0
Example:1) solve ( mz-ny)p +( nx-lz)q = (ly-mx)
Solution : the given equation is ( mz-ny)p +( nx-lz)q = (ly-mx)
Where P = 𝐦𝐳 − 𝐧𝐲 , Q = nx-lz , R = ly-mx

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
= = (2)
mz −ny nx −lz ly −mx
Choosing l, m, n, & adding , we get

𝑙𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧
=0
𝑙( mz −ny )+𝑚(𝑛𝑥 −𝑙𝑧 )+𝑛(𝑙𝑦 −𝑚𝑥 )
𝑙𝑑𝑥 +𝑚𝑑𝑦 +𝑛𝑑𝑧

=0
𝑙 mz −lny +𝑚𝑛𝑥 −𝑙𝑧𝑚 +𝑛𝑙𝑦 −𝑛𝑚𝑥 →0
then Integrating N. , we get
∫(𝑙𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚𝑑𝑦 + 𝑛𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 0
𝑙 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑛 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 0
∴lx + my + nz = 𝒄𝟏 ( 3)
Again choosing x , y , z & adding , we get
𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑧𝑑𝑧
=0
𝑥( mz −ny )+𝑦(𝑛𝑥 −𝑙𝑧 )+𝑧(𝑙𝑦 −𝑚𝑥 )

=0
𝑥 mz −xny +𝑦𝑛𝑥 −𝑙𝑧𝑦 +𝑧𝑙𝑦 −𝑧𝑚𝑥 →0
Integrating Numerator , we get
∫(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 0
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 0

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∴𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 =𝒄 (4)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∴ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 =𝟐𝒄𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐
∴ 𝜑 (lx + my + nz , 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐) = 0
Example: 2)solve: x( 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒛𝟐)𝒑 + y( 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐)𝒒 = z( 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐)
Solution : the given equation is x( 𝑦2 − 𝑧2)𝑝 + y( 𝑧2 − 𝑥2)𝑞 = z( 𝑥2 − 𝑦2)

Where ,P =x( 𝑦2 − 𝑧2) , Q = y( 𝑧2 − 𝑥2) , R = z( 𝑥2 − 𝑦2)

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
= = (2)
x( 𝑦 2 −𝑧2 ) y( 𝑧2 −𝑥 2 ) z( 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
Choosing x, y, z, & adding , we get

=0
x2 ( 𝑦 2 −𝑧2 )+y2 ( 𝑧2 −𝑥 2 )+z2 ( 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )

=0
x2 𝑦 2 −𝑥 2 𝑧2 +y2 𝑧2 −𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +z2 𝑥 2 −𝑧2 𝑦 2 →0
Integrating N. , we get
∫(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 0
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 0

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∴𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 =𝒄
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
∴ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 =𝟐𝒄𝟏 = 𝒄𝟏 (3)
Again Choosing 1/ x, 1/y, 1/z, & adding , we get
1/𝑥𝑑𝑥 +1/𝑦𝑑𝑦 +1/𝑧𝑑𝑧
=0
( 𝑦 2 −𝑧2 +( 𝑧2 −𝑥 2 +( 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )
1/𝑥𝑑𝑥 +1/𝑦𝑑𝑦 +1/𝑧𝑑𝑧

=0
𝑦 2 −𝑧2 + 𝑧2 −𝑥 2 +𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
Integrating N , we get
∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 1 dz= ∫ 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
log(x)+ log(y) +log(z) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2
log(xyz) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2
∴ 𝒄𝟐 = xyz ( 4)
∴ 𝜑 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , 𝒙𝒚𝒛 )= 0
Example: 3)solve: (5z-7y)p+ ( 7x-3z)q= 3y-5x
Solution : the given equation is (5z-7y)p + ( 7x-3z)q= 3y-5x
Where ,P = 𝟓𝐳 − 𝟕𝐲 , Q = 𝟕𝐱 − 𝟑𝐳 , R = 3y-5x

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
= = (2)
𝟓𝐳−𝟕𝐲 𝟕𝐱−𝟑𝐳 𝟑𝐲−𝟓𝐱

=0
x( 𝟓𝐳−𝟕𝐲)+𝑦(𝟕𝐱−𝟑𝐳) +z( 𝟑𝐲−𝟓𝐱)

=0
5xz −7xy +7𝑦𝑥 −3𝑦𝑧 +3zy −5zx →0
Integrating N. , we get
∫(𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑧𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 0
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 0

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∴𝒙 +𝒚 +𝒛 =𝒄
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
∴ 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 =𝟐𝒄𝟏 = 𝒄𝟏 (3)
Again Choosing 3,5,7, & adding , we get

3𝑑𝑥 +5𝑑𝑦 +7𝑑𝑧
=0
3( 𝟓𝐳−𝟕𝐲)+5(𝟕𝐱−𝟑𝐳) +7( 𝟑𝐲−𝟓𝐱))
3𝑑𝑥 +5𝑑𝑦 +7𝑑𝑧

=0
15z−21y+35𝑥−15𝑧 +21y−35𝑥→0
∫ 3𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 7 dz= ∫ 0
3x+5y+7z= 𝑐2
∴ 𝒄𝟐 = 3x+5y+7z ( 4)

∴ 𝝋 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 , 𝟑𝐱 + 𝟓𝐲 + 𝟕𝐳 )= 0 ( 5)
Example: 4) solve ( 𝟏 − 𝟏 )𝒑 + ( 𝟏 − 𝟏 ) 𝒒 = ( 𝟏 − 𝟏 )
𝒛 𝒚 𝒙 𝒛 𝒚 𝒙
Solution : the given equation is ( 𝟏 − 𝟏 )𝒑 + (𝟏 − 𝟏) 𝒒 = ( 𝟏 − 𝟏 )

Where ,P = 𝟏 − 𝟏, Q = 𝟏 − 𝟏, R = 𝟏−𝟏

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝟏 𝟏 =𝟏 𝟏
=𝟏 𝟏 (2)
− − , −
Choosing 1, 1, 1, & adding , we get

𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 +𝑑𝑧
𝟏
−
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ − + −
=0
𝑑𝑥 +𝑑𝑦 +𝑑𝑧
𝟏 𝟏
−
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ − + − →0
=0
∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 0
x+y+z= 𝑐1
∴ 𝒄𝟏 = x+y+z (3)
Choosing 1/x, 1/y, 1/z, & adding , we get

1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1 𝟏
( −
𝟏
)+ (
1 𝟏 𝟏
− )+ (
1 𝟏
− )
𝟏 =0
𝑥 𝒛 𝒚 𝑦 𝒙 𝒛 𝑧 𝒚 𝒙
1 1 1
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑧
𝑧𝑥 𝑦
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 =0
− + − + − →0
𝒙𝒛 𝒙𝒚 𝒚𝒙 𝒚𝒛 𝒛𝒚 𝒛𝒙
then Integrating N , we get
∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
log(x)+log(y)+log(z)= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2
log(xyz)= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐2
∴ 𝒄𝟐 = xyz (4)
∴ 𝝋(x+y+z , 𝐱𝐲𝐳 )= 0 (5)

Example: 5)solve ( 𝒚−𝒛 )p + ( 𝒛−𝒙 )q = ( 𝒙−𝒚 )
𝒚𝒛 𝒛𝒙 𝒙𝒚
Solution : the given equation is ( 𝒚−𝒛 )p + ( 𝒛−𝒙 )q = ( 𝒙−𝒚 )

Where ,P = 𝒚−𝒛 , Q = 𝒛−𝒙 , R = 𝒙−𝒚

= =
𝑃 𝑄 𝑅
𝒚−𝒛 = 𝒛−𝒙 = 𝒙−𝒚
𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝑧𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑧 (2)

= =
𝑦−𝑧 𝑧−𝑥 𝑥−𝑦
Choosing 1, 1, 1, & adding , we get

𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 +𝑧𝑥𝑑𝑦 +𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑧
=0
𝑦−𝑧+𝑧−𝑥+𝑥−𝑦
𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 +𝑧𝑥𝑑𝑦 +𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑧

=0
𝑦−𝑧+𝑧−𝑥+𝑥−𝑦→0
∫ 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 0
xyz+xyz+xyz= 𝑐1
3xyz= 𝑐1
∴ 𝒄𝟏 = xyz (3)
𝑦𝑧𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑧𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑧
=0
𝑥(𝑦−𝑧)+𝑦(𝑧−𝑥)+𝑧(𝑥−𝑦)
𝑦𝑧𝑥𝑑𝑥 +𝑧𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 +𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑧

=0
𝑥𝑦 −𝑥𝑧+𝑧𝑦 −𝑥𝑦+𝑧𝑥 −𝑧𝑦 →0

∫ 𝑦𝑧𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑧𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑧 = ∫ 0

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
yz 2
+zx 2
+xy 2 = 𝑐2
𝑥𝑦𝑧 (x+y+z)= 𝑐2
2
∴ 𝒄𝟐 = x+y+z (4)
∴ 𝝋(xyz , 𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝐳 )= 0 (5)
H. W.
1)solve : (2z-y)p+ ( x+z)q= -(2x+y) [𝝋( -x+2y+z , 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 + 𝐳𝟐 )= 0 ]
2)solve: (y-z)p+(z-x)q=x-y [ 𝝋(𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 + 𝐳𝟐 , 𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝐳 )= 0 ]
3)solve : ( y+z)p – ( x+z)q= x-y [ 𝝋(𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 − 𝐳𝟐 , 𝐱 + 𝐲 + 𝐳 )= 0]
4)solve: x( 2𝒚𝟐 -𝒛𝟒 )p+ y( 𝒛𝟐 -𝟐𝒙𝟒 )q = z( 𝒙𝟐 -𝒚𝟒 ) [ 𝝋(𝐱𝐲𝐳 , 𝐱𝟒 + 𝐲𝟒 + 𝐳𝟒) = 𝟎]
**Method of Separation of variable**
In this method we assume that the solution u of the partial diff. equation is a product of two
function one a of x & y
We assume that the solution u of the given partial diff. equation is of the form
u = X.Y ( 1)
Where X is a function of x only & Y is a function of y only
We now diff. u partially with respect to x &y & substitute these value in( 1) then separate the
Variable x& y we get the required solution.
Example : 1) solve the following partial diff. equation 𝝏𝒛 - k 𝝏𝒛 = 0 by the method of separation of
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
variable .
Solution : let the given partial equation is 𝝏𝒛 - k 𝝏𝒛 = 0 (1)

𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
Let us assume that the trial solution of the given equation is in the form
z = X.Y (2)

Diff. (2)partially w. r. t. x & y
∴ 𝝏𝒛 = XʹY & 𝝏𝒛 = XYʹ [ Xʹ= 𝒅𝑿 , Yʹ= 𝒅𝒀 ]

𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
Putting these value in the given equation (1) we get
XʹY – kXYʹ = 0
Separate the variable we get
XʹY = kXYʹ
𝑿ʹ 𝒀ʹ (3)
=
𝒌𝑿 𝒀
Since x &y are independent variable the equation (3) will be true if each side of the equal to
constant say ‘a’
𝑿ʹ
=a
𝒌𝑿
𝑿ʹ = ka ( 4)
𝑿
𝒀ʹ
& =a ( 5)
𝒀
The equation 4 becomes

𝑿ʹ = ka
𝑿
1 𝑑𝑋 = ka [Xʹ= 𝒅𝑿 ]
𝑋 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙
1 dX = kadx
𝑋
Integrating , we get
∫ 𝑋1 𝑑𝑋 = ka ∫ 𝑑𝑥
logX = kax + log𝑐1
logX - log𝑐1 = kax
log( 𝑋 )= kax
𝑐1
𝑋
= 𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑥
𝑐1
∴X = 𝑐1𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑥 (6)

𝒀ʹ
=a
𝒀
1 𝑑𝑌 =a [Yʹ= 𝒅𝒀 ]
𝑌 𝑑𝑦 𝒅𝒚
1 dY = ady
𝑌
∫ 𝑌1 𝑑𝑌 = a∫𝑑𝑦
logY = ay+ log𝑐2
logY - log𝑐2 = ay
log( 𝑌 )= ay
𝑐2
𝑌
= 𝑒𝑎𝑦
𝑐2
∴Y = 𝑐2𝑒𝑎𝑦 (7)
Putting the value of 6 & 7 in (2)
z = XY
= 𝑐1𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑥 . 𝑐2𝑒𝑎𝑦
= 𝑐1𝑐2 𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑥 𝑒𝑎𝑦
= c 𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑥 𝑒𝑎𝑦 [𝑐1𝑐2 = 𝑐 ]
∴z = c 𝑒𝑎( 𝑘𝑥+𝑦) (8)
Example : 2) solve the following partial diff. equation 3x𝝏𝒛 - 5y𝝏𝒛 =0 by the method of separation of
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
variable .
Solution : Let us assume that the trial solution of the given equation in the form
z = X.Y (1)
Diff. (1) partially w. r. t. x & y
∴ 𝝏𝒛 = XʹY & 𝝏𝒛 = XYʹ [ Xʹ= 𝒅𝑿 , Yʹ= 𝒅𝒀 ]

3x XʹY – 5yXYʹ = 0

3xXʹY = 5yXYʹ
3x 𝑿ʹ =5y 𝒀ʹ (2)
𝑿 𝒀
Since x &y are independent variable the equation (2) will be true if each side is equal to a
3x 𝑿ʹ = a
𝑿
𝑿ʹ 𝒂 ( 3)
=
𝑿 𝟑𝒙
& 𝟓𝒚 𝒀ʹ = a
𝒀
𝒀ʹ 𝒂 (4)
=
𝒀 𝟓𝒚

𝑿ʹ 𝒂
=
𝑿 𝟑𝒙
1 𝑑𝑋 𝑎
=
𝑋 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥
1 dX = 𝑎 dx
𝑋 3𝑥

𝑎
∫ 1 𝑑𝑋 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑋 3 𝑥
logX = 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + log𝑐1

3
logX - log𝑐1 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)𝑎/3
log( 𝑋 )= log⁡
(𝑥)𝑎 /3
𝑐1
𝑋
= 𝑥𝑎/3
𝑐1
∴X = 𝑐1 𝑥𝑎/3 (5)
The equation 4 becomes.

𝒀ʹ 𝒂
=
𝒀 𝟓𝒚
1 𝑑𝑌 𝒂
=
𝑌 𝑑𝑦 𝟓𝒚
1 dY = 𝒂 dy
𝑌 𝟓𝒚

𝑎
∫ 1 𝑑𝑌 = ∫ 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑌 5 𝑦
logY = 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦+ log𝑐2

5
logY - log𝑐2 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦

5
log( 𝑌 )= log⁡
(𝑦)𝑎 /5
𝑐2
𝑌
= 𝑦𝑎/5
𝑐2
∴Y = 𝑐2𝑦𝑎/5 (6)
Putting the value of 5& 6 (1)
z = XY
= 𝑐1𝑥𝑎/3. 𝑐2𝑦𝑎/5
= 𝑐1𝑐2𝑥𝑎/3. 𝑦𝑎/5
= c 𝑥𝑎/3. 𝑦𝑎/5
∴z= c 𝑥𝑎/3. 𝑦𝑎/5 (7)
Example : 3) solve the following partial diff. equation 𝝏𝒖 = 2 𝝏𝒖 +u , given u ( x , 0)=6 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 by the
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒕
method of separation of variable .
u = X.T (1)
Where X is a function of x only & T is a function of t only
Diff. (1)partially w.r. t. x & t
∴ 𝜕𝑢 = XʹT & 𝜕𝑢 = XTʹ [ Xʹ= 𝑑𝑋 , Tʹ= 𝑑𝑇 ]

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
XʹT = 2 XTʹ +XT
XʹT = X(2Tʹ +T)

𝑋ʹ 2Tʹ +T (2)
∴ =
𝑋 𝑇
Since x & t are independent variable the equation (2) will be true if each side of is equal to a constant say
‘a’
𝑋ʹ =a (3)
𝑋
2Tʹ +T
& =a
𝑇
2𝑇ʹ
+1 = a
𝑇
2𝑇ʹ = a -1
𝑇
𝑇ʹ 𝑎−1 ( 4)
∴ =
𝑇 2

𝑋ʹ
=a
𝑋
1 𝑑𝑋
=a
𝑋 𝑑𝑥
1 dX = adx
𝑋
∫ 𝑋1 𝑑𝑋 = a∫𝑑𝑥
logX = ax + log𝑐1
logX - log𝑐1 = ax
log( 𝑋 )= ax
𝑐1
𝑋
= 𝑒𝑘𝑎𝑥
𝑐1
∴X = 𝑐1𝑒𝑎𝑥 (5)

𝑻ʹ 𝒂−𝟏
=
𝑻 𝟐
1 𝑑𝑇 𝒂−𝟏
=
𝑇 𝑑𝑡 𝟐
1 dT = 𝑎−1 dt
𝑇 2
Integrating both side
∫ 𝑇1 𝑑𝑇 = (a−1)/2 ∫𝑑𝑡
logT = (𝑎−1 )t+ log𝑐 2

2
logT - log𝑐2 = (𝑎−1 )t
2
log( 𝑇 )= (𝑎−1 )t
𝑐2 2
𝑎−1
𝑇
= 𝑒( 2
)t
𝑐2
𝑎−1
( )t
∴T = 𝑐2𝑒 2 ( 6)

𝑎−1
( )t
u=𝑐1𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑐2𝑒 2
𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1
( )t
u = 𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑒 2
𝑎𝑥 (
𝑎−1
)t
u = c𝑒 𝑒 2 (7)
given that u ( x , 0)=6 𝒆−𝟑𝒙 (8)
put t=0 in equation (7)

𝑎−1
( )0
u= c𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑒 2
u(x, 0) = c 𝑒𝑎𝑥 ( 9)
comparing( 8 ) & (9) , we get
c= 6 &a = -3
put the value of c= 6 & a = -3 in (7)

−3−1
( )t
u = 6𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 2
u= 6𝑒−3𝑥 𝑒−2t
u = 6 𝑒−(3𝑥+2𝑡) (10)
Example:4) solve the following partial diff. equation 𝝏𝒛 - 2 𝝏𝒛 =z , given

𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
z ( x , 0)=3𝒆−𝟓𝒙 +2𝒆−𝟑𝒙 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 method of separation of variable .
z = X.Y (1)
Diff. (1)partially w.r. t. x & y
∴ 𝜕𝑧 = XʹY & 𝜕𝑧 = XYʹ [ Xʹ= 𝑑𝑋 , Yʹ= 𝑑𝑌 ]

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
XʹY - 2 XYʹ =XY
XʹY – XY = 2 XYʹ
Y(Xʹ – X) = 2 XYʹ
Xʹ – X 𝑌′ ( 2)
=2
𝑋 𝑌
Since x & y are independent variable the equation (2) will be true if each side of is equal to a constant say
‘a’
Xʹ – X
=a
𝑋
𝑋′ -1=a
𝑋
𝑋′ = a +1 (3)
𝑋
𝑌′
& 2 =a
𝑌
𝑌′ 𝑎
= (4)
𝑌 2

𝑋′ = a +1
𝑋
1 𝑑𝑋 = a+1
𝑋 𝑑𝑥
1 dX = (a+1) dx
𝑋
∫ 𝑋1 𝑑𝑋 = (𝑎 + 1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
logX = (a+1)x + log𝑐1
logX - log𝑐1 = (a+1)x
log( 𝑋 ) = (a+1)x
𝑐1
𝑋
= 𝑒(𝑎+1)𝑥
𝑐1
∴ X= 𝑐1𝑒(𝑎+1)𝑥 (5)
Equation (4 ) becomes
𝒀ʹ 𝒂
=
𝒀 𝟐
1 𝑑𝑌 𝒂
=
𝑌 𝑑𝑦 𝟐
1 dY = 𝒂 dy
𝑌 𝟐

𝑎
∫ 1 𝑑𝑌 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑌 2
logY = 𝑎 𝑦+ log𝑐2
2
logY - log𝑐2 = 𝑎 𝑦
2
log( 𝑌 )=𝑎𝑦
𝑐2 2
𝑌
= 𝑒𝑎𝑦 /2
𝑐2
∴Y = 𝑐2 𝑒𝑎𝑦 /2 (6)
Z = 𝑐1𝑒(𝑎+1)𝑥 𝑐2 𝑒𝑎𝑦 /2
z = c𝑒(𝑎+1)𝑥 𝑒𝑎𝑦 /2 (7)
given that z ( x , 0)=3𝒆−𝟓𝒙 +2𝒆−𝟑𝒙 (8)
put y = 0 in equation( 7)
z( x, 0) = c𝑒(𝑎+1)𝑥 ( 9)
comparing equation (8 ) & ( 9 ), we get
c= 3 & a+1 = -5 | c=2 & a+1= -3
a= -5-1 = -6 | a = -3-1= -4
put these value in 7 we ,get
z = 3𝑒(−6+1)𝑥 𝑒−6𝑦/2 + 2𝑒(−4+1)𝑥 𝑒−4𝑦/2
z= 3𝑒−5𝑥−3𝑦 + 2𝑒−3𝑥−2𝑦
z = 3𝑒−(5𝑥+3𝑦) + 2𝑒−(3𝑥+2𝑦) (10)

Example:5) solve the following partial diff. equation 𝝏𝒖 = 4 𝝏𝒖 , given u ( 0 , y)=8 𝒆−𝟑𝒚 by the
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
method of separation of variable .
u = X.Y (1)
Diff. (1) partially w. r. t. x & y

∴ 𝝏𝒖 = XʹY & 𝝏𝒖 = XYʹ [ Xʹ= 𝒅𝑿 , Yʹ= 𝒅𝒀 ]
Putting these value in the given equation ,we get
XʹY = 4XYʹ
XʹY = 4XYʹ
𝑿ʹ 𝒀ʹ (2)
=
𝟒𝑿 𝒀
Since x &y are independent variable the equation (2) will be true if each side is equal to a
𝑿ʹ
=a
𝟒𝑿
𝑿ʹ = 4a ( 3)
𝑿
& 𝒀ʹ =a (4)
𝒀
The equation (3) becomes

𝑿ʹ
= a
𝟒𝑿
1 𝑑𝑋
= 4a
𝑋 𝑑𝑥
1 dX = 4𝑎 dx
𝑋
∫ 𝑋1 𝑑𝑋 = 4𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
logX = 4𝑎𝑥 + log𝑐1
logX - log𝑐1 = 4ax

log( 𝑋 )=4ax
𝑐1
𝑋
= 𝑒4𝑎𝑥
𝑐1
∴X = 𝑐1 𝑒4𝑎𝑥 (5)
𝑌ʹ
= a
𝑌
1 𝑑𝑌
=a
𝑌 𝑑𝑦
1 dY = 𝑎 dy
𝑌
∫ 𝑌1 𝑑𝑌 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑦
logY = 𝑎 𝑦+ log𝑐2
logY - log𝑐2 = 𝑎𝑦
log( 𝑌 )=𝑎𝑦
𝑐2
𝑌
= 𝑒𝑎𝑦
𝑐2
∴Y = 𝑐2 𝑒𝑎𝑦 (6)
Z = 𝑐1 𝑒4𝑎𝑥 𝑐2 𝑒𝑎𝑦
z = c 𝑒4𝑎𝑥 𝑒𝑎𝑦 (7)
given that z ( 0 , y)=8𝒆−𝟑𝒚 (8)
put x = 0 in equation( 7)
z(0,y)= c𝑒𝑎𝑦 ( 9)
comparing (8)&(9) , we get
∴ c= 8 & a= -3
put these value in (7 ), we get
z = 8𝑒−12𝑥−3𝑦
∴z = 8𝑒−3(4𝑥+𝑦) (10)
Example: 6) solve the following partial diff. equation 𝟒 𝝏𝒛 + 𝝏𝒛 = 3z , given

𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
z ( 0 , y)=3𝒆−𝒚 -2𝒆−𝟓𝒚 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 method of separation of variable.
z = X.Y (1)
∴ 𝜕𝑧 = XʹY & 𝜕𝑧 = XYʹ [ Xʹ= 𝑑𝑋 , Yʹ= 𝑑𝑌 ]

Put these value in the eq.
4 XʹY + XYʹ = 3XY
4 XʹY = 3XY- XYʹ
4XʹY = X( 3Y-Yʹ)
4𝑋′ 3𝑌−𝑌′ (2)
=
𝑋 𝑌
Since x & y are independent variable the equation (2) will be true if each side is equal to a constant
say ‘a’
𝟒𝑿ʹ
=a
𝑿
𝑿ʹ 𝒂 ( 3)
=
𝑿 𝟒
𝟑𝒀−𝒀ʹ
& =a
𝒀
3 - 𝒀′ =a
𝒀
𝒀′ = 3-a ( 4)
𝒀

𝑿ʹ 𝒂
=
𝑿 𝟒
1 𝑑𝑋 𝑎
=
𝑋 𝑑𝑥 4
1 dX = 𝑎 dx
𝑋 4
𝑎
∫ 1 𝑑𝑋 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑋 4
logX = 𝑎 𝑥 + log𝑐1
4
logX - log𝑐1 = 𝑎 𝑥
4
log( 𝑋 )= 𝑎𝑥
𝑐1 4
𝑋 𝑎
𝑥
= 𝑒4
𝑐1
𝑎
𝑥
∴X = 𝑐1 𝑒4 (5)
𝑌ʹ = 3-a
𝑌
1 𝑑𝑌 = 3-a
𝑌 𝑑𝑦
1 dY =(3 − 𝑎) dy
𝑌
Which is Variable separable method.
∫ 𝑌1 𝑑𝑌 = (3 − 𝑎) ∫ 𝑑𝑦
logY = (3 − 𝑎)𝑦+ log𝑐2
logY - log𝑐2 = (3-a)y
log( 𝑌 )= (3-a)y
𝑐2
𝑌
= 𝑒(3−𝑎)𝑦
𝑐2
∴Y = 𝑐2 𝑒(3−𝑎)𝑦 (6)
Put the value of 5 & in (1)

𝑎
Z = 𝑐1 𝑒4 𝑥 𝑐2 𝑒 (3−𝑎)𝑦
𝑎
Z = c 𝑒4 𝑥 𝑒(3−𝑎)𝑦 ( 7)
Given that z ( 0 , y)=3𝒆−𝒚 -2𝒆−𝟓𝒚 (8)
Put x= 0 in (7)
Z = c 𝑒(3−𝑎)𝑦 ( 9)
Comparing eq. 8 & 9 , we get
C =3 , 3-a= -1 | c=-2 , 3-a= -5
a=4 | a=8
put these value in 7 , we get
z = 3𝑒𝑥 𝑒−𝑦 -2𝑒2𝑥𝑒−5𝑦
z = 3𝑒𝑥−𝑦 -2 𝑒2𝑥−5𝑦 (10)
H. W.
1) solve the following partial diff. equation 𝝏𝒛 - y 𝝏𝒛 = , given

𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 method of separation of variable. [ Ans.z= c𝒚𝒂𝒆𝒆𝒂 ]
2) solve the following partial diff. equation 𝝏𝒖 + 4 𝝏𝒖 = 0 , given

𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
u ( 0 , y)=8 𝒆−𝟑 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 method of separation of variable. [ Ans. z = 8𝒆𝟏𝟐𝒙−𝟑𝒚]
2𝑢
Example: 7) use the method of variable to solve the equation 𝜕 - 2 𝜕𝑢 + 𝜕𝑢 = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Solution : the given partial differential equation is

𝜕2 𝑢
-2 𝜕𝑢 + 𝜕𝑢 =0 (1)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Let us assume that the trial solution of the given equation in the form
u = X.Y (2)
∴ 𝜕𝑢 = XʹY & 𝜕𝑢 = XYʹ [ Xʹ= 𝑑𝑋 , Yʹ= 𝑑𝑌 ]

𝜕2 𝑢 2𝑋
= XʹʹY [Xʹʹ = 𝑑 ]
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥2
Put these Value in the eq.(1)
XʹʹY -2 XʹY + XYʹ = 0
XʹʹY -2 XʹY = -XYʹ
Y (Xʹʹ -2 Xʹ ) = -XYʹ
Xʹʹ −2 Xʹ 𝑌ʹ
=- (3)
𝑋 𝑌
say - 𝒂𝟐
Xʹʹ −2 Xʹ
= - 𝒂𝟐
𝑋
1 𝑑2𝑋
-2 1 𝑑𝑋 = -𝒂𝟐 (4)
𝑋 𝑑𝑥2 𝑋 𝑑𝑥
Equation (4)becomes
1 𝑑2𝑋 1 𝑑𝑋
-2 + 𝒂𝟐 = 0
𝑋 𝑑𝑥2 𝑋 𝑑𝑥
2𝑋
1 (𝑑 -2 𝑑𝑋 + 𝒂𝟐𝑿) = 𝟎
𝑋 𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑋
-2 𝑑𝑋 + 𝒂𝟐𝑿 = 0
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑑
( -2 + 𝒂𝟐)𝑿 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Put 𝑑
=m
𝑑𝑥
The auxillary equation is
𝑚2 -2m + 𝒂𝟐 =0
−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐−𝟒𝒂𝒄
m= [ a =1 , b= -2 c= 𝒂𝟐]
𝟐𝒂
𝟐±√𝟒−𝟒𝒂𝟐 𝟐±𝟐√𝟏−𝒂𝟐
m= =
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐(𝟏±√𝟏−𝒂𝟐)
m=
𝟐
∴m= (𝟏 ± √𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐) [ 𝒎𝟏=( 𝟏 + √𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐) , 𝒎𝟐= (𝟏 − √𝟏 − 𝒂𝟐) ]
𝟐 )𝒙 𝟐 )𝒙
∴ C. F. = X = 𝒄𝟏 𝒆(𝟏+√𝟏−𝒂 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒆(𝟏−√𝟏−𝒂 (6) [ C.F.= X = 𝒄𝟏𝒆𝒎𝟏𝒙 +𝒄𝟐𝒆𝒎𝟐𝒙 +…..]
The equation( 5) becomes

1 𝑑𝑌
= 𝒂𝟐
𝑌 𝑑𝑦
1 dY = 𝒂𝟐dy
𝑌
Which is variable separable method & integrating we get

∫ 𝑌1 dY =∫ 𝒂𝟐𝐝𝐲
log Y = 𝒂𝟐y + log𝒄𝟑
log Y- log𝒄𝟑 = 𝒂𝟐y
log( 𝒀 ) = 𝒂𝟐y
𝒄𝟑
𝒀 𝒂𝟐𝐲
=𝒆
𝒄𝟑
Y = 𝒄𝟑 𝒆 𝒂𝟐𝐲 (7)
Put these value in (3) we get
√𝟏−𝒂𝟐)𝒙 √𝟏−𝒂𝟐)𝒙 𝟐𝐲
u=[𝒄𝟏 𝒆(𝟏+ + 𝒄 𝟐 𝒆(𝟏− ]. 𝒄 𝟑 𝒆 − 𝒂
which is the required solution of (1)

𝟐𝒖
Example:8) use the method of variable to solve the equation 𝝏
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒕
= 𝒆−𝒕cosx , given that u =0 when
t=0 & 𝝏𝒖 = 0 when x= 0
𝝏𝒕
Solution : the given partial differential equation is
𝝏𝟐𝒖
= 𝒆−𝒕 cosx (1)
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒕
u = X.T (2)
∴ 𝜕𝑢 = XʹT [ Xʹ= 𝑑𝑋 ,
𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝝏𝟐𝒖 𝝏𝟐𝒖 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑇
= XʹTʹ [ = ]
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒕 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
Put these Value in the eq.(1)
XʹTʹ = 𝒆−𝒕 cosx

𝟏 𝒅𝑻 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
= 𝒅𝑿
𝒆−𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝑻 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 (3)
𝒆𝒕 = 𝒅𝑿
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒙
say - 𝒂𝟐
𝒆𝒕 𝒅𝑻 = - 𝒂𝟐 ( 3) & 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = - 𝒂𝟐 ( 4)
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝑿
𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝒕 𝒅𝑻 = - 𝒂𝟐
𝒅𝒕
dT= -𝒂𝟐 𝒆−𝒕dt
∫ dT =∫ − 𝒂𝟐𝐞−𝐭𝐝𝐭
T = 𝒂𝟐𝐞−𝐭 + 𝒄𝟐 (5)
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
𝒅𝑿 = - 𝒂𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝑿
=
−𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝑿 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 −𝒂𝟐
dX = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝟐 dx
−𝒂
∫ 𝒅𝑿 =∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙
−𝒂𝟐
𝐝𝐱
X=− 1
sinx + 𝑐1 (6)
𝑎2
Put these value in (2)
u = XT
u = (− 1
sinx + 𝑐1 ) ( 𝒂𝟐𝐞−𝐭 + 𝒄𝟐 ) (7)
𝑎2
now put u =0 at t=0 in eq. (7) we get
0= (− 1
sinx + 𝑐1 ) ( 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 )
𝑎2
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 =0
𝒄 𝟐 = - 𝒂𝟐
Put these value in (7) we , get
u= (− 1
sinx + 𝑐1 ) ( 𝒂𝟐𝐞−𝐭 - 𝒂𝟐 )
𝑎2
u= 𝒂𝟐 (− 1
sinx + 𝑐1)( 𝐞−𝐭 -1)
𝑎2
u = 𝑎2 (− 1 sinx + 𝑐1)( e−t -1) (8)

𝑎2
diff . ( 8 ) w.r. t. to t & we get

𝜕𝑢 = 𝑎2 (− 1 sinx + 𝑐1)( −e−t ) (9)
𝜕𝑡 𝑎2
Now put 𝜕𝑢 = 0 at x= 0 in (9 ) , we get

𝜕𝑡
0= ( 𝒂𝟐 𝑐1)( −𝐞−𝐭 )
𝑐1 = 0
Put these value in (8) we get,
u = 𝒂𝟐 (− 1
sinx + 0)( 𝐞−𝐭 -1)
𝑎2
u = 𝒂𝟐 (− 1
sinx )( 𝐞−𝐭 -1)
𝑎2
u = - sinx(𝐞−𝐭 -1)
u = sinx( 1- 𝐞−𝐭 ) (10)
which is required solution

Y = C. F. =𝑐1 𝒆𝒎𝟏𝒙 + 𝑐2 𝒆𝒎𝟐𝒙 + 𝑐3 𝒆𝒎𝟑𝒙 + 𝑐4 𝒆𝒎𝟒𝒙 +……
ii) Auxillary eq. with Repeated roots :

𝒅𝟐𝒚
+4 𝒅𝒚 +4y=0 [ Dy = 𝒅𝒚 ]
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐷2𝑦 +4Dy +4y= 0
(𝐷2 +4D +4)y= 0
The auxillary eq. is
𝐷2 +4D +4 = 0
( D+2)(D+2)=0
D+2= 0 , D+2=0
D= -2, D= -2
D = -2, -2 ( 𝑚1= -2, -2 )
y= C. F. = ( 𝑐1 + 𝑐2𝑥)𝑒𝑚1 𝑥
y= C. F. = ( 𝑐1 + 𝑐2𝑥 + 𝑐3𝑥2)𝑒𝑚1 𝑥
iii) Auxillary eq. with imaginary roots :
a𝒙𝟐+bx +c=0
x=
𝟐𝒂
Ex. 𝑥2-x+1=0
a=1 , b= -1 c =1
x=
𝟐𝒂
𝟏±√𝟏−𝟒
x=
𝟐
𝟏±√−𝟑
x=
𝟐
𝟏±√𝟑 𝒊
x=
𝟐
( 𝑎 ± 𝒊𝖰 )
𝟏 √𝟑 𝟏 √𝟑𝒊 [ y= C.F. = = 𝒆𝟏/𝟐𝒙[ 𝒄𝟏cos√𝟑 𝒙+ 𝒄𝟐sin√𝟑 𝒙]

x= + 𝒊, −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
y = C. F. = 𝒆𝑎𝒙[ 𝒄𝟏cos𝖰𝒙+ 𝒄𝟐sin𝖰𝒙]
D = 1 , 2+3i
c. f. = 𝒄𝟏𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆𝟐𝒙[ 𝒄𝟐cos𝟑𝒙+ 𝒄𝟑sin𝟑𝒙]
Ex. D = 𝑎 ± 𝒊𝖰 , 𝑎 ± 𝒊𝖰
c.f.= 𝒆𝑎𝒙 [ (𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐𝒙)𝐜𝐨𝐬𝖰𝒙 + (𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟒𝒙)𝐬𝐢𝐧𝖰𝒙 ]

𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝒚
** one dimensional Wave Equation 𝝏 = 𝒄𝟐 𝝏 **
𝝏𝒕𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐
Solution of the wave equation :
The wave equation is given by
𝝏𝟐𝒚 𝝏𝟐𝒚 (1)

= 𝒄𝟐
𝝏𝒕𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐
y = X.T (2)

𝝏𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝑻
= Tʹʹ𝑿 [Tʹʹ𝑿 = 𝒅 X]
𝝏𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝟐𝒚 𝟐𝑿
& 𝝏 = XʹʹT [ XʹʹT= 𝒅 T]
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐
Put these value in ( 1) , we get
Tʹʹ𝑿 = 𝒄𝟐𝐗ʹʹ𝐓
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑻 𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑿
𝟐
𝒄 𝑻 𝒅𝒕 𝟐 = 𝑿 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑿 𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑻 (3)

∴ =
𝑿 𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒄𝟐𝑻 𝒅𝒕𝟐
Now we shall find the solution under the following cases
Case I) when k = 0 , we have the from (3 ) , we get

𝟐𝑿
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑻 =0 & 𝟏 𝒅 =0
𝒄 𝑻 𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝟐 𝑿 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑻 𝟐𝑿
=0 & 𝒅 =0
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝑫𝟐 T=0 & 𝑫𝟐 X=0
The a Auxillary eq. is & The a Auxillary eq. is
𝑫𝟐 =0 & 𝑫𝟐 =0
∴ 𝑫 = 𝟎, 𝟎 & D =0, 0
X = C. F. =( 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐𝒙 )𝒆𝟎𝒙 ==( 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐𝒙 )
& T = C.F =( 𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟒𝒕 )𝒆𝟎𝒕= (𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟒𝒕 )
Put these value in( 2), we get
y=( 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐𝒙 )( 𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟒𝒕 ) (4)
Case II) when k= 𝒎𝟐 ,we have from (3), we get
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑿 𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑻
= 𝒎𝟐 & = 𝒎𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
= 𝒎𝟐𝑿
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
- 𝒎𝟐𝑿 =0
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝟐
(𝒅𝒙𝟐 - 𝒎𝟐)𝑿 = 𝟎
(𝑫𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐)𝑿 = 𝟎
The auxillary eq . is
𝑫𝟐 − 𝒎 𝟐 = 𝟎
D = m , -m
X= C.F. = 𝒄𝟓𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒄𝟔𝒆−𝒎𝒙
& Also the eq. 𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑻

= 𝒎𝟐
𝒄𝟐𝑻 𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑻
=𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝑻
𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑻
-𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝑻 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝟐
𝟐
( 𝒅 -𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐)𝑻 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝟐
𝑫𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎
D = mc , -mc
T= C.F. = 𝒄𝟕𝒆𝒎𝒄𝒕+𝒄𝟖𝒆−𝒎𝒄𝒕
Put these value in (2) , we get

y =( 𝒄𝟓𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒄𝟔𝒆−𝒎𝒙 )( 𝒄𝟕𝒆𝒎𝒄𝒕+𝒄𝟔𝒆−𝒎𝒄𝒕 ) (5)
Case III) when k= −𝒎𝟐 ,we have from (3), we get

𝒅𝟐𝑻
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑿 𝟐 𝟏 = −𝒎𝟐
= −𝒎 &
𝒅𝟐𝑿
= −𝒎𝟐𝑿
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
+ 𝒎𝟐𝑿 =0
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝟐
(𝒅𝒙𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐)𝑿 = 𝟎
(𝑫𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐)𝑿 = 𝟎
𝑫𝟐 + 𝒎 𝟐 = 𝟎
D = 0±mi ,
X= C.F. = 𝒆𝟎𝒙(𝒄𝟗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒎𝒙+𝒄𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎𝒙)
X=(𝒄𝟗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒎𝒙+𝒄𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎𝒙)
𝟐𝑻
& Also the eq. 𝟏 𝒅 = - 𝒎𝟐
𝒄𝟐𝑻 𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑻
=−𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝑻
𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑻
+𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝑻 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝟐
𝟐
( 𝒅 +𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐)𝑻 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝟐
𝑫𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎
D = mci , -mci = 0±𝒎𝒄𝒊
T= C.F. = 𝒄𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒎𝒄𝒕+𝒄𝟏𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎𝒄𝒕

y =(𝒄𝟗𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒎𝒙+𝒄𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎𝒙)( 𝒄𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒎𝒄𝒕+𝒄𝟏𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒎𝒄𝒕 ) (6)

𝟐𝒖 𝟐𝒖
** Laplace equation in two Dimensions 𝝏 +𝝏 = 𝟎**
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
Solution of Laplace equation :
The Laplace equation in two Dimensions is

𝝏𝟐𝒖 𝟐𝒖
+𝝏 =𝟎 (1)
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐
u = X.Y (2)

𝝏𝟐𝒖 𝟐𝑿
= Xʹʹ𝒀 [Xʹʹ𝒀 = 𝒅 Y]
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝒖 𝟐𝒀
& 𝝏 = XYʹʹ [ XYʹʹ= X 𝒅 ]
𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒚𝟐
Put these value in ( 1) , we get
Xʹʹ𝒀 + XYʹʹ =0
Xʹʹ𝒀 = -XYʹʹ
𝑿ʹʹ 𝒀ʹʹ (3)
= -
𝑿 𝒀
Now we shall find the solution under the following cases
Case I) when k = 0 , we have the from (3 ) , we get

𝑿ʹʹ 𝒀ʹʹ
=0 & - =𝟎
𝑿 𝒀
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑿
=0
𝑿 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
=0
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝑫𝟐𝑿 = 𝟎
The Auxillary eq . is
𝑫𝟐 = 𝟎
D=0,0
X = C . F. =( 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐𝒙 )𝒆𝟎𝒙 = 𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐𝒙
& Also - 𝒀ʹʹ = 𝟎

𝒀
𝒅𝟐𝒀
=0
𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝑫𝟐𝒀 = 𝟎
The Auxillary is
𝑫𝟐 =0
D= 0,0
Y = C.F. =( 𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟒𝒚 )𝒆𝟎𝒚= (𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟒𝒚 )
u= (𝒄𝟏 + 𝒄𝟐𝒙 ). (𝒄𝟑 + 𝒄𝟒𝒚) (4)
Case II) k= 𝒎𝟐 we have the from (3) , we get

𝑿ʹʹ 𝒀ʹʹ
= 𝒎𝟐 & - = 𝒎𝟐
𝑿 𝒀
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑿
= 𝒎𝟐
𝑿 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
= 𝒎𝟐 X
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝑫𝟐 𝑿 − 𝒎 𝟐 𝐗 = 𝟎
(𝑫𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐) 𝐗 =0
(𝑫𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐) = 𝟎
D = m , -m
X = C . F . = 𝒄𝟓𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒄𝟔𝒆−𝒎𝒙
& Also - 𝒀ʹʹ = 𝒎𝟐

𝒀
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒀
− = 𝒎𝟐
𝒀 𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝒀
= -𝒎𝟐𝒀
𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝒀
+𝒎𝟐𝒀 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝑫𝟐 𝒀 + 𝒎 𝟐 𝐘 = 𝟎
(𝑫𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐) 𝐘 =0
(𝑫𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐) = 𝟎
D = 0 ± 𝒎𝒊
Y = C . F . = 𝒄𝟕cosmy+ 𝒄𝟖sinmy
Put these value in (2), we get
u= (𝒄𝟓𝒆𝒎𝒙+𝒄𝟔𝒆−𝒎𝒙). (𝒄𝟕cosmy+ 𝒄𝟖sinmy) (5)
Case III) k= - 𝒎𝟐 we have the from (3 ) , we get

𝑿ʹʹ 𝒀ʹʹ
= - 𝒎𝟐 & - = −𝒎𝟐
𝑿 𝒀
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑿
= - 𝒎𝟐
𝑿 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
= - 𝒎𝟐 X
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝑫𝟐 𝑿 + 𝒎 𝟐 𝐗 = 𝟎
(𝑫𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐) 𝐗 =0
(𝑫𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐) = 𝟎
D = 0±𝒎𝒊
X = C . F . = (𝒄𝟗cosmx+ 𝒄𝟏𝟎sinmx)
& Also - 𝒀ʹʹ = −𝒎𝟐

𝒀
𝒀ʹʹ
= 𝒎𝟐
𝒀
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝒀
= 𝒎𝟐
𝒀 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝒀
= 𝒎𝟐𝒀
𝒅𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝒀
- 𝒎𝟐𝒀 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝑫𝟐 𝒀 − 𝒎 𝟐 𝐘 = 𝟎
(𝑫𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐) 𝐘 =0
(𝑫𝟐 − 𝒎𝟐) = 𝟎
D = m , -m
Y = C . F . = = 𝒄𝟏𝟏𝒆𝒎𝒚+𝒄𝟏𝟐𝒆−𝒎𝒚
Put these value in(2) , we get
u= (𝒄𝟗cosmx+ 𝒄𝟏𝟎sinmx) .( 𝒄𝟏𝟏𝒆𝒎𝒚+𝒄𝟏𝟐𝒆−𝒎𝒚 ) (6)
which the solution

𝟐𝒖
**Solution of the Heat equation 𝝏𝒖 = 𝒄𝟐 𝝏 **
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝟐𝒖
The Heat eq. is 𝝏𝒖 = 𝒄𝟐 𝝏 (1)
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙𝟐
u = XT (2)
where X is a funftion of x & T is a function of t

𝟐𝒖 𝟐𝑿
𝝏𝒖 = XTʹ & 𝝏 = XʹʹT [XʹʹT = 𝒅 T]
𝝏𝒕 𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙𝟐
Put these value in eq. no . (1)
XTʹ = 𝒄𝟐𝐗ʹʹ𝐓
𝑻ʹ 𝑿ʹʹ
= ( 3)
𝒄𝟐𝑻 𝑿
Case I ) when k=0 from (3)

𝑻ʹ 𝑿ʹʹ
=0 & =0
𝒄𝟐𝑻 𝑿
𝟏 𝒅𝑻
=0
𝒄𝟐𝑻 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑻
=0
𝒅𝒕
DT =0
D=0
T= 𝒄𝟏𝒆𝟎𝒕 = 𝒄𝟏
& also 𝑿ʹʹ =0

𝑿
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑿
=0
𝑿 𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
=0
𝒅𝒙𝟐
𝑫𝟐X =0
The auxillary eq. is.
𝑫𝟐 =0
D =0,0
X= C. F. = ( 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑𝒙)𝒆𝟎𝒙 = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑𝒙
Put these value in eq. (2 )
u = 𝒄𝟏.( 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒄𝟑𝒙 ) (4)
Case II ) when k = 𝒎𝟐 form (3)

𝑿ʹʹ
𝑻ʹ = 𝒎𝟐 & = 𝒎𝟐
𝒄𝟐𝑻 𝑿
𝟏 𝒅𝑻
= 𝒎𝟐
𝒅𝑻 = 𝒎 𝟐𝒄 𝟐𝑻
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑻 - 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝑻=0
𝒅𝒕
DT - 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝑻 =0
(D - 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐)𝑻 =0
The auxillary eq is
D - 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐 =0
D= 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐
T= C . F. =𝒄𝟒 𝒆𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝒕
& also 𝑿ʹʹ = 𝒎𝟐

𝑿
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑿
= 𝒎𝟐
𝑿 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
= 𝒎𝟐𝑿
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
− 𝒎𝟐𝑿=0
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝑫𝟐X - 𝒎𝟐𝑿 =0
(𝑫𝟐 - 𝒎𝟐)𝑿=0
𝑫𝟐 -𝒎𝟐 = 𝟎
D = m , -m
X= C. F. = 𝒄𝟓𝒆𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄𝟔𝒆−𝒎𝒙
Put these value in( 2)
u= (𝒄𝟒 𝒆𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝒕 ) (𝒄𝟓 𝒆𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄𝟔 𝒆−𝒎𝒙) ( 5)
case III) when k = −𝒎𝟐 , from (3)

𝑻ʹ
=−𝒎𝟐 & 𝑿ʹʹ = - 𝒎𝟐
𝒄𝟐𝑻 𝑿
𝟏 𝒅𝑻 = −𝒎𝟐
𝒅𝑻 = - 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝑻
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝒕
+ 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝑻=0
DT + 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝑻 =0
( D + 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐)𝑻 =0
D + 𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐 = 𝟎
D = -𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐
T = C. F. = 𝒄𝟕 𝒆−𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝒕
& also 𝑿ʹʹ = - 𝒎𝟐

𝑿
𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝑿
= - 𝒎𝟐
𝑿 𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
= −𝒎𝟐𝑿
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝟐𝑿
+ 𝒎𝟐𝑿=0
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
𝑫𝟐X + 𝒎𝟐𝑿 =0
(𝑫𝟐 - 𝒎𝟐)𝑿=0
𝑫𝟐 + 𝒎 𝟐 = 𝟎
D = 0±𝒎𝒊
X= C. F. = 𝒆𝟎𝒙 ( 𝒄𝟖cosmx+ 𝒄𝟗sinmx)
X = 𝒄𝟖cosmx+ 𝒄𝟗sinmx
Put these value in (2)
u =( 𝒄𝟕𝒆−𝒎𝟐𝒄𝟐𝒕)( 𝒄𝟖cosmx+ 𝒄𝟗sinmx) (6)
which is the required solution

ENGG. MATHEMATICS –III
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Introduction :
In this chapter we are going to study function of a complex variable z = x + iy where
x & y are real . we shall consider how to differential a function of a complex variable , the meaning
Of a analytic function of a complex variable & the condition of analytic & Cauchy – Riemann equation .
Definition of a Complex Function :
If by a rule or set of rules we can find one or more complex number w for every z = x+iy in a given
domain , we say that w is a function of z & denoted it as
W = f(z) (1)
Since , both z &w are complex quanties the function is called a complex function ,
Now , z = x+ iy , w = f(z) can be put in the form w = u ( x, y) + iv ( x , y ) , where u & v are function of
x & y , thus we can write
W = u( x, y) + iv( x, y ) (2)
For e.g. w = +2z +3
= + 2(x+iy ) +3
= + 2ixy + + 2x+2iy +3 ( i= , = -1 , )
= + 2ixy - + 2x+2iy +3
= ( - + 2x +3) + i( 2xy +2y)
= u (x,y)+ iv ( x, y )
** Analytic Function. **
If a single valued function w = f(z) is defined & differential at each poinf of a domain D
then it is called analytic or regular or holomorphic function of z in the domain D
A function is said to be analytic at a point if it has a derivative at that point &in some
neighbourhood of that point
If a function to be analytic at a point of the domain then the point is called a singular point
** Cauchy- Riemann Equation in Cartesian Coordinates **
The necessary & sufficient condition for a continuous one valued function .
W= f(z) = u( x, y) + iv( x, y )
To be analytic in a region R are
(i) , , , are continuous of x & y in a region R &

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
( ii) & =- ( i.e. = , =- ,)
The condition( ii) are known as Cauchy – Riemann equation or C – R equation
Note :1) if f (z) = is analytic , its derivative is given by any one of the following expression
F’ (z) = +i : F’ (z) = +i
F’ (z) = -i : F’ (z) = -i
2) if f(z) is analytic then it can be differential in usual manner
e. g . f( z) = then f ‘(z) = 2z & f(z)= sinz , then f ‘(z)= cosz
3) if f(z) = f(x+ iy) = u+ iv & f(z) = is analytic then the function u & v are real variable x & y are
Called conjugate function [ z = x+iy , = x- iy ]
Example : 1)if u = f(x,y) = + + xy +1 , then find , , , ,
Solution :let u = + + xy +1
Find = =2x+0+1. y + = 2x+y
= 0+ 2y + x.1+0= 2y+ x
= =2.1+0=2
= =2.1+0= 2
= = 0+1=1
= = 0+1=1
Example:1) if f ( z) is an analytic function , show that =0
Solution : since z = x + iy , & = x-iy
x= (z+ )&y= (z-
Let f(z) = u + iv
= ( u + iv )
=( . + . ) +i( . + . ) [x= (z+ ), = ( 0+1)= ]
=[ . + . (- ] +i [ . + (- )]
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
= - + -
= - + -
= + + -
But since f(z) is analytic ,
( = , =- )
= - + -
=0
Example:3) show that the following function are analytic & find there derivative f(z)=
Solution : f(z)= =
= .
= . ( cosy + isiny ) [ = cos ]
= . cosy + i siny
F(z) = u(x,y)+ iv(x, y)
Where , u = . Cosy , v= siny
Find , = . Cosy & = . ( -siny)= - . Siny
= siny & = cosy
, & =-
Further , are continuous & Cauchy – Riemann equation are satisfied
Hence f(z)= is analytic
Now ,find its derivative
We know that, F’ (z) = +i
= . Cosy +i siny
= ( Cosy +isiny)
= .
F ‘(z) =
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Example:4) show that the following function are analytic & find there derivative f(z)= sinhz
Solution : let f(z)= sinhz
= sinh(x+iy)
= sinhxcoshiy + coshxsinhiy [ coshix = cosx , sinhix= isinx]
F(z) = sinhxcosy + icoshxsiny
u= sinhxcosy & v= coshxsiny
Find , , ,
= coshxcosy , = -sinhxsiny
= sinhxsiny , = coshxcosy
&,
Further , are continuous & Cauchy – Riemann equation are satisfied
Hence f(z)= sinhz is analytic
Now find its derivative
We know that , F’ (z) = +i
= coshxcosy + i sinhxsiny
= coshxcoshiy + sinhxsinhiy
= cosh(x+ iy)
F’(z) = coshz
Example: 5) if f(z) is equal to (a)
(b) 2x+ix , show that f ‘(z)does not exist
Solution : (a) f(z)= = x-iy
u = x & v = -y
, =0 & =0, = -1
Since, & Cauchy- Riemann are equation are not satisfied & f ‘(z) does
not exist
(b) f(z)= 2x+ ix
u = 2x & v=x
, =0 & = , = 2xy
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Since, & Cauchy- Riemann are equation are not satisfied & f ‘(z) does not exist
Example : 6) show that w = -i is an analytic function & find
Solution : since , u = &v=-
Find , , ,
= ( 1)
Find =x. ( )
= x. ( - )
=- (2)
Find = -y ( )
= -y ( )
= (3)
Find =-[ ]
=-[ ]
=-[ ]
=-[ ]
= (4)
& are continuous & Cauchy – Riemann equation are satisfied
Hence w is analytic
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Now ,find its derivative
We know that F’ (z) = +i
= +i
=-[ ]
=-[ ]
=-[ ]
=-[ ]
= -[ ]
=-
Example: 7)Find k, such that log( )+ i ) is an analytic
Solution : let f(z)= log( )+ i )
u = log( ) &v= )
Find ,
= [ . 2x] =
= [ . 2y] =
= . ( ) = . = . = . =
= . ( )= . )= (- )=-
Since , the function is analytic C-R equation are satisfied
&
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
=- (1)
Put k = -1 in (1)
Which are satisfied when k = -1
Example: 8) Determine the constants a, b, c, d, if f(z) = +2axy+ b +i( c +2dxy+ ) is analytic
Solution : we have f(z) = u +iv
u= +2axy+ b ,& v=c +2dxy+
Find ,
u= +2axy+ b
= 2x + 2ay
= 2ax+ 2by
v=c +2dxy+
= 2cx+2dy
= 2dx+ 2y
Since , the function is analytic C-R equation are satisfied
&
2x + 2ay = 2dx+ 2y (1)
( put , d =1 , a =1 )
2x + 2y = 2x+ 2y
&
2ax+ 2by = - ( 2cx+2dy)
2ax+ 2by = -2cx-2dy (2)
Put ( a= 1 , d=1)in (2)
2x+ 2by = -2cx - 2y ( 3)

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Put( c = -1 , b= -1)
2x- 2y = 2x - 2y
a = 1 , b = -1 , c = -1 , d = 1
EXERCISE -1
1) Find k, such that log( )+ i ) is an analytic [ k =1 ]
2) show that the following function are analytic & find there derivative f(z)= coshz
3) show that the following function are analytic & find there derivative f(z)= sinz
4) show that the following function are analytic & find there derivative f(z)= cosz
5) show that the following function are analytic & find there derivative f(z)= ( cosy- isiny)
6) Prove that the function f( z) = is analytic & find f ‘ (z) [ Ans. 2 ]
** Cauchy- Riemann Equation in Polar Coordinates **
Let ( r , ) be the Polar Coordinates of a point whose Cartesian Coordinates are ( x, y )
Hence x = rcos , y = rsin ,
z = x+iy = r (cos +isin )
Z =r (1)
Let f(z) = u+iv be the given function
f(z)= u+iv = f (r ) (2)
Differentiating (2) partially w.r. t. ‘ r ’
= f ’(r ). (3)
Differentiating (2) partially w.r. t. ‘ ’
= f ’(r ). .i
= ir f ’(r ).
= ir ( )
= ir +r
= ir -r
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
=-r + ir
Equating real & imaginary parts
-r ,& =r
= & -r
[ = & =-r ]
Note : we know that f ’(r ). = ( )
F ‘(z) = ( )
Example:1) if w = log z determine whether w is analytic & find
Solution : Let w = u+iv
= log(z )
= log( r. )
= logr + log
w = logr+ i
u = log r & v=
Now find , ,
=0
=0
=1
We know that
= & =-r [ = .1 , 0=0]
Hence C-R equation are satisfied when r
Find, f ’(z) = (logz)

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
= ( )
= ( + 0)
= .
F’(z) =
Example: 2) find p if f(z) = cos2 +i sinp is analytic
Solution : Let w = f(z) = u+iv
F(z) = cos2 +i sinp
u= cos2 & v= sinp
Now find , ,
= 2rcos2
= ( -sin2 ).2
= -2 sin2
= 2r sinp
=p cosp
Since f(z) is analytic
We know that
= & =-r
2rcos = p r cosp ( p = 2)
Example: 3)if w = find
Solution : let z = r
= .
= ( cosn + isinn )
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
= cosn + sinn
where u= cosn , & v = sinn
= n. cosn
= sinn . n = sinn
= n. sinn
= cosn .n = cosn
We know that
= & =-r
Also partial derivative are continous . hence , w is analytic
= ( )
= ( cosn + i n. sinn )
= n. (cosn + i sinn )
= n.
= n.
= n.
=n
Example : 4) using Cauchy- Riemann equation in polar form prove that
+ + =0
Solution :we know that Cauchy- Riemann equation in polar form
= ( 1)
& =-r ( 2)
Differentiating (i) w, r. t. to ‘ r’ we get
=- + (3)
Differentiating (2) w, r. t. to ‘ ’ we get

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
=-r (4)
Now using( 3)& (4 ), we get
+ + = (- + + . - r )
= (- + + - )
= - + + -
+ + =0
Note: the equation i) = + = 0 , is called Laplace’s equation in cartesian form the

equation &
ii) + + = 0 is called Laplace’s equation in polar form
** Harmonic Function **
Any function of x, y which has continuous partial derivative of the first & second order
satisfied Laplace’s equation = + = 0 is called a Harmonic Function .
Note : the real & imaginary parts u, v, of an analytic Function f(z) = u + iv are Harmonic Function
If (i) = + =0
( ii) = + =0
Example:1) Verify that real & imaginary parts of f(z) = are harmonic function
Solution : we have =
= ( cosy +isiny )
= cosy +i siny
u= cosy , & v = siny
= cosy , = cosy
=- siny , =- cosy
Find
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
+ = cosy +(- cosy)
= cosy - cosy
+ =0 ( 1)
& v siny
= siny , = siny
= cosy , =- siny
Find + = siny - siny
+ =0 ( 2)
Therefore the given function f(z) is harmonic function
**To Find the Analytic Function whose Real or Imaginary Part is given **
** Milne – Thompson’s Method**
Since , z = x+iy , & = x-iy
x= &,y=
f(z) = u(x,y )+ iv( x,y)
=u[ , ]+iv[ , ]
This can be regarded as an identity in two independent variable z & we can, therefore ,
Put = z & we get
F(z)= u( z , 0) + iv( z , 0)
Now f ‘ (z) = +i
= -i [ C- R , equation ] ( 1) [ , =- ]
Let = ( x,y) & = ( x,y)
f ‘ (z)= ( x,y) - i ( x,y)
f ‘ (z) = ( z,0 )- i ( z,0) [ x = z , y= 0 ]

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
F(z) = -i +c ( 2)
Similarly if v is given on the above lines we can show that
F ‘ (z) = (z,0)+i (z,0)
Let = ( x , y) , & = (x,y
Integrating ,we get
F(z )= dz + i dz + c (3)
Where , = ( x , y) , = (x,y)
Example : 1) construct an analytic function whose real part is -6 +
Solution : let u = -6 +
Consider = ( x,y) & = ( x,y)
= ( x,y) = 4 - 12x +0=4 - 12x
= ( x,y) = 0 -12 y +4 = -12 y +4
Find ( x,y) = ( z, ,0) = 4 –0= 4 [ put x = z , y = 0 ]
Also find ( x,y) = ( z,0) = 0 – 0 = 0 [put x = z , y = 0 ]
We know that, by using milne- Thompson Method
f ‘ (z) = ( z,0 ) - i ( z,0)
f ‘(z)= 4 –i(0)
f ‘(z) = 4
F(z)= 4 dz
=4. +c
F(z) = +c
Example:2) construct an analytic function whose real part is cosy.
Solution : Let u = cosy

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Consider = ( x,y) & = ( x,y)
Find = ( x,y) = cosy
& = ( x,y) = - siny
Find ( x,y) = ( z, ,0) = cos0 = [ put x = z , y = 0 ]
Also find ( x,y) = ( z,0) = - sin0 = 0 [put x = z , y = 0 ]
We know that, by using milne- Thompson Method
f ‘ (z) = ( z,0 ) - i ( z,0)
= - i(0)
F ‘(z) =
F(z)= dz
F(z) = +c
Exercise – 2
1)find the analytic function whose real part is - 3x +3 -3 +1 [ Ans , + 3 +c ]
2) find the analytic function whose real part is + - 5x+y +2 [ Ans. - 5z-iz + c ]
3) find the analytic function whose real part is -3x +3 [ Ans. +c]
4) find the analytic function whose real part is log [Ans. logz+ c ]
Example: 3) find the analytic function whose imaginary part is ( )
Solution : v = ( )
Let = ( x , y) = . ( ) = . =
= ( x , y) = . ( )= (- )=-
We use Milne – Thompsons Method
Find ( z , 0) = = ,& ( z , 0) = 0
We know that f ’(z) = (z,0)+i (z,0)

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
= +i(0)
F ‘(z) =
Integrating we get
F(z) =
F(z) = logz+c
Example : 4) find the analytic function whose imaginary part is v= log ( +x - 2y
Solution : let , v= log ( +x - 2y
Find = ( x , y) = .2y -2 = -2
= (x,y)= .2x +1 = +1
Find ( z , 0) = = ,& ( z , 0) =
We know that f ’(z) = (z,0)+i (z,0)
= -2 +i( )
Integrating we , get
F(z)= -2 +i dz
F(z) = -2z+ i( 2logz + z )+ c
Example:5) find the analytic function whose real part is u = ( xcosy – y siny)
Solution : u = ( xcosy – y siny) (1)
Find = ( x,y) & = ( x,y)
= ( x,y) = (xcosy – y siny)+ (xcosy – y siny) (
( x,y) = .cosy +( xcosy – y siny)
Also find = ( x,y) = (xcosy – y siny )
= (xcosy) – y siny)]
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
= x. (-siny)- ( y . cosy+ siny . 1)]
= -x.siny- y . cosy - siny ]
( x,y) = -x.siny- y . cosy - siny ]
Find ( z ,0) = .cos0 +( zcos0 – 0 sin0) = ( z+1)
& ( z ,0) = 0
F’(z) = ( z,0 )- i ( z,0)
= ( z+1) –i(0)
F ‘(z) = ( z+1)
Integrating we , get
F(z )= [ LIATE]
= [ by using integration parts]
= [ (z+1) – ( z+1) dz} dz]
=[ (z+1) – )dz
= [ (z+1) ] +c
= +c
F(z) = z +c
Example : 6)if f(z) = u+iv is analytic & u-v = ( cosy-siny), find f(z) in terms of z
Solution : let given that u-v = ( cosy-siny) (1)
We know that f(z) = u+iv , ( 2)
& if(z)= iu-v ( 3)
Adding 2&3 , we get
(1+i)f(z)= u+iv +iu-v
= (u-v ) + i(u+v)
(1+i)f(z) = U+ iV ,say
Now find = ( u-v)

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
= ( cosy-siny)]
= ( x,y) = (cosy-siny)
& Also find = ( u-v)
= [ ( cosy-siny)]
= [ ( cosy-siny)]
= ( x,y) = [ -siny – cosy ]
( x,y) = - [ by C-R equation ]
By using Milne – Thompsons Method
(1+i)f ’(z) = ( z,0 ) - i ( z,0) ( 4)
Find ( z,0) = (cos0-sin0) =
& ( z,0) = [ -sin0 – cos0 ] = -
(4) becomes
(1+i) F’(z) = ( z,0 ) - i ( z,0)
= -i (- )= +i
(1+i)f’(z) = ( 1+i)
F’(z)=
Integrating we get
F(z)= dz
Hence F(z) =
Example :7) if f(z)= u+iv is analytic & u+v = find f(z)
Solution : let f(z)= u+iv if(z)= iu-v
(1+i)f(z)= (u-v)+i(u+v) = U+iV , say
Where U = u-v , & V = u+v

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
We have to given that , u+v =
= =
u+ v =
but V = u+ v
find = ( u+v)
= [ ]
= sin2x [ ]
= sin2x[ - . 2sinh2y]
= -
= ( x , y) = - (1)
Also find = ( u+v)
= [ ]
= (x,y)= (2)
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
By using Milne – Thompsons Method
(1+i)f ’(z) = (z,0)+i (z,0) (3)
find ( z , 0 )= - =0
Also find (z,0) = =
= =-
=-
(3) becomes
(1+i)f ’(z) = (z,0)+i (z,0)
=0+i ( -
(1+i)f ’(z) = -
(1+i) f(z) = -2i dz
= -2i dz
= -i
= -i( -cotz)+c
(1+i) f(z) = icot z + c
Hence F(z)= cot z + c
Exercise-4
1) if f(z)= u+iv is analytic & u+v = find f(z) [ Ans. cotz+c ]
2) if f(z)= u+iv is analytic & u+v = ( cosy+siny) find f(z) [ Ans. +c]
3) if f(z)= u+iv is analytic & u-v = (x-y)( find f(z) [ Ans. -i +c]
4) if f(z)= u+iv is analytic & u-v = find f(z) & f( ) [ Ans. cot( +c ,
Example ;8) state the Laplace equation in polar form & verify it for u = cos2 & also find v &
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
F(z)
Solution : Laplace equation in polar form is + + =0 (1)
u= cos2
= 2rcos2 , = 2cos2
=- 2 sin2 , = -4 cos2
L. H.S.= + +
= 2cos2 + 2rcos2 + ( - 4 cos2 )
= 2cos2 + 2cos2 - 4cos2
= 4cos2 - 4cos2
=0
= R.H.S.
Laplace equation is satisfied
By Cauchy’s -Riemann equation in polar form
= ,
Means =r
= r (2rcos2 )
= 2 cos2
Integrating w. r.
V=2
=2 ( sin2 )/2
v= sin2 +c
Hence f(z)= u+iv
= cos2 +i sin2 +c
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
= cos2 +i sin2 ) +c
= . +c
= +c
f(z) = +c
Example ;9 ) find the Analytic function f(z) whose real part is cos2 -rsin
Solution : let u = cos2 -rsin (1)
= 2r cos2 - sin
= ,
Means =r
= r ( 2r cos2 – sin )
= 2 cos2 - r sin
Integrating w. r.
v= 2 -r
=2 ( ) – r ( -cos )+c
v= sin2 + rcos + c
Hence f(z) = u+iv
= cos2 -rsin +i( sin2 + rcos )+ c
cos2 -rsin +i sin2 +i rcos + c
= cos2 i sin2 + r (icos - sin ) + c
= cos2 i sin2 + ri(cos - sin )+c
= cos2 i sin2 + ir(cos - sin )+c
= cos2 i sin2 + ir(cos - sin )+c

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
= cos2 i sin2 + ir(cos + isin )+c
= +ir +c
= +iz+c
F(z) = +iz+c
Example 10): find the Analytic function f(z) whose real part is cosn
Solution : let u = cosn (1)
= ,
Means =r
=r(n cosn )
=n cosn
Integrating w. r.
v= n
=n ( )+c
v= sinn +c
Hence f(z) = u+iv
= cosn +i sinn +c
= cosn +i sinn +c
= +c
= +c
F(z) = +c
** To find the Analytic Function when Harmonic Function is given **
Example: 1) show that u= -3 y is a harmonic function . Find its harmonic conjugate

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
& the corresponding analytic function .
Solution : since ,u = -3 y
Find = 0- 6xy = -6xy , = -6y
& =3 -3 , = 6y
We know that
u= +
= -6y +6y
u=0
u= -3 y is a harmonic function
By using Milne – Thompson Method
F’(z) = ( z, 0) - i ( z, 0) (1)
Where = ( x, y) = -6xy
( z, 0 ) = 0
& = ( x, y) =3 -3
( z, 0 ) =0 -3 =-3
Put ( z, 0 ) = 0 & ( z, 0 ) = - 3 in (1)
F’(z) =0 – i( - 3 )
F’(z) = 3
Integrating we get
F(z)= 3i
= 3i( ) +c
F(z) = i +c
As above is the required analytic function
now f(z)= i
= i( +3 iy+ 3x + )
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
=i +3 y+ 3x + [ = -1 , = .i= -i , = = (-1)(-1)=1]
=i -3 y- 3x +
u+iv = (- 3 y+ +i( -3x )
v= -3x ) is the harmonic conjugate
Example:2) show that u= cosx cushy is a harmonic function . Find its harmonic conjugate
& the corresponding analytic function f(z) .
Solution : given that u = cosx coshy
Find = -sinxcoshy , = - cosxcoshy
& = cosxsinhy , = cosxcoshy
We know that
u= +
= - cosxcoshy + cosxcoshy
u=0
u = cosxcoshy is a harmonic function
By using Milne – Thompson Method
F’(z) = ( z, 0) - i ( z, 0) (1)
Where = ( x, y) = -sinxcoshy
( z, 0 ) = -sinx coshy = -sinzcos0 = -sinz
& = ( x, y) = cosxsinhy = 0
( z, 0 ) = 0
Put ( z, 0 ) = -sinz & ( z, 0 ) = 0 in (1)
F’(z) = -sinz –i(0)
F’(z) = -sinz
Integrating we get
F(z)= - ( -cosz)+c
F(z) = cosz+ c is the required analytic function

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Now , f(z)= cos(x+ iy)
= cosxcosiy – sinxsiniy [cosiy= coshy , siniy = isinhy]
u+iv = cosxcoshy- isinxsinhy
v = -sinxsinhy is the harmonic conjugate
Example: 3) prove that if u= , v= - then both u &v satisfy Laplace’s equation ,
But that u+iv is not an analytic function of z
Solution : given that u= , v= -
Find = 2x , =2
& = -2y , =-2
We know that
u= +
= 2-2
u=0
u= is a harmonic function
& Also given that v = -
= -y ( )
Find Find = -y .2x) =
= 2y [ ]
= 2y [ ]
= 2y [ ]
= 2y [ ]
= 2y[ ]
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
=2y[ ]
= 2y[ ]
& = -[ ]
=-[ ]
= -[ ]
=-[ ]
Find =[ ]
=[ ]
=[ ]
=2y [ ]
= 2y[ ]
= 2y[ ]
We know that
v= +
= 2y[ ] +2y[ ]
= 2y[ ] -2y[ ]
v=0
v=- is a harmonic function

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Hence u & v satisfied the Laplace’s equation
But Cauchy- Riemann equation are not satisfied as &
Hence u+iv is not analytic
Exercise – 5
1) ) prove that u = cosy is harmonic . Determine its harmonic conjugate v & the analytic function
F(z)
[ Ans. f(z)= +c , v = siny ]
2) prove that u = sin( is harmonic . Determine its harmonic conjugate v & the analytic
function f(z)
[ Ans. f(z)= i +c , v = cos( ]
Note : since = & = + ,
Example; 1)prove that ( + )= 4
Solution : we have z = x+iy , & = x-iy
x= ( z+ ) , y = ( z- )
Reating z & as independent variable
= &, = ,
& = , & =
Now = +
= +
= [ -i ]
& = +
= + )
= [ +i ]
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
find =
= [ -i ]. [ +i ]
= [ + ]
4 =( + )
( + )=4
Example: 2) if f(z) is analytic function , prove that( + ) =4
Solution : we know that f(z) = u+iv , & f ( ) = u-iv
= = (u+iv)(u-iv)
= f(z) .f ( ) (1)
Also f ’(z)= , & f ’( )=
= +
=( )
= f’(z).f’( ) (2)
Let L. H. S. ( + ) =4 [ w.k.t ( + )=4 ]
=4 [f(z) .f ( )]
=4 [ f(z)]. [f ( )] [ [ f(z)]= f ‘(z) , [f ( ) = f ‘( ) ]
= 4 f ’(z) f ’( ) [ from (2 )]
=4
= R.H.S.
** Bilinear Transformation **
The transformation w = (1)
Where a,. b., c, d, are complex constant & ad-bc 0 is called as bilinear or Mobius
Transformation
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Since =[ ]
= ]
–
=
= 0 the transformation is conformal
Form (1) we get
wcz+wd= az+b
wcz –az = b-wd
z( wc-a)= b- wd
z= or (2)
This is the inverse mapping of bilinear transformation
Note : 1) ad-bc is called the determinant of the transformation
2) if ad-bc =1 then the transformation is said to be normalized .
3) A bilinear transformation is also known as Mobius Transformation
4) A bilinear transformation is a combination of three basic transformation
(i) translation (ii) rotation & magnification (iii) inversion & reflection
If w = (1)
Then ( i) =z+ which is called as translation
( ii) = which is called as inversion & reflection
( iii) = . which is called as rotation & magnification
**To Find the Bilinear Transformation** : w =
Example :1) Find the Bilinear Transformation which maps z = 2, 1, 0 onto w=1,0,i
Solution : Let the transformation be
W= (1)
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Putting the given value of z & w , we get (z = 2, 1, 0 & w=1,0,i)
Put z = 2 & w=1 in( 1) , we get
1= (2)
Now put z=1 & w = 0, we get
0= ( 3)
put z = 0 & w = i , we get
i= (4)
from( 4 ) we can write b= di
from (3) we can write a+b = 0
a+ di = 0
a= -di
now (2 ) can be written as
2c+d = 2a+b
2c+d= 2(-di)+di
2c= -2di+ di-d
2c = -di-d
c=
Put the value of a , b ,c in terms of ‘d’ (1) , we get
W= =
W=
=
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
w=
which is the required bilinear transformation
Example: 2) Find the Bilinear Transformation which maps z = 1, i, -1 onto w=i,0,-i
Solution : Let the transformation be
W= (1)
Putting the given value of z&w ,in(1) we get (z = 1, i, -1 & w=i,0,-i)
Put z =1 & w= i, we get
i= ( 2)
also put z=i & w=0 , we get
0= (3)
Again put z= -1 & w=-i, we get
-i= ( 4)
From ( 3 ) we can write , ai+b=0 b= -ai (5)
From equation (2) we can write
(a+b)- i(c+d)=0 (6)
& from equation (4)can be written as
(-a+b)+i(-c+d)= 0 ( 7)
Adding equation 6 & 7 we get 2b-2ic= 0
2(-ai)-2ic=0
-2ic= 2ai
c= -a
Substracting (7) form (6 ) we get 2a – 2id=0
-2id= -2a
id= a
d= = = -ia
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Putting the value b = -ia, c = -a , d= -ai in ( 1)
W=
w =
w= is the required bilinear transformation
Example: 3) Find the Bilinear Transformation which maps z = 1, -i, -1 onto w=i,0,-1
Solution :
Let the transformation be
W= (1)
Putting the given value of z & w ,in(1) we get (z = 1, -i, -1 & w= i,0,-1)
Put z =1 & w= i, we get
i= ( 2)
also put z= -i & w=0 , we get
0= (3)
Again put z= -1 & w= -1, we get
-1= ( 4)
Equation (3 ) can be written as
-ai+b=0 b=ai ( 5)
From equation (2) we can write
i(c+d)= a+b
i(c+d )-(a+b)=0 (6)
Now equation ( 4) can written as
( c-d) = -(a-b )
(c-d)+ ( a-b)=0 (7)
Adding 6&7 we get
i( c+d)(+c-d)=2ai ( 8)
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
subtracting we get 6&7 we get
i( c+d) –c+d= 2a ( 9)
subtracting 8&9 we get c-d= a( i-1) (10)
adding 8 &9 we get i( c+d)= a(1+i)
c+d=
c+d= -ia( 1+i) (11)
adding 10 &11 , we get 2c= a( i-1 ) - ia(1+i)
= ai-a-ia + a =0
C= 0
Put c=0 in eq. (11)
d= -ia( 1+i)
Put b , c , d in( 1) we get
W= = = = =
W=
Example: 4) find the bilinear transformation mapping the points z= 1,i, -1 into the points w=2.i,-2
Solution : the bilinear transformation which maps =1, =i, = -1 & = 2, =i, =-2
Bu using a bilinear transformation of preserves cross- ratio of four points
by using C&D rule
w=
Which is the required bilinear transformation
Example: 5) find the bilinear transformation mapping the points z= 0,1, into the points w=i.1,-i
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Solution : the bilinear transformation which maps =0, = 1, = & = i, =1, = -i
By using a bilinear transformation of preserves cross- ratio of four points
Since = , omitting the factors involving the transformation
= .
=z
=z
=z
=z
= -zi
By using C& D rule we get
w=
w=
w=
Example:6) find the bilinear transformation mapping the points z= , i, , into the points w=0 , -i,
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
Solution : the bilinear transformation which maps = , = i, = & = 0, = -i, =
By using a bilinear transformation of preserves cross- ratio of four points
Since = , & omitting the factors involving & the transformation is
W=-
W=
Which is the required bilinear transformation
Exercise – 7
1) find the bilinear transformation mapping the points z= , -i, , into the points w= i , 1, 0
[ Ans w= ]
2) find the bilinear transformation mapping the points z= , -1, , into the points w=1+i , 1-i, 1
[ Ans w= ]
3) find the bilinear transformation mapping the points z= , -i, , into the points w= 0 , 1,
[ Ans w= ]
4) find the bilinear transformation mapping the points z= , i, , into the points w=0 , i,
[ Ans w= - ]
***END***
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
5. COMPLEX VARIABLE
Objective questions
1. Which out of the following ,is an analytic function ?
a) b)
c) d) R(iz)
2. If (z) =
a) b) c) d) None
3. If the function is to be harmonic , then value of
a) -1 b) 1 c) 2 d) None
4. The analytic function mapping the angular region 0 onto the upper half –plane is
a) b) c) d) None
5. The mapping transforming the complex plane 0 onto the left half-plane is
a) b) c) d) None
6.
a) 1 b)
c) d)
7.
a) 2,2 b) 2 , -2 c) -2 , -2 d) None
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
8.
a) 0 b) 2 c) d) None
9.
a) 2 b) 3 c) d) None
10.
a) True b) False c) Partially True d) None
11. The value of
a) 2 b) 0 c) -2 d) None
12. The harmonic conjugate of
a) b)
c) d) None
13. The harmonic conjugate of
a) b)
c) d) None
14. The curves
a)
c) d)
15. The curves of
a) b) c) ) d)
16.
5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d)None
17.The critical point of the transformation
a) b) c) d) None
18.The image of
a) b) c) d) None
19.
a) z=0 b) z=1 c) z=2 d) None
20.
a) b)
c) d) None
21. The value of dz, c being
a) 0 b) c) d) ) None
22. The value of
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) None
23.The singularity of
a) z=3 b) z=2 c) z=0 d) None
24. The poles of the function
a)
25. The invariant points of w =
a)
26. The value of
To z = i is
a) i b) –i c) 0 d)
27.The transformation w=cz consists of

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
a) Magnification and rotation b) Translation c) Inversion d) None
28. The value of
a) 0 b) 2
29.
a)
30.
a) 1 b) 2 c)0 d)
31. The singular points of
a) 0,1 b) 1,2 c) -1, -2 d) None
32. The poles of
a) z= 1,2 b) z= 0,-2 c) z =0 ,2 d) None

5) COMPLEX VARIABLE
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SUB. : ENGG.

Such operator is called as Laplace transform , Laplace transform changes a function of

One variable by ‘ t’ into another variable by ‘s’

Where ‘s’ is parameter or ‘s ’ is real no.

The L . T. is also denoted by

Laplace Transform of some Standard Function :

1) find the L.T. of L{1} = 1/s if s > 0

Proff:by using definition of L. T.

List of Standard formula for Laplace Transform :

L { 𝑐1 𝐹1 (t) +𝑐2 𝐹2 (t) } = 𝑐1 L { 𝐹1 (t) } + 𝑐2 𝐿{𝐹2 (t)}

1)find the L. T. of f(t) where

solution: By using definition of L. T.

2) find the L. T. of f(t) where

F(t) = 0 0 < t <1

solution : By using definition of L. T.

Put , t -1 = u → 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢 when t→1 ∴𝑢→0 &

∴ 𝑡 = 𝑢+1 when t → ∞ ∴𝑢→∞

find the L. T. of f(t) where

solution : By using definition of L. T.

find the L. T. of f(t) where

f t) = cost 0 <t <2𝝅

solution : By using definition of L. T.

solution: By using definition of L. T.

Q : find the Laplace Transform of f(t) where

** Particular value of the function L {f(t) }**

Solution : Let f(t) = sint

Taking both side Laplace Transform

L {f(t) } = L { sint} ( a =1)

Solution: Let f(t) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 t

Taking both side Laplace Transform

Put s= 2 in above value

Solution : : Let f(t) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 3 t

1 2(𝑒 3𝑡 +𝑒 −3𝑡 ) 2(𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 )

Taking both side L. T.

Put s= 4 in above value

** change of scale property **

Statement : - If L { f(t) } = 𝝋(𝒔) then

By change of scale property

By change of scale property :

By change of scale property :

Statement : 1) If L{ f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠) then

L{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠 + 𝑎 )

Statement : 2) If L{ f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠) then

Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 }

Solution : Given that f( t) = sin2t

Taking both side Laplace Transform

By using Shifting property of Laplace Transform

Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 }

Solution : Given that f( t) = cos3t

By using Shifting property of Laplace Transform

L{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠 + 𝑎)

Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡 }

Solution : Given that f( t) = sinht

Taking both side Laplace Transform

By using Shifting property of Laplace Transform

Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑡 }

Solution : Given that f( t) = cosht

Taking both side Laplace Transform

By using Shifting property of Laplace Transform

L{𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 f( t)} = 𝜑 (𝑠 + 𝑎)

1) Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2𝑡 }

2)Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡 }

3)Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 }

4)Find the L. T. of L { 𝑒 3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 }

Particular value of the function L {f(t) }

change of scale property

Multiplication by ‘ t’ by using Laplace Transform

Particular value of the function L [{t.f{ t) }

Laplace Transform by division ‘t’

Laplace Transform of Derivative :