Paper 2: Power: Monarchy and

Democracy, 1000-2014.

Booklet 3

1 hr Exam

 1 x 4 mark Describe… (like 2 x 2 markers from Germany Paper)

 1 x 8 mark Explain… (like a standard 10 marker on the other
papers)
 1 x 14 mark How significant...
 1 x 24 mark How far do you agree with the statement? This
question will cover at least 500 years of the topic so you can
show change and continuity over time.
Parliament – The Lords – nobility and senior churchmen. The Commons – town representatives

Henry VII

For Henry VII to have control over government he had to have control over Parliament. At this time
Parliament only met to grant taxes and to pass laws. It was in the latter role that Henry VII had a need to
control Parliament if he was to become as powerful as he felt a king should be.

Managing the nobility:

• The Star Chamber disciplined nobles who misbehaved or challenged the king.
• Decisions were made at court – anyone not there was left out.
• He used patronage so the nobles depended on him for important jobs, land and other privileges.
This helped him to control the House of Lords. Nobles tried to stay near the king at court to take
advantage of this.
• He promoted able members of the gentry to important posts.
• He fined them for keeping large armies.
Managing Parliament:
• Henry called Parliament infrequently, and mainly at the start of his reign. Once he was secure and
established, he no longer felt the need.
• Henry would have spoken with the House of Lords himself as they were the most important part of
Parliament.
• He recognised the growing power of the Commons but would not speak directly to them. Instead
he communicated with them through the Speaker of the Commons.

• Therefore, Parliament became a rubber stamp for Henry. Many within Parliament would have been
very aware of what could happen if they moved against the king – an Act of Attainder.

Managing the money.

• He built up the wealth of the Crown by avoiding wars and collecting regular taxes.
Henry VIII
Images of wealth and power.
Portraiture was used in Tudor England as propaganda. It was tightly controlled for the monarch, you had to
have permission to paint an image of Elizabeth I for example. Henry VIII rarely wore a crown in portraits,
he felt he didn’t need to.
Henry VIII, 1536 Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, 1546

Henry VIII did not appreciate Henry

Howard’s portrait. It was painted the
year before Henry VIII died, he was
near the end of his life and knew he
was leaving a sickly, very young heir
behind. He believed that this portrait
was symbolic of Howard’s threat to
the young Edward. Howard had added
the coat of arms of Edward the
Confessor to his shields. He was
entitled to do this as he was an heir of
the Confessor BUT these arms were
only allowed to be used by Royalty.

Was Howard trying to position himself as a challenger to Henry’s son Edward?

Henry VIII used an ‘Act of Attainder’ to deal with Howard. These could be passed for the crime of treason
to sentence a person, or multiple people, to death without trial. Henry Howard was beheaded on 19
January 1547 for ‘treasonous’ use of the coat of arms.
Promoting men from ‘humble’ backgrounds.
Describe how Henry VIII managed the nobility. (4)

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Did the monarch become MORE or LESS powerful during Henry VIII’s reign?

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Elizabeth I
Managing relationships
Use pages 58/59 of Power to answer the following questions:
1. What decisions did Elizabeth make to try and avoid problems over religion?

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2. How did Elizabeth use the question of who she would marry to her advantage?

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3. In what ways was Elizabeth like Henry VIII and in what ways different to him?

Similarities Differences
Henry VIII and Elizabeth I as rulers
James I
What type of King was James I?

Source 2. A speech by James I to Parliament in 1610, in which he quotes from one of

his own books.

The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth, for kings are not only God’s
lieutenants on earth, and sit on God’s throne, but even by God himself kings are
called Gods. In the scriptures kings are called Gods, and so their power can be
compared to the divine power. Kings are also compared to fathers of families: for a
king is truly the father of his people. And lastly, kings can be compared to the head of
a body if the body is the country that the head rules.

Source 3. Historian Barry Coward in 1997.

One of James’ greatest qualities was his ability to recognise what was politically
possible and what was not. He realised that his dream to unite England and Scotland
was not acceptable so he dropped it and remained king of England and king of
Scotland separately. His religious policies show the same politically astute mix of
idealism and realism. He was often the peacemaker between different religious
factions. He learned that it was important for his court to be open to a wide variety of
different people and opinions. Under James the court and parliament remained an
important point of contact between the king and his most important subjects. As a
result, before 1625 political tensions never really erupted into crises in the way that
they did soon after his son took the throne.

The Apotheosis of James I

Peter Paul Rubens

In Whitehall.

Apotheosis - the elevation of someone to divine status.

Why would Charles I have had it made?

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Charles I and the English Civil War
Why did Charles I go to war with Parliament?
Charles I’s actions
Charles used the Divine Right of Kings to get his
own way.
He began to try and take back land given to
Scottish nobles by the Church since 1540.
He had favourites – the Duke of Buckingham.
Charles dissolved Parliament when they challenged Commons and Lords joined together to force the
him over Buckingham.
Charles dissolved Parliament again in 1629 for the
‘11 year tyranny’.
In this period of ‘personal rule’ he chose loyal men
for his Privy Council including Laud and
Wentworth.
Wentworth, made the the Earl Of Strafford,
ruthlessly suppressed opposition against Charles in
Ireland.
Charles used censorship and prison to limit
criticism. Many opponents were held without trial.
Sir Edward Coke tried to use the Magna Carta
against him.
In January 1642, Charles entered Parliament with
troops to try and arrest 5 MPs. They had fled. Trust
was gone – in August 1642 Charles declared WAR!
Political Nation’s (including Parliament) actions
MPs threatened to put Buckingham on trial in
1626.
Some Lords, MPs and landowners refused to pay
the forced loan. The ‘Five Knights’ (refusers) were
held in prison without trial.
king to sign the ‘Petition of Right’ in 1628. They
wanted unlawful taxation and imprisonments
without trial to end amongst other things.
However, the King ensured that the Petition was
passed in such a way that there would be doubts
about its force as law.
Discontent stepped up as people grew tired of
heavy taxation. They also didn’t like Laud changing
their local churches.
Many disliked the fact that the king had broken
with the custom of ‘ruling with the consent of the
people’. Henry VIII and Elizabeth I had given
Parliament more powers during their reigns.
It became clear that many people, including
influential nobles, were willing to face prison and
torture to oppose the king.
He reopened them in 1640 to fund the Scottish war
and in Feb 1641 Parliament forced Charles to sign
the Triennial act saying Parliament would meet at
least 3 times a year.
Strafford was put on trial and executed in May
1641.
John Pym MP, persuaded Parliament to pass the
Grand Remonstrance – a list of over 200 criticisms
and demands. Charles refused to sign it.
Charles faced a Catholic rebellion in Ireland in
1641. The Militia Bill said the army should be
controlled by Parliament not the king.
 Religious concerns Tax concerns

Charles seemed to favour Catholic-style worship.
He was married to a Catholic.
He stopped fining people for not attending
Protestant Church services.
He increased the power of Bishops.
In the period of ‘personal rule’ Archbishop Laud
introduced more ceremony and decoration into
Churches.
He forced the Scots to use a new book of Common
prayer in 1637.
Protestants were concerned Charles was aiming to
make England Catholic again.
The Puritans (strict Protestants) were particularly
outspoken against the religious changes. Hundreds
were tortured and imprisoned
He raised money through a forced loan instead of
calling Parliament back to raise a tax. In reality this
was like a tax.
He doubled his income during ‘personal rule’,
finding ways of raising money without Parliament.
He started to use old taxes such as ‘knighthood
fines’ and collected customs duties without
Parliament’s assent.
He collected Ship money from across England. This
was traditionally paid by coastal counties ONLY in
time of war.
John Hampden, a Puritan landowner, refused to
pay Ship Money and argued in court that it was an
illegal tax. He lost the case but it was clear some of
the judges agreed with him.
In August 1641, Parliament abolished Ship Money.

Explain why Charles I and Parliament went to war in 1642. (8)

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Religious differences were the most significant cause of the English Civil War. How far do you agree? (14)

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Effects and Consequences: The English Civil Wars.
The rise of radical groups

The Interregnum
England without a monarch
Charles II and the Restoration

Power of the King.

Charles II controlled the army, but not

Parliament.

He could veto any law they put forward, and had

to agree any law they passed.

Censorship was brought back and mass

demonstrations were banned.

However, the King could not claim Ship Money of

the other taxes Charles I had collected.

Charles called Parliament regularly.

A changing Parliament.

Two political groups emerged in Parliament – the

beginning of the party system.

The Whigs wanted more restrictions on the power of

the King and a greater role for Parliament.

The Tories opposed the Whigs.

Charles favoured the Tories.

Describe two of the radical groups after the English Civil War. (4)

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Explain why there was tension between Oliver Cromwell and Parliament between 1954 and 1658. (8)

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How significant was the Restoration for the power of Parliament? (14)

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James II
In what ways is James II like his Tensions with the people.
father Charles I? Came to the throne after his brother Charles II. Although Charles’ reign saw
some success, there was still a lot of tensions.

He faced a rebellion by the Duke of Monmouth, Charles’ illegitimate son.

James crushed the rebellion using his army.

James had lived in France during exile and was friendly with the king, Louis
XIV.

James’ wife was Catholic.

Religion:
Why was James II not seen as a
good monarch? In 1686 he forbade Anglican (Church of England) ministers from preaching
anti-Catholic sermons.

In 1687, he began to replace Protestants in government roles with Catholics.

In 1687 and 1688 her published documents called Indulgences. These said,
that as king, he could set aside laws if he wanted to. The Laws he wanted to
get rid of were the Test and Corporation Acts which stopped Roman
Catholics from holding office and Habeas Corpus which said a person
arrested needed a fair trial.

In 1688 he had a son. Until then his heir was his daughter Mary, born before
his conversion, she was Protestant. His son would be Catholic.

Solution?

Why was William seen as a better The Political Nation were nervous about rebelling. They didn’t want a return
choice for King? to civil war. Several Protestant nobles sent a petition to the Protestant ruler
William of Orange asking for intervention. He was married to Mary, so with
her, would have hoped to rule England before James’ son was born.

William wanted to ensure his wife got her inheritance. He was also keen to
get England as an ally against France.

James started to back-peddle and reverse policies, getting worried about

this new development. William landed his forces in Devon in November
1688. James fled to France. Although William was only the husband of
British royalty, he ruled jointly with his wife.

Historian Mark Goldie on a radio programme in 2001.

James II was quite unsuited to be king. In fact he was a complete idiot. He
attempted to enforce a return to the Catholic Church on a country which
 was bitterly opposed to anything even remotely connected to the Catholic
Church.
William and Mary
A ‘Glorious Revolution’?
A revolution means a massive change. Was the overthrow of James II really
Summarise each consequence in
that significant?
just one sentence.
Main consequences:

Scotland became more independent. Scottish MPs wanted full control of the
Church in Scotland. They wanted to appoint their own ministers. William
agreed – he knew his strongest support was in Scotland and he needed to
keep them on side. They were more independent now than ever.

Ireland came under Protestant control. James, with the support of Louis XIV,
landed with forces in Ireland to mount a comeback attack on England. He
knew the Catholic Irish would be supportive. After fighting, William won.
Ireland was now ruled by a small class of English Protestants – sowing the
seeds for centuries of conflict and rebellion.

Catholics were barred from the throne. The Tories (a traditional group in
Parliament) were uncomfortable about the overthrow of a king and wanted
William to be regent until his children could inherit. William, and the more
progressive Whig group, wanted to be king. In the end they agreed James
had ‘abdicated’ and William had taken over. The Bill of Rights confirmed
William and king and a Protestant succession.

The monarch’s powers were limited.

William and Mary had to agree to rule according to the laws passed in
parliament. The monarchy was no longer above the law.
The Bill of Rights prevented the monarch from suspending laws or keeping a
large army in peacetime.
It also said Parliament must meet at least once a year and that MPs could
have freedom of speech. They could criticise the monarch without being
arrested.
William could collect taxes, like customs duty, but only for an4 year period.
This was he had to continue to work with parliament.

The monarch still had power though. He was more than just a figurehead. 20
other things parliament wanted to include were turned down by William.
The king was still responsible for deciding when to go to war, He chose
people for top jobs in the Church, government and army. This meant he
could find people who wanted to work alongside him for reward.

The position of monarch was still seen as special. People did not want to
argue with him if it could be helped. They held him in awe and reverence.

Religious freedom increased for Protestants. In 1689 the Toleration Act

made it legal for Protestants to belong to churches other than the Church of
England. Non-Protestants were still restricted. They couldn’t serve in the
army, government or go to university.
 How did Britain change after 1688?

War with France – William was already at war with them, so England was too – this lasted for 25 years.

The Bank of England was set up to help finance the war. The country borrowed money and started the National
Debt.

Political Parties (the Whigs and Tories) emerged in Parliament. Monarchs worked with these groups to get support,
showing favour and buying it, by appointing members of them to important positions.

Parliament had to meet more regularly to raise taxes for the war.

Anne

Under Queen Anne (1702-14) ministers started taking on the running of the country. Anne was often pregnant and
unwell so government stepped in.

Ministers and MPs were almost all from the aristocracy or gentry classes. The landowning aristocracy became the
dominant power in England for the next 200 years.

A new royal family. William and Mary had no children, Anne (Mary’s sister) took over. Ashe had 14 children but
none survived into adulthood. When she died, her Catholic Stuart relatives couldn’t inherit the throne, so it went to
the ruling family of Hanover in Germany through the Act of Settlement.

England and Scotland unite. The Act of Union in 1707 saw the Scottish Parliament dissolve and come under the
same Parliament as England. This was not popular with all Scots and the Jacobites tried to return the Stuarts to the
throne.

Explain how England changed after 1688. (8)

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