Saudi-China Collaboration

on Renewable Energy
Supply Chains

December 2022 Doi: 10.30573/KS--2022-WB13

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 1

About KAPSARC
KAPSARC is an advisory think tank within global energy economics and sustainability
providing advisory services to entities and authorities in the Saudi energy sector
to advance Saudi Arabia's energy sector and inform global policies through
evidence-based advice and applied research.

This publication is also available in Arabic.

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position of KAPSARC.

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 2

Key Points

M
any countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have reinforced their interest
in enhancing domestic value creation from renewable energy industries while striving to achieve
their green energy transition targets. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has identified key segments
in the wind and solar supply chain for localization in the short term, medium term, and long term as
part of its ongoing efforts to diversify its energy portfolio and protect its economy from external shocks.
However, building secure and resilient supply chains (from upstream raw material provision to final
product production) for wind and solar technology deployment involves dealing with challenges arising
from constraints on upstream materials, interruptions of global trade, and lack of support for the industrial
ecosystem.

This workshop discussion identified specific opportunities for Saudi-China collaboration in increasing
investment and building local capacity in the Kingdom across the value chains for renewable energy
industries.

Saudi Arabia has three main sources of competitive advantage for growing mineral value chains,
including increasing domestic demand, a rich mineral endowment, and competitive energy costs.
Collaborative and coordinated mining resource development could help improve supply-demand
balances for Saudi Arabia and China in support of green energy industry development, promote
collaboration in research and technology transfer, and facilitate green investment.

Collaboration on building local capacity in the Kingdom may focus on easily achievable opportunities in
the short and medium term, including power transformers, photovoltaic (PV) modules, solar inverters,
the balance of systems, concentrated solar power (CSP) pressurized systems, wind tower installations,
and maintenance equipment. In the long term, components such as rotor blades and steam turbines
could be addressed. Training and local talent development were highlighted in the workshop
discussion.

Improving the competitiveness and liquidity of the power market at national and transitional levels is
crucial to create markets of sufficient size and to warrant building local production facilities. This will
result in the need for market policy coordination in the MENA region by leveraging Saudi Arabia’s
leadership among the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and China’s influence on Belt and
Road Initiative (BRI) green investment.

Local content requirements may lead to risks of increasing the levelized cost of energy for renewable
power projects and preventing economies of scale if the targets are too far from existing industrial
structures. There is a need for continued research to assess industrial competitiveness and economic
effects based on the latest industrial developments.

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 3

Background of the Workshop
O
n June 9, 2022, the King Abdullah
Petroleum Studies and Research Center
(KAPSARC), in partnership with the Chinese
Renewable Energy Industries Association (CREIA),
welcomed regulators, policymakers, renewable
energy developers, and experts from a wide range
of research centers and energy enterprises to
shed light on renewable energy supply chains
in Saudi Arabia and China and discuss areas of
collaboration. The aim was to synergize efforts to
enhance bilateral trade opportunities in mining,
technology, and green finance.
This was the 5th workshop organized by KAPSARC
to examine China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains
from the perspective of Saudi Arabia and the Saudi
Vision 2030 strategic road map. The webinar
comprised three panel discussions. The first session
discussed critical fundamental aspects and market-
enabling policies in Saudi Arabia and the Middle
East and North Africa (MENA) region. The second
session presented the future landscape of critical
minerals in Saudi Arabia and China and identified
focal areas for bilateral collaboration. The third
session assessed key factors that may affect the
creation of a local renewable production network
and identified key segments with high potential for
Saudi-China collaboration.
4
Enablers for Building Renewable
Industries: Resources and Market
Potential
T
he first and most important consideration in
the assessment of local capacity for building
renewable energy industries is a country’s
domestic renewable energy market and its potential
to spill over into regional and global markets. Saudi
Arabia’s resource endowment for wind and solar
power provides an advantage, and its preeminent
position as a trade hub connecting countries in
Africa, Europe, and Asia helps justify the investment
in and development of local industries for the growth
of the regional market, especially the MENA market.
The renewable energy landscape in the MENA
is rapidly evolving, and significant developments
have taken place. The total installed capacity of
renewable energy in the Middle East had reached
25 GW by 2021, double the level a decade before.
Despite supply chain disruptions and project
delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the
installed solar and wind capacity in the Middle East
reached 8.3 GW and 1 GW, respectively, in 2021,
an increase of more than 30% from the pre-COVID
level.
Egypt aims to reach 42% renewables in its energy
mix by 2030, supported by an ambitious action plan
for green hydrogen production. A large area of land
with the potential to produce 90 GW of solar and
wind energy has been identified and allocated for
renewable energy projects.
Morocco set a new goal in 2022 of raising the
share of renewables in its electricity mix to 52% by
2030, 70% by 2040, and 80% by 2050. Morocco’s
geographic location and climate conditions provide it
with a strategic advantage in the renewable energy
segment. The installed wind power capacity will
Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains
increase from 1.4 GW in 2020 to 4.3 GW in 2030,
and the installed solar power capacity, including
photovoltaic (PV) power and concentrated solar
power (CSP), is projected to increase from 734 MW
in 2020 to 2.1 GW in 2030.
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 2021 announced
its goal of achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.
The country aims to increase the contribution of
clean energy (renewables and nuclear power)
to the total energy mix to 50% by 2050 and to
reduce carbon emissions from the power sector by
70%. At the same time, the UAE supports green
infrastructure and clean energy projects worldwide
and by 2021 had invested in renewable energy
ventures worth approximately $16.8 billion in
70 countries, with a focus on developing nations.
Saudi Arabia in 2021 pledged to reach net-zero
carbon emissions by 2060 and to increase the
contribution of renewable energy to the power sector
to 50% by 2030. It aims to develop 58.7 GW of
renewable energy by 2030, with 30% of the project
being awarded through a competitive tendering
process overseen by the Ministry of Energy.
Additionally, 70% of the project will be overseen
by the sovereign wealth vehicle of the Public
Investment Fund (PIF) with the aim of structuring
strategic partnerships between international and
local stakeholders and building local industrial
competitiveness.
With rich resource potential and a growing ambition
for economic transition, these countries, as
frontrunners in the MENA region, have gradually
rolled out their renewable energy plans and
translated their targets into investable projects.
5
Enablers for Building Renewable Industries: Resources and Market Potential

For example, in Saudi Arabia, 3.37 GW of solar
and wind projects have been awarded through
three bidding rounds of the National Renewable
Energy Program (NREP) (Figure 1). The Saudi
Power Procurement Company announced the
fourth bidding round of NREP in September 2022,
floating new renewable projects that include three
wind projects at 1,800 MW and two solar projects
at 1,500 MW. In addition, several flagship projects
are in different stages of development, including
the world’s largest single-contracted solar PV plant
in Sudair (1500 MW), the first hybrid CSP-PV solar
project in Hinakiyah, the world’s largest battery
storage facility (1 GWh) in the Red Sea Project, and
the 100% renewable energy supply in the NEOM
project. Green hydrogen generated from renewable
energy, and particularly from solar projects, will
enable the region to undergo a fundamental
transformation. Further electrification means
more renewable energy penetration of the grid,
which in turn will drive the development of storage
technologies.

Figure 1. Three bidding rounds of the National Renewable Energy Program in Saudi Arabia

Source: Workshop presentation

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 6

 Enablers for Building Renewable Industries: Resources and Market Potential
The medium- and long-term outlook for renewable
energy development in the MENA region is
promising. However, it will not be easy within a short
period to achieve the ambition stated by several
countries of increasing renewable power supply
from the present-day level, which is less than 1% in
the Middle East, to approximately 50% by 2030. The
workshop discussion resulted in two suggestions.
The first suggestion is to build a consolidated policy
framework that could coherently integrate legislative
mandates, financial incentives, fiscal support, and
technology facilitation, with policies to be revised
or updated based on progress toward the targets.
This is reflected in best practice sharing from China.
The success of China’s development of renewable
energy from only 1 GW in 2005 to the present-day
level of more than 1000 GW can be attributed to
the introduction of the Renewable Energy Law and
the enforcement policies associated with that law.
In addition, the five-year-plan-based target system
provided consistency of policy implementation in a
Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains
certain period. By the end of April 2022, the installed
capacity of renewable energy in China had reached
more than 1095 GW, with 322 GW solar PV, 312 GW
onshore wind, and 26.65 GW offshore wind. In the
14th five-year plan for renewable energy, which was
released on June 1, 2022, China announced an
increase in renewable power generation to 3.3 TWh,
which will account for more than 50% of newly added
power generation by 2025.
The second suggestion is to improve the
competitiveness and liquidity of the power market
at the national and transnational levels. The power
market transition can begin with the structural
unbundling of the key functions of the power
value chain, separating the potentially competitive
generation and retail activities from the natural
monopoly segments of transmission and distribution.
Improved transparency in market operations would
provide a level playing field for market participants
and encourage investment flows from the private
sector and international stakeholders.
7
Critical Minerals and Metals for
Building Renewable Industries
A
n energy system powered by clean energy
technologies differs profoundly from those
fueled by traditional hydrocarbon resources.
Onshore wind power plants require 9 times more
mineral resources than gas-fired plants. A typical
electric vehicle requires 6 times more mineral
resources than a conventional vehicle. To meet the
Paris Agreement goals, clean energy technologies
could represent 40% of the global total demand for
copper, 60–70% of the global demand for nickel
and cobalt, and almost 90% of the global demand
for lithium by 2040. High levels of concentration,
compounded by complex supply chains, increase
the risks that could arise from physical disruption,
trade restrictions, or other developments in major
producing countries.
In Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia framed a clear
aspiration for mineral value chains to become
the third pillar of Saudi industry by capitalizing on
the Kingdom’s mineral endowment and domestic
Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains
demand to deliver GDP diversification and growth.
The mining sector is expected to quadruple its
contribution to GDP from approximately $17 billion to
$64 billion and to create 219,000 new jobs for Saudi
nationals by 2030.
Saudi Arabia has three main sources of competitive
advantage in growing mineral value chains: large
and increasing domestic demand, a rich mineral
endowment, and competitive energy costs. The
value of Saudi geological resources could exceed
$1.3 trillion, with the majority from phosphate, gold,
copper, and zinc. Rapid economic and industrial
growth, supported by large projects, new local
content policy, and localization programs, has
created high demand for minerals across many value
chains. This has led to rising imports of mineral
products, mainly iron and steel, precious metals, and
copper. Saudi Arabia has become the world’s fourth-
largest net importer of mineral products, with a total
net import value of $19.3 billion since 2015.
8
 Critical Minerals and Metals for Building Renewable Industries
Figure 2. The total value of mineral resources in Saudi Arabia
Source: Workshop presentation
To accelerate domestic exploration and mine
development, Saudi Arabia has gradually improved
sector governance and institutional enablement.
A new Mining Investment Law was approved on
June 9, 2020. A digital platform (Tadeen) was
launched to provide a single gateway for investors
to perform their mining transactions. To encourage
private and foreign investment in the mining sector,
the Kingdom also developed a financial incentive
package that provides cofunding of up to 75% of
capital expenditure (CAPEX) through the Saudi
Industrial Development Fund, exempts miners from
royalty fees for the first five years of a license, and
offers royalty fee discounts of up to 30% for each
stage of local downstream processing. Compared
with other major mining countries, Saudi Arabia
has the most competitive fiscal regime, with 20%
corporate income tax and less than 2% royalty fees
Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains
for most minerals. In addition, the Human Resources
Development Fund covers up to 30–50% of monthly
salaries for Saudi employees (an extra 10% for
women) for 2 years, imported machinery, equipment,
raw materials, and spare parts are exempt from
customs duties if they are for industrial use.
A study conducted by the Chinese University
of Geoscience showed that reserves of copper,
molybdenum, nickel and rare earth in China could
well support the development goals of wind power
and solar PV by 2050. However, the metal minerals
needed for new energy vehicles are a different
story. Only lithium and asbestos can reach a supply-
demand balance in the scenario of less than 40% of
new energy vehicles in the market by 2035. A large
gap between supply and demand exists for all other
metal minerals needed for new energy vehicles.
9
Critical Minerals and Metals for Building Renewable Industries
The assessment of the Chinese University of
Geosciences also found that metal mineral recycling
could provide much more than the demand for
wind power and solar PV from 2033 to 2050 and
significantly narrow the gap between the supply
and demand of lithium, nickel, asbestos, and cobalt
for new energy vehicles by 2035. If the policy and
standards for material recycling from renewable
energy products and new energy vehicles could be
implemented in full force, it would significantly alleviate
the stress on supply security at the national level and
reduce geopolitical tensions at the global level.
Collaborative and coordinated resource
development could help improve supply security
for both countries. For example, Saudi Arabia has
advantages in its silver, copper, iron, and bauxite
resources, while China has strengths in its mining
technologies and processing industries. China’s
advantages in certain key minerals, such as rare
earth elements, could be leveraged to support local
green industrial development in the Kingdom.
Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains
Mining operations and processing of raw materials
could have severe impacts on biodiversity,
environmental protection, occupational safety,
and labor health and affect the livelihoods of
indigenous communities if standards are not
properly followed. China and Saudi Arabia can
strengthen their cooperation on sustainable mining
by deploying environmental, social, and governance
(ESG) standards throughout the circle of project
development and operations.
Both countries can also enhance their research
collaboration to improve market resilience
strategies. The focal areas may include assessing
the geopolitical risks, logistic risks, and mining
risks associated with resource security; identifying
technologies, types of equipment, and materials
that are critical for downstream processing; and
analyzing policy responses to price changes and
supply-demand balances.
10
Local Capacity for Building Renewable
Industries
T
o enhance resilience in the face of external
shocks such as COVID-19 and geopolitical
conflicts, many countries have a reinforced
interest in boosting domestic value creation
from renewable energy industries while striving
to achieve their green energy transition targets.
Local content requirements (LCRs) are often
used as a precondition for access to government
programs that guarantee above-market prices for
renewable energy producers, or as part of eligibility
requirements in renewable energy project public
tenders, in tandem with other fiscal and financial
incentives, such as higher tariffs for imported
products, preferential loans and tax cuts for
domestic production.
In the MENA region, LCRs have gradually expanded
along with growing ambitions for renewable energy
production. Morocco successfully built its utility-
scale solar and wind sectors by establishing
gradually increasing production targets in key areas
such as solar thermal tanks and wind turbine masts
since 2010. Jordan introduced the first feed-in tariff
(FiT), which includes a 15% LCR bonus for projects
of full Jordanian origin, in the MENA in 2012. Oman
initiated the in-country-value policy to incentivize
the procurement of local goods and services with a
minimum of 10% in 2017.
Saudi Arabia introduced LCRs as tender eligibility
for solar and wind power projects in 2017. The
LCRs cover business activities in five main areas:
technical design, raw materials, manufacturing,
logistics, and technical support. A system called the
NREP Saudization Compliance Metric was used
to evaluate the share of local spending in the total
CAPEX for the first round of REPDO tenders in
2017. Bidders for the 300 MW Sakaka solar power
project were required to have a score of at least
Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains
30% with a penalty of $1 million for each percentage
point below this score.
After the Local Content and Government
Procurement Authority (LCGPA) was established
in 2018, a more sophisticated and consolidated
system called the Local Content Mechanism was
constructed to track the compliance of LCRs.
The LCGPA periodically reveals a list of specific
types of products, materials, and services and
their respective local content scores. Those who
acquire locally produced products or materials will
automatically inherit the scores from the list. Verified
auditors can also help calculate a specific score
if a company chooses to proceed with the audit
process. In the second and third rounds of REPDO
tenders for solar PV projects, a minimum of 17%
LCRs is applied as per the new methodology.
The Kingdom has shown that it is serious about
changing its energy system and building local
capacity under Vision 2030. A wide range of policy
incentives has been created to promote trade and
foreign direct investment, upgrade technology
infrastructures, encourage local employment, and
strengthen local capacity. For example, the Kingdom
has initiated support mechanisms for Saudi
manufacturers to access export finance through
the Saudi Export Development Authority and the
Saudi EXIM Bank. The Ministry of Investment is
already active in facilitating access to opportunities
in green energy by developing a cross-government
investment ecosystem while supporting businesses
throughout their investment process.
Depending on the level of ease of localization,
the cost competitiveness of specific subsystems
and components, and technology evolution
and maturation, Saudi Arabia has identified key
11
Local Capacity for Building Renewable Industries

segments in the wind and solar supply chain for
localization in the short term, medium term, and
long term (Figure 3). Saudi-China collaboration may
focus on easily achievable opportunities in the short
and medium term, including power transformers, PV
modules, solar inverters, the balance of systems,
CSP pressurized systems, wind tower installation,
and maintenance equipment. In the long term,
components such as rotor blades and steam
turbines could be addressed.

Figure 3. Cost competitiveness and ease of localization in the wind and solar supply chain

Source: Workshop presentation

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 12

 Local Capacity for Building Renewable Industries
Participants in the workshop agreed during the
discussion that there are huge opportunities to
increase investment and build the local capacity of
the renewable and green hydrogen industries in Saudi
Arabia. Saudi companies have already gradually
established their presence in the local supply chain,
laying the foundation for Saudi-China collaboration.
For example, in 2011, Desert Technologies built
the first solar PV panel factory in the Kingdom with
300 MW per annum capacity and started to export
its products to the global market. It is expanding its
production capacity to energy storage solutions and
EV charging systems. Alfanar acquired wind turbine
manufacturer Senvion India in 2021 to accelerate the
localization of the wind industry in Saudi Arabia and
become involved in Indian market development.
However, building up local capabilities will not
happen overnight, especially for investment- and
labor-intensive industries. The availability of skilled
labor is one potential bottleneck. Addressing it
requires educational and skill-building strategies,
Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains
which could be a focal area for Saudi-China
collaboration. It is also important to create domestic
or regional markets with sufficient size and demand
stability from year to year to warrant building
production facilities. This results in the need for
market policy coordination in the MENA region by
leveraging Saudi Arabia’s leadership among the Gulf
Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and China’s
influence in the BRI.
In the workshop discussion, Concerns were
also raised that LCRs may reduce the cost
competitiveness of certain components and, in turn,
increase the levelized cost of energy (LCoE) for
renewable power projects. If the LCR targets are too
far from existing industrial structures, this problem
may prevent economies of scale in investments
across value chains and slow the learning effect of
new technologies. It would be of interest for both
sides to conduct future research to closely assess
economic and innovation effects based on the latest
industrial development.
13
About the Workshop
T
his workshop was co-organized by
KAPSARC and the Chinese Renewable
Energy Industries Association. Held virtually
on June 9, 2022, the workshop brought together
15 speakers and over 100 participants from Saudi
Arabia, China, and other regions. The discussion
focused on the outlook for the renewable energy
market in Saudi Arabia and the MENA region,
the landscape of critical materials for renewable
energy industries, key issues in the buildup of local
manufacturing capacity in Saudi Arabia, and how
to facilitate Saudi-China cooperation along the
renewable energy supply chain.
List of Experts
Abdulaziz Alali, Business Development Manager,
Ministry of Investment
Adeeb Alameen, Energy Transition Manager, Growth &
Strategy, Al Fanar
Abdullah Alenezi, General Manager of Mining Industries,
Ministry of Industry and Mineral Resources
Majid Al Refae, Group Chief Commercial Officer, Desert
Technologies
Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains
Majed Al Suwailem, Fellow at KAPSARC
Dongmei Chen, Fellow at KAPSARC
Frank Felder, Director of Utilities & Renewables
Department, KAPSARC
Jianping Ge, Vice Dean of the Institute of Natural
Resources Strategic Development, China University of
Geosciences
Jingying Huo, Deputy Director of International Business
Development, China Renewable Energy Engineering
Institute
Junfeng LIi, Standing Director of China Energy Research
Society and Investment Partner of Sequoia China
Lei Shen, Executive Secretary General, China Society of
Natural Resources
Li Dan, Executive Secretary, Chinese Renewable Energy
Industries Association (CREIA)
Rick Sun, Director of Investment & Financing, Jinko
Weiquan Wang, Deputy Secretary General of Renewable
Energy Commission, Chinese Energy Research Society
Yingwei Zhang, Business Development Director for
MENA Region, Goldwind
14
Notes

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 15

Notes

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 16

About the Team

Abdulaziz Al-Ali

Abdulaziz Al-Ali is responsible for stimulating investments in Saudi Arabia by

working with local and global stakeholders in the energy sector. With more than
8 years of experience in the energy field from manufacturing to business
management with multinational firms, he thrives on supporting Vison 2030 in
diversifying the economy.

Abdullah Alenezi

Eng. Abdullah Alenezi is the General Manager of Mining Industries at the Ministry of
Industry & Mineral Resources (MIM). He has more than 22 years’ experience in the
mining industrial sector. Prior to joining MIM, he served successfully as the Mining
Sector Head at the Ministry of Investment, General Manager of Ma’aden’s Corporate
Affairs, and General Manager of SINCO.

Dongmei Chen

Dongmei is a research fellow with more than 20 years of professional experience in

China’s energy and climate change policy development. At KAPSARC, she carries
out research on global oil trade, investment under the Belt and Road Initiative,
industrial energy productivity in Saudi Arabia, and China’s energy governance. As a
senior adviser and head of IIP’s China office, she engaged with Chinese industrial
stakeholders in best practice development and dissemination. As director of the
WWF China Climate Change and Energy Program, she designed the Low Carbon
City Initiative in partnership with local governments and international networks.

Frank Felder

Frank is an engineer, energy policy analyst, and Program Director for Energy
Transitions and Electric Power. Before joining KAPSARC, Frank was a Research
Professor at the School of Planning and Public Policy at Rutgers University, Director
of the Rutgers Energy Institute, and Director of the Center for Energy, Economics,
and Environmental Policy. In those roles, he conducted original and applied
research in the areas of electric power system modeling, clean energy policies, and
climate change for academic foundations, government agencies, and energy utilities.
He has also worked as an economic consultant and nuclear engineer.

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 17

 Li Dan

Li Dan graduated from the law program of the College of Political Science and
Law of Hebei University with a Bachelor of Law degree. She has worked as the
research assistant in the Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association since
2007. She engaged in wind power CDM project development and renewable energy
policy research and participated in research on inquiries about the Chinese wind
power tariff by the UN CDM Executive Board and research on renewable energy
with a focus on PV policy. She has been involved in project research and report
writing, such as the Annual Report of China PV Industry Development, Evaluation
and Suggestions of PV Policy Trial Effect, Suggestions of Healthy Development of
Polysilicon Industry, and Research on PV Tariff Classification. She has participated
in important projects for the Chinese Academy of Engineering, Chinese Ministry of
Ecology and Environment, National Energy Administration, National Development
and Reform Commission, among others.

Majed Al Suwailem

Majed is a Research Fellow at KAPSARC with a focus on energy security,

geopolitics, and hydrocarbon laws and regulations. He has more than 15 years of
experience in the oil and gas industry in the fields of simulation and modeling, asset
management, reserves estimation, oil field development, disruptive technologies,
and business planning, gained at Chevron and Saudi Aramco. Majed holds a B.S.
degree in petroleum engineering from the University of Tulsa in the United States
and two M.S. degrees in petroleum engineering and reservoir geosciences and
engineering from Texas A&M University and the Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP
School), respectively. In 2021, Majed earned his master of science degree in public
economics and policy from Purdue University.

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 18

About the Project
First raised by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013 and officially launched by the Chinese government
in March 2015 as The Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st Century
Maritime Silk Road, China’s evolving Belt and Road Initiative has been a subject of great interest in
analyses of the impact of Chinese policies on the international community.

This project focuses on assessing the overall progress of bilateral collaboration, analyzing the
changing role of energy-focused outward direct investment, and mapping the potential of the energy
service market to help integrate China’s BRI and Saudi Vision 2030.

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 19

 www.kapsarc.org

Saudi-China Collaboration on Renewable Energy Supply Chains 20