1

Glossary
of
Geographical and Environmental
Terms
for Unisa Geography Students

Verklarende Woordelys
van
Geografiese en Omgewingsterme
vir Unisa se Geografie-Studente
Author: Sux Zietsman PhD (Pr Sci Nat)
Outeur: Sux Zietsman PhD (Pr Sci Nat)
All opinions expressed in this glossary are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect
those of the Department of Geography at Unisa. The author takes full responsibility for all
scientific errors that might appear in the text.

Alle menings in hierdie verklarende woordelys is dié van die outeur en verteenwoordig nie noodwendig die
mening van die Departement van Geografie by Unisa nie. Die outeur aanvaar verantwoordelikheid vir alle
wetenskaplike onjuisthede wat in die teks mag voorkom.

The glossary of terms presented in this document is a work in

progress.
The intention is to develop the terminology in all official languages
as part of the multi-lingualism drive in the Department of
Geography, Unisa.

2015

Open Rubric
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Introduction
This glossary contains a selection of geographical and environmental terms used in
your study material. It is organised alphabetically. Each term is briefly defined,
described and/or explained. Numerous well-known examples are given to enhance
the definitions, descriptions and explanations. With the aid of these examples the
terms could be converted from abstract concepts to the realities of the world you live
in. A deliberate attempt was made to cite many examples because this increases
the chance that an example with which you are familiar might be mentioned.
Preference was given to examples from South Africa and Southern Africa, because
most of Unisa‟a students live in these regions. Where applicable, references to other
terms in the glossary have been provided. No references to other literature are cited
in the text although a multitude of seminal and authoritative works have been
consulted to define or describe each term; however, no definition or description has
in its entirety been lifted from one or more sources. References to the literature have
deliberately been omitted in order to avoid cluttering and to make the text more
readable. A list of some of the sources consulted appears at the back of the
glossary. The Afrikaans terminology is given in a different type face directly
underneath the English description or definition.
This glossary is accompanied by three appendices: Appendix A is a cross-reference
list to be used by students who study through the medium of English, Appendix B is
a cross-reference list for students who study through the medium of Afrikaans, and
Appendix C is an English-Afrikaans terminology list.
Inleiding
Hierdie Afrikaanse lys van geografiese en omgewingsterme is nie alfabeties gerangskik nie
omrede die Engelse terme wat hier vertaal, gedefiniëer en/of verduidelik is, alfabeties
gerangskik is. Direk onder die Engelse omskrywing van elke term verskyn die Afrikaanse
term met „n definisie, beskrywing of verduideliking. Waar toepaslik is verwysings na ander
terme in die woordelys verskaf. Hierdie kruisverwysings gebruik die Engelse weergawe van
die terme, omdat die hele woordelys alfabeties volgens die Engelse terme georden is.
Algemeen-bekende voorbeelde word gebruik om die definisies, beskrywings en
verduidelikings te illustreer. Die voorbeelde help om abstrakte konsepte na die alledaagse
realiteite te omskep. Daar is doelbewus gepoog om talle voorbeelde te noem aangesien dit
die moontlikheid vergroot dat „n voorbeeld wat aan jou bekend is, genoem word. Voorkeur
is gegee aan voorbeelde uit Suid-Afrika en Suider Afrika aangesien die meeste van Unisa se
studente in hierdie gebiede woon. Die Afrikaanse teks is in „n ander lettertipe geset om dit
maklik van die Engelse teks te onderskei. Geen bronverwysings word in die teks verstrek
nie. Alhoewel „n magdom toonaangewende literatuur geraadpleeg is, is geen definisie of
beskrywing in geheel, of selfs gedeeltelik, direk aan enige spesifieke bron of bronne ontleen
nie. Bronverwysings is doelbewus uit die teks weggelaat om verwarring te vermy en die teks
meer leesbaar te maak. „n Lys van sommige van die bronne wat geraadpleeg is, verskyn aan
die einde van die woordelys.
Hierdie verklarende woordelys is vergesel van drie bylae: Bylaag A is „n kruisverwysingslys
vir die gebruik van studente wat deur die medium van Engels studeer, Bylaag B is „n
kruisverwysingslys vir die gebruik van studente wat deur die medium van Afrikaans studeer,
en Bylaag C is „n Engels-Afrikaanse terminologielys.
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Absolute location: See “location”.

Absolute ligging: Kyk “location”.

Accessibility: The ease with which anything or place can be reached, found or
entered. A number of factors could make a certain place more accessible or less
accessible. These include distance, altitude (height above sea-level), political
reasons, security arrangements, cultural taboos, and many more. New York City is
more accessible than the moon because a trip by boat, motorcar, train, bus or
aeroplane to New York is more readily available and costs far less than a space
flight to the moon. The top of Table Mountain in Cape Town is more accessible than
the peak of Mount Everest because the atmosphere on Everest contains too little
oxygen to sustain human life. Any relatively young and reasonably fit person can
walk to the top of Table Mountain – albeit a stiff walk! – but to climb to the summit of
Everest, one needs “bottled” oxygen from oxygen canisters that have to be carried
up the mountain (see “adventure tourism” and “responsible tourism”). People using
wheelchairs might find it impossible to enter certain buildings, which makes those
buildings inaccessible for them. For political reasons, there is no easy movement of
people between South and North Korea, although they are situated right next to one
another. Consequently, North Korea is highly inaccessible for South Koreans. For
security reasons it is very difficult or even impossible to enter the Union Buildings in
Pretoria (the seat of government), but Unisa‟s buildings on the Pretoria campus may
be entered by any member of the general public. Accessibility of information is
another good example. It is easy to find information about the soccer matches
played in South Africa in any particular week, but information about the nuclear
capability of the USA is highly inaccessible (difficult or impossible to come by).
Toeganklikheid (bereikbaarheid, bekombaarheid): Die gemak waarmee enige iets of
plek bereik, gevind of betree kan word. „n Hele aantal faktore kan „n sekere plek meer
toeganklik of minder toeganklik maak. Dit sluit afstand, hoogte bo seevlak, politieke
oorwegings, sekuriteitsmaatreëls en vele meer in. New York is baie meer toeganklik as die
maan omdat „n tog per skip, motorvoertuig, trein of vliegtuig na New York meer geredelik
beskikbaar en meer bekostigbaar as „n ruimtevaart na die maan is. Die kruin van Tafelberg in
Kaapstad is meer bereikbaar as die hoogste piek van Mount Everest aangesien die atmosfeer
by Everest te min suurstof bevat om menslike lewe te onderhou. Enigeen kan tot op die kruin
van Tafelberg stap – al is dit „n stywe stap! – maar om Everest se piek te bereik, moet „n
mens gebruik maak van “gebottelde” suurstof in suurstofsilinders wat teen die berg uitgedra
moet word (kyk “adventure tourism” en “responsible tourism”). Mense wat van rolstoele
afhanklik is, mag dit onmoontlik vind om in sekere geboue in te gaan, en daardie geboue is
dan ontoeganklik vir daardie mense. Om politieke redes is daar geen maklike beweging
tussen Noord- en Suid-Korea nie hoewel dié twee state direk langs mekaar geleë is.
Gevolglik is Noord-Korea hoogs ontoeganglik vir Suid-Koreane. As gevolg van
sekuriteitsredes is dit baie moeilik of onmoontlik om toegang tot die Uniegebou in Pretoria
(die setel van die regering) te kry, maar alle lede van die algemene publiek kan die geboue op
Unisa se Pretoria-kampus betree. Toeganklikheid tot inligting is nog „n voorbeeld. Dit is
maklik om inligting oor die sokkerwedstryde wat in „n spesifieke week in Suid-Afrika
gespeel word, te bekom, maar inligting oor die VSA se kernarsenaal is uiters moeilik of glad
nie bekombaar nie.
Accountability: To be answerable to an authoritative body or person for one‟s
actions or decisions. In a democratic state the voters elect a political party or a
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person to govern the country. The elected leader or leaders are then entrusted with
the responsibility to govern the state and they are accountable to the voters (the
electorate). Should the state be governed poorly, the leader or leaders have to
answer to the electorate. If the electorate is not satisfied with the performance of the
leader or leaders, they could vote for another party or person at the next election. In
an environmental context, every living person has the responsibility to care for the
natural and human-made environment and not exploit it for personal gain. We are
accountable to all future generations for our actions and the way we execute our
environmental responsibility. The environmental interest of the future generations is
protected by laws and procedures executed by the government. It actually boils
down to the government‟s will and ability to enforce the laws. In South Africa, the
protection of the environment is enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of
South Africa Act number 108 of 1996, the Environmental Conservation Act number
73 of 1989, the National Environmental Management Act number 107 of 1998
(popularly known as NEMA), the National Environmental Management Amendment
Act number 8 of 2004, and a myriad of related Acts dealing with different aspects of
the environment.
Aanspreeklikheid: Om voor „n gesaghebbende liggaam of persoon verantwoordbaar te
wees vir jou dade en besluite. In „n demokratiese staat kies die stemgeregtigdes „n politieke
party of „n persoon om die staat te bestuur, met ander woorde, om te regeer. Die
verantwoordelikheid om die staat te bestuur, word dus aan die verkose leier of leiers
toevertrou. Indien die staat swak bestuur word, moet die leier of leiers aan die
stemgeregtigdes verantwoording doen. Indien die stemgeregtigdes nie tevrede is met die
leiers of leier se prestasie nie, kan hulle vir „n ander party of persoon stem tydens die
volgende verkiesing. In die omgewingskonteks het elke lewende persoon die
verantwoordelikheid om die natuurlike en die mensgemaakte omgewing te bewaar en dit nie
vir eie gewin uit te buit nie. Ons is aanspreeklik teenoor die geslagte wat ná ons kom. Die
omgewingsbelange van die toekomstige geslagte word beskerm deur wetgewing en
regeringsprosedures om die wette uit te voer. Dit kom inderwaarheid neer op die regering se
bereidwilligheid en vermoë om die wette af te dwing. In Suid-Afrika is die beskerming van
die omgewing verskans in die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Wet nommer
108 van 1996, die Omgewingsbewaringswet nommer 73 van 1989, die Nasionale
Omgewingsbestuurswet nommer 108 van 1998 (wat algemeen as NEMA bekendstaan), die
Nasionale Omgewingsbestuur Wysigingswet nommer 8 van 2004, en „n hele reeks verwante
wette wat oor spesifieke aspekte van die omgewing handel.
Accreditation: Some form of official recognition that testifies to the fact that a
tourist destination, a place, area or terrain meets certain requirements or a certain
set of criteria. International bodies like the United Nations Agency for Education,
Science and Culture (UNESCO) or international conventions such as the Ramsar
Convention (see “conventions”) may grant a site (be it a place, a terrain or an area)
formal status when it meets certain standards. An international accreditation vastly
increases the tourism potential of the site and the surrounding area. The importance
of the archaeological remains in a cave system such as in the Cradle of Humankind
world heritage site, including Zwartkrans, Sterkfontein and Kromdraai caves, meet all
the UNESCO criteria for declaring the area a terrain of international importance.
This area was duly granted world heritage status. South Africa boasts other world
heritage sites, such as the Vredefort Dome (an impact dome caused by a meteorite
colliding with the Earth millions of years ago) and the Mapungubwe Hill ancient
archaeological site in the northern part of Limpopo. An accreditation such as this
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implies certain managerial imperatives. Should managerial practices drop to a

standard which is beneath the required level, the accreditation might be withdrawn.
Recent mining activities adjacent to Mapungubwe world heritage site threatened the
site‟s integrity and its international accreditation status. The South African
government had to step in to regulate the mining activities in order to salvage the
international accreditation of Mapungubwe. There are several accreditations from a
variety of recognised bodies, but the UNESCO and Ramsar accreditations (see
“wetlands”) are probably the most well-known. A lesser known international
accreditation is the Blue Flag accreditation granted to beaches with the necessary
qualities, facilities, safety services and well-appointed recreation areas. Many South
African beaches have already been awarded this status, for instance Marina Beach
in KwaZulu-Natal. An international accreditation from any prestigious body is
extremely important for any site of natural or cultural importance. Once acquired, all
managerial efforts should be directed at retaining international accreditation.
Akkreditasie: „n Vorm van amptelike erkenning wat getuig daarvan dat „n toerisme-
bestemming, plek, area of terrein aan „n spesifieke stel vereistes en kriteria voldoen om dit as
„n plek van nasionale of internasionale belang te bewaar. Internasionale liggame soos die
Verenigde Nasies se Agentskap vir Onderwys, Wetenskap en Kultuur (UNESCO) (kyk
“conventions”) kan bewaringwaardige status aan „n plek, area of terrein toeken wanneer dit
sekere standaarde voldoen. Sodanige internasionale erkenning verhoog die formele status
van die betrokke plek, terrein of area asook die omliggende gebied in „n groot mate. Die
belang van die argeologiese nalatenskap in „n grotsisteem soos dié in die Wieg van die
Mensdom, waar die Zwartkrans-, Sterkfontein- en Kromdraai-grotte voorkom, bevredig al die
UNESCO-kriteria om dit as „n terrein van internasionale belang te verklaar. Gevolglik is die
area is as „n wêrelderfenisterrein verklaar. Suid-Afrika besit „n paar wêrelderfenisterreine
soos die Vredefort Koepel („n oeroue impak-krater wat geskep is toe „n groot meteoriet die
Aarde miljoene jare gelede getref het) en Mapungubwe-kop wat „n oeroue argeologiese
terrein in die noorde van Limpopo is. „n Akkreditasie soos hierdie veronderstel sekere
bestuursimperatiewe. Indien die bestuurspraktyke nie aan die vereistes voldoen nie, kan die
akkreditering nietig verklaar word. Onlangs het mynboubedrywighede aangrensend aan
Mapungubwe die terrein se integriteit bedreig. Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering moes ingryp in
„n poging om die mynboubedrywighede te reguleer en die akkreditasiestatus van die terrein te
bevestig. Daar is etlike ander vorme van akkreditasie waarvan die Ramsar-akkreditasie seker
die bekendste is (kyk “wetlands”). „n Minder bekende akkreditasie is die Blouvlag-
strandakkreditasie wat toegeken word aan strande met die nodige kwaliteite, fasiliteite,
veiligheidsdienste en goeie ontspanningsgeriewe. Baie Suid-Afrikaanse strande het reeds
hierdie status bereik, byvoorbeeld Marina-strand in KwaZulu-Natal. Akkreditasie van enige
hoogaangeskrewe liggaam is uiters belangrik vir enige plek of terrein van natuurlike of
kulturele belang en alle bestuursaktiwiteite behoort op die verwerwing en behoud van
sodanige akkreditasie gemik te wees.
Acculturation: The voluntary adoption of certain aspects or a certain element of
the culture of one group of people by people of a different culture. Sport has been
and still is a very strong force for acculturation. The adoption of soccer (football) as
the main sport of most African countries is an excellent example of acculturation.
Even African peoples who have retained many or most of their own African cultural
traits, have chosen soccer as their favourite sport. The world-wide adoption of the
martial arts from East Asia, the ritual sparring from Africa, and the ancient combat
techniques from Western Europe (eg karate, Kung Fu, tai chi ch‟uan, stickfighting
[molamo] and jousting) as popular forms of sport in many parts of the world serve as
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examples of sport as an acculturation factor. Language is an integral component of

any culture. People do not readily replace their language with another, but they
adopt another language such as English or French as a second or third language
because these are international business and science languages. Christmas has
long been a very important cultural event for Christian peoples in Europe and the
Americas, but today it is also being celebrated by non-Christian nations, albeit in a
different way. The American culture is particularly attractive to millions of people
world-wide. Halloween is part of the American culture and has nothing to do with the
South African cultures, but nowadays many young people of all racial groups in
South Africa celebrate Halloween. Denim jeans used to be part of the American
culture, but it has now been adopted as the normal attire of many groups in many
parts of the world. Globally, acculturation is happening at an ever-increasing rate. It
is the result of the increasing interaction between different peoples. As globalisation
(see “globalisation”) is turning the world into a so-called global village, acculturation
is accelerated. There are even fears that some indigenous cultures might disappear
altogether as people the world over are “Americanising”. Acculturation should not be
confused with enculturation which is not a voluntary process. During the imperialist
period, people of the colonised countries were forced to adopt the language of the
colonial nations. After the Anglo-Boer War (1889 – 1902) in South Africa, Afrikaans
was banned from all schools and English became the only language of instruction.
During the apartheid era in South Africa, Afrikaans and English were the only
languages of instruction, while the use of the African languages in education was
suppressed. During the Nazi rule of 1933 to 1945 certain books, plays and music
were banned in Germany. Exactly the same was the case in the USSR and South
Africa in the 1970s and 1980s. Many other examples of acculturation and
enculturation could be named, and you would probably recognise many from your
own life. Consider the internet and the social networks as factors of acculturation in
your life. (See “demonstration effect”.)
Akkulturasie: Dit vind plaas wanneer een kultuurgroep vrywillig sekere aspekte of „n
spesifieke element uit „n ander kultuur aanneem. Sport is vir besonder baie akkulturasie
verantwoordelik. Die feit dat sokker die gewildste sport in die meeste Afrika-lande geword
het, is „n uitstekende voorbeeld van akkulturasie. Selfs Afrikane wat die meeste van hulle eie
kulturele besit behou het, het sokker as hulle gunsteling sport aangeneem. Krygssport, soos
karate, Kung Fu en tai chi ch‟uan uit Asië, rituele skyngevegte met knuppels of stokke
(molamo) uit dele van Afrika, en lansgevegte uit Wes-Europa is deesdae gewilde vorme van
sport in baie dele van die wêreld. Dit getuig van die akkulturerende invloed van sport. Taal
is „n integrale komponent van enige kultuur. Mense vervang nie maklik hulle eie taal met „n
ander nie, maar hulle neem veral Engels of Frans as tweede of derde taal aan omdat dit die
tale van die internasionale ekonomie en wetenskap is. Kersfees is lank reeds vir Christene in
Europa en die Amerikas „n belangrike kulturele gebeurtenis, maar deesdae word dit ook
deur nie-Christene gevier, hoewel nie op dieselfde wyse nie. Die Amerikaanse kultuur is
besonder aantreklik vir miljoene mense oral in die wêreld. Halloween is deel van die
Amerikaanse kultuur en het absoluut niks met die Suid-Afrikaanse kulture te make nie. Tog
vier sommige jong mense van alle rassegroepe in Suid-Afrika deesdae Halloween.
Denimbroeke was deel van die Amerikaanse kultuur, maar is nou deur baie groepe byna oral
in die wêreld as normale kleredrag aangeneem. Globaal gesien, neem akkulturasie teen „n
versnellende pas toe. Dit is die resultaat van verhoogde interaksie tussen mense uit
verskillende kulture. Namate globalisasie (kyk “globalisation”) „n wêreld-dorp skep, versnel
akkulturasie. Daar is selfs besorgdheid dat sekere inheemse kulture dwarsoor die wêreld kan
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verdwyn as gevolg van “Amerikanisering”. Akkulturasie moet nie met enkulturasie verwar
word nie. Laasgenoemde is nie „n vrywillige proses nie. Tydens die imperiale tydperk is
mense van die gekoloniseerde lande gedwing om die tale van die koloniale moondhede aan te
neem. Ná die afloop van die Anglo-Boereoorlog (of Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, 1889 – 1902)
in Suid-Afrika is Afrikaans uit die skole verban en Engels was die enigste onderrigtaal.
Tydens die apartheidsera in Suid-Afrika was Afrikaans en Engels die enigste toegelate
onderrigtale en die gebruik van die Afrika-tale in onderrig is onderdruk. Gedurende die
Nazi-bewind van 1933 tot 1945 was sekere boeke, toneelstukke en musiek in Duitsland
verbode. Presies dieselfde was van toepassing in die eertydse USSR en Suid-Afrika in die
1970‟s en 1980‟s. „n Magdom ander voorbeelde van akkulturasie en enkulturasie kan
verstrek word en jy kan waarskynlik „n hele aantal uit jou eie lewe opnoem. Dink maar aan
die internet en die sosiale netwerke as akkulturasiefaktore in jou eie lewe en die lewens van
ander mense wat jy ken. (Kyk “demonstration effect”.)
Acid rain: Rainwater is normally more acidic than pure, clean water. Pure, clean
water has a neutral pH of 7,0 but rainwater normally has a lower pH; the average pH
of rainwater is 5,6. The reason why rainwater is more acidic than pure water is
because rainwater contains small amounts of dissolved natural particles as well as
some anthropogenic (human-made) pollutants that act as condensation nuclei. The
atmosphere is never devoid of natural substances like dust, smoke, ash and pollen
and these dissolve in the rainwater as the raindrops travel through the atmosphere.
Hence, all rainwater contains small volumes of carbon, sulphur and nitrous
compounds which turn the rainwater into very weak, diluted carbonic, sulphuric and
nitric acids. Human activities release huge volumes of pollutants, such as carbon
dioxides, sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere. This is called
air pollution (see “air pollution”). All of these pollutants could dissolve in the
moisture in the atmosphere or in the raindrops, with the result that the rain falling
from a heavily polluted atmosphere is more acidic than what rainfall normally is.
Rain that contains more than normal the concentrations of these acids – especially
carbonic and sulphuric acids – becomes “acid rain”. Acid rain has pH values of 5,2
to as low as 5,0 and is a far more corrosive solution than normal rainwater.
Vegetation dies when it receives acid rain for a lengthy period. Millions of hectares
of cypress, spur, spruce, pine and birch forests in Northern Europe and Canada
have already been lost as a result of acid rain caused by industrial airpollution in
Southern European countries and the USA. From a geographical point of view it is
very important that air pollution caused in one region, might result in acid rain in
another region since winds convey the pollutants. In the Eastern and South-Eastern
Highveld of South Africa (mainly Mpumalanga and Limpopo) a wide variety of
problems might possibly be ascribed to the acid rain caused by air pollution from
coal-burning power stations in the Eastern Highveld and the petrochemical industry
in Sasolburg and Secunda. These problems range from respiratory diseases in
children, to sluggish growth and die-off of pine forests, to decreasing soil productivity
(through soil acidification), but no irrefutable cause and result relationships have yet
been established.
Suurreën: Reënwater is normaalweg effe suur vergeleke met suiwer water. Suiwer water
het „n neutrale pH van 7,0, maar die gemiddelde pH van reënwater is 5,6. Die rede waarom
reënwater suurder as suiwer water is, is omdat reënwater klein hoeveelhede opgeloste
natuurlike partikels en sommige antropogene (mens-gemaakte) besoedelingstowwe bevat wat
as kondensasiekerne dien. Die atmosfeer is nooit heeltemal vry van natuurlike partikels soos
stof, as, rook en stuifmeel nie en hierdie stowwe los in die reënwater op namate dit deur die
 8

atmosfeer beweeg. Gevolglik bevat alle reënwater klein volumes koolstof-, swael- en
stikstofverbindings wat die reënwater na baie swak, verdunde koolsuur-, swaelsuur- en
salpetersuur-verbindings verander. Menslike aktiwiteite stel groot volumes besoedelstowwe
soos koolstofdioksied-, swaeldioksied- en stikstofverbindings in die atmosfeer vry. Ons
noem dit lugbesoedeling (kyk “air pollution”). Al hierdie besoedelingstowwe kan in die vog
in die atmosfeer en in reëndruppels oplos en gevolglik het die reëndruppels wat die
aardoppervlak tref „n hoër suurgehalte as normaalweg. Omdat die reën dan meer sure – veral
koolsuur en swaelsuur – as gewoonlik bevat, noem ons dit “suurreën”. Die pH van suurreën
kan so laag as 5,2 of selfs 5,0 wees en dit is baie meer korroderend as gewone reënwater.
Plantegroei sterf as dit vir „n lang tydperk aan suurreën blootgestel word. Miljoene hektaar
sipres-, denne- en berkebome in Noord-Europa en Kanada het reeds gesterf as gevolg van die
suurreën wat deur die industrieë van Suid-Europa en die VSA veroorsaak word. Uit „n
geografiese oogpunt is dit baie belangrik dat lugbesoedeling wat op een sekere plek
veroorsaak word, tot suurreën op „n ander plek aanleiding kan gee omdat winde die
besoedeling verplaas en versprei. In die oostelike en suid-oostelike Hoëveld van Suid-Afrika
(hoofsaaklik in Mpumalanga en Limpopo) kan „n hele reeks probleme moontlik toegeskryf
word aan suurreën wat veroorsaak word deur die lugbesoedeling vanaf die
steenkoolaangedrewe kragstasies in die Oostelike Hoëveld en die petrochemiese industrie in
Sasolburg en Secunda. Die probleme sluit respiratoriese siektes by kinders, vertraagde groei
of afsterwing van denneplantasies en verlaagde grondvrugbaarheid (as gevolg van versuring
van die grond) in, maar geen onweerlegbare bewyse van oorsaak en gevolg is tot dusver
gevind nie.
Adventure tourism: Deliberately and voluntarily visiting a place or taking a trip that
entails a certain amount of danger or risk. The level of risk that the tourist is
prepared to take, varies from low to high. Mountaineering serves as a good example
of the development of this type of tourism. A small number of people have always
climbed mountains because it presented them with a challenge. There was no real
need to climb the mountain, its mere “being there” served as motivation enough,
and the more difficult it was to climb, the greater the allure. Over the years,
mountaineering has gained more and more adherents. Technological advances
produced better equipment and more difficult climbs could be attempted with greater
safety. This “safety” is, of course, purely relative, but as the so-called safety
increased the activity grew in popularity. The ultimate challenge, of course, was
climbing Mount Everest. The first serious attempt to scale Everest, ended in the
tragic deaths of George Mallory and Andrew Irvine in 1924. But attempts to reach
the summit continued and more deaths followed. Once Sir Edmund Hillary and
Sherpa Tenzing Norgay planted a flag on the summit in 1953 – and lived to tell the
tale – climbing Everest became an irresistible challenge to increasing numbers of
serious mountaineers. The fact that quite a number of those who attempted this died
in the process, perversely made it more attractive. A whole tourism industry to
support prospective climbers developed. Today it is a huge industry and extremely
important for the economies of Tibet and especially Nepal. Nowadays people who
could not by any stretch of the imagination be called “mountaineers” or “athletes”, but
have enough money to pay enormous fees to join a guided and cosseted
“expedition”, attempt to climb the mountain. They are more or less carried, dragged,
pushed and nursed to the summit of Everest and back by well-paid teams of guides
and Sherpas (the native people of the Himalayas) and an endless supply of oxygen
canisters, but the risk of dying has not been removed entirely. If the weather
suddenly changed a whole number of people on the mountain could die within a few
 9

hours as happened in May 1996 when 10 people died there in one night. In fact, the
mortality statistics are soberingly high. Yet people want to do it and are prepared to
pay an arm and a leg to do so – and in many cases a lost arm or leg becomes the
harsh reality! In the 2013 climbing season 580 paying clients summited the
mountain, but eight – including two Sherpas – died as a result of people-congestion
along the climbing trail. Some climbers had to wait no less than six hours to ascend
the technically difficult Hillary Step, and “traffic jams” formed on the fixed lines. The
Nepalese tourism authorities have now decided to step in and install safety
measures to lessen the death rate. A fixed ladder is to be secured on the Hillary
Step and two separate fixed lines will be secured, one for the ascending and one for
the descending “traffic”. One could simply change the details in the history written
above and apply it to white water rafting, kayaking, canoeing, scuba diving, extreme
skiing, solo navigation around the world, or hiking through wildlife areas such as the
Kruger National Park. The increasing popularity of adventure tourism has already
produced a sizeable industry. There is no predicting where this trend will end, but
currently a multitude of people all around the world make a living out of tourists who
want to take relatively risky trips and do relatively risky activities. (See
“environmental business”, “carrying capacity”, “alternative tourism” and
“accountability”.)
Avontuurtoerisme: Die vrywillige, doelbewuste besoek aan „n plek of die onderneming
van „n tog wat „n sekere mate van gevaar of risiko inhou. Die risiko-vlak wat die toeris
bereid is om te neem, varieer van laag tot hoog. Bergklim dien as goeie voorbeeld van die
ontwikkeling van hierdie tipe toerisme. „n Klein aantal mense het altyd bergeklim omdat dit
vir hulle „n uitdaging was. Daar was geen nodigheid om die berg te klim nie, en die
motivering om dit te doen, was bloot “omdat die berg daar is”, en hoe moeiliker dit was om
te klim, hoe groter was die begeerte om dit te doen. Mettertyd het bergklim meer aanhangers
gelok. Tegnologiese ontwikkeling het beter bergklimtoerusting geproduseer en moeiliker
klimroetes kon met „n hoër mate van veiligheid aangedurf word. Hierdie “veiligheid” is
natuurlik net relatief, maar namate die relatiewe veiligheid toegeneem het, het bergklim „n
groeiende aantal aanhangers gelok. Die grootste uitdaging was natuurlik om die hoogste piek
op Aarde, naamlik Berg Everest, te klim. Die eerste doelbewuste, ernstige poging om die
piek van Everest te bereik, het in die tragiese dood van George Mallory en Andrew Irvine in
1924 geëindig. Maar pogings om die hoogste punt op Aarde te bereik, het voortgeduur en
nog tragiese sterftes het gevolg. Nadat Sir Edmund Hillary en Sherpa Tenzing Norgay
uiteindelik in 1953 „n vlag op die piek van Everest geplant het – en oorleef het om die storie
te vertel – het dit „n onweerstaanbare uitdaging vir groeiende getalle bergklimmers geword
om Everest te klim. Die feit dat „n hele aantal in die proses gesterf het, het dit op „n perverse
manier meer onweerstaanbaar gemaak. „n Hele toerismebedryf om voornemende klimmers te
ondersteun, het ontstaan. Vandag is dit „n reuse bedryf en „n baie belangrike deel van die
ekonomieë van Tibet en veral Nepal. Deesdae pak mense wat hoegenaamd nie as
“bergklimmers” of “atlete” beskryf kan word nie, maar genoeg geld het om reusagtige bedrae
te betaal om „n begeleide en amper-luukse sogenaamde “ekspedisie” te onderneem, die klim
aan. Hulle word min of meer gedra, gesleep, gestoot en met behulp van „n eindelose
hoeveelheid suurstofsilinders deur „n hoogs besoldige span gidse en Sherpas (die inheemste
bevolking van die Himalajas) tot op die piek van Everest en terug besorg, maar die gevaar om
in die proses te sterf, is nie heeltmal oorkom nie. As die weer skielik verander, kan etlike
mense binne „n paar uur êrens op die berg sterf, soos in Meimaand 1996 gebeur het toe 10
mense in een nag op die berg gesterf het. Die stertesyfers op die berg is verstommend hoog,
maar „n toenemende aantal mense wil dit aanpak en is bereid om “‟n arm en ‟n been” te
 10

betaal om dit te doen – ten spyte van die feit dat die verlies van „n arm of „n been hier „n
tragiese realiteit kan wees! Gedurende die 2013-klimseisoen het 580 klimmers die piek
bereik, maar agt mense, insluitend twee Sherpas, het omgekom as gevolg van die
samedromming van klimmers op die klimroete. Sommige klimmers moes ses uur lank wag
om „n geleentheid te kry om die tegnies-moeilike Hillary Step aan te pak. Daar het menige
“verkeersknope” ontstaan op die klimtoue wat deur die Sherpas aan die bergwand bevestig
word om die roete aan te dui en waaraan die klimmers hulself vir veiligheid haak. Die
Nepalese toerisme-outoriteite het nou besluit om in te gryp om die aantal sterftes te probeer
verminder. „n Permanente leer gaan op die Hillary Step bevestig word en twee verskillende
veiligheidstoue gaan gespan word om die opwaartse en die afwaartse “verkeer” te skei. Mens
kan bloot die besonderhede in die geskiedenis hierbo uiteengesit, wysig en op witwater-roei,
kanoevaarte op gevaarlike riviere, diepwaterduik, ekstreme ski, alleenvaarte rondom die
wêreld, of „n staptoer deur „n wildernisgebied soos die Kruger Nasionale Park toepas. Die
toenemende gewildheid van avontuurtoerisme het reeds „n beduidende industrie opgelewer.
Dis onmoontlik om te voorspel waar hierdie tendens gaan eindig, maar tans maak baie mense
oral in die wêreld „n bestaan uit toeriste wat relatief gewaagde (gevaarlike) togte en
aktiwiteite wil aanpak. (Kyk “environmental business”, “carrying capacity”, “alternative
tourism” en “accountability”.)
Aerial photography: The process of taking photographs of the Earth‟s surface from
some height above the surface. An airphoto is a remotely sensed image of a portion
of the Earth‟s surface produced by a camera that takes a photograph (picture) from
an aircraft. It is the oldest form of remotely sensed images of the Earth‟s surface.
The first airphotos were taken about 250 years ago by cameras mounted on
airballoons. It was first used for military surveillance in the American Civil War
(1861–1864). The same method of military surveillance was used by the British
forces during the Second War of Independence (or the so-called “Anglo-Boer War”)
in what was then the Republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State (in the
present day South Africa) in 1899–1902. When aeroplanes were built, they were
immediately used for photography from higher altitudes than the balloons could
reach and larger portions of the Earth‟s surface could be captured on every image.
There are different types of airphotos, such as oblique, vertical, high altitude and low
altitude photos and various combinations of the aforementioned. The best known
and commonly used airphotos are the official vertical airphoto series which were
published in many countries (including South Africa) and were freely available and
used for a myriad of purposes. Airphoto analysis became a very sophisticated
scientific technique, and when high-altitude, radar evading aircraft were developed,
they offered an irresistible instrument for very high level photography of “non-
friendly” territory. The photographs from these so-called “spy planes” and the most
modern, super-high altitude, unmanned craft (called “drones”) necessitated the
development of even more complicated analysis techniques to detect and recognise
everything on the surface in enemy territory. Ordinary photographic images were
largely superseded by the development of more sophisticated imaging techniques,
but when needs be, ordinary airphotographs are still extensively used, as was done
by the CIA (the Central Investigation Agency of the USA) in their search for Osama
Bin Laden up to his ultimate demise in 2012.
Lugfotografie: Die proses waardeur foto‟s van die aardoppervlak vanaf „n sekere hoogte
bokant die oppervlak geneem word. „n Lugfoto is „n afstandswaargeneemde beeld van „n
gedeelte van die aardoppervlak wat deur „n kamera vanuit „n vliegtuig vasgelê is. Die
vroegste lugfoto‟s dateer van ongeveer 250 jaar gelede en is geneem deur kameras wat aan
 11

lugballone gemonteer was. Dit is aanvanklik gebruik vir militêre observasie in die
Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog (1861–1864). Dieselfde metode van militêre observasie is deur
die Britse magte tydens die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog (of die sogenaamde “Anglo-
Boereoorlog”) in die destydse Boere-republieke van Transvaal en die Oranje Vrystaat (in wat
vandag Suid-Afrika is) in 1899–1902 gebruik. Nadat vliegtuie gebou is, is hulle onmiddellik
vir lugfotografie gebruik omdat hulle hoër as die lugballonne kon vlieg en „n groter gedeelte
van die aardoppervlak kon dus op elke foto verbeeld word. Daar is verskillende tipes
lugfoto‟s, naamlik vertikale, skuins-, hoë en lae lugfoto‟s, asook etlike kombinasies van die
voorgenoemdes. Die bekendste en algemeenste lugfoto‟s is die amptelike vertikale
lugfotoreekse wat in baie lande (insluitend Suid-Afrika) vrylik beskikbaar is en vir „n wye
verskeidenheid doeleindes aangewend is en steeds gebruik word. Lugfoto-analise het „n
hoogs gesofistikeerde wetenskaplike tegniek geword en nadat uiters hoogvlieënde, radar-
verskansde vliegtuie ontwikkel is, was hulle „n onweerstaanbare instrument vir uiters hoë-
hoogte fotografie van “vyandige” grondgebied. Die foto‟s vanaf hierdie sogenaamde
“spioenvliegtuie” en die mees moderne, super-hoogvlieënde, onbemande vliegtuie (oftewel
“drones”) het die ontwikkeling van selfs meer gekompliseerde analise-tegnieke genoodsaak
om voorwerpe op die oppervlak van “vyandige” grondgebied raak te sien en te identifiseer.
Gewone fotografiese beelde is tot „n mate verdring deur die ontwikkeling van moderne,
gesofistikeerde afstandswaarnemingstegnieke, maar wanneer nodig, word gewone lugfoto‟s
steeds gebruik. Dit is wat die CIA (die VSA se Central Investigation Agency) gebruik het in
hulle soektog na Osama Bin Laden en daartoe gelei het dat hulle hom gevind en in 2012
gedood het.
Agglomeration economy: Several firms with interests in the same industry choose
to locate in the same area in order to share costs and thereby minimise their own
respective overhead costs. This can be achieved by linkages between the firms
who join together to buy in bulk, or to train a specialist workforce, or share support
services (such as water and electricity supply), or share commuter services to
transport their workers to and from work. According to Weber‟s model of industrial
location agglomeration is regarded as the most important single factor in the
location of firms and industries, but this is not undisputed. Car assembly plants,
panelbeating firms and firms that manufacture individual car parts are often located
in the same area where they can use economies of scale.
Agglomerasie-ekonomie: Etlike firmas met belange in dieselfde bedryf kies om in dieselfde
gebied te vestig omdat hulle daardeur kostes kan deel en op hulle eie oorhoofse koste
(bokoste) kan bespaar. Dit kan bewerkstellig word deur ooreenkomste en skakeling (links)
tussen die firmas om saam te span en in grootmaat aankope te doen, werkers met spesifieke
vaardighede op te lei, of ondersteuningsdienste (soos water- en elektrisiteitsvoorsiening)
asook vervoerverpligtinge te deel, en werkers gesamentlik heen en weer na die werk te
vervoer. Volgens Weber se industriële lokaliseringsmodel is agglomerasie die belangrikste
enkele faktor in die ligging van firmas en industrieë, maar dit word nie sondermeer deur
almal as korrek aanvaar nie. Motormonteringsaanlegte, paneelkloppers en vervaardigers van
individuele motoronderdele is dikwels in dieselfde gebied geleë sodat hulle van die
skaalbesparings (voordele van skaal) gebruik kan maak.

Aggregation: A rather generalised description of the spatial distribution of a certain

variable in a specific area. In their quest to describe the spatial distribution of a
variable, geographers draw a map of the study area and indicate the entire area or
areas where the variable might occur in that specific study area. It is like using a
sieve with very large holes to sort the larger and smaller grains of a heap of rock
 12

debris (see “weathering” and “mass wasting”). All the particles larger than sand size
are separated from the debris mass, but we know that in the remaining heap of
material, grain size is still highly variable. In a graphic representation we can draw a
generalised map of the spatial distribution of, say, affluence in a city. First, we
group together all the houses that are worth more than R1 million. The areas where
these houses occur are demarcated on a map. We might find a small number of
such areas (say, three or four). This way we have produced a map of the distribution
of wealth in the city. But we know that some of the houses in those demarcated
areas are worth R10 million, others R5 million and some only R1 or R2 million and
some are not even worth R1 million. We have actually aggregated data, that is,
grouped together all expensive houses in the city to obtain a generalised picture of
spatial distribution of wealth. Should we want to do a finer analysis, we shall have to
disaggregate the “wealthy” areas in the city, by further sorting. Then we use a
stricter set of criteria (like a set of finer sieves) and distinguish those houses that
cost more than R10 million from those that cost between R8 million and R9,9 million,
and so forth. The original three or four identified areas will fall apart and form a
larger number of smaller areas. In this way we draw a far more detailed map and
our representation of the spatial distribution of affluence is far more informative than
the map drawn from the aggregated data. Exactly the same technique is used for all
types of spatial data, for instance the distribution of vegetation types, the occurrence
of sinkholes, the distribution of wetlands, the distribution of foreigners in a country,
and so forth. (See “disaggregation”.)
Aggregasie: „n Taamlik veralgemeende beskrywing van die ruimtelike verspreiding van „n
sekere veranderlike in „n spesifieke gebied. In hul strewe om die ruimtelike verspreiding van
„n veranderlike te beskryf, dui geograwe die hele gebied of gebiede waar die veranderlike kan
voorkom op „n kaart van die studiegebied aan. Dit is soos om „n growwe sif met groot gate te
gebruik om die groter en kleiner korrels in „n hoop rotspuin (kyk “weathering” en “mass
wasting”) van mekaar te skei. Al die partikels groter as die grootte van sandkorrels word
sodoende uit die hoop verwyder, maar ons weet dat die agterblywende hoop steeds partikels
van verskillende groottes bevat. In „n grafiese voorstelling kan ons „n veralgemeende kaart
van die ruimtelike verspreiding van „n veranderlike, soos byvoorbeeld die welvaart in „n stad,
teken. Eerstens sal ons al die huise wat meer as R1 miljoen werd is in een groep
saamgroepeer. Die gedeeltes van die stad waar die huise wat meer as R1 miljoen werd is,
voorkom, word op „n kaart aangedui. Ons mag vind dat sulke huise in „n klein aantal (soos
drie of vier) gebiede van die stad voorkom. Op hierdie wyse het ons dus „n kaart van die
verspreiding van welvaart in die stad geteken. Maar ons weet dat sommige van die huise in
die afgebakende gebiede R10 miljoen of meer werd is, sommige is omtrent R5 miljoen werd,
ander is tussen R1 miljoen en R2 miljoen werd en sommige is selfs minder as R1 miljoen
werd. Ons het eintlik data ge-aggregeer – dit wil sê, ons het duur huise saamgroepeer en „n
veralgemeende prentjie van die verspreiding van welvaart in die stad geskep. Indien ons „n
fyner ontleding wil doen, sal ons die data binne elk van die “welvarende” gebiede in die stad
deur sortering verder moet disaggregeer. Dan gebruik ons „n strenger stel kriteria (soos „n
stel fyn siwwe met kleiner gaatjies) en ons onderskei tussen huise wat meer as R10 miljoen
werd is en daardie huise wat tussen R8 miljoen en R9,9 miljoen werd is, ensovoorts. Die
oorspronklike drie of vier geïdentifiseerde gebiede sal uiteenval en „n groter aantal kleiner
areas vorm. Sodoende het ons „n meer gedetaileerde kaart geskep en ons voorstelling van die
ruimtelike verspreiding van welvaart in die stad toon nou baie meer besonderhede en ons
beskrywing is dus baie meer volledig. Presies dieselfde tegniek word vir alle tipes ruimtelike
data gebruik, byvoorbeeld vir die beskrywing van die verspreiding van plantegroeitipes, die
 13

voorkoms van sinkgate, die verspreiding van vleilande, die verspreiding van vreemdelinge in
„n land, ensovoorts. (Kyk “disaggregation”.)
Agricultural change: Different alterations in land husbandry and land-use practices
have occurred in all food-producing systems in all parts of the world over the past
few thousand years. The most dramatic and far-reaching changes have been the
so-called agricultural revolution of some 10 000 to 12 000 years ago when people
abandoned their nomadic lifestyles and started to settle in specific locations where
they had to produce all their food themselves and surpluses could be bartered with
neighbouring groups of people. This is when agriculture in the true sense of the
word was born. People had to learn how to produce crops year after year on the
same land and develop methods of animal husbandry and sustainable crop
cultivation. The second most influential agricultural change happened during the so-
called “green revolution” in the1950s when scientifically bred or selected animal
breeds and varieties of wheat, rice and maize where introduced in order to increase
food production. These variant species of grain greatly increased the world‟s food
production (see “food security”). New variants are still being bred and pest control is
perpetually improving, so that world food production is continually increasing. Yet
some populations in certain countries are more or less continually experiencing
famine or near-famine (see “vulnerability”). In many regions agricultural changes in
the form of converting to altogether different types of agriculture and production have
happened or are taking place. In certain regions of Zambia, maize is being replaced
by cotton which is a more profitable cash crop, and in certain regions of South Africa
game farming is fast replacing cattle farming. In many respects certain species of
game are less expensive to keep than cattle and since the farming sector in South
Africa is not subsidised anymore as it is in the USA and the countries of the
European Union, many South African farmers are changing from crop cultivation to
animal husbandry and game farming. Ostrich farming has more or less replaced
sheep farming in parts of the Klein Karoo region. How successful these changes
have been will only be clear in a few years from now, as at the time of writing, the
outcome of this agricultural change is still unpredictable.
Landboukundige verandering: Verskillende veranderings in landbouproduksie en
grondbenuttingspraktyke het oor duisende jare in alle wêrelddele plaasgevind. Terselfde tyd
het veranderings in grondbestuur en grondgebruikspraktyke in alle veeboerdery,
grondbenuttingspraktyke en voedselproduksiebedrywe plaasgevind. Die mees dramatiese en
verreikende veranderings is veroorsaak deur die sogenaamde lanbou-rewolusie wat sowat 10
000 tot 12 000 jaar gelede plaasgevind het toe mense hulle nomadiese lewensstyl laat vaar
het, en hulle in sekere lokaliteite gevestig het waar hulle al hulle voedsel self moes produseer
en die surplus met naburige groepe kon verruil of verhandel. Dit was die geboorte van
landbou as „n bedryf in die moderne sin van die woord. Mense moes leer hoe om jaarliks op
dieselfde grond „n oes te maak en hulle veekuddes binne hulle beskikbare beweidingsgebiede
te bestuur. Die metodes van volhoubare benutting het daar ontstaan. Die tweede belangrike
en invloedryke landboukundige verandering wat plaasgevind het, was die sogenaamde
“groen rewolusie” van die 1950‟s toe wetenskaplik geteelde en gekweekte variëteite diere en
graangewasse soos koring, mielies en rys beskikbaar gestel is en tot „n dramatiese verhoging
in produksie gelei het. Graanproduksie en voedselbeskikbaarheid het wêreldwyd die hoogte
ingeskiet (kyk “food security”). Nuwe variante word steeds gekweek en plaagbeheer verbeter
voortdurend sodat voedselproduksie steeds styg. Tog is daar miljoene mense in „n hele aantal
lande in die wêreld wat hongerly en selfs van hongersnood sterf (kyk “vulnerability”). In
etlike streke het die landboubedryf geheel en al verander om by die moderne markkragte aan
 14

te pas. Daar is na ander gewasse oorgeskakel en in sommige gevalle na ander metodes soos
minimum bewerking. In sekere streke in Zambië is daar van mielieverbouing na
katoenboerdery oorgeskakel omdat katoen „n meer lonende kontantgewas is. In sekere
gebiede van Suid-Afrika is wildboerdery vinnig besig om beesboerdery te vervang. In sekere
opsigte is wild goedkoper om aan te hou as beeste en aangesien die landboubedryf in Suid-
Afrika nie meer gesubsideer word soos in die VSA en die lande van die Europese Unie nie,
skakel baie boere van graanverbouing en veeteelt na wildboerdery oor. In dele van die Klein-
Karoo is skaapboerdery byna heeltemal deur volstruisboerdery vervang. Hoe suksesvol
hierdie veranderinge gaan wees, sal oor „n paar jaar eers duidelik word, want ten tye van
hierdie skrywe is die uiteinde van hierdie landbouverandering nog nie voorspelbaar nie.
Air pollution: A condition of elevated levels of trace components in the atmosphere
at the Earth‟s surface. Such a condition is often anthropogenic, that is, caused by
human activities. Normally the atmosphere at the Earth‟s surface contains 0,04
percent trace components, but when humans release huge amounts of carbon
dioxide and/or monoxide, sulphur dioxide and/or oxide, nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons (like methane), particulates (solid particles like dust), and
chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFCs), the percentage of trace components is
raised. Air containing high concentrations of these pollutants may be harmful or
even highly toxic to human beings, and in the long run it might perhaps change
climatic conditions on Earth. (See “acid rain” and “climate change”.)
Lugbesoedeling: „n Toestand van hoër as normale vlakke van spoorbestanddele in die
atmosfeer net bo die aardoppervlak. Só „n toestand is dikwels antropogeen, dit wil sê die
gevolg van menslike aktiwiteite. Normaalweg bevat die atmosfeer by die aardoppervlak 0,04
persent spoorbestanddele, maar wanneer mense groot hoeveelhede koolstofdioksied en/of –
oksied, swaeldioksied en/of –oksied, stikstofoksiede, koolwaterstowwe (soos metaan),
partikels (vastestowwe soos stof) en chlorofluorokoolstofverbindings (CFK‟s) in die
atmosfeer vrystel, styg die persentasie spoorbestanddele in die lug. Lug wat hoë
konsentrasies besoedelingstowwe bevat, kan skadelik of selfs hoogs toksies vir mense wees,
en oor die langtermyn mag dit moontlik tot klimaatsveranderinge aanleiding gee. (Kyk “acid
rain” en “climate change”.)
Albedo: Solar energy is received by the Earth in the form of short-wave radiation
called insolation. The Earth‟s surface reflects a certain amount of the incoming
radiation back into the atmosphere. The ratio between the amount of incoming
radiation and the amount that is reflected is expressed as a percentage and is
called the albedo. The properties of the Earth‟s surface determine what percentage
is reflected, and these properties vary from place to place. Water bodies,
grasslands, equatorial forests, deserts, ice masses, and urban areas all have
different albedos. An ice mass will reflect most of the radiation it receives, while a
dark, green, vegetated area will absorb most of the incoming radiation.
Consequently the albedo varies from place to place on the Earth‟s surface. Light-
coloured areas such as sandy deserts and ice masses reflect far more radiation
energy than dark coloured areas such as water bodies and vegetated areas.
Albedo: Sonenergie word in die vorm van kortgolfstrale vanaf die son ontvang en word
insolasie genoem. Die Aarde se oppervlak reflekteer „n sekere hoeveelheid van die radiasie
wat ontvang word terug na die atmosfeer. Die verhouding tussen die hoeveelheid inkomende
en gereflekteerde radiasie word as „n persentasie uitgedruk en staan as die albedo bekend.
Die eienskappe van die Aarde se oppervlak bepaal die persentasie radiasie wat weerkaats
 15

word, en hierdie eienskappe verskil van plek tot plek. Watermassas, graslande, ekwatoriale
oerwoude, woestyne, ysmassas, en stedelike gebiede het almal verskillende albedo‟s. „n
Ysmassa reflekteer die meeste van die kortgolfstraling wat dit ontvang, maar donkergroen
digbegroeide gebiede absorbeer die meeste van die straling wat ontvang word. Gevolglik
verskil albedo van plek tot plek op die aardoppervlak. Ligkleurige gebiede soos
sandwoestyne en ysmassas weerkaats baie meer radiasie as wat die donker-kleurige gebiede
soos die oseane en die oerwoude doen.
Alternative tourism: A visit to a place or an area without degrading it by mass
consumption and without having to endure an overwhelming crowd of other tourists.
In order to achieve the two ideals contained in this definition a different type of
tourism, called alternative tourism, has developed over the past 30 years. To
achieve the first ideal, specific management steps have to be taken to prevent the
the more sensitive and fragile tourist sights from degradation caused by too many
tourists (see “carrying capacity”). If these managerial steps were not taken, the
destination might degrade to a point where its very success would destroy the
resource base. The second ideal is achieved by developing alternative tourist
destinations. While many people enjoy visiting mass destinations like Disneyland
and are not bothered by the crowds and the queues, a significant proportion of
tourists feel “crowded-out” and fear being trampled by the hordes of youngsters
running after Mickey Mouse. Entrepreneurs realised that there was a huge niche in
the tourist market and started to develop various types of alternative destinations to
cater for people who want to partake in tourism, but avoid mass tourist destinations.
Consequently a multitude of widely varying, lower density alternative tourist
destinations have been developed over the past three decades. On a tourist density
continuum alternative tourism lies very far from mass tourism, but alternative tourist
destinations also form a continuum from relatively low-density destinations to the
most exclusive solitary eco-experiences. Alternative tourism will never replace mass
tourism, but its existence has grown the tourist market significantly.
Alternatiewe toerisme: „n Besoek aan „n plek of „n gebied sonder om dit deur massaverbruik
te degradeer en „n oorweldigende massa ander toeriste te vermy. Om die twee ideale wat in
hierdie definisie vervat is te bereik, het „n alternatiewe tipe toerisme, bekend as “alternatiewe
toerisme”, oor die afgelope 30 jaar ontwikkel. Om die eerste ideaal te bereik, moes sekere
bestuurstappe gedoen word om te verhoed dat die meer sensitiewe en kwesbare
toeristebesienswaardighede en –bestemmings deur „n oormatige toestroming van toeriste
degradeer word (kyk “carrying capacity”). Indien hierdie maatreëls nie getref is nie, sou die
bestemming se sukses tot „n vernietiging van die einste hulpbronbasis gelei het. Die tweede
ideaal is bereik deur alternatiewe toeristebestemmings te ontwikkel. Hoewel baie mense
dit geniet om massabestemmings soos Disneyland te besoek en glad nie gesteur voel oor die
skare en lang rye toeriste nie, voel „n beduidende aantal toeriste ongemaklik in groot
menseskares en wil nie byna vertrap word deur massas jongelinge wat agter Mickey Mouse
aanhardloop nie. Ontwikkelaars het besef dat daar „n groot leemte in die toerismemark was
en het begin om „n verskeidenheid bestemmings vir die alternatiewe toeris te ontwikkel.
Gevolglik is „n magdom uiteenlopende lae-digtheid-bestemmings oor die afgelope drie
dekades geskep. Op „n toeriste-digtheidkontinuum sal alternatiewe toerisme baie ver van
massa-toerisme geplaas word, maar op „n digtheidkontinuum strek alternatiewe
bestemmings van relatief lae-digthede tot by die mees eksklusiewe eko-bestemmings vir die
enkeling of klein groepies soos „n gesin. Alternatiewe toerisme sal nooit massa-toerisme
vervang nie, maar dit het die toerismemark beduidend vergroot.
 16

Anthropocentrism: A philosophical viewpoint that human interests should be at the

centre of all our actions in, and decisions about, the environment. Humans are seen
as more important than nature and nature actually only exists to provide for humans.
This is called utilitarianism (or sometimes utilism) and it means that the only value
of nature is that it serves as a resource for humankind. Nature has no intrinsic value,
and all environmental conservation, protection and management is ultimately aimed
at sustaining and improving human existence. Most of the mainstream
environmental sustainability views and theories are based in the notion that the
environment has to be managed in order to ensure a good life for the future
generations. Humans are seen as having the responsibility to protect the
environment for the wellbeing of the generations to come. Humans are therefore
accountable to the future generations for the condition of the environment they will
inherit. An anthropocentric viewpoint is in direct opposition to an envirocentric one
(see “ecocentrism”), where the environment is regarded as having intrinsic value,
that is, value for its own sake, not for the sake of humans. The environmental
management that you will study in this Geography or Environmental Management
courses is underpinned by an anthropocentric philosophy. Envirocentric strategies
have never found enough traction to become mainstream ethical viewpoints on
which theory and practice could be based; they remain the ethics and ways of
thinking and doing of the radical fringe (that is, the fringe paradigms). (See
“accountability” and “genetically manipulated organism”.)
Antroposentrisme: „n Filosofiese standpunt dat mense die middelpunt van al ons aksies in
en besluitneming oor die omgewing behoort te wees. Mense word gesien as belangriker as
die natuur, en die natuur bestaan eintlik net om hulpbronne aan mense te voorsien. Dit word
utilitêrianisme (of soms utilisme) genoem en dit beteken dat die enigste waarde wat die
omgewing het, is dat dit „n hulpbron vir die mensdom is. Die natuur het geen intrinsieke
waarde nie en alle omgewingsbewaring, -beskerming, -beplanning en -bestuur is eintlik
gemik op die volhoubaarheid en verbetering van menslike voortbestaan. Die meeste van die
hoofstroom-omgewingsbestuursoogmerke en -teorië is gegrond in die ideaal om „n goeie
lewe aan die toekomstige geslagte te verseker. Mense word beskou as verantwoordelik vir
die beskerming van die omgewing vir die welstand van die komende geslagte. Mense is dus
verantwoordbaar aan die komende geslagte vir die kwaliteit van die omgewing wat hulle sal
“erf”. „n Antroposentriese uitgangspunt is reëlreg teenoor „n omgewingsentriese
uitgangspunt (kyk “ecocentrism”). In laasgenoemde het die natuur „n intrinsieke waarde, dit
wil sê „n waarde om eie ontwil, en nie slegs „n waarde vir wat dit aan die mens kan bied nie.
Die omgewingsbestuur wat jy in hierdie Geografie- of Omgewingsbestuurkursusse gaan
bestudeer, is gegrond in „n antroposentriese filosofie. Omgewingsentriese strategieë het nog
nooit werklik lewenskragtig genoeg geword om hoofstroom-etiese grondslae vir
teorievorming en praktyk te vorm nie; dit is steeds die etiese denk- en doenwyse van die
radikale aktiviste (dit wil sê, die rand-paradigmas). (Kyk “accountability” en “genetically
manipulated organisms”.)
Aquaculture: Farming with aquatic plants and animals. It does not include
commercial fishing in open ocean waters. Aquaculture is the deliberate cultivation
(breeding and feeding) of either salt or fresh water organisms, until they reach a
desired size when they are sold (marketed). It includes a variety of fish, crustaceans
(such as shrimps and prawns), molluscs (such as mussels and oysters) and plants
such as edible waterlilies (known in South Africa as “waterblommetjies”), seaweed
and other plants believed to have either medicinal or agricultural applications (such
as fertilisers). It can be practised in artificial water bodies or in fenced-off portions of
 17

existing salt or fresh water bodies. Fresh water species are mostly farmed in
artificial ponds such as on trout farms in the cooler regions of South Africa, for
instance in Mpumalanga, and in Lesotho. Oysters, mussels, shrimps and prawns
are mostly cultivated in portioned-off areas of shallow salt water bodies, like the
oyster beds (rows of baskets) in the Knysna lagoon. Aquaculture is a very old
industry. It dates from long before the Roman Empire and has been practised for
hundreds or even thousands of years in China, India, Japan, South-East Asia, South
America and Europe. The volume and value of aquaculture production has been
steadily increasing since the 1950s, but it is doubtful that the industry will ever
overtake commercial fishing as a food source. Breeding purely decorative koi fish
and cultivating oysters to produce cultured pearls, are sometimes classified as
aquaculture and sometimes not. Crayfish is not bred in aquaculture enterprises,
simply because it has not yet been accomplished successfully and crayfish grows so
slowly that its agricultural profitability is doubtful.
Akwakultuur: Om te boer met waterplante en -diere. Dit sluit nie kommersiële visvangs in
die oop oseaan in nie. Akwakultuur is die doelbewuste kweking en voeding van óf sout- óf
varswaterorganismes totdat hulle die gewenste grootte bereik waarna hulle verkoop (bemark)
word. Dit sluit „n verskeidenheid visse, skilddiere (soos krewels en krappe), skulpdiere (soos
mossels en oesters) en plante soos eetbare waterlelies (wat in Suid-Afrika as
waterblommetjies bekend staan), seegras en ander plante wat verskeie medisinale eienskappe
en landboukundige gebruike as bemestingstowwe het, in. Dit kan in mensgemaakte
watermassas (damme) of in begrensde gedeeltes van bestaande sout- of varswaterliggame
bedryf word. Varswaterspesies word hoofsaaklik in kunsmatige damme soos op die
forelplase in die koeler dele van Mpumalanga en Lesotho gekweek. Oesters, mossels, krappe
en krewels word meestal in afgebakende gedeeltes van vlak soutwatermassas soos in die
oestermandjies in die Knysna-lagune gekweek. Akwakultuur is „n besonder ou industrie. Dit
dateer van vóór die Romeinse Ryk en word al honderde of selfs duisende jare lank in China,
Indië, Japan, Suid-Oos Asië, Suid-Amerika en Europa beoefen. Die volume en die waarde
van akwakultuurproduksie het „n volgehoue toename sedert die 1950‟s getoon, maar dit is
twyfelagtig of dit ooit kommersiële visvangs as voedselbron sal vervang. Die teling van
suiwer dekoratiewe koi-visse en die teling van oesters om gekultiveerde pêrels te vervaardig,
word soms as akwakultuur geklassifiseer, en soms nie. Kreefteling is nie „n
akwakultuuraktiwiteit nie bloot omdat dit nog nooit suksesvol bemeester is nie en omdat
krewe so stadig groei dat die landboukundige winsgewendheid daarvan betwyfel word.
Aquifer: Another name for an aquifer is a “water carrier”. It is a water bearing or
water containing layer or layers of rock. These rocks contain spaces between their
particles and water could occupy these interstices. Such rocks are called
permeable. Rocks that are permeable contain spaces (called interstices, interstitial
spaces or pores) between the solid particles and water may seep into these spaces,
which makes the rock a water carrier or an aquifer. Should a borehole be drilled into
such a rockbed, the interstitial water (that is, the water in the pore spaces between
the particles) may be extracted. Some aquifers may contain enormous volumes of
water, and the Ogallala Aquifer in Kansas and Nebraska, USA, is probably the most
well-known one in the world as it provides irrigation water for one of the world‟s most
productive agricultural regions. Underneath the sands of the Sahara desert an
enormous aquifer is said to exist. But it does not mean the whole Sahara could be
irrigated for crop cultivation since salinisation of the soil might occur (see
“salinisation”). Some rocks are not permeable (called impermeable rocks or
aquicludes), that is, the particles that constitute the rock are so densely arranged
 18

that there are no spaces between them for water to occupy; these rocks are not
aquifers, that is, they carry no or very little extractable water and will never serve as
significant underground water sources. (See “drainage basin”.)

Akwifeer: „n Ander naam vir „n akwifeer is „n “waterdraer”. Dit is „n waterhoudende of

waterdraende gesteentelaag of –lae (rotslae). Hierdie gesteentes bevat ruimtes (wat ons
tussenkorrelruimtes noem) tussen hulle partikels en hierdie ruimtes kan water bevat. Sulke
gesteentes is deurdringbaar. Deurdringbare gesteentes bevat tussenkorrel-ruimtes of -porieë
waar water kan insyfer en vergader en sodoende die gesteente „n waterdraer, of „n akwifeer,
maak. Indien „n boorgat in hierdie gesteentes geboor word, sal die water uit die
tussenkorrelruimtes onttrek kan word. Sommige akwifere bevat ekstreme volumes water, en
die Ogallala-akwifeer in Kansas en Nebraska, VSA, is waarskynlik die bekendste akwifeer
in die wêreld aangesien dit besproeiingswater aan een van die produktiefste landbougebiede
in die wêreld voorsien. Onder die sande van die Sahara-woestyn is daar volgens sekere
navorsing „n enorme akwifeer. Indien dit korrek is en die water ekonomies ontgin kan word
(dws uitgepomp kan word), kan dit „n beduidende impak op die politiese en ekonomiese
geografie van die wêreld hê. Maar dit beteken nie dat die hele Sahara-woestyn in besproeide
landerye omskep kan word nie, omdat die grond kan versout (kyk “salinisation”). Sommige
gesteentes is nie deurlaatbaar of deurdringbaar nie en word ondeurlaatbaar genoem. Sulke
gesteentes bestaan uit partikels wat so dig teen mekaar gepak is dat water nie tussen die
partikels kan vergader nie. Hierdie tipe gesteentes is nie akwifere nie en sal nooit goeie
bronne van ondergrondse water wees nie. (Kyk “drainage basin”.)

Attraction: A place, phenomenon, view, landscape, opportunity, activity or event

that people want to see, view, partake in or be present at. In Geography and
environmental management the term is mostly used with regard to commuting,
migration, tourism, economic activity and service provision. Places might be
attractive because they offer job opportunities (for instance Zimbabweans and
Malawians who seek employment in South Africa), access to important religious
rituals and activities (for instance the annual hajj pilgrimage to Mecca), beautiful
golden beaches (as in Durban, Cape Town and Rio de Janeiro), magnificent
waterfalls (such as the Iguassú Falls beween Brazil and Argentina, and the Victoria
Falls between Zimbabwe and Zambia), or huge waves to surf (as in Hawaii or Bondi
Beach in Australia). Attractions generate human movement and from the examples
mentioned above, it should be clear that a lot of that movement takes place across
international boundaries. Political agreements that facilitate unhindered movement
between different countries in order to view a tourist sight from all sides have long
been in place. Few tourists realise that they cross the Brazilian-Argentinein border
while they are out on a trip to view the Iguassú waterfalls. A relatively new and fast-
growing form of cross-border movement has been created by the development of
trans-boundary wildlife or nature reserves. South Africa already shares trans-
boundary parks with Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia and Lesotho. In
these parks and reserves the physical boundaries have actually been removed and a
traveller does not even know that he/she has entered a different country. This
unrestricted movement of tourist groups over state boundaries to view spectacular
natural features was brought about by political negotiations culminating in
international agreements, but one has to bear in mind that there is a distinct political
component enmeshed in transboundary environmental developments. (See
“refugee”.)
 19

Aanloklikheid: „n Plek, verskynsel, uitsig, landskap, geleentheid, aktiwiteit of gebeurlikheid

wat mense graag wil sien, besigtig, wil deelneem aan of by teenwoordig wil wees. In
Geografie en omgewingsbestuur word die term hoofsaaklik gebruik in verband met
pendelary, migrasie, toerisme, ekonomiese aktiwiteite en die verskaffing van dienste. Plekke
mag aanloklik wees omdat hulle werksgeleenthede bied (byvoorbeeld Zimbabwiërs en
Malawiërs wat in Suid-Afrika werk kom soek), of toegang tot belangrike religieuse rituele en
aktiwiteite (soos die jaarlikse hajj pelgrimstog na Mekka), of pragtige goue strande soos in
Durban, Kaapstad of Rio de Janeiro, of skouspelagtige watervalle (soos die Iguassú Valle
tussen Brasilië en Argentinië of die Victoria-val tussen Zambië en Zimbabwe), en die reuse
golwe vir branderplankryers (soos in Hawaii en by Bondy Beach in Australië). Sulke
gewilde aanloklikhede skep menslike beweging en uit die bogenoemde voorbeelde is dit
duidelik dat baie van hierdie beweging oor internasionale grense is. Politieke
ooreenkomste wat onverhinderde beweging tussen verskillende lande moontlik maak sodat
toeristebesienswaardighede van alle kante af beskou kan word, is lank reeds in plek. Min
toeriste is eers daarvan bewus dat hulle die Brasiliaans-Argentiniese grens oorsteek in hulle
besigtiging van die Iguassú-waterval! „n Relatief nuwe en vinning-groeiende vorm van
oorgrensbeweging van toeristegroepe om aanskoulike natuurlike verskynsels te besigtig, is
deur politiese onderhandelinge en internasionale ooreenkomste geskep deur die daarstelling
van oorgrens-natuurlewe en –natuurreservate. Suid-Afrika deel reeds sulke natuurreservate
met Mosambiek, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibië en Lesotho. In hierdie parke en reservate is
die fisiese grensheinings verwyder en „n reisiger weet nie eers dat hy/sy „n landsgrens
oorgesteek het nie! Hierdie vorm van onverhinderde oorgrens-beweging van toeristegroepe
om natuurverskynsels te besigtig, is deur middel van politieke bemiddeling bewerkstellig
waaruit internasionale ooreenkomste voortgevloei het, maar „n toeris moet tog in ag hou dat
daar „n onvermydelike politieke oorgrenskomponent in hierdie bewegings en aktiwiteite
ingeweef is. (Kyk “refugee”.)
Attribute data: The particulars and details that describe a person, place, activity or
phenomenon. It is a very difficult term to define since the terms “attribute” and “data”
are often used interchangeably in Geography. In fact, it has more to do with the
capturing of data (electronically or manually) in a database or on maps than anything
else. Geographers deal with spatially distributed data and with the spatial patterns
described by the data (see “spatial distribution”). Every piece of data that is of
interest to geographers has two main characteristics: firstly it is, or comes from,
somewhere (that is a spatial characteristic), and secondly it is or has some
quality that is of interest to geographers. This quality is a descriptive characteristic
or an attribute. Geographers study spatial patterns, that is, the way in which
attributes are distributed within a specific area, namely the study area. The subject
of the investigation might be the occurrence of flu in a specific area. The study area
is defined and then demarcated on a map (see “demarcation”). Secondly, all the
people who live in the area are plotted on this map by means of their addresses.
Now we have a map covered with dots. The spatial distribution of the people in the
study area has therefore been graphically described (that is, the pattern can be seen
on the map). But some of these people (dots) have the flu and some do not. If the
dots representing the people who have the flu are coloured red and those who do
not have the flu are coloured blue, we can clearly see the spatial distribution pattern
of the flu in the study area. The dots carry the spatial data and the colour (of the
dots) carries the attribute data.
Attribuutdata: Die besonderhede wat „n persoon, plek, aktiwiteit of verskynsel beskryf. Dit
is baie moeilik om die term attribuutdata te definieer omdat die terme “data” en “attribuut”
 20

dikwels in Geografie uitruilbaar gebruik word. Die term het inderwaarheid meer te make met
die vaslegging van data (elektronies of met die hand) in „n databasis as met enige iets anders.
Geograwe bestudeer die ruimtelike verspreidingspatrone van data (kyk “spatial
distribution”). Elke stukkie data wat vir geograwe belangrik is, het twee hoof eienskappe:
eerstens is dit data oor iets wat êrens voorkom (dit is die ruimtelike eienskap), en tweedens
het dit een of ander kwaliteit wat vir geograwe van belang is. Hierdie kwaliteit is „n
beskrywende eienskap of „n attribuut. Geograwe bestudeer ruimtelike patrone, dit wil sê die
wyse waarop attribute binne „n spesifieke gebied, naamlik die studiegebied, versprei is. Die
onderwerp wat bestudeer word, mag iets soos die voorkoms van griep in „n spesifieke gebied
wees. Die studiegebied word gedefinieer en dan op „n kaart afgebaken (kyk “demarcation”).
Tweedens word al die mense wat in die studiegebied woon met behulp van hulle adresse op
die kaart geplot (gestip). Nou het ons „n kaart met „n klomp kolletjies op. Die ruimtelike
verspreidingspatroon van die mense in die studiegebied is dus grafies beskryf en dit kan
maklik op die kaart raakgesien word. Maar sommige van hierdie mense (kolletjies) het griep
en ander het dit nie. As die kolletjies wat die mense voorstel wat griep het, rooi gekleur
word, en die ander blou gekleur word, kan ons duidelik die verspreidingspatroon van griep
binne die studiegebied sien. Die kolletjies dra die ruimtelike data en die kleur dra die
attribuutdata.
Azimuth: The direction of an object or place from any specific point or place as
measured on a map by means of a protractor. The true north-south line (meridian) is
taken as the line of reference (see “geographical coordinate system”) and azimuth is
always measured in a clockwise direction from that line. It is expressed as an
angular distance from true north. Thus a place may be located at N 42° E, or at N
127° E, or at N 193° W, or at N 294° W or any other location east or west of the
north-south line. (See “bearing” and “location”.)
Asimut: Die rigting van „n voorwerp of plek vanaf „n spesifieke punt of plek soos gemeet op
„n kaart met behulp van „n gradeboog. Die ware noord-suidlyn (lengtelyn of meridiaan) word
as verwysingslyn gebruik (kyk “geographical coordinate system”) en die hoekafstand word
altyd kloksgewys gemeet. Asimut word as „n hoekafstand vanaf ware noord uitgedruk. Dus
kan „n plek by N 42° O, of by N 127° O, of by N 193° W, of by N 294° W of enige ander
plek oos of wes van die ware noord-suidlyn geleë wees. (Kyk “bearing” en “location”.)

Bearing: The direction of a place, point of reference or an object as measured by a

compass from the vantage point of the observer. Bearing differs from azimuth in that
bearing can never be more than 90° and can be measured from either north or
south. When the observer must look in a northerly direction to see an object and
measures the angle between the object and the north-south line to be 15° to the east
of the north-south line, its bearing (that is, the direction one should follow to find it) is
N 15° E. When the observer must look in a southerly direction to see the object and
measures the angle between his/her sightline and the north-south line to be 35° to
the west of south, the bearing of the object is located at S 35° W. To complicate
matters, the observer has to take into account that true north (geographic north) and
magnetic north do not coincide. Bearing can be taken from either the magnetic
north-south line, or the geographic (or true) north-south line. If the direction of the
object is measured with a compass, the magnetic north-south line is used and a
correction must be made to find the actual location of the observed object. In order
to do that, one must know what magnetic declination is (see “magnetic
declination”). Twenty years ago one went into the wilderness with a compass and
 21

had to know basic navigation skills to establish exactly where you were; today one
grabs a GPS and off you go – until the GPS‟s battery runs down!
Peiling: Die rigting van „n plek, verwysingspunt of objek soos gemeet met „n kompas vanaf
die plek waar die waarnemer is. Peiling verskil van asimut daarin dat peiling nooit meer as
90° kan wees nie en vanaf noord óf suid gemeet kan word. Wanneer die waarnemer
noordwaarts moet kyk om‟n objek wat ten ooste van die noord-suidlyn lê, te sien en meet dat
die siglyn „n hoek van 15° met die noord-suidlyn vorm, is die objek by N 15° O. Indien die
waarnemer suidwaarts en dan weswaarts moet kyk om die objek te sien en die siglyn vorm „n
hoek van 35° met die noord-suidlyn, is die peiling van die objek (dit wil sê die rigting wat jy
moet inslaan om die plek te vind) S 35° W. Om sake te kompliseer, moet die waarnemer
onthou dat ware noord en magnetiese noord nie op dieselfde plek geleë is nie. Peiling kan
vanaf óf die ware (geografiese) noord-suidlyn óf die magnetiese noord-suidlyn geneem
word. Indien die peiling met behulp van „n kompas gedoen is, is die magnetiese noord-
suidlyn gebruik en dan moet „n korreksie aangebring word om die ware ligging van die objek
vas te stel. Om dít te kan doen, moet mens weet hoeveel die magnetiese deklinasie is (kyk
“magnetic declination”). Twintig jaar gelede het mens met „n kompas en basiese
navigasievaardighede in die wildernis ingegaan; deesdae gryp mens „n GPS en daar gaan jy –
tot die GPS se battery pap word!
Biodiversity (biological diversity): The variety of plants and animals found in any
specific area, habitat, ecosystem or ecozone. The total variety of living organisms –
that is all living things present – in the specified area are included. Humans are
usually not included in a biodiversity survey, but in the true sense of the term they
should be included. Different areas on Earth contain different varieties and numbers
of living organisms. An area of low biodiversity is one where there are only a few
types (species) of living organisms and only a few specimens of each type; an area
with a high biodiversity is the exact opposite. The carrying capacity of an area to
sustain biological life depends on many factors, such as climate, soil type, altitude,
and human activities. Sandy, hot deserts and cold, large ice masses are good
examples of areas with low biodiversity. Such areas are not devoid of any living
organisms, but the number of species as well the numbers of individuals of each
species will be low. The warm, humid tropical forests sustain a rich variety of
vegetation and many different animals and insects, and represent areas of high
biodiversity; these areas are the so-called biodiversity paradises. The island of
Madagascar was once one of the areas of extremely high biodiversity – a true
biodiversity paradise. Unfortunately human beings have nearly destroyed the
island‟s biodiversity through deforestation and hunting. Certain animals, such as the
dodo bird, have been hunted to extinction and deforestation and erosion have
destroyed the habitats of many other animals and plants. (See “extinction”, “natural
selection” and “habitat destruction”.)

Biodiversiteit (biologiese diversiteit): Die verskeidenheid plant- en dierelewe wat in enige

spesifieke gebied, habitat, ekosisteem of ekosone voorkom. Die totale variëteit lewende
organismes – dit wil sê alle lewendige organismes – in „n spesifieke gebied word ingesluit.
Gewoonlik word mense nie in „n biodiversiteitsopname ingesluit nie, maar in die werklike
betekenis van die term behoort hulle ingesluit te word. Verskillende gebiede op Aarde het
verskillende variëteite en verskillende getalle lewende organismes. „n Gebied met „n lae
biodiversiteit is „n gebied waar slegs „n klein aantal lewende spesies en slegs „n paar
individue van elke spesie voorkom. „n Gebied van hoë biodiversiteit is die teenoorgestelde.
Die dravermoë van „n gebied om biologiese lewe te onderhou, hang af van baie faktore, soos
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klimaat, grondsoort, hoogte bo seevlak, en menslike aktiwiteite. Warm, sandwoestyne en

koue ysmassas is goeie voorbeelde van gebiede met lae biodiversiteit. Lewende organismes
is nie geheel en al afwesig uit sulke gebiede nie, maar die aantal spesies en die individue van
elke spesie is beperk. Die warm, vogtige, tropiese oerwoude het „n ryk plantegroei en baie
verskillende tipes diere en insekte. Gevolglik verteenwoordig hulle gebiede van hoë
biodiversiteit. Hierdie gebiede word die biodiversiteitsparadyse genoem. Die eiland
Madagaskar was een van hierdie gebiede met uiters hoë biodiversiteit – „n ware
biodiversiteitsparadys. Ongelukkig het menslike aksies die eiland se biodiversiteit bykans
uitgewis deur sekere diere (soos die dodo-voël) tot uitsterwing te jag en die habitatte van vele
ander diere en plante deur ontbossing en erosie te vernietig. (Kyk “extinction”, “natural
selection” en “habitat destruction”.)

Biome: A large, global ecosystem (see “ecosystem”). Each biome‟s name comes
from the dominant type of natural vegetation that typifies it. Thus there are, inter
alia, temperate grassland, tundra, coniferous forest, and warm desert biomes. The
main natural factors which control the nature of any biome are climate and soil type.
A biome can extend across an entire continent or a large part of it. Comparable
biomes occur on a number of continents, for example warm deserts occur in Africa,
Australia, North America, South America, and Asia. Cold deserts and tundras occur
in the northern parts of Europe, Asia, North America and the southern extremities of
South America. Savannas (savannahs), grasslands, equatorial forests and tropical
east coast forests occur on a whole number of continents, notably a strikingly large
region of Africa.
Bioom: „n Groot, globale ekosisteem (kyk “ecosystem”). Elke bioom se naam is afkomstig
van die dominante tipe natuurlike plantegroei waardeur dit gekenmerk word. Dus is daar,
onder andere, gematigde grasland-, toendra-, keëldraende woud- en warm-woestynbiome.
Die belangrikste faktore wat die aard van „n bioom bepaal, is die klimaat en die grondtipe. „n
Bioom kan oor „n hele kontinent of „n groot gedeelte daarvan strek. Vergelykbare biome
kom op „n aantal kontinente voor, byvoorbeeld warm woestyne wat in Australië, Asië,
Afrika, Noord- en Suid-Amerika voorkom. Koue woestyne en toendras kom in Europa, Asië,
Noord-Amerika en die suidelike uiteindes van Suid-Amerika voor. Savannas, graslande,
ekwatoriale woude en tropiese ooskus-woude kom op „n hele aantal kontinente en in „n
opvallende groot gebied van Afrika voor.
Biosphere: The region of the Earth and the atmosphere in which life exists. This
region stretches from approximately 7 000 metres above sea-level on the
landmasses to more than 10 000 metres below sea-level in the oceans. Note that it
encompasses the Earth‟s surface, the oceans and the lower atmosphere. It could be
called the interface or overlap of land, water and air, in other words the region where
the solid, gaseous and liquid states of matter meet.
Biosfeer: Die gebied van die Aarde en die atmosfeer waarin lewe bestaan. Die gebied strek
op die vasteland tot ongeveer 7 000 meter bo seevlak, en in die oseane tot meer as 10 000
meter onder seevlak. Let daarop dat dit die aardoppervlak, die oseane en die laer atmosfeer
insluit. Dit is as‟t ware die tussenvlak of oorvleueling van land, water en lug; met ander
woorde die gebied waar die soliede, vlugbare en vloeibare toestande van materie ontmoet.
Biotechnology: The technique of using living organisms, or components (such as
enzymes) derived from living organisms, to produce new materials or to degrade
(exterminate) existing unwanted organic substances. The biological control of micro-
 23

organisms or insects that destroy crops and harvests is a very important branch of
science nowadays. It is often more environmentally friendly and far cheaper to use a
natural organism or organically derived substance to control or destroy insects or
pests that destroy crops. The use of artificial insecticides and herbicides is
expensive and environmentally unsound as many organisms that do no damage to
crops might also – directly or indirectly – be destroyed. Furthermore, organisms
develop an immunity to insecticides, which leaves us with no defence against them.
However, all biotechnology is not aimed at destroying organisms; it is also used
extensively in the development of new, resistant, high-production species of crop
plants and in the development of new beneficial medicinal compounds and
preparations.
Biotegnologie: Die tegniek waardeur lewendige organismes of komponente daarvan (soos
ensieme) gebruik word om nuwe materiaal te produseer of om bestaande, maar ongewenste
organismes, uit te roei of te bekamp. Die biologiese beheer van mikro-organismes of insekte
wat oeste verwoes, is deesdae „n belangrike studieveld in die wetenskap. Dit is dikwels meer
omgewingsvriendelik en baie goedkoper om natuurlike organismes of onskadelike organiese
middels te gebruik om insekplae en ander peste wat oeste verwoes, te beheer of uit te wis.
Die gebruik van kunsmatige insek- en onkruiddoders is „n duur en omgewingsonvriendelike
praktyk aangesien baie organismes wat nie oeste beskadig nie ook – sowel direk as indirek –
vernietig kan word. Boonop neig organismes wat landboukundige skade aanrig, om
immuniteit teen die insek- of onkruiddoders te ontwikkel. Alle biotegnologie is egter nie op
die vernietiging van organismes gemik nie, aangesien dit ook wêreldwyd gebruik word om
nuwe, weerstandbiedende, hoë-leweringspesies of -variëteite van landbougewasse te
ontwikkel. Dit word ook ruimskoots aangewend in die ontwikkeling van nuwe, voordelige
medisinale preparate en medisyne.
Cadastral maps: Maps that show property boundaries and other administrative
boundaries, land registration and tenure information. Private and state properties all
over the surveyed world are registered and deeds offices keep all the records and all
registration details of the property. Any map that shows these boundaries is a
cadastral map. International, district, county, municipal and provincial boundaries
are also indicated on these maps. One needs a relatively large scale map (like 1:50
000) to indicate farm boundaries, but no small urban properties can be mapped on
that scale. For urban properties, such as those in a certain suburb of a city, a larger
scale (like 1:10 000 or preferably 1:1 000) would be needed. Cadastral maps are
indispensable for urban planning, service provision, property tax collection, property
transactions, solving of boundary and ownership disputes, spatial analyses,
geotechnical investigations, environmental impact assessments, and many other
purposes. In South Africa we are fortunate to have excellent cadastral map series
on different scales. The same cannot be said about most developing countries.
Land tenure systems also vary from region to region on Earth. In tribal regions, land
registration and cadastral mapping do not apply. In the former USSR, all land
belonged to the State, and no cadastral system was even developed until the USSR
dissolved in 1991 and private ownership of land became part of their new reality. In
the Sahara desert nomadic Bedouins move from oasis to oasis (see “salinisation”)
and they do not even know in which country they are at any specific time! But the
nomads know which oasis “belongs” to whom, which ones may be used and which
should be avoided. So they have no need of cadastral maps to settle these matters.
The same applies to many regions such as the Amazonian forests, the Mongolian
deserts, the tribal savannahs and grazing lands of East Africa, the barren
 24

Patagonian tundra, the high Himalayan ranges, and so forth. In fact, the larger part
of the land on Earth is not cadastrally mapped, since there has never been a need
for it.
Kadastrale kaarte: Kaarte wat die grense van eiendomme, administratiewe grense,
eiendomsregistrasie- en grondbesitinligting voorstel. Privaateiendomme en staatsgrond oral
in die opgemete wêreld is geregistreer en aktekantore bewaar die dokumentasie oor alle
grondtransaksies en grondbesit. Enige kaart wat hierdie grense toon, is „n kadastrale kaart.
Internasionale, distriks-, munisipale en provinsiale grense word ook op hierdie kaarte
aangedui. „n Kaart met „n relatief groot skaal (soos 1: 50 000) word benodig om plaasgrense
aan te dui, maar klein stedelike eiendomme kan nie op hierdie skaal gekarteer word nie. Om
die stedelike eiendomme in „n sekere voorstad of stad voor te stel, benodig mens „n kaart met
„n groter skaal (soos 1:10 000 of verkieslik 1:1 000). Kadastrale kaarte is onontbeerlik vir
stadsbeplanning, dienstevoorsiening, die heffing van eiendomsbelasting,
eiendomstransaksies, opklaring van dispute oor grense en eienaarskap, ruimtelike analises,
geotegniese ondersoeke, omgewingsimpakbepalings, en baie ander gebruike. In Suid-Afrika
is ons gelukkig om uitstekende kadastrale kaartreekse op verskillende skale te hê. Dieselfde
kan egter nie vir die res van die ontwikkelende wêreld gesê word nie.
Grondeienaarskapstelsels verskil ook van streek tot streek op Aarde. In stamgebiede is
grondregistrasie en kadastrale kartering glad nie van toepassing nie. In die voormalige USSR
het alle land aan die Staat behoort en geen kadastrale stelsel was ontwikkel totdat die USSR
in 1991 ontbind het en private grondbesit deel van hulle nuwe realiteit geword het nie. In die
Sahara-woestyn beweeg die Bedoeiëne van oase tot oase (kyk “salinisasion”) en hulle weet
nie eers in watter land hulle op enige spesifieke tydstip is nie! Die nomade weet egter watter
oase “behoort” aan wie, watter kan gebruik word en watter moet vermy word. Gevolglik het
hulle geen behoefte aan kadastrale kaarte om hierdie sake uit te klaar nie. Dieselfde geld vir
menige streke soos die Amasone-oerwoude, die Mongoliese woestyne, die stamgebiede in die
savannas en weivelde van Oos-Afrika, die barre Patagoniese toendras, die hoë Himalaja-
bergreekse, ensovoorts. Inderwaarheid is die grootste gedeelte van die landoppervlak op
Aarde nie kadastraal gekarteer nie, aangesien daar nooit „n behoefte aan was nie.
Cartesian coordinates: The value of a point on the x-axis and its value on the y-
axis of an ordinary graph are called the Cartesian coordinates of that point. A
Cartesian set of axes are used in mathematics and perhaps all other sciences. It
does, however, only apply to a flat surface (a plane), but not to the Earth‟s surface
which is not a flat plane, but a sphere. Geographers use Cartesian grids all the time,
but not to describe the absolute location of a place or a point on the Earth‟s surface.
In order to describe absolute location, geographers had to devise a different system
all together. The geographical system of describing the absolute location of a point
on the Earth‟s surface is the grid formed by the lines of latitude and lines longitude.
Absolute geographical location is described by its latitudinal and longitudinal
coordinates. (See “absolute location” under “location” and “geographical coordinate
system”.)
Kartesiese koördinate: Die waarde van „n punt op die x-as en die waarde van dieselfde punt
op die y-as van „n gewone grafiek word die Kartesiese koördinate van die punt genoem. „n
Kartesiese asstelsel word in wiskunde en in byna alle ander wetenskappe gebruik, maar dit
geld alleenlik vir „n plat oppervlak en nie vir die aardoppervlak nie, want die aardoppervlak is
nie „n plat vlak nie, maar „n geboë een. Geograwe gebruik Kartesiese asstelsels en ruitnette
deurentyd, maar kan dit nie gebruik word om die absolute ligging van „n punt op die Aarde te
beskryf nie. Geograwe moes „n ander stelsel uitwerk om die absolute ligging van enige punt
 25

op Aarde te beskryf, en het toe die geografiese ruitnet van breedtegrade en lengtegrade
ontwerp. Absolute geografiese ligging word deur middel van breedte- en lengtegrade
beskryf, dit wil sê breedte- en lengtekoördinate. (Kyk “absolute location” onder “location”
en “geographical coordinate system”.)
Carrying capacity: A term used in a variety of branches of Goeography and
environmental management;it is not restricted to any one subdiscipline. It is mostly
used in the sense of the number of organisms that can sustainably be supported
within a certain area with a known size (see “sustainability” and “sustainable
development”). This term could be used in connection with the concentration of
humans within a certain area, or in connection with the number of wild animals
(game) or domestic animals (such as cattle, sheep, camels or goats) that could be
kept in a certain area without overexploitation (see “exploitation”) of the natural
resources of the land (especially vegetation and water). If too many animals are
restricted to a certain grazing area, overgrazing, vegetation depletion and land
degradation are caused. It boils down to the over-use of grazing lands which then
has dire consequences for the entire local environment. Carrying capacity is also of
extreme importance in the management of game farms and nature conservation
areas. The populations of game in a nature reserve have to be managed to avoid
exceeding the carrying capacity and causing irreversible environment deterioration.
Several years ago the scientists and management of the Kruger National Park (KNP)
reported that there is more than the sustainable number of elephants in the KNP.
This elephant overpopulation has become a threat to the entire habitat. The number
of elephants in the KNP simply has to be reduced, but how? Many animal rights
organisations and the world-wide anti-culling lobby (see “environmental lobby”) find
culling an unacceptable option and support removal of redundant animals to other
areas. But a large number of elephants could hardly be moved to another area.
Shifting 10 or so elephants to another wildlife reserve is doable, but the KNP has to
get rid of a few thousand elephants. Where does one go with 7 000 elephants? No
solution to the problem has yet been found. The term “carrying capacity” is also
commonly used in connection with the number of tourists that should be allowed at
any specific time or over a specific time period to enter any specific nature park,
reserve or conservation area (see “demarketing”). This is a management problem all
nature and wildlife resorts have to grapple with. It also implies to human-made
heritage sites where human traffic (feet) and too much exhaled CO 2 might jeopardise
the very constructions and artefacts which are being preserved for people to visit and
see. The catacombs of Rome are a destination where the exhibits (skeletal remains)
have to be protected from decay caused by the high CO 2 concentration in the air
which results from the large numbers of visitors. (See “acid rain”.)
Dravermoë: Dit is „n term wat in baie vertakkings van Geografie en omgewingsbestuur
gebruik word en is dus nie beperk tot enige subdissipline nie. Die term word gewoonlik
gebruik in verband met die aantal organismes wat binne „n spesifieke gebied – van „n
bekende grootte – volhoubaar kan bestaan (kyk “sustainability” en “sustainable
development”). Die term kan gebruik word in verband met die konsentrasie mense wat binne
„n sekere gebied volhoubaar kan bestaan, of die aantal wildediere of mak diere (soos beeste,
skape, kamele of boerbokke) wat in „n sekere gebied aangehou kan word sonder om die
natuurlike hulpbronne (veral die water en die plantegroei) van die gebied oormatig te
verbruik. Indien te veel diere binne „n sekere weidingsgebied ingeperk word, sal
oorbeweiding, plantegroeivernietiging en landdegradasie plaasvind. Dit kom neer op
uitbuiting (kyk “exploitation”) van die natuurlike hulpbronne en dit het ernstige gevolge vir
 26

die plaaslike omgewing. Dravermoë is uiters belangrik in die bestuur van wildsplase,
natuurreservate en bewaringgebiede. Die wildsgetalle binne „n natuurpark of -reservaat moet
bestuur word om onomkeerbare omgewingsagteruitgang te voorkom. Etlike jare gelede het
die wetenskaplikes en bestuur van die Kruger Nasionale Park (KNP) aangekondig dat daar
meer as die volhoubare aantal olifante in die reservaat is. Hierdie olifant-oorbevolking het „n
bedreiging vir die habitat in sy geheel geword. Die aantal olifante in die KNP moet net
eenvoudig verminder word, maar hoe? Menige diereregte-organisasies en die wêreldwye
anti-uitdunningsdrukgroep vind uitdunning onaanvaarbaar en staan verskuiwing na ander
gebiede voor, maar „n groot aantal olifante kan nie maklik na „n ander gebied verskuif word
nie. Om 10 of 12 olifante na „n ander gebied te verskuif, is doenbaar, maar waar gaan mens
met 7 000 olifante heen? Die term “dravermoë” word ook algemeen gebruik in verband met
die aantal toeriste wat op enige spesifieke tyd tot „n sekere natuurpark, -reservaat of
bewaringsgebied toegelaat behoort te word (kyk “demarketing”). Dit is „n bestuursprobleem
waarmee die besture van hierdie entiteite daagliks worstel. Dit geld ook vir mensgemaakte
erfenisterreine waar te veel menslike verkeer (voete) en te veel uitgeasemde CO2 die
bewaarde menslike erfenis en kulturele artefakte bedreig. Die katakombes (graftombes) van
Rome is „n voorbeeld van „n bestemming waar die uitgestalde items (skeletale oorblyfsels)
beskerm moet word teen die hoë CO2-konsentrasie in die lug as gevolg van die groot getalle
besoekers. (Kyk “acid rain”.)
Central business district (CBD): The main “hub of activity” in the city is the central
business district (or CBD). The oldest cities in the world have developed from
people settling around a central area of activity, be it bartering, trading, socialising,
religious practices or even education. The CBD traditionally lies near to the centre of
an urban area and contains the major shops, professional services, and offices. It is
the main centre for commerce and entertainment, and serves as the focus for all
transport routes. All retail businesses (see “retail facilities”), professional
practitioners and offices belonging to major international companies are traditionally
located in the CBD, and the transport network is specifically designed to
conveniently take people to and from that area. According to all the well-known,
older urban structure models (of, among others, Burgess, Hoyt, Mann, and Ullman
and Harris) the CBD is situated somewhere inside or near to the centre of the city.
The prices of land in the CBD are traditionally at a premium, that is, more expensive
than anywhere else in the urban complex. Many cities in a wide variety of countries
had (for a variety of reasons) over the years undergone dramatic changes in their
spatial organisation. Many cities grew so large that people had to travel too far to
reach the old CBD (see “urbanisation” and “transport problems”). The “journey to
work” reality and travel-time concept resulted in the development of secondary up-
market retail and business areas, with high-value real estate, in areas far away from
the old CBD (see “retail facilities”). In many of the older cities, the CBDs have
become less attractive to up-market businesses, professional practices and
entertainment, and some former CBDs have been overrun by homeless people,
informal trading, criminal activities and vice (see “refugee”). Rejuvenation (or
gentrification) of derelict CBDs has taken place in many cities the world over. It
requires huge financial input from the public as well as the private sectors to return a
CBD to its former prestigious glory. The CBD of Johannesburg is currently in a slow
and faltering process of gentrification.
Sentrale besigheidsdistrik (SBD): Die sentrale gebied van aktiwiteit in „n tradisionele stad
is die sentrale besigheidsdistrik (SBD, of CBD). Die oudste stede in die wêreld het ontwikkel
deurdat mense hulle gevestig het rondom „n sentrale aktiwiteitskern waar goedere,
 27

ruilhandel, sosialisering, godsdienstige rituele en onderrig bekom kon word. Gewoonlik is

die SBD, naby of in die middel van die stedelike gebied gesetel en bevat die belangrikste
winkels, professionele dienste en kantore. Dit is die hoof ekonomiese sentrum en die
middelpunt van vermaak en ontspanning, en gevolglik lei alle vervoerroetes na die SBD.
Alle kleinhandelbesighede (kyk “retail facilities”), professionele praktisyns en die kantore
wat aan groot internasionale firmas behoort, is hier geleë en die vervoernetwerk is
daarvolgens beplan. Volgens die welbekende, ouer stedelike struktuurmodelle (van, onder
andere, Burgess, Hoyt, Mann, en Ullman en Harris) is die SBD binne of naby aan die
middelpunt van die stad. Grondpryse in die SBD is normaalweg baie hoër as in enige ander
deel van die stedelike kompleks. Baie stede in „n wye reeks lande (state) het (om
verskillende redes) oor die jare dramatiese veranderings in ruimtelike organisasie ondergaan
(kyk “retail facilities”). Sommige stede het só groot geword dat mense te vêr na die SBD
moes ry om te werk of besigheid te doen. Die “afstand-na-werk”-realiteit en vervoertyd-
konsep het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van top-mark kleinhandel-, professionele, en
besigheidsondernemings in gebiede wat nader aan die buitewyke van die stede in die top-
mark residensiële gebiede aan die ontwikkel was. Die waarde van eiendom in daardie
gebiede het dienooreenkomstig gestyg. In sekere ouer stede het die waarde van eiendom in
die eertydse SBD beduidend gedaal omdat die top-mark besighede, professionele
dienspraktyke en ontspanningskomplekse na ander gebiede binne die stad verskuif het. In
sekere ouer stede is die eertydse SBD deur straatbewoners en informele handelaars (kyk
“refugees”), kriminaliteit en ontug oorstroom en die SBD is glad nie meer aantreklik vir top-
mark besighede, professionele dienste en vermaaklikheid nie. Verjonging of hernuwing
(kyk “gentrification”) of herlewing van vergane SBD‟s het in „n hele aantal stede oral in die
wêreld begin plaasvind. Dit verg enorme finansiële insette van sowel die openbare as die
privaatsektor om „n SBD tot sy vervloë glorie te herstel. Die SBD van Johannesburg is tans
in „n stadige, hortende proses van hernuwing of verjonging (“gentrification”).
Channelisation: Water that flows unchannelled over the slopes on the Earth‟s
surface and join at the lowest point to form a stream or river. Rain water that does
not infiltrate the soil and substrate (underlying rocks) flows downslope over the
surface as unchannelled surface flow, or sheet flow (or overlandflow). Surface
flow carries particles of topsoil and weathering debris along. At the base of the slope
all the sheetflow plus its load of soil and weathering debris meet and become a
channelled stream loaded with all the material delivered by the sheetflow. The
volume and momentum of the stream plus its contents act as a very powerful erosion
agent (see “erosion”) and carve a channel in which it can flow with a minimum of
resistance. Channel flow performs erosion by means of a variety of processes such
as abrasion, corrosion, attrition and dissolving (see “weathering”) and over
thousands or millions of years a proper river channel is created. Please note that
channelised flow is a form of overlandflow or surface flow, because the water flows
on the surface, albeit restricted to a specific channel. (See “drainage basin”.)
Kanalisering: Water wat ongekanaliseer oor die hellings van die aardoppervlak vloei en by
die laagste punt ineenvloei om „n stroom of rivier te vorm. Reënwater wat nie in die grond of
substratum (onderliggende gesteentes) insyfer nie, vloei afwaarts oor die oppervlak as
oppervlakvloei, of bladvloei (of oorlandvloei). Ongekanaliseerde oppervlakvloei in die
vorm van bladvloei voer partikels van die bogrond en verweringsreste saam. By die basis
van die helling ontmoet al die water en die produkte wat deur bladvloei aangevoer is. Alles
verenig om „n gekanaliseerde stroom te vorm. Die volume en momentum plus die vrag wat
vervoer word, is „n hoogs effektiewe erosie-agent (kyk “erosion”) wat uiteindelik „n kanaal
vorm waar dit met die minste weerstand kan vloei. Kanaalvloei (of gekanaliseerde vloei)
 28

verrig erosie deur middel van etlike erosieprosesse, naamlik korrosie, abrasie, attrisie en
oplossing (kyk “weathering”) en oor duisende of miljoene jare skep dit „n gedefinieerde
stroomkanaal. Let daarop dat gekanaliseerde vloei „n vorm van oorlandvloei
(oppervlakvloei) is omdat dit op die oppervlak plaasvind hoewel dit tot „n spesifieke kanaal
beperk is. (Kyk “drainage basin”.)
Choropleth maps: Thematic maps on which the spatial distribution of certain
variables are quantitatively represented by means of colours or shadings within the
boundaries of geographical units that are actual administrative units such as farms,
districts, suburbs, countries or even continents (see “thematic map”, “cadastral map”
and “topocadastral map”). An explanation (or key) that indicates what each colour
represents is essential to read the map. Choropleth maps are one of the most often
used types of maps in Geography, but they have some disadvantages which
geographers must always bear in mind. The main disadvantage or limitation is that
intra-areal spatial generalisation (a form of spatial generalisation) within
administrative units is used (see “spatial interpolation”, “interpolation” and
“extrapolation”) which could easily convey a spurious spatial image. The National
Geographic Magazine which is the most widely read geographical publication and is
mostly read by non-geographers and lay readers, very often uses choropleth maps.
The lay readers are not able to analyse the generalisation these maps entail and
cannot appreciation the pros and cons of the use of these maps. Fortunately, the
National Geographic Society is scientifically totally sound and geographically highly
respected and will not publish a map that could convey incorrect or misleading
information.
Choropleetkaarte: Tematiese kaarte waarin die ruimtelike verspreiding van sekere
veranderlikes kwantitatief voorgestel word deur kleure of arsering binne die grense van
geografiese eenhede wat werklike administratiewe eenhede soos plase, distrikte, voorstede,
streke of selfs kontinente is (kyk “thematic map”, “cadastral map” en “topocadastral map”).
„n Verklaring (of “sleutel”) wat die betekenis van elke kleur verklaar, is onontbeerlik om die
kaart te kan lees. Choropleetkaarte is een van die mees algemeen gebruikte tipes kaarte wat
geograwe gebruik, maar hulle het spesifieke nadele wat geograwe in gedagte moet hou.
Hulle hoof beperking en nadeel is dat intra-areale ruimtelike veralgemening („n vorm van
ruimtelike veralgemening) binne administratiewe eenhede gebruik word (kyk “spatial
interpolation”, “interpolation” en “extrapolation”) wat maklik „n vals ruimtelike beeld kan
oordra. Choropleetkaarte is een van die kaartipes wat die National Geographic Magazine
baie algemeen gebruik en dit is die mees algemeen gelese geografiese tydskrif in die wêreld.
Bowendien word dit meestal deur nie-geograwe en die leke publiek gelees en hierdie lesers
het nie die kennis om hierdie kaarte se veralgemening te analiseer en die voor- en nadele van
die gebruik van choropleetkaarte te evalueer nie. Gelukkig is die National Geographic
Society wetenskaplik bo alle verdenking en word geografies baie hoog aangeskryf en
gerespekteer en sal nie onakkurate of misleidende kaarte publiseer nie.

Climate: The average condition of the atmosphere – and therefore the weather (see
“weather”) – in a certain area over a long period of time, that is at least 20 years, but
preferably 35 years. By recording the weather in an area daily for at least 20 or
more years, generalisations about the weather can be made and we can predict the
type of weather that will prevail in a certain area at any specific time of the year. The
generalised weather of an area, is called the climate of the area, and from many
years of recorded facts, we can describe the prevailing climate in that area. The
climate of an area is determined by its latitudinal location, its altitude, its location in
 29

relation to the ocean, and many other local conditions. Any area may experience
short-term deviations form the expected (“normal”) climate. Dry seasons, even dry
periods as long as a year or more, may occur in an area where the “normal”,
prevailing climate of the area is humid all year round. Cold areas may experience
atypical warm spells, dry areas may experience atypical wet seasons, and so on, but
every area on Earth has a “typical” or “normal” climate which is the generalized
description of what the weather conditions had been like for many decades.
Climates may, however, change because of natural causes, but such changes
happen over very long periods like hundreds or thousands of years. (See “climate
change” and “climate variability”.)
Klimaat: Die gemiddelde toestand van die atmosfeer – en dus die weer (kyk “weather”) – in
„n sekere gebied oor „n lang tydperk, soos 20 jaar of verkieslik 35 jaar. Deur die weer in „n
gebied daagliks oor „n tydperk van 20 of meer jaar te bestudeer en te dokumenteer, kan
veralgemenings oor die weer in daardie gebied gemaak word en kan ons die tipe weer in
daardie spesifieke gebied vir enige tyd van die jaar voorspel. Die gemiddelde weer van „n
gebied word die klimaat van die gebied genoem, want uit die gedokumenteerde feite van baie
jare kan ons die heersende klimaat van die gebied beskryf. Die klimaat van enige gebied
word bepaal deur die breedtegraadsligging, die hoogte bo seevlak, die nabyheid van die
oseaan, en ander plaaslike geografiese toestande. Enige gebied kan korttermyn afwykings
van die verwagte (“normale”) of veralgemeende klimaat ervaar. Droë seisoene, selfs lang
droë periods so lank as een of meer jare kan voorkom in gebiede wat “normaalweg” „n
humiede (vogtige) klimaat het. Koue gebiede kan abnormale warm tye beleef, en droë
gebiede kan abnormale nat seisoene ervaar, ensovoorts, maar elke plek op Aarde het „n
“normale” of “tipiese” klimaat wat „n veralgemeende beskrywing van die weerstoestande oor
„n aantal dekades is. Klimate mag egter as gevolg van natuurlike oorsake oor lang tydperke
verander, maar sulke veranderings vind oor tydperke van honderde of duisende jare plaas.
(Kyk “climate change” en “climate variability”.)
Climate change: A substantial variation in the normal long term weather
conditions of a certain area or areas. Since the creation of the Earth-atmosphere
system some 4 500 million years ago the compositon of the atmosphere has been
changing continually. Evidence of these ancient atmospheric conditions has been
preserved in the rocks that constitute the Earth‟s crust. The rock record indicates
that the composition of the atmosphere changed dramatically after the advent of life
some 2 300 million years ago. The climate as we know it today is a very recent
feature of the global environment; in fact, it is no more than about 3 or 4 million years
old. Yet over that time the global climate has been changing all the while. The
geological (rock), paleontological (fossil) and archaeological (artefact) records clearly
reveal the ever-changing nature of climate. Climate change is a normal, natural
process and it usually happens slowly. With our modern, sophisticated
technological instruments we have been able to detect significant changes in the
composition of the atmosphere, the size and thickness of ice masses on Earth, and
in the actual temperatures registered in different places on Earth over the last 50
years. According to these measurements the prevailing global climate seems to be
changing dramatically and at an alarming rate. Global climate seems to be getting
warmer than what we have been accustomed to (see “global warming”). It is a
proven fact that some of the trace components in the atmosphere (especially the
carbon dioxide concentration) have been increasing since the 1850s (that is, since
the Industrial Revolution). Nowadays many international initiatives are actively trying
to curb and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide humans release into the
 30

atmosphere, but thus far the success of the efforts is debatable. (See “climate
variability”.)
Klimaatsverandering: „n Beduidende verandering in die normale langtermyn
klimaatstoestande van „n sekere gebied of gebiede. Sedert die skepping van die Aard-
atmosfeersisteem sowat 4 500 miljoen jaar gelede het die samestelling van die atmosfeer
onafgebroke verander. Getuienis van hierdie oerveranderings in die samestelling van die
atmosfeer is in die gesteentes waaruit die aardkors bestaan, verewig. Die gesteenterekord
toon dat die samestelling van die atmosfeer dramaties verander het ná die ontstaan van lewe
ongeveer 2 300 miljoen jaar gelede. Die klimaat wat ons vandag ervaar, is „n baie resente
eienskap van die globale omgewingsisteem; dit is inderwaarheid slegs sowat 3 tot 4 miljoen
jaar oud. Maar oor daardie periode het die klimaat voortdurend verander. Die geologiese
(gesteente), paleontologiese (fossiel) en argeologiese (artefakte) rekords toon duidelik dat
klimaat ewigdurend verander. Klimaatsverandering is „n normale, natuurlike proses en dit
vind gewoonlik stadig plaas. Met ons moderne, gesofistikeerde instrumente en tegnologie
kon ons vasstel dat die samestelling van die atmosfeer oor die afgelope 50 jaar beduidend
verander het, die grootte en dikte van die ysmassas op Aarde oor dieselfde periode
onrusbarend gekrimp het, en dat die waargenome temperature op verskillende plekke op
Aarde gestyg het. Volgens hierdie metings is die heersende klimaat op Aarde dramaties en
kommerwekkend vinnig besig om te verander. Dit wil voorkom asof die globale klimaat
warmer word en die term “aardverwarming” is geskep om hierdie verandering te beskryf
(kyk “global warming”). Dit is „n bewese feit dat die konsentrasie van sommige
spoorbestanddele in die atmosfeer (veral die koolstofdioksied-konsentrasie) sedert 1850 (dit
wil sê, sedert die Industriële Rewolusie) teen „n versnellende koers toegeneem het. Deesdae
is talle internasionale inisiatiewe aktief besig om die antropogene vrystelling van
koolstofdioksied te beveg. Die mate van sukses wat tot dusver behaal is, is egter
debateerbaar. (Kyk “climate variability”).

Climate variability: The average long term weather patterns are never unchanging
constants. They are continually changing over time, and since they vary from place
to place (see “climate”), the global climatic patterns are perpetually changing.
Therefore, climate is a highly variable component of the earth-atmosphere system.
Spatio-temporal variability is probably climate‟s most important characteristic (see
“space-and-time perspective”). Climate change is a perfectly natural process (see
“climate change”). Every single spot on the Earth‟s surface has experienced many
climate changes over a period of about three or four million years. These long-term
variations took place over many thousands of years – that is, in geological time –
consequently a record of these changes is captured in the rock formations on Earth.
The rocks reflect the climate that prevailed at the time of their formation.
Consequently rocks contain the complete history of global environmental spatio-
temporal variation or change over space and time. By studying rocks we can prove
that environmental change is a fact, but we have not yet been able to explain all the
reasons responsible for this perpetual change. We can explain spatial climatic
variability fairly satisfactorily, but we know very little about its temporal variability. To
describe all the details of the Earth‟s long history will be scientists‟ task for many
years to come. Currently climate variability in the form of global warming is studied
by scientists, discussed by everybody, written about in scientific and popular lay
publications, the topic of numerous international conferences, and the driving force
of a multi-million dollar industry. The theory of global warming postulates that human
activities are causing, or at the very least accelerating, global climatic change. Time
 31

will tell whether it is true or not. (See “global warming”, “space-in-time perspective”,
“spatial data”, “spatial distribution” and “temporal change”.)
Klimaatsveranderlikheid: Die gemiddelde langtermyn-weerpatrone is nie onveranderlike
konstantes nie. Hulle verander voortdurend oor tyd en ruimte (kyk “climate”) sodat die
globale klimaatspatrone voortdurend verander (kyk “spatio-temporal perspective”). Klimaat
is dus „n hoogs veranderlike komponent van die Aard-atmosfeersisteem. Tyd-ruimtelike
veranderlikheid is waarskynlik die belangrikste kenmerk van klimaat (kyk “space-and-time
perspective”). Klimaatverandering is „n doodnormale proses. Elke enkele kolletjie op die
Aarde se oppervlak ervaar al miljoene jare lank klimaatsverandering. Hierdie langtermyn
variasies vind oor baie duisende of honderdduisende jare plaas – dit wil sê, dit vind in
geologiese tyd plaas – gevolglik is „n rekord van die veranderings in die gesteentes en
rotsformasies vergestalt. Die gesteentes weerspieël die klimaatstoestande wat tydens hulle
vorming geheers het. Gevolglik bevat die gesteentes „n volledige historiese rekord van die
tyd-ruimtelike globale omgewingsveranderings. Deur die gesteentes te bestudeer, kan ons
bewys dat omgewingsverandering „n onbetwyfelbare feit is, maar ons kan nog nie die
oorsake van die voortdurende verandering verklaar nie. Ons kan ruimtelike
klimaatsveranderlikheid redelik goed verklaar, maar ons weet bitter min van die verandering
oor tyd. Om al die besonderhede van die klimaatsveranderinge gedurende die Aarde se lang
geskiedenis te beskryf, sal wetenskaplikes nog baie jare besig hou. Tans word
klimaatsverandering in die vorm van aardverwarming deur baie wetenskaplikes bestudeer,
deur al wat leef en beef bespreek, in wetenskaplike asook populêre leke-publikasies
gedebateer, en is die onderwerp van tallose internasionale konferensies, en die dryfkrag agter
„n multi-miljoen-doller industrie. Die teorie van aardverwarming postuleer dat menslike
aktiwiteite klimaatsverandering veroorsaak en/of versnel. Die tyd sal leer of dit waar of vals
is. (Kyk “global warming”, “space-in-time perspective”, “spatial data”, “spatial
distribution” en “temporal change”.)
Commodification: The conversion of existing natural features or human-made,
socio-cultural events into profitable resources. In Geography this concept is mainly
relevant to existing phenomena being converted into lucrative tourism attractions. In
a joint public-private enterprise the old, more or less deserted and moribund small
town of Pilgrims‟ Rest was converted into a profitable tourism commodity by
restoring some buildings, upgrading hospitality facilities, revitalising existing but
derelict gold panning sites where tourists could try their hand at finding gold,
assisting entrepreneurs to establish arts and crafts enterprises, establishing walking
trails in the scenic countryside, and generally publicising the town as an irresistible
tourist destination. Much the same thing was done in the case of the Cradle of
Humankind world heritage site (see “complementarity”). Cultural events such as the
Grahamstown Festival, the Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees, the Kultuvaria in
Paarl and the Oppikoppie pop music festival can also be regarded as
commodification, but officialdom has no involvement in them. Apart from the
opportunities and outlets these events offer all kinds of artists, the local communities
can also make a handsome profit from providing accommodation and/or catering to
the masses of visitors. These events also provide sellers of arts and crafts the
opportunity to do good business; manufacturers of cultural items like ethnic
beadwork and carved wood items also find a lucrative outlet at these events. All in
all, these socio-cultural events become an opportunity for people to make a living,
mostly without any involvement of the government. From an economic as well as a
socio-cultural perspective, these commodified opportunities (events) are highly
 32

desirable since they are grassroots, self-generated developments which are usually
more sustainable than short-term government-driven schemes.
Hulpbronskepping: Die omskepping van bestaande natuurlike landmerke of
mensgemaakte, sosio-kulturele instellings na winsgewende hulpbronne. In Geografie het
hierdie konsep hoofsaaklik betrekking op bestaande verskynsels of aktiwiteite wat tot
winsgewende toeriste-aktiwiteite omskep word. In „n gesamentlike poging van die owerhede
en die privaatsektor is die ou, min of meer verlate en sterwende dorpie Pelgrimsrus omskep in
„n winsgewende toeristebestemming. „n Paar ou geboue is gerestoureer, die beskikbare
akkommodasie is opgegradeer, ou en vergane gouddelwersfasiliteite is herskep sodat toeriste
self kan probeer om „n bietjie goud te delf, ontwikkelaars is finansieel ondersteun om kuns-
en handwerkondernemings te vestig, en om staproetes in die lieflike natuurskoon te vestig, en
die dorp as „n onweerstaanbare toerismebestemming te bemark. Min of meer dieselfde is
gedoen in die geval van die Wieg van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein (kyk
“complementarity”). Kulturele geleenthede soos die Grahamstad Fees, die Klein Karoo
Nasionale Kunstefees, die Kultuvaria in die Paarl en die Oppikoppie popmusiekfees kan ook
as hulpbronskepping beskou word, maar daar is geen regeringsbetrokkenheid in hierdie feeste
nie. Afgesien van die blootstelling en geleenthede wat hierdie feeste „n verskeidenheid
kunstenaars bied, kan die plaaslike mense ook „n winsgewende inkomste maak deur
akkommodasie en/of spyseniering aan die massa feesgangers te verskaf. Hierdie feeste bied
ook aan die verkopers van kuns- en handwerk – veral sogenaamde “etniese kuns” soos
kralewerk en houtsnee-items – „n geleentheid om hulle ware te bemark. Hierdie sosio-
kulturele feeste is dus „n geleentheid vir mense om „n lewe te maak sonder enige hulp van die
regering. Uit „n ekonomiese perspektief is hierdie geskepte sosio-kulturele hulbronne uiters
gewens aangesien hulle op voetsoolvlak self-gegenereerde ontwikkelingsgeleenthede bied
wat uiteindelik meer volhoubaar as die kortstondige, regeringsgedrewe skemas is.
Community involvement: The partaking of all the members of a community in the
decision-making and execution of the decisions about the environment or any
other aspect of the region in which they live. Popularly put, it means that whatever is
done is in agreement with the wishes of the interested and affected parties (IAPs) –
including the people who live here, that is, the local population. Community
involvement is part and parcel of modern day democratic governance. The South
Afican Constitution (Act number 108 of 1996 [see “environmental management”])
even makes provision for the involvement of the local community in environmental
decision-making and that is very specifically and unambiguously described in the
environmental legalisation of the country (NEMA, number 107 of 1998). In fact, the
National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), number 107 of 1998, makes
community participation an imperative in environmental management. The people
have to have a say in whatever development is being planned for their area.
Besides decision-making people have the right to be involved in developments and
should have the opportunity to benefit from the developments by means of having,
for instance, a preferential employment right, a preferential right to establish
guesthouses or the right to sell their wares and handcraft there.
Gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid: Die deelname van die gemeenskapslede in die besluitneming
en uitvoering van die besluite in verband met die omgewing of enige ander aspek in die
gebied waar hulle leef. Populêr gestel, beteken dit dat wat ook al in die gebied verrig word of
gebeur, in ooreenstemming met die wense van die betrokke en geïntresseerde partye (IAPs) –
insluitend die mense wat daar woon, dit wil sê die plaaslike gemeenskap – is.
Gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid is „n inherente deel van moderne demokratiese bestuur. Die
 33

Suid-Afrikaanse Konstitusie (Wet nommer 108 van 1996) maak selfs voorsiening vir die
betrokkenheid van die plaaslike gemeenskap in besluitneming oor die omgewing en dit is
duidelik en onomwonde gestel in die nasionale omgewingswetgewing (NEMA), Wet 107 van
1998 (kyk “environmental management”). Gemeenskapbetrokkenheid is „n vereiste in ons
omgewingswetgewing. Die mense moet „n sê hê in die beplanning binne hulle omgewing en
hulle moet die geleentheid kry om voordeel uit sulke ontwikkelings in hulle omgewing te
trek. Daar is verskillende wyses waarop hulle voordeel kan trek, naamlik voorkeur in
aanstelling in poste, die voorkeur-geleentheid om gastehuise te skep en die geleentheid om
hulle kuns- en handwerk te bemark.
Complementarity: The success and popularity of one establishment or resort or
natural phenomenon (such as a shop, a casino or a beach) results in the
development of other economic concerns in its vicinity, and neither the original
attraction nor the “off-shoots” detract from one another‟s popularity, but enhance it.
In a way, this is an example of success breeding success. In the geography of
economics, this is a very important factor. A shopping mall is an apposite example.
One well-known chain shop acts as anchor tenant, and a score of other shops,
emporia, boutiques, destination shops, specialisation shops, bank outlets, and so
forth, rent space in the mall, knowing that the anchor tenant will attract large
numbers of people who might become customers of all the other shops. Exactly the
same applies in the tourism industry. One successful tourist attraction results in the
development of other tourist facilities in its vicinity and neither the original attraction
nor the other facilities detract from one another‟s success, but increase
(complement) it. Usually there is one main “draw-card” attraction in an area, but its
success provides an opportunity for other tourist facilities to be developed in its
vicinity. As more facilities originate the visitor numbers of all the facilities – including
that of the original draw-card attraction – increase. The Cradle of Humankind world
heritage site serves as an apt example. The popularity and general acquaintance of
the Sterkfontein caves and the exhibition of the Mrs Ples fossil collection have for
many decades been an attraction for individuals interested in archaeology and
palaeontology. But there are other equally important caves and palaeontological
sites in its near vicinity and the entire area of some square kilometres was regarded
as important enough to grant it world heritage site status. Soon other tourist
attractions were developed in the area, namely the Maropeng museum of evolution,
the Savannah Game Reserve, the Rhino and Lion Nature Reserve, the old
Kromdraai Goldmine, the Cradle Game Reserve, the Cultural Village, hiking routes,
lodges, spas, country escapes, art and craft markets, and the tourist-friendly
developments at the other important caves namely Zwartkrans and Kromdraai, and
many other sites. All of these entities benefit from the nearness of other tourist
attractions, and all of them contribute to the huge tourist numbers now being
attracted to this world heritage site. The Cradle of Humankind world heritage site
represents a successful tourist destination with a whole selection of complementary
developments.
Komplementering: Die sukses en gewildheid van een ontwikkeling, oord, of natuurlike
verskynsel (soos „n winkel, „n dobbeloord of „n strand) lei tot die ontwikkeling van ander
ekonomiese ondernemings in die onmiddellike omgewing van die suksesvolle aanloklikheid.
Die oorspronklike aanloklikheid en die ander ontwikkelings benadeel nie mekaar se
gewildheid nie, maar verhoog dit eerder. Dit is inderdaad „n voorbeeld van sukses wat uit
sukses voortspruit. In die Geografie van ekonomiese aktiwiteite is dit „n uiters belangrike
faktor. „n Algemeen-bekende voorbeeld is inkopiesentrums. Een toonaangewende
 34

kettingwinkel vorm die anker-huurder, en „n hele skare van ander winkels, emporia, boetieks,
bestemmingswinkels, spesialis-winkels, bank-takke, ensovoorts huur ruimte in die kompleks
wetende dat die anker-huurder „n massa menses sal lok wat kliënte van die ander winkels kan
word. Presies dieselfde proses vind in die toerismebedryf plaas. Een suksesvolle toerisme-
aanloklikheid lei tot die ontwikkeling van ander toerismefasiliteite in sy nabye omgewing en
nóg die oorspronklike aanloklikheid nóg die ander fasiliteite doen enige afbreuk aan mekaar
se sukses, maar dra daartoe by (komplementeer dit). Gewoonlik is daar een aanloklikheid in
die gebied, en die sukses daarvan bied „n geleentheid aan ander toeristefasilitiete om in die
nabye omgewing te ontstaan. Namate meer fasiliteite geskep word, neem die
besoekersgetalle aan al die fasiliteite – insluitend die oorspronklike “trekpleister” – toe. Die
Wieg van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein is „n paslike voorbeeld. Die gewildheid en
algemene bekendheid van die Sterkfonteingrot en die Mev Ples fossiel-versameling het
dekades lank baie besoekers wat in argeologie en paleontologie geïnteresseerd is, gelok.
Daar is egter ewe belangrike grotte en paleontologiese terreine in die onmiddellike omgewing
en die hele gebied wat oor etlike vierkante kilometers strek, is as belangrik genoeg geag om
as „n wêrelderfenisterrein verklaar te word. Daar het dadelik ander toeriste-aanloklikhede
binne die gebied ontstaan, naamlik die Maropeng-museum van ewolusie, die Savanna-
wildreservaat, die Renoster- en Leeu-natuurreservaat, die ou Kromdraai-goudmyn, die Wieg
Natuurreservaat, die Kultuur-nedersetting, staproetes, herberge, gesondheidsoorde, landelike
wegbreekoorde, kuns- en handwerkmarkte, asook die toerisvriendelike ontwikkelings by die
ander belangrike grotte naamlik Zwartkrans en Kromdraai, en „n hele reeks ander
besienswaardighede. Al hierdie ondernemings trek voordeel uit die nabyheid van ander
toeriste-bestemmings en hulle dra almal by tot die groot getalle besoekers wat tans die Wieg
van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein besoek. Hierdie terrein verteenwoordig „n suksesvolle
toeriste-bestemming met „n hele verskeidenheid komplementêre ontwikkelings.
Conservation areas: Natural or human-made areas that have certain qualities
which make them so important or unique that they should be protected on behalf of
the future generations. Natural areas worthy of protection include a wide variety of
mountains, wetlands, coasts, forests, grasslands, rivers, areas containing fossils,
areas teeming with wild animals, areas where certain animals breed, and so on.
Human-made areas worthy of protection include a wide variety of city sectors,
historical settlement sites, areas containing archaeological artefacts, and many
more. Some areas that are not entirely man-made, such as important battlefields
and graveyards, are also included in the list of conservation areas. All countries
have their own conservation legislation, but certain conservation areas are protected
by international laws (such as the International Law of the Sea) under the aegis of
various Agencies of the United Nations (such as UNESCO). Access to and
development in certain conservation areas are strictly forbidden, but in others access
and development are only subject to certain rules and regulations. Antarctica is a
case in point. The entire continent plus the ice shelves surrounding it, is a
conservation area, governed by the United Nations under the International Atlantic
Treaty. Access is strictly controlled. No non-endemic plants or animals are allowed.
Yet certain development is allowed under strict regulations and only genuine
scientific research stations have been permitted. South Africa is one of the few
countries in the world that has a research station (called SANAE and dating from
1958) on Antarctica. However, South Africa‟s environmental management
regulations and laws do not apply on Antarctica, where only the International
Antarctic Teatry‟s regulations apply. (See “wetlands”.)
 35

Bewaringsgebiede: Natuurlike of mensgemaakte gebiede wat sekere eienskappe het wat

hulle so belangrik of uniek maak dat hulle vir die nageslagte bewaar moet word. Natuurlike
gebiede wat bewaar moet word, sluit „n wye verskeidenheid berge, vleilande, kuste, woude,
graslande, riviere, gebiede wat fossiele bevat, gebiede waar baie wilde diere voorkom,
gebiede waar sekere diere teël of broei, ensovoorts in. Mensgemaakte gebiede wat
beskermingswaardig is, sluit „n wye verskeidenheid histories-belangrike stedelike sektore,
gebiede waar vroeë nedersettings gevestig het, gebiede wat argeologiese artefakte bevat, en
so meer in. Sekere bewaringswaardige gebiede wat nie in die geheel mensgemaak is nie, is
belangrike slagvelde en begraafplase. Alle state het hul eie bewaringswetgewing, maar
sekere gebiede op Aarde word deur internasionale wetgewing (soos die Internasionale Wet
van die See) onder die beskerming van verskeie agentskappe van die Verenigde Nasies (soos
UNESCO) beskerm. Toegang tot en ontwikkeling in sekere bewaringsgebiede is streng
verbode, maar in andere word toegang en ontwikkeling net deur sekere regulasies beheer.
Antarktika is „n paslike voorbeeld. Die hele kontinent asook die ysplate rondom die
kontinent is „n bewaringsgebied wat deur die Verenigde Nasies volgens die regulasies van die
Internasionale Antarktiese Verdrag bestuur word. Toegang word streng beheer. Geen plante
of diere wat nie natuurlik in Antarktika voorkom nie, word toegelaat nie. Tog word sekere
ontwikkeling onder streng regulasies toegelaat. Slegs geloofwaardige wetenskaplike
navorsingstasies word toegelaat. Suid-Afrika is een van die min lande ter wêreld wat sedert
1958 „n navorsingstasie (genaamd SANAE) in Antarktika het. Die Suid-Afrikaanse
omgewingsbestuursregulasie en wetgewing is egter nie in Antarktika geldig nie. Daar geld
alleenlik die regulasies van die Internasionale Antarktiese Verdrag. (Kyk “wetlands”.)
Countries in transition (CITs): Less developed states that are in the process of
becoming more developed. It is purely an economic classification. In 1977, the
World Bank classified 133 countries into four categories based on annual per capita
income: the low income economies, the lower middle income economies, the upper
middle income economies, and the high income economies. The countries in the
first three categories of this classification are regarded as countries in transition, that
is, countries that are on their way to become high income economies. The
underlying economic assumption of this classification is that all economies will grow
and the per capita income of all countries will increase (see “developing countries”).
This economic theory was never universally accepted and since 1977 it has been
proven incorrect as certain economies have declined. The 2008 international
economic crisis demonstrated that even the economies of the high income
economies (highly developed countries) might sometimes decline. The 1977 World
Bank classification is far too old to use in 2013, and even the term “countries in
transition” has fallen into disuse. Today we would regard the BRICS countries (see
“economic growth”) as “countries in transition” because their economies are growing
while even some of the traditionally high-income countries experience negative
economic growth. Some of the lowest income economies of the 1977 classification,
have become even poorer and have been joined by a number of the lower middle
income countries. (See “development”, “developing countries”, “economic
development” and “economic growth”.)
Lande in oorgang: Minder-ontwikkelende en ontwikkelende lande wat teoreties ekonomies
in die proses is om tot hoogs ontwikkelde ekonomieë en lande te ontwikkel. Dit is „n suiwer
ekonomiese klassifikasiestelsel gebaseer op spesifieke ekonomiese teorieë. In 1977 het die
Wêreldbank 133 lande op grond van hulle jaarlikse per capita inkomste in vier kategorieë
geklassifiseer: die lae-inkomste ekonomieë, die laer middelklas-inkomste ekonomieë, die
hoër middelklas-ekonomieë, en die hoë-inkomste ekonomieë. Die lande in die eerste drie
 36

kategorieë is die sogenaamde ontwikkelende ekonomieë, oftewel lande in oorgang, waarvan

daar verwag was om ekonomies te groei. Die onderliggende ekonomiese teorieë waarop
hierdie hipoteses en aannames gebaseer is, naamlik dat alle ekonomieë sal groei en dat hulle
per capita-inkomste sou verhoog (kyk “developing countries” en “hypothesis”), was nooit
universeel aanvaar nie en sedert 1977 is dit as vals bewys aangesien die per capita-inkomste
en ekonomiese groei van sekere lae-inkomste ekonomieë selfs nog laer gedaal het. Die 2008-
internasionale ekonomiese ineenstorting het bewys dat selfs hoër-inkomste ekonomieë (kyk
“developed countries”) deur sekere internasionale gebeure onder ekonomiese druk kan kom
en negatiewe groei kan toon. Die 1977-klassifikasie van die Wêreldbank is kennelik
verouderd en kan nie in 2013 meer gebruik word nie. Selfs die term “lande in oorgang” het
in onbruik verval. Vandag sal ons die BRICS-lande as “lande in oorgang” bestempel (kyk
“economic growth”) omdat hulle ekonomieë groei, terwyl sommige hoë-inkomste lande se
ekonomieë selfs negatiewe groei vertoon. Sommige van die lande met die laagste per capita
inkomstes in 1977, het selfs nóg laer gedaal en „n hele aantal lande met middel-klas
inkomste-ekonomieë het tot die lae-inkomste kategorie gedaal. (Kyk “development”,
“developing countries”, “economic development” en “economic growth”.)
Deforestation: The human-induced removal of the vegetation that naturally grows in
a certain area. The term does not refer to forested areas only, but to any natural
area where any type of vegetation grows. An area could be stripped of its vegetation
by human actions such as overgrazing, overexploitation, incorrect agricultural
methods, the use of fire to clear areas for cultivation (slash-and-burn cultivation),
inadvertent or deliberate veld fires, military operations, and many more. These
actions leave the ground surface uncovered and therefore unprotected against the
forces of soil erosion (see “erosion”). Rainwater will simply run off over the
devegetated area because there is no vegetation to prevent runoff. Owing to this
increased runoff, the topsoil will be washed away. Without vegetation to protect the
topsoil from wind, it is simply blown away. Devegetation (or deforestation) leads to
accelerated soil erosion and ultimately to denudation which is the total loss of the
fertile topsoil that is indispensible to support the growth of vegetation. Denuded
areas have lost their production capacity (production potential). Vast tracts of
land on all continents (except Antarctica) have been reduced to this state. These
regions include tropical forests, grasslands, semi-deserts, fynbos regions, high
rainfall mountainous regions, and even certain areas in very fertile regions such as
the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. (See “environmental
degradation”.)
Ontbossing: Menslike aktiwiteite wat die natuurlike plantegroei in „n sekere gebied
verwyder of vernietig. Die term verwys nie slegs na woude nie, maar na enige gebied waar
enige tipe natuurlike plantegroei voorkom. Menslike aktiwiteite soos oorbeweiding,
oorbenutting, toepassing van verkeerde landboumetodes, die gebruik van vuur om areas vir
landbou gereed te maak (slash-and-burn verbouing), toevallige of doelbewuste veldbrande,
militêre operasies, en menige ander, kan die natuurlike plantegroei in enige gebied stroop.
Hierdie aktiwiteite ontbloot die grondoppervlak en maak dit uiters vatbaar vir gronderosie
(kyk “erosion”). Reënwater sal eenvoudig oor „n ontblote oppervlak afvloei, omdat daar
geen plantegroei is om afloop te stuit nie. As gevolg van die verhoogde afvloei en die
afwesigheid van plantegroei, sal die bogrond wegspoel. Sonder „n plantegroeibedekking, kan
die bogrond ook baie maklik deur die wind weggewaai word. Plantegroeivernietiging
(ontbossing) gee aanleiding tot versnelde gronderosie wat tot denudasie oftewel die algehele
verlies van die vrugbare bogrond lei. Sonder bogrond kan plantegroei nie onderhou word nie
en die area se produksievermoë (produksiepotensiaal) is daarmee heen. Enorme
 37

oppervlaktes (areas) op alle kontinente (behalwe Antarktika) is reeds tot hierdie toestand
gedegradeer. Hierdie gebiede sluit tropiese woude, grasvelde, halfwoestyne en droë
gebiede, fynbosstreke, bergagtige gebiede met hoë reënval, en selfs sekere gebiede in hoogs
vrugbare streke soos die Oos-Kaap en KwaZulu-Natal in Suid-Afrika in. (Kyk
“environmental degradation”).
Demarcation: The establishment and description of the borders or limits of an area.
It literally means “marking off”. It entails the determining of the horizontal and/or
vertical extent of an area in which a particular variable (feature, condition,
characteristic, phenomenon) occurs, and the description of the limits of its
occurrence (or distribution) on a map. The variable could be anything from a
population who speak a certain dialect of a language, to a rare plant species or a
certain mineral resource. It is an extremely important concept in Geography.
Geographers study the spatial distribution patterns of variables and conditions. The
limits of the area in which something occurs are established and indicated on a map.
In this way, the spatial distribution of a phenomenon is described and the localities
or areas of occurrence are demarcated. Innumerable examples can be named, but
only a few are given: countries are demarcated by international boundaries; dry
regions are demarcated by rainfall isohyets; rich regions are demarcated by per
capita income or gross domestic product (GDP); biomes are demarcated on grounds
of the types of plants and animals that occur in them; crime-prone areas in a city are
demarcated by the number of criminal incidents reported over a specific period.
Note that all the spatial distributions mentioned above, can be described by means
of maps. Thus geographers demarcate areas which describe spatial distributions.
Nowadays, such data is often stored in geographic information systems (GISs).
(See “regions”.)
Afbakening: Die vassteling en beskrywing van die grense van „n gebied. Dit beteken
letterlik “afmerking”. Dit omvat die bepaling van die horisontale en/of vertikale strekking
van die gebied waarin „n spesifieke veranderlike (eienskap, toestand, verskynsel) voorkom
asook die beskrywing van die grense (ruimtelike limiete) van die gebied waar dit voorkom.
Die grense van die voorkomsgebied word deur middel van „n kaart beskryf. Die veranderlike
kan enigiets wees van die bevolking wat „n sekere dialek van „n taal praat, tot die voorkoms
van „n skaars plantspesie of „n sekere minerale hulpbron. Afbakening is „n uiters belangrike
konsep in Geografie. Geograwe bestudeer die ruimtelike verspreidingspatrone van
veranderlikes of toestande. Die grense van die gebied waarbinne „n verskynsel voorkom,
word beskryf deur dit op „n kaart aan te dui. Sodoende word die ruimtelike
verspreidingspatroon van die verskynsel beskryf. Eindeloos baie voorbeelde kan genoem
word, maar slegs „n paar word hier verskaf: state word afgebaken deur middel van
internasionale grenslyne; droë gebiede word afgebaken met behulp van reënval-isohiete;
vooruitstrewende streke word afgebaken op grond van die per kapita inkomste of die bruto
nasionale produk (BNP); biome word afgebaken op grond van die tipe plante en diere wat
daar voorkom; misdaad risiko-areas binne „n stad word afgebaken met behulp van statistieke
oor die aantal misdade wat oor „n sekere tydperk aangemeld word. Let op dat al die
bogenoemde ruimtelike verspreidings deur middel van kaarte beskryf kan word. Sodoende
baken geograwe gebiede af, en beskryf hulle ruimtelike verspreidings. Deesdae word sulke
data dikwels in geografiese inligtingstelsels (GIS‟e) gestoor. (Kyk “regions”.)

Demarketing: A management strategy to limit and control the numbers of visitors to

fragile or sensitive tourism destinations. Certain tourist facilities, like Disneyland and
Sun City, have been created to be robust and they can withstand a never ending
 38

deluge of masses of visitors. Unlike these, certain tourism destinations such as

limestone caves, catacombs, salt mines, coral reefs, nature reserves, game parks,
sacred sites and places of meditation and rememberance are fragile and/or not
suited to cope with masses of tourists all the time (see “carrying capacity”). Of
course, the public can never be told not to visit a tourist site, because visitors are the
life blood of any tourist site. However, if the destination is damaged by too many
visitors, management measures have to be taken or the site will be destroyed, and
management could be accused of “killing the goose that lays the golden eggs”.
There is justifiable concern that the carrying capacity of the Kruger National Park is
being exceeded by too many day visitors and the development of a number of new
small camps. Nature reserves like Yellow Stone and Yosemite in the USA have had
to limit visitor numbers years ago – if for no other reason than to relieve the traffic
jams in the reserves! There are various ways of limiting the visitors, namely
increasing the entrance fees, prohibiting children, requiring advance booking,
disallowing visitors to move around without a guide, allowing a limited number of
visitors per day, prohibiting food and beverages on the site, prohibiting photography,
barring visitors‟ access to the most fragile areas or precious artefacts, and so forth.
Tourism management is not as easy as it often seems, and with tourism being the
one of the fastest growing industries in the world, these problems are going to
increase rather than decrease.
Teenbemarking: „n Bestuurstrategie om die aantal besoekers by broos of sensitiewe
toerismebestemmings te beperk en te beheer. Sekere toeristefasiliteite, soos Disneyland en
Sun City, is geskep om robust te wees en eindelose massas besoekers te weerstaan. Maar
ander bestemmings, soos kalksteengrotte, grafkelders (katakombes), soutmyne, koraalriwwe,
natuurreservate, wildparke, heilige plekke en plekke van meditasie en herinnering is sensitief
en/of nie bestand teen voortdurende massas besoekers nie (kyk “carrying capacity”).
Natuurlik kan die publiek nooit verbied word om „n toeristebestemming te besoek nie, want
besoekers is die bestemming se lewensbloed. Maar indien die bestemming deur te veel
besoekers beskadig word, moet bestuursmaatreëls getref word of die bestuur kan beskuldig
word dat hulle die “gans wat die goue eiers lê, slag”. Daar is geregverdigde besorgdheid dat
die dravermoë van die Kruger Nasionale Park oorskry word deur te veel dagbesoekers en „n
aantal kleiner parke wat ontwikkel is. Natuurreservate soos Yellow Stone en Yosemite in die
VSA het jare gelede reeds die besoekersgetalle beperk – en een van die belangrikste
oorwegings was om die verkeersknope binne die reservate te verlig! Daar is verskeie wyses
om die aantal besoekers te beperk, naamlik verhoogde toegangsfooie, „n verbod op kinders,
vooruitbespreking, „n verbod op enige voedsel en drank op die terrein, „n verbod daarop om
sonder „n gids rond te beweeg, die toelating van „n beperkte aantal besoekers per dag, „n
verbod op fotografie, „n verbod op toegang tot die mees sensitiewe areas en kosbaarste
artefakte, ensovoorts. Toerismebestuur is nie so maklik as wat dit soms skyn te wees nie en
aangesien toerisme een van die vinnig-groeiende industrieë is, sal hierdie probleme vererger
eerder as verminder.
Demographic data: Statistics that describe the characteristics of a population. A
variety of statistics could be used for this purpose, namely absolute numbers, means
or averages, percentages, quartiles, percentiles, and so forth. Examples of these
statistics are: the total number of people living in a country, region, city or town; the
percentage of females in the population; the average age of the men in a population;
the percentage of children younger than 15 years in a certain group of people (a
population); the infant mortality rate; and many more. These figures convey useful
information about that particular population. Geographers use various visual
 39

representation techniques to describe the demographics of populations, for example

bar charts, population pyramids, pie diagrams, and choropleth maps. (See
“choropleth map” and “thematic map”.)
Demografiese data: Statistieke wat die eienskappe van „n bevolking beskryf. „n
Verskeidenheid statistieke kan vir hierdie doel gebruik word, naamlik gemiddeldes,
persentasies, kwartiele, persentiele, ensovoorts. Voorbeelde van sulke statistieke is: die totale
aantal mense wat in „n land, streek of dorp woon; die persentasie vroulike individue in die
bevolking; die gemiddelde ouderdom van die manlike individue in „n bevolking; die
persentasie kinders jonger as 15 jaar in „n sekere groep mense („n bevolking); die
kindersterftesyfer in „n bevolking; en menige ander. Hierdie syfers dra baie uiters bruikbare
inligting in verband met „n bevolking oor. Geograwe gebruik verskillende visuele
voorstellingstegnieke soos staaf- of kolomgrafieke, sirkelsektordiagramme,
bevolkingpiramiedes en choropleetkaarte om die demografiese eienskappe van „n bevolking
te beskryf. (Kyk “choropleth map” en “thematic map”.)

Demonstration effect: The mutual influence of the traditions, cultural practices,

lifestyles, values and norms of different peoples on those of other communities or
groups of people. It is a term closely related to acculturation (see “acculturation”),
but it usually involves smaller groups and less encompassing behaviour patterns
than in acculturation. While acculturation is mostly a one-way process,
demonstration effect is mostly a two-way process (that is, a mutual process); this is,
however, not a hard and fast rule. The presence of visitors or officials in a group of
people with different traditional and cultural practices and value systems might affect
both groups simply because they start to copy one another. Tourism provides the
ideal conditions for this copy-cat behaviour. It might be a completely involuntary
action, but when one group of people sees how other groups of people live, they
start to copy certain practices of those people. Tourists, travellers and diplomatic
staff from Western countries learnt to eat sushi in the Far East and introduced it to
their friends, guests and associates in their home countries. It caught on, and today
sushi is a delicacy enjoyed in Western Europe, the USA and even South Africa.
Tourists, who enjoyed eating mopani worms while visiting South Africa, might
introduce it as a delicacy in their home countries. This will, of course, not change the
entire culture of the tourists‟ home countries. Similarly, the wearing of sunglasses by
people who have seen tourists wearing sunglasses will not cause acculturation.
Demonstration effect is essentially copy-catting of superficial cultural and social
behaviour, and it applies to less encompassing customs and practices than
acculturation does. The latter applies to entire lifestyles, cultures, belief systems and
world views, while the former applies to copying simple behaviour patterns, food,
fads and single phenomena. A typical example of demonstration effect is the
wedding ceremonies of modern black South Africans. While they have not at all
abandoned their traditional marital rites and ceremonies, they now have two
separate wedding ceremonies, one of which is a formal “white-dress” ceremony
typical of the white South Africans‟ wedding ceremony. However, white South
Africans have not incorporated any elements of the traditional black Africans‟
wedding practices into their own wedding ceremonies.
Demonstrasie-effek: Die wedersydse invloed van die tradisies, kulturele praktyke,
lewenstyle, waardes en norme van verskillende mense op dié van ander gemeenskappe of
groepe mense. Die term is verwant aan akkulturasie (kyk “acculturation”), maar dit betrek
gewoonlik kleiner groepe mense en minder omvattende gedragspatrone as in die geval van
 40

akkulturasie. Akkulturasie is meestal „n een-rigtingproses, maar demonstrasie-effek is

dikwels „n twee-rigtingproses, dit wil sê, „n wedersydse proses, maar dit is beslis nie
noodwendig so nie. Die teenwoordigheid van besoekers en amptenare in „n groep mense met
eiesoortige tradisionele, kulturele praktyke en waardesisteme kan albei groepe mense
beïnvloed aangesien hulle mekaar begin na-aap. Toerisme skep ideale toestande vir na-apery.
Dit mag „n heeltemal onbewustelike proses wees, maar wanneer een groep mense sien hoe „n
ander groep mense leef, begin hulle sekere praktyke na-aap. Toeriste, reisigers en
diplomatieke gesante van Westerse lande het byvoorbeeld êrens in die Verre-Ooste geleer om
sushi te eet en dit aan hulle vriende in hulle tuislande bekendgestel. Dit het inslag gevind en
deesdae is dit „n gesogte lekkerny in Wes-Europa, die VSA en selfs Suid-Afrika. Toeriste
wat op besoek aan Suid-Afrika leer dat mopanie-wurms heerlik is, kan dit as „n gesogte
lekkerny aan die res van die wêreld voorstel. Dit sal egter nie soos akkulturasie die hele
kultuur van ander mense verander nie. Netso sal die dra van sonbrille deur mense wat
toeriste met sonbrille gesien het, nie akkulturasie veroorsaak nie. Demonstrasie-effek is in
wese na-apery, en dit betrek minder omvattende kulturele aspekte en gebruike as
akkulturasie. Laasgenoemde het betrekking op die totale lewenstyl, kultuur, geloofsisteme en
wêreldbeskouing van „n groep mense, terwyl demonstrasie-effek na enkele gedragspatrone,
voedsel, modes en enkel verskynsels verwys. „n Goeie voorbeeld van demonstrasie-effek is
die huwelikseremonies van moderne swart Suid-Afrikaners. Hoewel hulle glad nie afgesien
het van hulle tradisionele huwelikseremonies nie, het hulle die tipiese “witrok-seremonie”
van wit Suid-Afrikaners „n integrale deel van hulle huwelikstradisie gemaak deur twee
afsonderlike seremonies te hou waarvan een „n tipiese “witrok-seremonie” is. Wit Suid-
Afrikaners het egter nie enige elemente van die tradisionele swart Afrikane se
huwelikseremonie in hulle eie huwelikstradisie opgeneem nie.
Dependency paradigm: The general conception that the economically active
people in the population have to care for those who are not economically active. The
elderly and the children in a population cannot work to produce food or earn money,
therefore they depend on their children or parents or other people for their livelihood.
It is normally accepted that the individuals aged between 15 and 65 years constitute
the economically active group of the population who contribute to the economic
productivity. Those younger than 15 years and those older than 65 years usually
constitute the non-economically active group. A dependency ratio is calculated to
express the number of people (individuals) who are dependent on every 100
economically active people. Theoretically, a low dependency ratio is desirable since
it means that a large proportion of the population is contributing to the economy. A
high dependency ratio is economically undesirable, since it means that a small group
of working people must provide for a large group of dependents. Dependency ratios
for the richer, more developed countries are much lower than those for poor,
developing states. In the developed countries the dependency ratios typically varies
from 50 to 70 per cent, but in the developing countries it often exceeds 100 per cent
which indicates that there are more dependents than producers in the population.
The dependency ratio has one important shortcoming in that it uses age as the only
variable to identify the productive and unproductive groups of the population. It does
not take into account those people who can work, but cannot find employment (that
is, the unemployed). The general conception of dependency cannot – and does not
– rely solely on the dependency ratio to express the state of production and
dependency in a country or region.
Afhanklikheidsparadigma: Die breë opvatting dat die ekonomies aktiewe mense in „n
bevolking vir dié wat nie ekonomies aktief is nie, moet sorg. Die bejaardes en die kinders
 41

kan nie werk om kos te produseer of geld te verdien nie. Daarom is hulle van hulle kinders,
ouers of ander mense afhanklik vir hulle voortbestaan. Dit word algemeen aanvaar dat die
individue wat tussen 15 en 65 jaar oud is, die ekonomies aktiewe groep van die bevolking
uitmaak en „n bydrae tot ekonomiese produktiwiteit lewer. Individue jonger as 15 jaar en
individue ouer as 65 jaar maak die ekonomies onaktiewe groep uit. „n Afhanklikheidskoers
(of –ratio) word bereken om aan te toon hoeveel mense (individue) van elke 100 ekonomies
aktiewe persone afhanklik is. Teoreties word daar na „n lae afhanklikheidskoers gestreef
aangesien dit beteken dat „n groot groep mense tot die ekonomie bydra. „n Hoë
afhanklikheidskoers is nie ekonomies gesog nie, want dit beteken dat „n klein groepie mense
vir „n groot groep afhanklikes moet sorg. Die afhanklikheidskoerse van die ryk, meer-
ontwikkelde lande is baie laer as dié van die armer, ontwikkelende lande. Vir die
eersgenoemde state wissel die afhanklikheidskoerse tipies van 50 tot 70 persent, maar vir die
ontwikkelende lande kan dié koerse maklik hoër as 100 persent wees wat aandui dat daar
meer afhanklikes as produserendes in die bevolking is. Die afhanklikheidskoers het een groot
tekortkoming, naamlik dat dit slegs ouderdom gebruik om mense as ekonomies produktief of
onproduktief te groepeer. Dit neem glad nie die mense wat kan werk, maar nie betaalde
arbeid kan vind nie (dit wil sê, werkloses), in ag nie. Die algemene teoretiese raamwerk van
afhanklikheid kan nie op die afhanklikheidskoers alleen staatmaak om die stand van
produksie en afhanklikheid in „n land te beskryf nie.
Destination: A place where people (tourists) go to spend a short period such as a
day or a week or two on vacation, or attend a sport tournament or a conference,
receive medical treatment or execute work and study responsibilities. Certain places
in the world are particularly attractive to, and popular with, short-term visitors, and
they can be regarded as prime tourism destinations. Examples of such places
include Cape Town and the Kruger National Park in South Africa; the beaches of
Hawaii and Rio de Janeiro (especially during the annual Rio carnival season!);
Disneyland and Las Vegas in the United States of America; Bundi Beach in
Australia; the beaches of Bali and Phuket; Yosemite National Park in the USA;
Serengeti in Tanzania; the Okavango Delta in Botswana; London and Paris with their
historical buildings; Elvis Presley‟s home “Graceland” in Memphis, Tennessee (in the
USA); the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site in Gauteng; even Antarctica has
lately become an extremely popular destination for wealthy tourists. Religious
pilgrims visit certain holy places, such as Mecca and Jerusalemand the Vatican in
Rome, and these places also count as short-term destinations. But there is another
type of destination, namely places where migrants go in order to find employment
(see “refugees”). These people spend longer periods at the places where they find
work. An example of this is the many migrants – both legal and illegal – from more
northerly African countries such as Malawi, Zimbabwe and the DRC who are
attracted to Gauteng and Limpopo Provinces in order to find employment and earn a
living. (See “attraction”).
Bestemming: „n Plek waarheen mense (toeriste) gaan om vir „n kort tydperk van „n dag of „n
week of twee, vakansie te hou, sporttoernooie of konferensies by te woon, mediese
behandeling te ontvang, werksverpligtinge na te kom of studieverantwoordelikhede uit te
voer. Sekere plekke in die wêreld is besonder aantreklik vir, en gewild by, kort-termyn
besoekers. Sulke plekke kan as primêre toeristebestemmings bestempel word. Voorbeelde
van sulke plekke is Kaapstad en die Kruger Nasionale Park in Suid-Afrika; die strande van
Hawaii en Rio de Janeiro (veral ten tye van die jaarlikse karnaval!); Disneyland en Las Vegas
in die Verenigde State van Amerika; Bundi Beach in Australië; die strande van Bali en
Phuket; Yosemite National Park in die VSA; Serengeti in Tanzanië; die Okavango-delta in
 42

Botswana; Londen en Parys met al hulle geskiedkundige geboue; Elvis Presley se huis
genaamd “Graceland” in Memphis,Tennessee (VSA); die Wieg van die Mensdom
Wêrelderfenisterrein in Gauteng; selfs Antarktika het onlangs „n gewilde toeristebestemming
vir welgestelde reisigers geword. Godsdienspelgrims besoek sekere heilige plekke soos
Mekka en Jerusalem en die Vatikaan in Rome, en hierdie stede word ook as korttermyn
toeristebestemmings beskou. Maar daar is ook ander plekke wat as “bestemmings” beskou
kan word. Dis egter nie korttermyn bestemmings nie want die mense spandeer lang periodes
daar indien hulle daar werk kan kry (kyk “refugees” hieronder). „n Voorbeeld hiervan is die
menigte migrante uit Afrika-state soos Malawi, Zimbabwe en die Demokratiese Republiek
van die Kongo wat – wettig of onwettig – na Gauteng en Limpopo Provinsie stroom in die
hoop om hier werk te kry sodat hulle „n bestaan kan maak. (Kyk “attraction”.)
Destination image: The characteristic which typifies a place in the imagination of the
public. When people think of the Kruger National Park, they immediately think of the
“Big Five”, namely lions, leopards, rhinos, buffaloes and elephants. That is the
image the broad public has of this destination and that is the reason why most
visitors go there. On return, everybody asks whether you have seen lions and then
the rest of the Big Five. Every famous or well-known destination has an image. The
image of New York City is Manhattan and the Statue of Liberty, Paris is associated
with the Eiffel Tower, Rome with roman ruins, Hong Kong with densely packed high
buildings, Las Vegas equates to gambling, the image of Arizona is desert and the
Grand Canyon, that of Egypt is pyramids, Russia means flat snowy plains, and Africa
as a whole means vast, empty plains with endless herds of antelope, the odd lion
pride catching a zebra and crocodiles devouring wildebeest. Marketers would be
short-sighted if they did not use these destination images to their greatest effect, and
their challenge is to convince the visitors that there is more to all these destinations
than these well-known “image” sights. A tourist destination that has no well-known
image has to turn its most unique or most striking feature into an irresistible, “must-
see image” to entice visitors and then use this image in the best interest of the
destination. UNESCO‟s outstanding promotion of all the different world heritage
sites serve as a good example of how destination image could be used effectively.
Bestemmingsbeeld: Die kenmerk wat „n plek in die verbeelding van die publiek tipeer.
Wanneer mense aan die Kruger Nasionale Park dink, dink hulle onmiddellik aan die “Groot
Vyf”, naamlik leeus, luiperds, renosters, buffels en olifante. Dit is die beeld wat die breë
publiek van die bestemming het en die rede waarom hulle soontoe gaan. Wanneer hulle
terugkom, wil almal eerste weet of hulle leeus gesien het en daarna wil hulle weet of jy die
ander lede van die Groot Vyf gesien het. Elke bekende bestemming het „n beeld. Die beeld
van New York is Manhattan en die Statue of Liberty, Parys word geassosieer met die Eiffel-
toring, Rome met romeinse ruïnes, Hong Kong met hoë geboue dig bymekaar, Las Vegas
veronderstel dobbel, Arizona is woestyn en die Grand Canyon, Egipte beteken piramiedes,
Rusland is uitgestrekte, sneeubedekte vlaktes, en Afrika as geheel word geassosieer met
eindelose vlaktes vol wildstroppe en hier en daar „n groep leeus wat „n sebra plattrek en
krokodille wat blouwildebeeste verslind. Bemarkers sal kortsigtig wees as hulle nie hierdie
bestemmingsbeelde uitbuit nie, maar hulle uitdaging is om die besoekers te oortuig dat daar
meer as hierdie bekende aantreklikhede aan die bestemmings is. „n Toeristebestemming wat
nie „n bekende beeld het nie, moet sy treffendste of unieke aantreklikheid as „n
onweerstaanbare “moet-sien-eienskap” bemark om besoekers te lok en dan moet hierdie
beeld skaamteloos tot die beste voordeel van die bestemming gebruik word. UNESCO se
uimuntende promosie van al die verskillende wêrelderfenisterreine is „n goeie voorbeeld van
die effektiewe aanwending van bestemmingsbeeld.
 43

Desertification: The loss of an area‟s production capacity and ability to support life.
Literally, the term means “the making of a desert”. This term became part of
everyday vocabulary during the early 1970s when the vast, semi-desert region of
Africa directly south of the Sahara desert (known as the Sahel) experienced a
number of severely dry years. Although this region normally has a semi-arid
character, it had always supported a rural population who cultivated the land or lived
a nomadic lifestyle and moved around from one grazing area to another with their
small livestock herds. After a few years of abnormally low rainfall, or no rain at all,
the entire region was totally stripped of all vegetation (see “deforestation”),
completely barren and unable to support the people living there. International aid
organisations had to supply food to the people, yet many thousands died of
starvation. This tragic event grabbed the attention of people all over the world and
the idea of the Sahara desert slowly “creeping” or spreading southwards was born.
The misconception that most of the deserts in the world are slowly spreading into the
adjacent regions as a result of natural conditions and climate change became
commonly accepted. After an extensive international research effort, it was
established that desertification is an environmental degradation process created as
the result of excessive human activities which cause the decline of the productivity of
semi-arid regions and converted them into desert-like landscapes (see
“environmental degradation”). In fact, deforestation (see “deforestation”) ultimately
results in desertification. It should be mentioned that large tracts of the Sahel have
regained their productivity after a number of normal rainfall years and more
appropriate grazing and cultivation practices.
Desertifikasie: Die verlies van „n gebied se produksievermoë en die vermoë om lewe te
onderhou. Letterlik beteken die term “woestynvorming”. Die term het in die vroeë 1970‟s
deel van ons alledaagse woordeskat geword toe „n reusagtige, half-woestynstreek direk suid
van die Sahara-woestyn (bekend as die Sahel) „n aantal uitsonderlik droë jare beleef het.
Hoewel hierdie gebied normaalweg semi-aried is, het dit altyd „n groot landelike bevolking
onderhou wat akkerbou beoefen het of „n nomadiese bestaan gevoer het deur met hulle
veetroppies van die een weidingsgebied na die ander rond te trek. Ná „n paar jaar van
abnormale lae of geen reënval hoegenaamd nie, was die hele streek totaal kaalgestroop van
plantegroei (kyk “desforestation”) en nie in staat om die plaaslike gemeenskap te onderhou
nie. Internasionale organisasies moes hulp verleen en voedsel aan die mense verskaf, maar
duisende het nogtans van honger gesterf. Hierdie tragiese gebeurtenis het die verbeelding
van mense dwarsoor die wêreld aangegryp en die idee dat die Sahara-woestyn stadig
suidwaarts “kruip” of sprei is gebore. Die wanopvatting dat omtrent al die woestyne in die
wêreld stadig as gevolg van natuurlike toestande en klimaatsverandering uitbrei en die
aanliggende streke oorweldig, het ontstaan en is algemeen aanvaar. Ná „n uitgebreide
internasionale navorsingsaksie is daar tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat desertifikasie „n
omgewingsdegradasieproses is wat veroorsaak word deur oormatige menslike benutting wat
lei tot produktiwiteitsverlies in semi-ariede gebiede en hulle tot woestynagtige landskappe
verander. Inderwaarheid lei ontbossing (kyk “deforestation”) uiteindelik tot desertifikasie.
Dit is belangrik om te noem dat uitgebreide gebiede van die Sahel hulle produktiwiteit herwin
het ná etlike jare van normale reënval en meer gepaste beweidings- en bewerkingspraktyke.
Development: The level of economical, cultural and social well-being of a certain
population or region or country. Initially, the economic well-being (that is, the wealth)
of the population was regarded as the sole measure of its level of development.
Economic development is the process of using resources to improve human well-
being and this purely economic measure was seen as the actual level of
 44

development of a society (see “developed countries” and “economic growth).

However, it was realised that wealth and poverty are relative concepts, not absolute
ones, since the equivalent amount of money would not be able to buy the same
amount or quality of goods and services in different countries. Consequently, per
capita income should not be regarded as the ultimate measure of the development of
any group of people. It became clear that cultural and social variables also have to
be taken into account. The United Nations (UN) then developed a commonly
accepted measure of development based on economic, cultural and social variables.
The human development index (HDI) takes a variety of variables into account,
namely per capita gross domestic product (GDP) which is a measure of the wealth of
the population, mean education level of the population which is a cultural variable,
and longevity (life expectancy) which is a social variable. Note that even the HDI is
to an extent a relative measure because it includes per capita income of the
population. The HDI is commonly used to express the level of development of a
population or a country. The most important criticism of the UN‟s HDI is that it does
not take human rights and personal freedom into account. Therefore, the HDI alone
should not be used to describe the level of development of a population or country.
(See “developing countries” and “countries in transition”.)
Ontwikkeling: Die vlak van ekonomiese, kulturele en sosiale welstand van „n spesifieke
bevolking of streek of land. Aanvanklik was slegs die ekonomiese welvaart (dit wil sê, die
rykdom) van die bevolking gebruik om die ontwikkelingsvlak van die bevolking of land te
beskryf. Ekonomiese ontwikkeling is die proses waardeur hulpbronne gebruik word om die
menslike welstand te verbeter en hierdie suiwer ekonomiese maatstaf was as die werklike
ontwikkelingsvlak van „n gemeenskap beskou (kyk “developed countries” en “economic
growth”). Gelukkig is daar toe besef dat ekonomiese welvaart en armoede relatiewe eerder
as absolute konsepte is. Gevolglik is daar besluit dat kulturele en sosiale veranderlikes ook in
ag geneem moet word. Die Verenigde Nasies (VN) het toe „n algemeen aanvaarde maatstaf
van ontwikkeling wat ekonomiese, kulturele en sosiale veranderlikes in ag neem, ontwikkel.
Die menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI) neem „n verskeidenheid veranderlikes in
berekening, naamlik die per kapita bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) wat „n maatstaf van die
bevolking se ekonomiese welvaart is, die gemiddelde geletterdheidsvlak van die bevolking
(„n kulturele maatstaf), en die lewensverwagting wat „n sosiale maatstaf is. Let daarop dat
die MOI in „n mate „n relatiewe maatstaf is aangesien dit die per kapita inkomste van die
bevolking in ag neem. Die MOI word algemeen gebruik om die ontwikkelingvalk van „n
bevolking of „n land te beskryf. Die ernstigste kritiek teen die VN se MOI is die feit dat dit
nie menseregte en -vryheid van die individu in ag neem nie. Gevolglik kan die
ontwikkelingsvlak van „n bevolking of „n land nie deur middel van die MOI alleen beskryf
word nie. (Kyk “developing countries” en “countries in transition”.)
Developing countries: Countries (states) that have not yet reached the same levels
of wealth, industrialisation and human well-being which typify the developed
countries (states) of Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia and a
number of states in other regions. The term stems from the late 1970s and early
1980s when it was used only in an economic sense to describe the level of
industrialisation of a country. The per capita gross national product (GNP) and per
capita gross domestic product (GDP) were initially used to distinguish between
developed (“rich”) and developing (“poor”) states. Nowadays measures of human
well-being are also taken into account to define a country‟s level of development.
Measures such as the human development index (see “development”), are now used
to describe a country‟s level of development of a country. African states and a
 45

number of states in Asia and Southern America are typical developing countries.
These countries have low HDIs, large numbers of malnourished citizens, high infant
mortality rates, low average levels of education, large numbers of illiterate
individuals, and a low average per capita income. The level of development of a
country is a relative concept (see “development”) and South Africa is an apposite
example of that. When compared to most African states, South Africa would
probably appear to be “developed” since it has the largest economy in Africa, a
higher average per capita income, literacy level, and life expectancy than most
African states, while it also has a lower infant mortality and starvation rate than many
African states. However, when South Africa is compared to the developed countries
such as the West European states, Japan, Canada and the United States of
America, it is plain to see that South Africa is a developing country with certain
characteristics of a country which is in transition to become a developed state (see
“countries in transition”).
Ontwikkelende lande: Lande (state) wat nog nie dieselfde vlakke van welvaart,
industrialisasie en menslike welstand as die ontwikkelde lande (state) in Wes-Europa,
Noord-Amerika, Japan, Australië en „n aantal lande in ander streke bereik het nie. Die term
dateer uit die laat-1970‟s en vroeë-1980‟s toe dit bloot in „n ekonomiese sin gebruik was om
die vlak van industrialisasie van „n land te beskryf. Die per kapita bruto nasionale produk
(BNP) en per kapita bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) is aanvanklik gebruik om tussen
ontwikkelde (“ryk”) en ontwikkelende (“arm”) state te onderskei. Deesdae word maatstawwe
van menslike welstand ook in ag geneem om „n land se ontwikkelingsvlak te definieer.
Maatstawwe soos die menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (kyk “development”) word deesdae
gebruik om die ontwikkelingsvlak van „n land te beskryf. Die Afrika-state, „n aantal state in
Asië en in Suid-Amerika is tipiese ontwikkelende lande. Hierdie lande het lae MO-indekse
(MOI‟s), groot getalle wanvoede burgers, hoë kindersterftekoerse, lae gemiddelde vlakke van
skoling, groot aantalle ongeletterde mense, en „n lae gemiddelde per kapita inkomste. „n
Land se ontwikkelingsvlak is „n relatiewe konsep (kyk “development”) en Suid-Afrika is „n
gepaste voorbeeld hiervan. Wanneer Suid-Afrika met die meeste van die Afrika-state
vergelyk word, sou Suid-Afrika waarskynlik as “ontwikkeld” voorkom omdat dit die grootste
ekonomie in Afrika is, „n hoër gemiddelde per kapita inkomste, geletterdheidsvlak, en
lewensverwagting as die meeste Afrika-state het, terwyl dit ook „n laer kindersterfte- en
hongersnoodkoers as menige Afrika-state het. Wanneer Suid-Afrika agter met ontwikkelde
lande soos die Wes-Europese state, Japan, Kanada en die Verenigde State van Amerika
vergelyk word, is dit onmiddellik duidelik dat Suid-Afrika „n ontwikkelende land is met
sekere eienskappe wat aandui dat die land besig is om „n ontwikkelde land te word (kyk
“countries in transition”).

Disaggregation: See “aggregation”.

De-aggregasie: Kyk “aggregation”.
Drainage basin: An area of land drained by one river and its tributaries. It is
separated from the adjacent drainage basins by ridges of higher land. The boundary
of a drainage basin is a watershed (see “watershed”). A drainage basin can be
regarded as an open system with inputs (such as precipitation and the melting of
snow or ice) that supply water to the drainage basin, and outputs (such as
evapotranspiration and river run-off) that remove water from the system. Various
processes take place in a drainage basin, namaly interception, surface storage,
infiltration, percolation, groundwater storage, groundwater flow, surface run-off
 46

(overland flow), channel storage and channel flow. Drainage basins have different
shapes (morphometry), sizes and vastly different characteristics. The study of
drainage basins is a specialisation field in a number of sciences, including
Geography. (See “channelization”.)
Dreineringskom: „n Sekere gedeelte van die land wat deur een rivier en sy sytakke dreineer
(of afgewater) word. Dit word van die aangrensende dreineringkomme geskei deur riwwe of
stroke hoër-liggende land. „n Dreineringskom word deur „n waterskeiding begrens (kyk
“watershed”). „n Dreineringskom kan as „n oop sisteem beskou word. Dit ontvang insette
(soos reën en smeltwater vanaf sneeu en ys) wat water na die sisteem voer, en het uitsette
(soos evapotranspirasie en stroomafloop) wat water uit die sisteem wegvoer. Verskillende
prosesse vind in die dreineringskom plaas, naamlik onderskepping, oppervlakberging (-
storing) van water, infiltrasie, deursypeling, afwaartse syfering, storing van water in die vorm
van groundwater, grondwatervloei, oppervlakafloop (oppervlakvloei), kanaalberging en
kanaalvloei. Dreineringskomme het verskillende vorme (morfometrie), groottes en hoogs
uiteenlopende eienskappe. Die studie van dreineringskomme is „n spesialisasieveld in „n hele
aantal wetenskappe, insluitend Geografie. (Kyk “channelization”.)

Dual economy: An economical system that consists of two equally, or nearly so,
important types of economic activity. The economic development of every country
will – theoretically – pass through a number of stages. These stages are typified by
four distinct types of economic activity, namely: primary activities (farming, fishing,
mining and forestry), secondary activities (manufacturing and construction), tertiary
activities (back-up services such as administration, retailing, and transport), and
quaternary activities (which are high-level technology and information and
knowledge services) (see “quaternary activities”). At times more than one of these
types of activities might be approximately equally important in a country‟s economy.
If such a condition exists, the country has a dual economy. It is not a rare condition
at all; in fact, most of the developed states (see “development” and “developing
countries”) have been in this situation at one time or another. The best-known
example is the military-industrial economy of the USA in the 1950s and early 1960s.
A dual economic system can last for a long time, but in most cases one type of
economic activity will eventually become the most important, with all others being
subsidiary. Examples are rife, but currently the most apposite examples are the
Western European states. For many decades these states have been
manufacturing and industrial economies where transport and retailing were equally
important and indispensible for the aforementioned industrial and manufacturing
activities. However, quaternary economic activities have now overtaken these
economies to such an extent that their manufacturing and industrial sectors have
been completely superseded by information technology and knowledge services.
Germany is the striking exception where manufacturing is still an extremely important
part of the economy. The outcome of this state of affairs is still in the balance. (See
“quaternary activities”.)
Tweeledige ekonomie: „n Ekonomiese stelsel waarin twee tipes ekonomiese aktiwiteite min
of meer ewe belangrik is. Die ekonomiese ontwikkeling van elke land sal – teoreties – deur
„n aantal stadiums gaan. Hierdie stadiums word gekenmerk deur vier onderskeibare tipes
ekonomiese aktiwiteite, naamlik: primêre aktiwiteite (boerdery, visvang, mynbou en bosbou),
sekondêre aktiwiteite (vervaardiging en konstruksie), tersiêre aktiwiteite
(ondersteuningsdienste soos administrasie, verkope en vervoer), en kwaternêre aktiwiteite
(wat hoë-tegnologie en inligtings- en kennisdienste insluit). Soms kan meer as een van
 47

hierdie tipes ekonomiese aktiwiteite min of meer ewe belangrik vir „n land se ekonomie
wees. Indien só „n toestand bestaan, het die land „n tweeledige, of gemengde, ekonomie. Dit
is hoegenaamd nie „n uitsonderlike toestand nie. Die meeste van die ontwikkelde lande (kyk
“development” en “developing countries”) het op een of ander stadium „n tweeledige of
gemengde ekonomie gehad. Die mees algemeen-bekende voorbeeld is die militêr-industriële
ekonomie van die VSA in die 1950‟s en vroeë-1960‟s. „n Tweeledige ekonomiese stelsel kan
„n lang tyd bly bestaan, maar in die meeste gevalle sal een van die tipes ekonomiese
aktiwiteite belangriker word, terwyl al die ander tipes ondergeskikte belang sal geniet.
Voorbeelde is volop, maar tans is die Wes-Europese ekonomieë die mees paslike voorbeelde.
Dekades lank was hierdie state industriële vervaardigingsekonomieë waar vervoer en handel
ewe belangrik en onontbeerlik as die voorgenoemde ekonomiese aktiwiteite was. Kwaternêre
ekonomiese aktiwiteite het egter nou die sekondêre en tersiêre aktiwiteite in belangrikheid
verbygesteek en die vervaardigings- en industriële sektore van hierdie ekonomieë het eintlik
heeltemal verdwerg. Duitsland is die opvallende uitsondering. Daar maak vervaardiging nog
steeds „n uiters groot bydrae tot die ekonomie. Die uiteinde van hierdie toestand van sake, is
nog „n ope vraag. (Kyk “quaternary activities”.)

E
Ecocentrism: A philosophy, or way of thinking, that puts the environment at its
centre, while human interests such as technological and economic development are
relegated to a position of far lesser importance. It is a rather extremist viewpoint and
is often politicised. It is a philosophy adhered to by a wide variety of
environmentalists and environmental organisations. These vary from the slightly left-
of-centre groups (such as Earthlife Africa), to the more radical activists of
Greenpeace and the highly politicised, rather shadowy, groups of environmental
extremists (such as Earth First! and the Environmental Liberation Front of the
1980s), to secret societies of violent environmental terrorists. The philosophy of
ecocentrism finds its ultimate expression in the Deep Ecology school of thought,
which strives to enshrine green rights and promotes a simple, non-technological,
non-materialistic, non-consumerist lifestyle.
Ekosentrisme: „n Filosofie, of denkwyse, waarin die omgewing die sentrale focus is, terwyl
menslike belange soos tegnologiese en ekonomiese vooruitgang van baie minder belang is.
Dit is „n effens ekstremistiese uitgangspunt en word dikwels gepolitiseer. Dit is „n filosofie
wat aangehang word deur „n wye verskeidenheid omgewingsgesindes en
omgewingsorganisasies. Die ekosentriste varieer van die effens linksgesinde groepe (soos
Earthlife Africa), tot die meer radikale aktiviste van Greenpeace, tot die hoogs gepolitiseerde,
meer duistere groepe omgewingsekstremiste (soos Earth First! en die Environmental
Liberation Front van die 1980‟s), en selfs tot geheime organisasies van gewelddadige
omgewingsterroriste. Die ekstreme uiteinde van ekosentrisme as „n filosofie is die Diep-
ekologiedenkskool wat streef na die bevestiging van groenregte, en „n eenvoudige, nie-
tegnologiese, nie-materialistiese, nie-verbruikende leefwyse propageer.
Eco-lodges: Places where eco-tourists can visit and find accommodation and
sustenance while enjoying nature (see “destination”). In the strictest sense of eco-
tourism, such places should have no impact at all on the environment. This implies
no electricity, no vehicular travel, no permanent built structures, no noise and
definitely no creature comforts such as air conditioning, and a strict ban on personal
items such as deodorants and cigarettes. Hiking trips in natural areas with no
modern conveniences come closest to the true eco-tourism ideal, while highly
 48

controlled, exclusive, small-group, extremely expensive day-tours to the Galapagos

Islands do in fact attain the ideal. However, most eco-tourists are people from high
income brackets and do not really wish to “rough it” when they enjoy nature. They
expect top-class hospitality and luxury accommodation. The so-called eco-lodges, of
which there are hundreds all around the world, offer the well-heeled tourist with very
deep pockets five-star accommodation, all modern conveniences and every
luxurious creature comfort imaginable, and it all comes at a very steep price. By
means of game drives, specially appointed look-out points, and luxurious hides the
guests can observe nature and wildlife without foregoing any of their customary
comforts. To the credit of the eco-tourism industry as a whole, there are some eco-
lodges who make a commendable attempt at having as little as possible impact on
the environment. Some of the eco-lodges in the Okavango Delta of Botswana, and
some of the top-rate South African establishments are examples of note.
Eko-herberge Plekke of bestemmings wat eko-toeriste kan besoek en verblyf kan vind
terwyl hulle die natuurlike omgewing geniet (kyk “destination”). In die strengste sin van die
ekotoerisme-filosofie behoort hierdie ondernemings geen impak op die omgewing te maak
nie. Dit impliseer geen elektrisiteit, geen motorvoertuie, geen permanente boustrukture, geen
lawaai en definitief geen luukse gemaksgeriewe soos lugversorging nie, en „n streng verbod
op persoonlike luukse items soos reukweerders en sigarette. Staptoere in natuurgebiede met
geen moderne geriewe, bereik min of meer die ware eko-toerisme ideaal, terwyl die
buitensporige duur dag-besoeke aan die Galapagos-eilande byna die ideaal bereik. Maar die
meeste ekotoeriste is welgestelde mense en hulle wil nie “ontbeer” en met minder as wat
hulle aan gewoond is, klaarkom wanneer hulle die natuur geniet nie. Die sogenaamde eko-
hergerge, waarvan daar honderde oral oor die wêreld is, bied die welgestelde toeris wat dit
kan bekostig, vyfster-akkommodasie, alle moderne geriewe en al die persoonlike
vertroetelings denkbaar, maar teen „n baie hoë prys. Danksy wildbesigtigingstoere, spesiaal
toegeruste uitkykpunte en luukse skuilings (hides), kan die gaste die natuur en die wilde diere
beskou, sonder om enige van hulle normale geriewe te ontbeer. Tot die krediet van die eko-
toerisme bedryf as „n geheel, is daar sommige eko-herberge wat „n prysenswaardige poging
aanwend om so min impak as moontlik op die omgewing te hê. Sekere van die eko-herberge
in die Okavango-delta in Botswana asook enkele vyfster eko-herberge in Suid-Afrika is
uitstaande voorbeelde hiervan.
Ecological citizenship: The quality of peoples‟ attitude and views of the
environment. Everybody on Earth is a citizen of the environment in the broadest
sense of the word. Some of us are “good” ecological citizens who try our best to live
an environmentally friendly life and have as small as possible an ecological footprint
(see “ecological footprint”). Others do not concern themselves with their ecological
footprint and do not deliberately try to limit their impact on the environment. In this
current age of high technology, materialism and consumerism, good ecological
citizenship is hardly an asset. A few hundred years ago, people lived a simple, non-
technologically driven, subsistence type of existence. They lived in harmony with the
seasons, the vagaries of the weather, the natural recovery time of the soil fertility,
and the natural resilience of all forms of life in the ecosystem. During the Industrial
Revolution, all of this changed (see “industrial revolution”). Today, very few people
can actually be described as “good” ecological citizens. The Environmental
Movement started in the 1960s (see “ecological niche”) when scientists started to
realise that the environment is being destroyed by human activities. Environmental
legislation was introduced, first in the United States of America, then in Canada and
later in almost all countries in the world, including South Africa to regulate
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humankind‟s impact on the environment (see “environmental management”). In a

way, this “forces” all people to be good ecological citizens. Till now, the failures of
environmental legislation far outnumber the successes. In short, the current
generations are not really good ecological citizens. In spite of all the international
and national environmental legislation, the environment is being impacted negatively
to such a concerning degree that we can categorically state that the generations that
follow will inherit an environment that is completely different from the one we
inherited.
Ekologiese burgerskap: Die kwaliteit van mense se houding en seining van die omgewing.
Elke mens op Aarde is in die breedste sin „n burger van die omgewing. Sommige van ons is
“goeie” ekologiese burgers wat ons bes probeer om „n omgewingsvriendelike lewe te leef en
so „n klein ekologiese voetspoor as moontlik te maak (kyk “ecological footprint”). Ander
steur hulle glad nie aan hulle ekologiese voetspoor nie en probeer nie doelbewus om hulle
impak op die omgewing te beperk nie. In hierdie tydsbestek van hoë tegnologiese
ontwikkeling, materialisme en „n verbruikerslewenstyl waarin baie van ons vandag leef, is
goeie ekologiese burgerskap nie eintlik „n prysenswaardige eienskap nie. „n Paar honderd
jaar gelede het mense „n eenvoudige, nie-tegnologies gedrewe, bestaansekonomie
gehandhaaf. Hulle het in harmonie met die seisoene, die onvoorspelbaarheid van die weer,
die natuurlike vrugbaarheidsherstel van die grond, en die natuurlike herstelvermoë van al die
organismes in die ekosisteem geleef. Tydens die Industriële Revolusie het alles verander
(kyk “industrial revolution”). Deesdae kan baie min mense as “goeie” ekologiese burgers
beskryf word. Die Omgewingsbeweging het in die 1960‟s begin (kyk “ecological niche”) toe
wetenskaplikes begin besef het dat die omgewing deur menslike aktiwiteite verwoes word.
Omgewingswetgewing is ingestel, eers in die Verenigde State van Amerika, daarna in
Kanada en later in byna alle lande in die wêreld, insluitend Suid-Afrika. Die doel was om die
menslike impak op die omgewing te reguleer (kyk “environmental management”). Op ‟n
sekere manier “dwing” dit almal om goeie ekologiese burgers te wees. Tot dusver oorskry
die mislukkings van omgewingsregulering verreweg die suksesse. Kortom, die huidige
geslagte is nie regtig goeie ekologiese burgers nie. Ten spyte van al die internasionale en
nasionale omgewingswetgewing, word die omgewing steeds onrusbarend negatief beïnvloed,
tot so „n mate dat die geslagte wat ná ons kom, definitief „n geheel ander omgewing sal erf as
die een wat ons geërf het.
Ecological footprint: The impact of human development, such as settlements, a
mine, a road, a single building, construction or enterprise of any size or complexity
has on the environment into which it is introduced. An ecological footprint has two
components, namely the intensity of the impact and the areal extent of the impact.
Theoretically, an ecological footprint can be “heavy‟‟ but spatially restricted, or it
mght be “light” but spatially extensive. All human constructions have fuel, transport,
food and waste disposal needs. These usually extend beyond the development itself
and an ecological space is thus delineated or demarcated (see “demarcation”).
Cities, towns, airports and industrial installations have a heavy impact on the
environment and their ecological footprints are extensive. Single homesteads in a
rural area also have significant ecological footprints. All eco-tourism facilities and
enterprises have some impact on the environment (see “eco-lodges”). Even the
most minimalistic hiking trails have a certain ecological footprint. The top notch eco-
lodges that pride themselves in being environmentally friendly, have surprisingly
large and heavy ecological footprints, especially when they have private landing
strips and a large staff to accommodate. A university like Unisa has an enormous
ecological footprint. Think of all the buildings, the staff parking, the student facilities,
 50

the postal services, the facilities for telephonic and internet communication which are
involved in non-residential education. Even the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage
Site has a significant ecological footprint that extends over a semi-rural area of
several square kilometres. By their very nature, military operations and warfare have
an enormous ecological footprint. Recreation for the rich such as golf courses, ski
resorts, racing tracts, human-made 4x4 routes, and many others – ironically – have
enormous ecological footprints which are seldom considered. (See “ecology” and
“environmental degradation”).
Ekologiese voetspoor: Die impak wat enige mensgemaakte ontwikkeling, soos „n
nedersetting, „n myn, „n pad, „n enkele gebou, konstruksie of onderneming van enige grootte
of kompleksiteit op die omgewing waar dit gebou word, het. „n Ekologiese voetspoor het
twee komponente, naamlik die intensiteit daarvan en die ruimtelike omvang daarvan.
Teoreties kan „n ekologiese voetspoor “swaar”, maar ruimtelik beperk wees. Dit kan ook
“lig”, maar ruimtelik uitgebreid wees. Alle mensgemaakte konstruksies benodig brandstof,
vervoer, voedsel en afvalbestuur. Hierdie behoeftes en dienste reik gewoonlik veel verder as
die ontwikkeling self en sodoende word „n ekologiese ruimte afgebaken (kyk
“demarcation”). Stede, dorpe, lughawens en vervaardigingsaanlegte het „n groot impak op
die omgewing en hulle ekologiese voetspore is uitgebreid. Selfs alleenstaande plaasopstalle
in „n plattelandse gebied het beduidende ekologiese voetspore. Alle ekotoerismefasiliteite en
-ondernemings maak „n impak op die omgewing (kyk “eco-lodges”). Selfs die mees
minimalistiese staproetes het „n mate van impak en „n ekologiese voetspoor. Ook ekslusiewe
ekobestemmings wat roem daarop dat hulle omgewingsvriendelik is, het verstommende groot
en swaar ekologiese voetspore, veral wanneer hulle privaat landingstroke en baie personeel
om te huisves, het. „n Universiteit soos Unisa het „n reuse ekologiese voetspoor. Dink aan al
die geboue, die personeelparkering, die studentefasiliteite, die posdienste, en die fasiliteite vir
telefoniese en internet-kommunikasie wat nodig is vir afstandsonderrig. Selfs die Wieg van
die Mensdom Wêrelderfenisterrein het „n beduidende impak op „n half-landelike oppervlak
wat etlike vierkante kilometer beslaan. Militêre operasies en oorlogvoering het uiteraard
enorme ekologiese voetspore. Ontspanning vir die meer gegoedes en die rykes, in die vorm
van gholfbane, ski-oorde, renbane, mensgemaakte 4x4-roetes, ensovoorts het – ironies
genoeg – enorme ekologiese voetspore waaraan selde gedink word. (Kyk “ecology” en
“environmental degradation”.)
Ecological niche: Each organism in an ecosystem has a specific role to fulfil (see
“ecology”). This task is called its ecological niche. Two or more organisms cannot
occupy the same niche for long since competition will ensue and one or more
organisms will be driven out of the niche, or will change to adapt (evolve) to fit the
niche, or simply die out. Dung beetles are a good example of organisms that fulfil an
indispensible ecological task in nature and that task cannot be executed by any other
organisms. Recycling dung is their ecological niche. Bees are not often regarded as
ecologically important, but their ecological niche (their ecological task) is pollination
and without bees all life on Earth would be in jeopardy, as pointed out in Rachel
Carson‟s book Silent Spring in 1962 at the birth of the Environmental Movement.
Her prophetic words are now (in 2013) becoming alarmingly true as a mass die-off of
bees is evident in many regions of the world. Since approximately 2006, commercial
bee-keepers in the US have been reporting a decline of bees in their hives. This so-
called “colony-collapse disorder (CCD)” is currently the focus of an urgent research
effort in the US. Bee-keepers blame it on the accumulation of pesticides,
insecticides and herbicides in the environment, but scientists do not all agree that
this is the sole cause of CCD. Certain results of research done by reputable
 51

scientists point to the micro-waves emitted by all the cellular phones (mobile phones)
in the world as being the of the culprit of bee-hive decline. Apparently the micro-
waves interfere with the bees‟ navigation instincts and cause them to die in search of
their ever-shrinking colonies. Whatever the reason, bee numbers are declining at an
alarming rate all over the world. One cannot help but remember the slogan – often
ascribed to Albert Einstein – that “if the bees disappear from the surface of the globe,
man [sic] would have no more than four years to live”.
Ekologiese nis: Elke organisme in „n ekosisteem het „n spesifieke taak om te verrig (kyk
“ecology”). Hierdie taak is die organisme se ekologiese nis. Twee of meer organismes kan
nie lank dieselfde nis deel nie, want daar sal kompetisie ontstaan en een of meer van die
organismes sal uit die nis verdryf word, of verander (evolueer) om aan te pas, of
doodeenvoudig uitsterf. Miskruiers is „n goeie voorbeeld van organismes wat „n
onontbeerlike ekologiese taak in die natuur vervul en daardie taak kan deur geen ander
organisme vervul word nie. Die hersirkulering van mis is hulle ekologiese nis. Bye word nie
dikwels as ekologies onontbeerlik beskou nie, maar hulle ekologiese nis (hulle ekologiese
taak) is bestuiwing en sonder bye sal alle lewe op Aarde in gevaar gestel word, soos Rachel
Carson in 1962 tydens die geboorte van die Omgewingsbeweging so paslik in haar boek
Silent Spring beskryf het. Haar profetiese woorde word nou (in 2013) ontstellend waar,
aangesien „n massa-uitsterwing van bye in menige streke in die wêreld waargeneem word.
Sedert 2006 rapporteer byboere in die VSA die uitsterwing van bye uit hulle korwe. Hierdie
sogenaamde “krof-ineensortingsindroom (of CCD)” is tans die fokus van „n dringende
navorsingsveldtog in die VSA. Die byboere skryf dit aan die akkumulasie van insekdoders,
plaagdoders en onkruiddoders in die omgewing toe, maar wetenskaplikes stem nie almal
saam dat dit die enigste oorsaak van die rampspoedige verskynsel is nie. Sekere
navorsingsresultate van ondersoeke deur vooraanstaande wetenskaplikes dui daarop dat die
mikrogolf-strale uit selfone (mobiele telefone) moontlik vir die bysterftes verantwoordelik is.
Skynbaar versteur die mikrogolwe die bye se instinktiewe navigasievermoë en hulle sterf op
soek na hulle kwynende kolonies. Hoewel die oorsaak van die bysterftes nog nie duidelik is
nie, kan „n mens anders as om aan die gesegde – wat dikwels aan Albert Einstein toegeskryf
word – te dink nie: “if the bees disappear from the surface of the globe, man [sic] would have
no more than four years to live”.
Ecology: The interrelationship between organisms and their habitats, or the local
environments in which they live. The term comes from the Greek word “oikos” which
means “home”. Ecology is the study (or the science) of the interrelationship
between a living organism and its immediate environment which includes the
atmospheric, aquatic, surface and soil (edaphic) conditions. Thus it includes the
physical (not living) as well as the organic (living) components that constitute the
environment in a certain area. The size of the habitat of a species or certain form of
life, varies in size from small, localised areas (called micro-habitats) which can be as
small as the underside of a single leave, to large biomes which cover enormous
areas on Earth (see “biome”). However, the term “ecology” is far more loosely used.
We often talk about the “ecology” of an area or region, when actually referring to the
characteristics of an area or region, and not really to the study of the interrelationship
between the organic and inorganic components of the area or region.
Ekologie: Die wedersydse verhouding tussen die lewende organismes en hulle habitat,
oftewel die plaaslike omgewing waar hulle leef. Die term kom van die Griekse woord
“oikos” wat ”tuiste” beteken. Ekologie is inderwaarheid die studie (of die wetenskap) van
die wedersydse verhouding tussen „n lewende organisme en sy onmiddellike omgewing.
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Dit sluit die atmosferiese, akwatiese, oppervlak- en grond- (edafiese) komponente – dit wil sê
die fisiese (nie-lewende) komponente – asook die organiese (lewende) komponente van die
omgewing in „n spesifieke gebied in. Die grootte van „n habitat van „n spesie of spesifieke
vorm van lewe varieer vanaf klein, gelokaliseerde areas (genoem mikro-habitatte) wat so
klein as die onderkant van een enkele blaar kan wees, tot groot biome wat enorme
oppervlaktes op Aarde kan beslaan (kyk “biome”). Die term “ekologie” word egter ook in „n
baie losser verband gebruik. Ons praat dikwels van die ekologie van „n gebied of „n streek
wanneer ons eintlik na die eienskappe van die gebied of streek, eerder as die die studie van
die onderlinge verhoudings tussen al die organiese en anorganiese komponente daarvan,
verwys.
Economic development: The level of financial welfare of the population of a
country or a specific group of people in a certain region or a place; the former is a
national measure and the latter is a local measure. The economic development of
either a country or a group of people, theoretically passes through a number of
stages, namely a stage of primary economic activities (such as subsistence farming,
fishing and forestry), followed by a stage of secondary economic activities (such as
manufacturing and industrialised production of consumer goods), to tertiary activities
(such as services and hospitality activities), and finally a quaternary stage of
economic development, where the main economic activities are knowledge and
information activities (see “development”, “developing countries” and “dual
economy”). Various models have been put forward to describe the stages of
economic development. The most well-known models are that of Rostow which
applies to the wealthy, developed nations like the West European countries and the
states of North America, the model of Barke and O‟Hare which applies to the
poorer, developing countries of Africa and Asia, and the core-periphery model of
Friedman which describes the spatial patterns of economic development and
explains the local geographical distribution of different levels of wealth in an area,
such as a city or a country. Human welfare such as the availability of medical
services, average levels of literacy and education, and the availability of social
services are not taken into account when the level of economic development is
described.
Ekonomiese ontwikkeling: Die vlak van finansiële welstand van die bevolking van „n land
of „n spesifieke groep mense; eersgenoemde is „n nasionale maatstaf en laasgenoemde is „n
plaaslike maatstaf. Die ekonomiese ontwikkeling van „n land of „n groep mense gaan
teoreties deur „n aantal stadiums, naamlik primêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite (soos
bestaansboerdery, visvangs en bosbou), gevolg deur „n stadium van sekondêre aktiwiteite
(soos vervaardiging en geïndustrialiseerde produksie van verbruikersgoedere), tot tersiêre
aktiwiteite (soos dienste en gasvryheid), en uiteindelik tot kwaternêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite
waar kennis en inligtingsdienste die belangrikste ekonomiese aktiwiteite is (kyk
“development”, “developing countries” en “dual economy”). Verskeie modelle van
ekonomiese ontwikkeling is reeds ontwikkel. Die mees bekende modelle is dié van Rostow
wat van toepassing is op die welvarende, ontwikkelde nasies soos dié van Wes-Europa en
Noord-Amerika, die model van Barke en O‟Hare wat toepaslik is vir die armer,
ontwikkelende state van Afrika en Asië, en die kern-randmodel van Friedman wat die
ruimtelike patrone van ekonomiese ontwikkeling in „n spesifieke gebied soos „n stad of „n
land beskryf en verklaar. Menslike welstand soos die toegang tot van mediese dienste,
gemiddelde vlakke van geletterdheid en skoling, en die bekombaarheid van sosiale dienste
word nie in ag geneem wanneer die vlak van ekonomiese ontwikkeling beskryf word nie.
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Economic growth: The financial progress of a country or a region. Positive growth

entails the increase of the output of goods and services produced by an economy,
and the simultaneous improvement of the average financial status and overall well-
being of the people in that country or region. Unfortunately that does not always
happen. After the international stock market collapse of 2008, a number of
developed states (see “development” and “developing countries”) showed no
economic growth, and their financial status diminished (or shrank). That is negative
economic growth. Many people lost their jobs, the states themselves could not
repay their debts, and their economies went into a state of near-stagnation.
However, certain developing states were far less affected by the collapse, and a
number of developing states (such as Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa)
emerged as fast growing economies. Economic growth can be measured in a
number of ways, namely the per capita GNP (see “development” and “developing
countries”), the per capita income of the people in the community, the employment
rate, the annual number of newly unemployed people who have to receive some kind
of social provision, and so forth. However, one also has to bear in mind that the size
of the economy is extremely important. A drop of one per cent in the growth of the
economy of the United States of America has far wider and more serious impacts
than a drop of one per cent in the economic growth of South Africa. Currently the
fastest growing economies are in the so-called BRICS countries, consisting of Brazil,
Russia, India, China and South Africa.
Ekonomiese groei: Die finansiële vooruitgang van „n land of „n streek. Dit is gewens dat
finansiële verandering positief sal wees en dat die gemiddelde inkomste en algemene
welstand van die mense in die land of streek dienooreenkomstig sal verbeter. Ongelukkig is
dit nie altyd die geval nie. Ná die ineenstorting van die internasionale aandelebeurse in 2008,
het „n aantal van die ontwikkelde state (kyk “development” en “developing countries”) geen
finansiële groei beleef nie en hulle finansiële invloed het verdwerg of byna verdwyn. Dit is
negatiewe ekonomiese groei. Baie mense het hulle werk verloor, die state self kon nie hulle
skuld betaal nie, en hulle ekonomieë het byna stagneer. Tog was daar sekere ontwikkelende
state (Brasilië, Rusland, Indië, China en Suid-Afrika) wat minder geraak was deur die
eeninstorting van die internasionale markte en hulle het te voorskyn getree as vinnig-
groeiende ekonomieë. Ekonomiese groei kan op verskeie maniere gemeet word, naamlik as
die per kapita BNP (kyk “development” en “developing countries”), die gemiddelde per
kapita inkomste van die mense in die gemeenskap, die werkloosheidsyfers, die aantal
werkloses wat jaarliks een of ander vorm van sosiale ondersteuning moet ontvang, ensomeer.
„n Mens moet egter die grootte van die ekonomieë in gedagte hou. „n Daling van een persent
in die ekonomiese groei van die Verenigde State van Amerika het „n veel wyer en meer
ernstige invloed as „n een persent daling in Suid-Afika se ekonomiese groeikoers. Tans is die
vinnigste groeiende ekonomieë dié van die sogenaamde BRICS-lande, wat Brasilië, Rusland,
Indië, China en Suid-Afrika insluit.
Economic valuation: The determination of the economical or fiscal value of a non-
economical, natural entity such as a rhinoceros or a national park, or even a non-
tactile item such as a wilderness experience. A certain value is ascribed to the
entity, and that value is determined by the normal market forces of supply and
demand. In the case of elephant tusks, rhino horns, and a number of other wildlife
products the normal market forces do not apply, because the sale of these items is
illegal. The value that is ascribed to these illegal items is determined by the supply
and demand in the illegal sector of the global economy. A live rhinoceros or an
elephant can be sold and its price will depend on how much the buyer is prepared to
 54

pay (the willingness to pay principle [WTP]) and the seller is willing to accept (the
principle of willingness to accept [WTA]). The actual value of the rhino is much
higher because it includes its ability to breed, the value it adds to the destination
image of the reserve (see “destination image”) and all the money made from the
visitors who are attracted to the reserve by the rhino. Valuations are usually made
on the basis of the profit that the buyer, the seller, or the landlord can make, and the
satisfaction the tenant or paying guest can get. In the environmental field, economic
valuation is an extremely difficult process. How is one to determine what the value
of the Kruger National Park, the Okavango Delta, or the Cradle of Humankind World
Heritage Site really is? In short, it cannot be done. Consequently, economic
valuation in the environmental field, applies to small items and services, tourist
accommodation, cuisine, and hospitality and services offered in a natural
environment. However, the environment itself is not assigned a fiscal value (unless
the land is sold and a short-term selling price – not a value – is temporarily assigned
to a demarcated area [see “demarcation”]). To determine the “cost” of environmental
damage is even more difficult, but it has to be done because our environmental laws
provide for rehabilitation costs and punitive fines to be assigned to the guilty party.
We know how much it would cost to get a professional service provider to remove
illegally dumped rubbish or hazardous waste, but we cannot put a price on the actual
environmental degradation caused by the illegal action. Punitive fines are allocated
in an attempt to compensate for the environmental damage, but thus far fines in
South Africa have been far too low to be to effective deterrents. In Canada, the
USA, Australia and Western Europe the punitive fines are so high that they serve
their purpose and developers try to avoid environmental damage. But accidents do
happen. To cover them, developers and construction companies take out expensive
insurance coverage. When we think of all the damage done over the ages by all the
wars (including the two nuclear bombs dropped on Japan in 1945), the Three Mile
Island nuclear plant accident, the Exxon Valdez oil spillage in Alaska, the Deep
Water oilrig spillage in the Gulf of Mexico, the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, the
devastation of the Niger Delta by powerful oil companies, the Bhopal poison gas
leakage, and so forth ad infinitum, we realize that all fines paid now are far too little
and far too late. Could we ever quantify all the damage in financial terms? Of
course not.
Ekonomiese waardebepaling: Die bepaling van die ekonomiese of fiskale waarde van „n
nie-ekonomiese, natuurlike entiteit soos „n renoster of „n natuurpark of selfs „n ontasbare
entiteit soos „n wildernis-ervaring. „n Sekere waarde word toegeskryf aan die entiteit, maar
die waarde word natuurlik bepaal deur die normale markkragte soos vraag en aanbod. In
die geval van olifanttande, renosterhoring en „n aantal ander natuurlewe-produkte, speel
normale markmagte nie „n rol nie, want die handel in hierdie items is onwettig. Die waarde
van hierdie onwettige items word bepaal deur die onwettige voorraad en aanbod in die
onwettige gedeelte van die ekonomie. Aan die wettige kant van sake word waardebepalings
gewoonlik op grond van die wins wat die koper, die verkoper en die verhuurder kan maak en
die tevredenheid wat die huurder of betalende gaste kan kry. „n Lewendige renoster of olifant
kan wettig gekoop word en die prys sal bepaal word deur die bereidwilligheid van die koper
om „n sekere prys te betaal (dis die beginsel van bereidheid om te betaal [willingness to pay
{WTP}]) en die bereidheid van die verkoper om die prys te aanvaar (die beginsel van
bereidheid om te aanvaar [willingness to accept {WTA}]). Die prys van die renoster is nie
„n ware weerspieëling van die waarde van die renoster nie, dit is slegs die prys wat tussen
twee partye beding is. Die ware waarde van die dier is baie hoër want dit sluit sy/haar
 55

vermoë om te teel, besoekers na die reservaat te lok, die bestemmingsbeeld (kyk “destination
image”) te bevorder, ensovoort in. Hierdie is die ontasbaarhede wat nie werklik waardeer
kan word nie. In die omgewingsindustrie is ekonomiese waardebepaling „n uiters moeilike
proses. Hoe gaan mens in elk geval die waarde van die Kruger Nasionale Park, die
Okavango-delta, of die Wieg van die Mensdom Wêrelderfenisterrein bepaal? Kortom, dit
kan nie gedoen word nie. Gevolglik word die ekonomiese waarde deur klein items en
dienste, soos vyf-ster toeriste-akkommodasie, uitstaande kookkuns, gasvryheid en dienste te
midde van „n besonderse natuurlike of kulturele omgewing verteenwoordig, maar „n fiskale
waarde word nie aan die omgewing as sodanig toegeskryf nie (tensy die grond verkoop word
en daar „n kortstondige verkoopprys – nie „n waarde nie – aan „n afgebakende gebied
gekoppel word [kyk “demarcation”]). Om die koste van omgewingskade te bepaal, is selfs
nog moeiliker, maar ons omgewingswetgewing maak voorsiening daarvoor dat die skuldige
die rehabilitasiekoste moet betaal en dat strafmaatreëls in die vorm van geldelike boetes deur
„n hof teen die skuldige party uitgewys kan word. Ons weet hoeveel dit sal kos om „n
professionele diensverskaffer te ontbied om rommel wat onwettig gestort is, te verwyder.
Ons kan egter nie „n prys op die die omgewingsdegradasie as sodanig wat deur die storting
veroorsaak is, plaas nie. Die boetes wat tot dusver in Suid-Afrika opgelê is, was te laag om
as doeltreffende afskrikmiddels te dien. In Kanada, die VSA en die Wes-Europese lande is
die boetes so hoog dat dit wel effektiewe afskrikmiddels is . Ontwikkelaars neem die boetes
ernstig op en probeer om omgewingskade te voorkom. Ongelukke gebeur egter. In Kanada,
die VSA en Wes-Europa neem ontwikkelaars en konstruksiemaatskappye duur versekering
uit om hulle te dek in geval van ongelukke. Wanneer ons dink aan al die omgewingskade wat
oor die eeue gedoen is, besef ons dat enigiets wat nou betaal word, te min en te laat is. Dink
aan die omgewingsverwoesting wat tydens al die oorloë aangerig is (insluitend die twee
kernbomme wat in 1945 op Japan afgegooi is), die ongeluk by die Three Mile Island-
kernkragstasie, die Exxon Valdez-oliestorting in Alaska, die Deep Water-olieboorlekkasie in
die Golf van Meksiko, die Chernobyl-kernramp in Rusland, die verwoesting in die Niger-
Delta deur die invloedryke oliemaatskappye, die lekkasie van giftige gas by Bhopal in Indië,
en so kan ons aanhou. Kan ons ooit hierdie skade in finansiële terme verreken? Natuurlik
nie.
Ecosystem: The plants, animals and microorganisms together with the physical and
chemical components of the environment in, and on, which they live constitute an
ecosystem. Therefore, ecosystems consist of living organisms, soil, water, air, rocks
and any other natural or human-made entity that happens to occur in that specific
area at that specific time. In Geography an ecosystem is a spatial concept, that is,
it consists of all the above-mentioned, but occupies or exists in a specific, defined
space that can be demarcated and mapped (see “demarcation”). This does not
mean that ecosystems are closed systems effectively sealed-off from all other
ecosystems adjacent to or near them. Individual organisms inhabiting an ecosystem
move around and interact with inhabitants and components of other ecosystems.
Moreover, all ecosystems receive solar energy, water and air and other physical and
organic inputs from the surrounding environment, and both energy and matter leave
the system as outputs. Consequently, energy and matter constantly flow into,
through and out of all ecosystems. Since ecosystems consist of a variety of
organisms that form a food-chain, and inorganic (non-living) components are
continually cycled through the system, ecosystems have a high capacity to sustain
themselves. Without the variety of organic components and the constant flow of
organic and inorganic substances, any ecosystem will eventually collapse and
cease to exist. It is a common misconception that ecosystems are completely
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natural systems somewhere in the rural areas, or in nature reserves, or far away
from those of us who live in urbanised regions like Gauteng. This is not at all true,
since all cities consist of thousands of small ecosystems (micro-ecosystems). Every
single built structure and human-made artefact is part of an ecosystem.
Ekosisteem: Die plante, diere en mikroörganismes saam met die fisiese en chemiese
komponente van die omgewing waar binne en waarop hulle leef, vorm saam „n ekosisteem.
Ekosisteme bestaan dus uit lewende organismes, grond, water, lug, gesteentes en elke ander
natuurlike of mensgemaakte entiteit wat op „n spesifieke tyd binne „n spesifieke gebied
voorkom. In Geografie is „n ekosisteem „n ruimtelike konsep, dit wil sê dit bestaan uit al
die bogenoemde komponente wat gesamentlik binne „n spesifieke, definieerbare ruimte wat
op „n kaart afgebaken kan word, voorkom. Dit beteken glad nie dat ekosisteme geslote
sisteme is wat effektief van alle ander ekosisteme rondom hulle afgesny is nie. Individuele
diere wat in een spesifieke ekosisteem leef, kan rondbeweeg en interaksie met individue en
komponente van ander ekosisteme hê. Verder ontvang alle ekosisteme sonenergie, water en
lug asook fisiese en organiese insette vanaf die omringende omgewing, en sowel energie as
materie verlaat die ekosisteem as sogenaamde uitsette. Gevolglik vloei energie en materie
voortdurend in, deur en uit alle ekosisteme. Aangesien ekosisteme uit „n verskeidenheid
organismes bestaan, wat „n voedselketting vorm, en anorganiese (nie-lewende) komponente
voortdurend deur alle ekosisteme hersirkuleer word, het ekosisteme „n sterk vermoë om
hulself te onderhou en volhoubaar te wees. Sonder die verskeidenheid organismes en die
voortdurende vloei van fisiese komponente en chemiese stowwe, sal enige ekosisteem
uiteindelik ineenstort en ophou om te bestaan. Dit is „n algemene wanopvatting dat
ekosisteme heeltemal natuurlike sisteme is wat êrens in die landelike gebiede of in
natuurreservate, of ten minste ver weg van stedelike gebiede soos Gauteng, voorkom. Dit is
hoegenaamd nie korrek nie, aangesien alle stede uit duisende klein ekosisteempies (mikro-
ekosisteme) bestaan. Elke enkele geboude struktuur en mensgemaakte artefak is deel van „n
ekosisteem.
Electromagnetic spectrum: All matter with a temperature higher than absolute zero
(-273° Kelvin or -495,4° Fahrenheit) radiate electromagnetic energy in the form of
waves with different wavelengths. The light from the sun consists of a wide
spectrum of frequencies. Some of these fall in the spectrum which our eyes can
detect, namely the visible spectrum. All other frequencies of light cannot be
detected by the human eye. All wavelengths ranging from 0,4 micron to 0,7 micron
fall within the visible spectrum. Shorter wavelengths are invisible ultra-violet and X-
rays, and those longer than 0,7 microns are invisible infrared rays, microwaves and
radiowaves. Although our eyes cannot see wavelengths that fall outside of the
visible spectrum, certain types of films and other light sensitive remote sensing
devices can detect some of those frequencies. Although the human eye that is
looking through the camera to take a photograph can only detect the visible
spectrum of light frequencies, the film in the camera can detect more than the eye
that is looking through the camera. One common example of light frequencies that
the human eye cannot see is short wave X-rays which are part of standard medical
diagnostic technology and healthcare without X-rays is hardly imaginable anymore.
Likewise, spatial research without the aid of the long wavelengths of infrared rays
have revolutionised the use of photography in geographical investigation. Remote
sensing images of the Earth‟s surface from a very great distance by infrared
sensitive remote sensing devices mounted in satellites has become an extremely
important standard geographical tool and it even forms a specialisation field within
 57

the science of geography. Spatial research without the aid of such imagery is as
unimaginable as medical science without X-ray photography.
Elektromagnetiese spektrum: Alle materie met „n temperatuur hoër as absolute nul (-273°
Kelvin of -495,4° Fahrenheit) straal elektromagnetiese energie in die vorm van golwe met
verskillende golflengtes uit. Die lig wat ons daagliks van die son ontvang, bestaan uit „n wye
verskeidenheid golflengtes. Sommige van hierdie golflengtes val binne die spektrum wat ons
menslike oë kan waarneem, naamlik die sigbare spektrum bekend. Alle ander frekwensies
van lig kan nie deur die menslik oog waargeneem word nie. Alle golflengtes van 0,4 mikron
tot 0,7 mikron is binne die sigbare spektrum. Korter golflengtes is onsigbare ultraviolet- en
X-strale, en dié met golflengtes langer as 0,7 mikron is onsigbare infrarooi strale, mikrogolwe
en radiogolwe. Hoewel ons oë nie hierdie golflengtes buite die sigbare spektrum kan sien
nie, is daar spesiale films en ander afstandswaarnemingtoestelle wat dit kan doen. Die oog
wat deur die kamera kyk om die foto te neem, kan net die sigbare gedeelte van die
elektromagnetiese spektrum sien, maar die spesiale film in die kamera kan meer vaslê as die
oog wat deur hom kyk. Een algemene voorbeeld van die gebruik van onsigbare liggolwe, is
die kortgolf X-strale wat algemeen in diagnostiese gesondheidsorg gebruik word en eintlik „n
onontbeerlike hulpmiddel in die mediese praktyk geword het. Netso is ruimtelike analise
sonder die gebruik van langgolf afstandswaargeneemde data deesdae ondenkbaar. Net soos
gesondheidsorg sonder die hulp van X-strale beswaarlik denkbaar is, is ruimtlke analise
sonder die hulp van langgolf, infrarooi afstandswaargenome data ondenkbaar. Die gebruik
van langgolf-afstandwaargeneemde data het die gebruik van fotografie in geografiese en
ander ruimtelike navorsing onomkeerbaar verander. Afstandswaarneming vanaf baie hoë
hoogtes met behulp van satellietbeelde het gevestigde, standaard data-insamelingstegnieke in
geografiese navorsing geword, en het data-insameling gerewolusioneer. Vandag is dit „n
alomgebruikte data-insamelingstegniek en die bestudering van die tegniek het „n
spesialisasieveld binne Geografie geword. Geografiese navorsing sonder die gebruik van
satellietdata is so ondenkbaar as gesondheidsorg sonder X-straalfoto‟s.
Environment: Despite the fact that the word “environment” is commonly used by
everybody every day, it is a very difficult term to define. Depending on the context in
which the term is used, it could have a whole array of different meanings. The word
“environment” is in fact too restricted to explain the concept it endeavours to convey.
“Environment” is actually a relational concept, which is an extremely important fact.
From an environmental management and a geographic perspective, “environment”
means the interrelationships among the human beings themselves, and with
the natural as well as human-made components of the environment within
which all the components live or exist within a certain, definable area. The
area occupied by the ecosystem can be demarcated and mapped (see
“demarcation”). From a purely natural scientific perspective “environment” refers to
the natural components and the relationships between them within a system, and
human beings do not form a natural, integral part of that environment. From a purely
social science perspective, “environment” refers to the social environment and
interactions of humans within families, groups or societies and nature does not form
an integral part of those systems. Other components of the extensive, broadly
viewed environment have been identified as constituting specific “subsystems” and
relational conditions of focussed scientific investigation. These include the
economic, the cultural-historic, the built, the political, the labour or work, the
industrial, the retail, the entertainment and recreational environments, and many
more. The Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site could be regarded and studied
as a natural environment important from both a geological and a paleontological
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viewpoint. It is also an archaeological important environment, a cultural-historic site

or environment, an area of importance to environmental management and
geographical investigation, a recreational and tourist environment, an economical
environment, and even a socio-political important environment. Thus, the term
“environment” has a multitude of meanings, and it means different things to different
people. Therefore, the context in which the term is used is extremely important.
Omgewing: Ten spyte daarvan dat die woord “omgewing” byna daagliks deur almal gebruik
word, is dit „n uiters moeilike woord om te definieer. Die definisie hang af van die konteks
waarin die woord gebruik word en dit kan „n hele verskeidenheid van uiteenlopende
betekenisse hê. Die woord “omgewing” is eintlik te beperk vir die kosep wat dit poog om oor
te dra. “Omgewing” is inderwaarheid „n verhoudingskonsep, en dit is „n uiters belangrike
feit. Vanuit „n omgewingsbestuur- en geografiese perspektief beteken “omgewing” die
wedersydse onderlinge verhoudings tussen mense asook hulle wedersydse interaksies
met die natuurlike en die mensgemaakte komponente van die omgewing waarin hulle
binne „n spesifieke, afbakenbare gebied leef. Die gebied waarbinne al hierdie interaksies
plaasvind, is „n ruimtlike entiteit wat op „n kaart aangedui kan word (kyk “demarcation”).
Uit „n suiwer natuurwetenskaplike perspektief verwys “omgewing” na die natuurlike
komponente van „n sisteem en die wedersydse verhoudings. Mense vorm nie „n natuurlike
komponent en integrale deel van so „n sisteem nie. Uit „n suiwer sosiaal-wetenskaplike
perspektief verwys die term na „n sosiale omgewing en die interaksies binne families, groepe
en gemeenskappe, terwyl die natuur geen rol speel of „n integrale deel van die sisteem
uitmaak nie. Ander komponente van die breë, uitgebreide perspektief oor die “omgewing” is
dat spesifieke “subsisteme” en verhoudingstoestande geïdentifiseer kan word om
wetenskaplike fokus op te konsentreer. Dit sluit die ekonomiese, die kultureel-historiese, die
beboude, die politieke, die werkers- en arbeids-, die industriële, die kleinhandels- en die
vermaak- en rekreasie-omgewings, en „n magdom ander in. Die Wieg van die Mensdom
Wêrelderfenisterrein kan beskou en bestudeer word as „n natuurlike omgewing wat vir die
geologie en die paleontologie belangrik is. Dit is ook „n argeologies belangrike omgewing,‟n
kultuurhistories belangrike omgewing, „n gebied wat vir omgewingsbestuurder en
geografiese navorsing van belang is, „n toerisme- en ontspanningsomgewing, en selfs as „n
sosiopolities belangrike gebied. Die term “omgewing” het dus „n magdom betekenisse en dit
beteken verskillende dinge vir verskillende mense. Die konteks waarin die term gebruik
word, is dus uiters belangrik.

Environmental auditing: The management tool to assess the environmental

performance of a company, organization, development or any entity or activity. It is
the evaluation of the efficacy of the efforts to minimise the environmental impact of a
development or human activity. According to the environmental legislation in most
developed and many developing countries, official permission (often called
“permitting”) has to be obtained before any development project or activity that might
have a significant impact on the environment is embarked on. When permission for
the proposed project or activity has been secured, the environmental management
plan (EMP) contained in the application documentation becomes a legal contract
that binds the proposer or developer to a set of stipulated conditions and mitigating
measures under which the activity may be performed. Environmental auditing is the
process of assessing how true the development or activity adheres to the conditions
of the environmental management plan. It entails regular monitoring (see
“environmental monitoring”) by the competent environmental authority of the
environmental performance of the permitted activity, be it a mine, a road, a nature
reserve, an industrial plant, a golf estate or any other activity covered by the
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environmental legislation of the specific country. Note that environmental auditing is

not an investigation, assessment or evaluation of the environment as such. It is an
assessment of the environmental performance of the activity or development, that is,
of how well the owner or developer executes the environmental management plan
for the development and minimises or mitigates its impact on the environment. A
development such as the Cradle of Humankind world heritage site is likely to have a
large and severe impact in the form of human traffic, sewerage, roads, litter and
waste, hospitality facilities, the disruption of all natural processes and the complete
destruction of the habitats of some animals and plants (see “ecological footprint”).
Consequently an expansive environmental management plan (EMP) for establishing
and running the entire development has to be agreed upon prior to the establishment
of the development. The authorising body (in the case of the Cradle of Humankind
world heritage site, the South African National Department of the Environment would
be the authorising body) is then obliged to inspect the site and assess how well the
development is performing environmentally, and how strictly the stipulations and
conditions of the EMP are executed. However, world heritage sites are ultimately
under the jurisdiction of UNESCO who does from time to time inspect the sites and if
the sites are not satisfactorily managed the world heritage site status could be
withdrawn.
Omgewingsouditering: n Bestuurshulpmiddel om die omgewingsprestasie van „n
maatskappy, organisasie, ontwikkeling of menslike entiteit of aktiwiteit te assesseer (takseer
of evalueer). Dit is die beraming (of evaluering) van hoe doeltreffend die pogings om die
ontwikkeling of menslike aktiwiteit se impak op die omgewing te beperk, is. Volgens die
omgewingswetgewing van die meeste van die ontwikkelde lande en heelwat van die
ontwikkelende lande moet amptelike toestemming (ook genoem “permitering”) verkry word
alvorens daar met enige aktiwiteit wat moontlik „n beduidende impak op die omgewing kan
hê, begin kan word. Wanneer toestemming vir die voorgestelde aktiwiteit verkry is, word die
omgewingsbestuursplan (OBP) vir die aktiwiteit „n bindende kontrak wat die voorgestelde
aktiwiteit of projek verplig om aan sekere voorwaardes en impakversagtingsmaatreëls te
voldoen. Omgewingsouditering is die proses van bepaling of beraming van die mate waarin
enige toegelate aktiwiteit voldoen aan die voorwaardes en impakversagtingmaatreëls wat in
die omgewingsbestuursplan vervat is. Dit behels dat die bemagtigde gesagsliggaam die
toegelate aktiwiteit (soos mynaktiwiteite, padbou en pad-instandhouding, „n natuurreservaat,
„n vervaardiginsaanleg, „n residensiële gholflangoed, of enige aktiwiteit wat deur die
omgewingswetgewing van die betrokke land gedek word, gereeld inspekteer (moniteer) om
vas te stel hoe nougeset die stipulasies van die omgewingsbestuursplan (OBP) nagekom word
(kyk “environmental monitoring”). Sodoende word die omgewingsprestasie van
gepermiteerde aktiwiteite en projekte geëvalueer. Let daarop dat omgewingsouditering nie
die ondersoek of evaluering van die omgewing as sodanig is nie, maar wel „n evaluering van
die omgewingsprestasie van een of ander menslike instelling of aktiwiteit, dit wil sê hoe goed
die spesifieke aktiwiteit, ontwikkeling of onderneming daarin slaag om omgewingsimpak tot
„n minimum te beperk en die onvermydelike impakte so goed moontlik te versag. „n
Ontwikkeling soos die Wieg van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein het „n voorspelbaar groot
en ernstige impak (in die vorm van „n groot getal besoekers, riolering, paaie, rommel en
afval, toeristefasiliteite, die ontwrigting van alle natuurlike prosesse en die totale verwoesting
van die habitatte van sommige plante en diere) op die omgewing (kyk “ecological footprint”).
Gevolglik is daar vooraf „n omvattende omgewingsbestuursplan vir die daarstelling en bedryf
van die hele ontwikkeling opgestel en goedgekeur. Die gesagsliggaam (in hierdie geval die
Departement van die Omgewing) is dan verplig om vas te stel hoe goed die ontwikkeling se
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omgewingsprestasie is en hoe streng die voorwaardes en stipulasies van die

omgewingsbestuursplan nagevolg en uitgevoer word. Wêrelderfenisterreine is egter onder
die jurisdiksie van UNESCO wat van tyd tot tyd die terreine moniteer en die bestuur
assesseer . Indien die terreine nie na wense bestuur word nie, kan hulle van hulle
wêrelderfenisterrein-status onthef word.
Environmental business: Any gainful private enterprise involving any aspect of the
environmental industry. In its broadest sense the term includes any business from a
firm of landscape architects or environmental impact analysts, to explorers searching
for historical (cultural) artefacts in a certain natural area, to garden services, running
of an eco-lodge or a bed-and-breakfast where nature hikers could spend a night,
guides who lead visitors on game-drives, a small ice cream booth at a world heritage
site, and even event organisers who specialise in organising large international
environmental conferences. The important thing is that these businesses are aimed
at making money from some environmentally related activity or other.
Omgewingsonderneming: Enige winsgewende privaatonderneming wat enige aspek van die
omgewingsbedryf betrek. In die breedste sin sluit die term enige onderneming in wat gemik
is daarop om geld te verdien uit een of ander omgewingsverwante aktiwiteit. Dit sluit
enigeiets in wat strek van „n landskapargiteksfirma, of firma van omgewingsimpakeksperte,
tot avonturiers wat op soek is na historiese (kulturele) artefakte in „n spesifieke natuurgebied,
tot tuindienste, die bestuur van „n eko-herberg of „n bed-en-ontbyt waar stappers kan oornag,
tot gidse wat besoekers op wildbesigtigingsritte vergesel, „n klein roomysstalletjie in „n
wêrelderfenisterrein, tot groot firmas wat spesialiseer in die aanbied van internasionale
omgewingskonferensies.

Environmental degradation: The human-induced, progressive loss of an area‟s

ability to sustain life. Air pollution, water pollution, overgrazing, overcultivation, soil
erosion, injudicious mining practices, warfare, vegetation destruction (see
“deforestation”) and any other human-induced (anthropogenic) deterioration of the
natural production potential and carrying capacity of an area could be the cause
of environmental degradation (see “carrying capacity”). Any one or more of the
abovementioned causes, could degrade a certain portion (area) of the environment
to such an extent that no living organisms (including microbial life) could survive
there. All forms of life existing today are to a greater or lesser degree adapted to the
environment they live in. Should that environment change faster than the organisms
(including humans) can evolve, mass extinction of life on Earth will ensue. Humans
have been changing the environment for a few million years, but as a result of the
vast increase in the human population and its staggering technological advancement
during the past 150 years, enormous change is currently being wrought upon the
environment. In the final analysis environmental management is aimed at preventing
irreversible environmental degradation. Should our recent attempts at environmental
management fail, we would probably degrade our environment to a point where it
cannot sustain life anymore and life as we know it would cease to exist. It is
important to note that this environmental degradation is a human-induced process,
not a natural one. Natural processes of environmental change do not degrade the
environment, it slowly changes the environment and the evolution of most forms of
life can change or evolve to adapt to the altered environment. This has been
happening for at least 3 500 million years, but human activities are responsible for an
accelerated rate of environmental change, and we are not at all sure what such fast
alteration is going to cause. (See “extinction” and “natural selections”.)
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Omgewingsdegradasie: Die mensgemaakte, progressiewe verlies van „n gebied se vermoeë

om lewe te onderhou. Lugbesoedeling, waterbesoedeling, oorbeweiding, oorbenutting,
gronderosie, onoordeelkundige mynboupraktyke, oorlogvoering, plantegroeivernietiging (kyk
“deforestation”) en enige ander mensgemaakte (antropogene) deteriorasie van, en
uiteindelike totale verlies van, die natuurlike poduksiepotensiaal en dravermoë van „n
gebied, kan omgewingsdegradasie veroorsaak. Enige een of meer van die bogenoemde
oorsake kan „n spesifieke deel (gebied) van die omgewing in so „n mate degradeer dat geen
lewende organismes (insluitend mikrobiese lewe) daar kan oorleef nie. Alle vorme van lewe
wat vandag bestaan, is in „n mindere of meerdere mate by die omgewing waarin hulle leef,
aangepas. Indien daardie omgewing vinniger verander as wat die lewendige wesens
(insluitend menslike wesens) kan aanpas of verander (“evolve”), sal massa-uitsterwing van
lewe op Aarde plaasvind. Mense is reeds „n paar miljoen jaar lank besig om die omgewing te
verander, maar as gevolg van die enorme toename in menslike getalle en verbysterende
tegnologiese vooruitgang oor die afgelope 150 jaar word onrealisties vinnige verandering
deesdae op die omgewing afgedwing. In die diepste sin is omgewingsbestuur daarop gemik
om onomkeerbare degradasie van die omgewing te voorkom. Indien ons nuutste pogings van
omgewingsbestuur misluk, sal ons waarskynlik ons omgewing degradeer tot „n toestand waar
geen lewe meer onderhou kan word nie en alle lewe wat ons ken, sal uitsterf. Dit is belangrik
om daarop te let dat die omgewingsdegradasie wat hier ter sake is, mensgemaak eerder as
natuurlike omgewingsverandering is. Natuurlike prosesse van omgewingsverandering
degradeer nie die omgewing nie, dit vind stadig plaas en die meeste van die lewende
organismes kan verander (evolueer) om by die veranderde omgewing aan te pas. Dit is reeds
3 500 miljoen jaar lank besig om plaas te vind, maar menslike aktiwiteite is verantwoordelik
vir „n versnelde koers van verandering, en ons het nie werklik „n idee wat die uiteinde van
sulke vinnige verandering gaan wees nie.
Environmental impact assessment (EIA): The administrative or regulatory process
by which the environmental impact of a proposed human project or activity is
determined. It is essentially a predictive process. In South Africa, as in many other
countries, it forms part of the Integrated Environmental Management Procedure
(IEMP). Based on the environmental data collected in the environmental
evaluation (EE) phase of the IEMP, and all the information about the proposed
project or activity supplied by the proposer, a scientific prediction of the impact on
the environment is made. This predictive process is environmental impact
analysis which is an integral part of environmental impact assessment. Various
techniques are employed to make such predictions, some are highly scientific
measurements and modelling, while others are based on expert opinions and also
on the opinions of the lay people who might have an interest in or be affected by the
proposed project or activity. The latter are called the interested and affected parties
(IAPs) and according to South Africa‟s environmental legislation, their opinions must
be taken into account. It should be noted that the terms “environmental impact
assessment” and “environmental impact analysis” are often erroneously used as
synonyms. Even worse is the erroneous interchangeable use of environmental
impact assessment and environmental evaluation. The correct usage of all these
terms are clearly defined in the literature that describe South Africa‟s IEMP
procedure and in the South African National Environmental Management Act,
number 107 of 1998. Consequently no-one should use the terminology incorrectly.
Omgewingsimpakbepaling (OIB): Die administratiewe en reguleringsproses waardeur die
omgewingsimpak van „n voorgestelde menslike projek of aktiwiteit bepaal word. Dit is
essensieël „n voorspellingsproses. In Suid-Afrika, soos in baie ander lande, is dit „n
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belangrike proses in die Geïnteregreerde Omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP). Gebaseer

op die omgewingsdata wat ingesamel is tydens die omgewingsevaluasiefase van die GOBP,
en die inligting oor die projek of aktiwiteit wat deur die voorsteller verskaf is, word „n
wetenskaplike beraming (voorspelling) gemaak van die impak wat die voorgestelde
ontwikkeling op die omgewing sal hê. Hierdie voorspellingsproses is
omgewingsimpakanalise en vorm „n integrale deel in die hele proses van
omgewingsimpakbepaling. Verskeie tegnieke word gebruik om die voorspelling te maak.
Sommige is hoogs wetenskaplike metings en modellering, terwyl ander van die kundige
menings van wetenskaplikes asook die menings van die lekepubliek wat deur die
ontwikkeling geraak mag word, gebruik maak. Laasgenoemde persone is wat as die
geïnteresseerde en geaffekteerde partye (IAPs) – oftewel belanghebbendes – bekend staan en
volgens die Suid-Afrikaanse omgewingswetgewing moet hulle menings ook in ag geneem
word. Let daarop dat die terme “omgewingsimpakbepaling” en “omgewingsimpakanalise”
dikwels verkeerdelik as sinonieme gebruik word. Wat nog meer verwarrend is, is dat
“omgewingsimpakbepaling” en “omgewingsevaluasie” dikwels verkeerdelik as uitruilbare
terme gebruik word. Die korrekte gebruik van al hierdie terme is duidelik gedefinieer in die
literatuur wat die Suid-Afrikaanse Geïntegreerde Omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)
beskryf asook in die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurswet, nommer 107 van
1998. Gevolglik behoort niemand die terme verkeerd te gebruik nie.
Environmental justice: This is probably the most elusive environmental term to
define. While environmental management deals with concepts and theories and
scientific facts that can easily be defined, and environmental law deals with the
written law, neither of the two deals with justice. Justice is an intangible,
philosophical concept embedded in an equally intangible construct, namely ethics. It
deals with what is good, what is bad, wrong or right, fair or just and unfair or unjust.
These are not things scientists and lawyers are at ease with! In ethics, justice
encompasses the principle of fairness that like cases should be treated alike, that a
particular distribution of benefits and burdens should be fair, and that punishment
should be proportionate to the offence. The entire idea of justice is extremely
important in environmental matters. The poor, rural communities in many parts of
the world have no option but to exploit their natural environment (see “environmental
resources” and “exploitation”) in order to survive. Yes, they cause enormous
environmental degradation, but what else must they do? Yet, they are often severely
criticized for their actions, especially by well-heeled tourists who drive through these
devastated communal areas en route to exorbitantly expensive nature reserves and
eco-lodges (see “eco-lodges”). Is this criticism fair or just? The major air polluters in
the world are the rich, industrialised, developed nations, but the effects of
atmospheric pollution are often experienced more severely by the poor countries
than the rich countries. Is this fair or just? Brazil is harshly criticized for destroying
vast tracts of the Amazonian forests for staggering profits. The destruction of forests
out of greed is morally not justifiable, but to expect Brazil to preserve the forests in
order to filter the atmosphere of the CO2 that the developed countries such as the
United States of America release into the atmosphere is neither fair nor just. These
matters were not even on the agenda at the start of the Earth Summit in Rio de
Janeiro in 1992, but the developing countries made sure that it became the main
point of discussion at the summit. The paradox between greed and morality has
been part of all environmental thinking ever since. The legal entrenchment of the
principle that the polluter must pay, is probably the only true advance made in this
regard.
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Omgewingsgeregtigheid: Hierdie is waarskynlik die moeilikste omgewingsterm om vas te

pen. Omgewingsbestuur handel oor konsepte en wetenskaplike feite wat maklik gedefinieer
kan word, en omgewingsreg handel oor wette, maar nie een van die twee handel oor
geregtigheid nie. Geregtigheid handel oor dit wat goed is, en dit wat sleg is, oor reg en
verkeerd, oor regverdigheid en onregverdigheid. Geregtigheid is nie „n aangeleentheid
waarmee omgewingskundiges en selfs regsgeleerdes vertroud en gemaklik is nie!
Geregtigheid is „n ontasbare, filosofiese konsep wat in „n ewe ontasbare denkkonstruksie,
naamlik etiek, gegrond is. In etiek omvat geregtigheid die beginsel van regverdigheid dat
soortgelyke gevalle eenders hanteer sal word, dat „n spesifieke verdeling van voordele en
laste regverdig sal wees, en dat straf ewewigtig tot die oortreding of wandaad sal wees. Die
hele idee van geregtigheid is uiters belangrik in omgewingsake. Die arm, landelike
gemeenskappe in baie dele van die wêreld het geen alternatief (opsie) as om hulle natuurlike
omgewing vir lewensonderhoud te plunder nie (kyk “environmental resources” en
“exploitation). Ja, hulle rig enorme skade aan en veroorsaak omgewingsdegradasie, maar wat
kan hulle anders doen? Tog word hulle dikwels hewig gekritiseer, veral deur welaf toeriste
wat deur die verwoeste gemeenskapsgebiede ry op pad na buitensporige duur natuurreservate
en eko-herberge (kyk “eco-lodges”). Is hierdie kritiek regverdig? Die grootste
lugbesoedelaars is die ryk, geïndustrialiseerde, ontwikkelde lande, maar die nadelige gevolge
van atmosferiese besoedeling word dikwels meer ernstig ervaar deur die arm, ontwikkelende
lande. Is dit regverdig? Brasilië word hewig gekritiseer vir die uiters winsgewende
uitroeiing van die Amasone-oerwoude. Die verwoesting van die woude is sekerlik nie moreel
regverdigbaar nie, maar om van Brasilië te verwag om die woude te bewaar sodat dit die CO2
wat deur die ontwikkelde lande soos die Verenigde State van Amerika in die atmosfeer
vrygestel word, te filtreer, is definitief ook nie moreel regverdigbaar nie. Die vraagstuk van
geregtigheid was nie eers op die agenda toe die Aardberaad in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro begin
het nie. Die ontwikkelende lande het egter seker gemaak dat die vraagstuk van
omgewingsgeregtigheid die hoof besprekingspunt van die beraad geword het. Sedertdien, is
die paradoks tussen gierigheid en moraliteit deel van alle omgewingsdenke. Die wetlike
beveiliging van die beginsel dat die besoedelaar moet betaal, is waarskynlik die enigste
ware vooruitgang wat in hierdie verband gemaak is.
Environmental management: A pluri-disciplinary field of scientific inquiry about the
relationship between human-kind and the natural and human-made environment.
The field of study sprang from concern about the state of the global environment and
all local environments, and the effect of human activities on the global or local
environment. It has led to a structured regulatory system of investigation into the
possible impact(s) of human activities on the environment, and a legally enforceable
process of authorisation for proposed developments or projects. In short, it is the
structured regulation of human decision-making about actions that might have a
significant impact on the environment.
Omgewingsbestuur: „n Pluri-dissiplinêre veld van wetenskaplike ondersoek na die
verhouding tussen mense en die natuurlike en mens-gemaakte omgewing. Die studieveld het
ontstaan uit besorgdheid oor die toestand van die globale omgewing en alle plaaslike
omgewings, en die effek van menslike aktiwiteite op die globale en plaaslike omgewing. Dit
het gelei tot „n gestruktureerde reguleringsisteem van ondersoek na die moontlike impak(te)
van menslike aktiwiteite op die omgewing, en „n wetlik afdwingbare proses van toestemming
vir voorgestelde ontwikkelings of projekte. Kortom: dit is die gestruktureerde regulering van
menslike besluitneming oor aksies wat moontlik „n beduidende impak op die omgewing kan
hê.
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Environmental monitoring: All the checks, measurements, observations,

inspections and any other data collection techniques used to assess the
environmental impacts of every aspect of a development or activity permitted under
the environmental legislation of a country (see “environmental auditing”). Data is
required for the environmental authority to assess the environmental performance
of a development or activity, and ascertain whether the owner or developer or
holding company is complying with the stipulations and conditions of the
environmental management plan. The necessary data is collected by a wide array of
methods and techniques, and this entire process is called environmental monitoring.
Based on this data, the environmental authority can do the environmental auditing
which the environmental legislation provides for. As an example of the role
environmental monitoring plays in environmental management, the management of
limestone caves can be mentioned. In limestone caves which are open to the public
and form popular tourist attractions (such as those in the Cradle of Humankind world
heritage site) the carbon dioxide (CO2) levels of the air inside the caves are routinely
monitored. Tourists exhale CO2 and limestone is soluble in water saturated with CO2
(which actually is weak carbonic acid). This could cause accelerated weathering in
the caves and some delicate cave features might even be destroyed. Degradation of
these caves might have a serious impact on their tourism potential (see “destination”
and “environmental potential”) and the status of the area as a world heritage site.
Omgewingsmonitering: Alle kontroles, metings, waarnemings, inspeksies en enige ander
data-insamelingstegnieke wat gebruik kan word om die omgewingsimpakte van elke aspek
van „n ontwikkeling of aktiwiteit wat ingevolge die omgewingswetgewing van „n land
goedgekeur is (kyk “environmental auditing”), te bepaal. Die omgewingsoutoriteit benodig
data om die omgewingsprestasie van „n ontwikkeling of aktiwiteit te assesseer en vas te stel
of die eienaar of ontwikkelaar of maatskappy al die stipulasies en voorwaardes in die
omgewingsbestuursplan van die ontwikkeling of aktiwiteit nakom. Hierdie data word
ingesamel deur „n wye verskeidenheid metodes en tegnieke, en hierdie hele proses staan as
omgewingsmonitering bekend. Op grond van die data wat tydens die moniteringsproses
ingesamel word, kan die omgewingsoutoriteit die omgewingsouditering wat in die
omgewingswetgewing voorsien word, uitvoer (kyk “environmental auditing”). As „n
voorbeeld van die rol wat omgewingsmonitering in omgewingsbestuur speel, kan die bestuur
van kalksteengrotte genoem word. In kalksteengrotte wat vir die publiek oopgestel is en
gewilde toeriste-aantreklikhede is (soos dié in die Wieg van die Mensdom
Wêrelderfenisterrein), word die CO2-vlakke in die lug binne die grotte gereeld getoets.
Besoekers adem (CO2) uit en kalksteen is oplosbaar in water met met CO2 versadig is (en
eintlik „n swak koolsuur-oplossing is). Die verhoogde CO2-konsentrasie kan versnelde
verwering veroorsaak en sekere delikate grotelemente kan vining ernstig verweer of selfs
vernietig word. Degradasie van hierdie grotte kan die toerismepotensiaal (kyk “destination”
en “environmental potential”) nadelig beïnvloed.
Environmental movements: Since the international, all-encompassing
Environmental Movement took off in the USA in the early 1960s, it has spread to
every corner of the globe. Numerous environmental movements and organisations
have been founded internationally and regionally, while innumerable local bodies
have been founded. Instead of supplying a long list of them here, you are advised to
use your study material and this glossary to compile your own list. Starting with the
high-pofile movements such as Greenpeace and ending with your own local
conservancies, you will be surprised to see how long your list is. Remember that
these bodies together constitute a powerful lobby group in every official body such
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as provincial or regional governments and also national governments and eventually

on international bodies like the agencies of the United Nations (see “polarisation”).
Strictly speaking, “environmental movements” refer to non-governmental
organisations (NGOs). However, owing to all the pressure applied by these
organisations all countries in the world now have official environmental management
or control bodies. These work hand in glove with the non-governmental movements
and it would be churlish to view the official bodies as separate from the non-
governmental ones. In fact, the environment is probably an exceptional aspect of
human concern since governmental and non-governmental bodies often work
together to try and save our fragile environment.
Omgewingsorganisasies: Sedert die internasionale, alles-omvattende Omgewingsbeweging
in die vroeë 1960‟s in die VSA begin het, het dit versprei tot elke uithoek van die wêreld.
Talle omgewingsbewegings en –organisasies is internasionaal en regionaal gestig, terwyl
tallose plaaslike organisasies gestig is. Eerder as om „n ellelange lys hier te verstrek word jy
uitgedaag om met behulp van jou studiemateriaal en hierdie woordelys self „n lys op te stel.
Begin met die hoë-profiel organisasies soos Greenpeace en eindig met jou eie plaaslike
bewaringsvereniging (“conservancy”) en jy sal verbaas wees om te sien hoe lank die lys is.
Onthou dat al hierdie organisasies saam „n magshebbende drukgroep in elke amptelike
liggaam soos „n provinsiale of streeksregering en uiteindelik nasionale regering asook
internasionale liggame soos die Verenigde Nasies vorm. Streng gesproke verwys
“omgewingsbeweging” na nie-regeringsorganisasies (NRO‟s), maar as gevolg van al die druk
wat die NRO‟s uitoefen, werk die amptelike en die nie-amptelike organisasies só nou saam
(kyk “public-private participation”) dat dit oordrewe puntenerigheid sal wees om die
amptelike liggame as afsonderlik te beskou. Om die waarheid te sê, die omgewing is
waarskynlik die een uitsonderlike aspek van menslike belang waar die amptelike en nie-
regeringsliggame dikwels saamwerk om ons brose omgewing te probeer red.
Environmental potential: An economic appraisal of the ability of the natural
environmental components in a specific area or region to profitably support a certain
type of economic activity. The environmental resources may be able to support one
or more of the following: mining, tourism, settlement, agriculture in the form of animal
husbandry or crop cultivation or both, forestry, fishing, and many more. If the
environment in a specific area has excellent potential to produce food crops, it would
be unwise to use the land for forestry, a golf course, or residential purposes. It
would be environmentally highly irresponsible to convert all scenic, relatively pristine
land into golf courses as is currently the highly profitable practice. Certain attributes
such as the occurrence of exploitable minerals, proximity to a large industrial
development, proximity to a flourishing tourist destination, or being located on the
main road to a popular nature reserve or game park greatly increase the
environmental potential of a stretch of land. The environmental potential of land is
also influenced by the occurrence of archaeological remains and sites on or near the
property, while land located inside or near to an area that is of religious, cultural or
historic importance has a number of options for tourism developments and has,
therefore, a higher potential.
Omgewingspotensiaal: „n Ekonomiese beraming van die vermoë van die natuurlike
omgewingskomponente in „n spesifieke gebied om sekere tipe ekonomiese aktiwiteite
winsgewend te onderhou. Die omgewingshulpbronne in die gebied kan moontlik een of meer
van die volgende onderhou: mynbou, toerisme, dorpstigting, landbou in die vorm van
veeboerdery of akkerbou of albei, bosbou, visvangs, en menige meer. Indien die omgewing
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in „n spesifieke gebied uitstekend geskik is vir die produksie van voedsel, sou dit
onverstandig wees om „n plantasie, „n gholfbaan, of „n residensiële kompleks daar te vestig.
Dit sou, byvoorbeeld omgewingsgewys kortsigtig en uiters onverantwoordelik wees om alle
skilderagtige, relatief ongeskonde gebiede in hoogs winsgewende gholfbane te omskep soos
tans die praktyk is. Sekere attribute soos die voorkoms van ontginbare minerale, die nabyheid
van „n groot industriële ontwikkeling, nabyheid van „n florerende toeristebestemming, of „n
lokaliteit aan die hoofweg na „n gewilde natuurreservaat of wildtuin verhoog die
omgewingspotensiaal van die eiendom. Die omgewingspotensiaal van die grondgebied word
ook verhoog deur die voorkoms van argeologiese oorblyfsels en terreine op of naby aan die
eiendom, asook grondgebied wat in of naby aan „n godsdienstig-, kultureel- of
geskiedkundigbelangrike gebied geleë is.
Environmentalist: A person who is concerned about the negative impact of human
activities on the quality of the natural environment and believes that certain human
actions are degrading some or even all parts of the environment as a global life-
supporting system. Environmentalists profess a worldview and ethical code that the
natural environment should be protected, conserved or even preserved in pristine
condition. Not all environmentalists are equally involved in the world-wide
environmental movement; in fact, their environmental sentiments form a continuum
stretching from those who passively subscribe to attempts at protecting the
environment, to those who are active members of nature conservation and
environmental protection organisations, to the extremist activists who would even go
to provocative and violent means to protect the natural environment (see
“ecocentrism”). There are many different words and terms to describe
environmentalists. Firstly, there are the “shallow greens” who are moderate
sympathisers who will not partake in active protests about an environmental issue.
The less moderate ones who would occasionally even join a public protest to prevent
the destruction of an environmentally important area or asset are called the “greens”
or “greenies”. Many natural scientists belong to this group. A number of scientists
from a variety of sciences were heavily involved in the protection of the area around
the paleontologically important Sterkfontein and Swartkrans caves, and also in the
subsequent declaration of the Cradle of Humankind as a world heritage site. The
“deep greens” (or “bunny huggers” and “tree huggers”) are the extreme
environmental activists who would actively and tirelessly campaign against
developments that would negatively impact on the natural environment, or against
projects that might destroy the habitat of a certain animal or insect. On the extreme
left of the spectrum are the environmental saboteurs and terrorists who do not shy
away from criminality in order to advance their cause (see “ecocentrism”). Three
appropriate examples of deep green, law-abiding environmental activists who lost
their lives as a result of their protests are: Chico Mendez who tried to prevent
injudicious, environmentally unsound and illegal destruction of the large hardwood
trees in the Amazonian forests in Brazil; Ken Saro-Wiwa who actively protested
against the large oil companies‟ despoilment of the Niger Delta by dangerous and
environmentally abhorrent oil extraction methods; and Dian Fossey who tried to stop
the ruthless, illegal extermination of the mountain gorillas in Central Africa. All three
of them died – in fact, they were murdered (though Ken Saro-Wiwa‟s death is
officially described as “lawful execution”) – as a direct result of their environmental
activism. They have become environmental heroes and martyrs whose
contribution to the current global environmental movement should not be
underestimated.
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Omgewingsgesinde: „n Persoon wat besorg is oor die negatiewe impak van menslike
aktiwiteite op die gehalte van die natuurlike omgewing, en die feit dat sekere menslike aksies
sekere gebiede of selfs die globale lewensonderhoudende omgewing degradeer.
Omgewingsgesindes onderskryf „n wêreldbeskouing en etiese kode dat die natuurlike
omgewing beskerm, bewaar en selfs totaal ongeskonde gepreserveer moet word.
Omgewingsgesindes is nie almal ewe betrokke by die wêreldwye omgewingsbeweging nie.
Hulle omgewingsentimente vorm inderwaarheid „n kontinuum wat strek van dié wat passief
die pogings om die omgewing te beskerm, ondersteun, tot dié wat aktiewe lede van
natuurbewarings- en omgewingsbeskermingsorganisasies is, tot die ekstremistiese aktiviste
wat selfs provokatiewe en gewelddadige aksies gebruik om die natuurlike omgewing te
beskerm (kyk “ecocentrism”). Daar is „n verskeidenheid woorde en terme wat gebruik word
om omgewingsgesindes te beskryf. Eerstens is daar “lig groenes” wat gematigde
simpatiseerders is en nie sal deelneem aan aktiewe proteste oor „n omgewingsaak nie. Die
minder gematigdes wat soms selfs sal aansluit by die openbare protes om die vernietiging van
„n spesifieke omgewingslandmerk of die omgewing in „n spesifieke gebied te voorkom; hulle
staan as die “groenes” bekend. Baie natuurwetenskaplikes behoort tot hierdie groep. „n
Aantal wetenskaplikes uit verskeie wetenskappe was betrokke by die beskerming van die
omgewing waar die paleontologies-belangrike grotte soos Sterkfontein en Swartkrans geleë
is. Hulle was ook aktief gemoeid met die verklaring van daardie gebied as „n
wêrelderfenisterrein bekend as die Wieg van die Mensdom. Die “donker groenes” (of “bunny
huggers” en “tree huggers”) vorm die ekstremistiese omgewingsaktiviste wat onverpoos
aktiewe veldtogte voer teen sowel ontwikkelings wat „n negatiewe impak op die natuurlike
omgewing sal hê, as enkele projekte wat die habitat van „n spesifieke dier of insek sal
vernietig. Op die ekstreme linker uiteinde van die spektrum is die omgewingsaboteurs en -
terroriste wat nie sal skroom om tot kriminele optrede oor te gaan in hulle pogings om hulle
doel te bereik nie (kyk “ecocentrism”). Daar is drie uitstaande voorbeelde van
wetsgehoorsame omgewingsaktiviste wat hulle lewens verloor het as gevolg van hulle
pogings om die omgewing te beskerm. Hulle is: Chico Mendez wat die gierige,
omgewingsvernietiging deur die onwettige afkap van die groot hardehout bome in die
Amasone-oerwoude in Brasilië wou voorkom; Ken Saro-Wiwa wat aktief protes aangeteken
het teen die groot internasionale oliemaatskappye se verwoesting van die omgewing in die
Niger-delta deur hulle gulsige, gevaarlike en onverskoonbare ontginning van olie; en Dian
Fossey wat gepoog het om die onwettige uitwissing van die berg-gorillas in Sentraal-Afrika
stop te sit. Al drie is vermoor (hoewel Saro-Wiwa se dood amptelik as “wettige
teregstelling” beskryf word) as „n direkte gevolg van hulle omgewingsaktivisme. Hulle het
omgewingshelde en -martelaars geword en hulle bydrae tot die huidige, globale
omgewingsbeweging moet nie onderskat word nie.
Environmental resources: In the strictest sense of the term, it refers to all goods
and services we receive from the environment. This broad definition presents
problems as it includes both the natural things and the people in the environment.
Therefore, it includes both natural and human-made goods (see “economic
valuation”). To simplify matters, we usually regard natural goods as environmental
resources. These include the air, water, soil, vegetation, rocks, minerals, the natural
beauty of landscapes, and even a beautiful view of the sea. To ascribe value to
these resources is an extremely difficult process and various different approaches
are used. Some are purely economical, while others take intangibles like natural
beauty into account. Many of these resources are available for free, but to mine gold
or diamonds requires a financial input from us. Similarly, a coastal property with a
sea-view is worth more than one without. Environmental resource valuation is
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one of the very important concepts and processes in the fields of environmental
management and environmental law (see “economic valuation”). When it comes to
ownership, these resources present us with even bigger problems. Nobody or no
country can claim ownership of the sky, or the rivers, or the sea or a mountain range.
Nevertheless, we have developed various procedures and systems to define
ownership of natural resources, because we need to resolve serious questions such
as: “who owns the land?”, “who owns the minerals in the Earth‟s crust?”, “may your
neighbour (or neighbouring state) pollute the air or the water which blows or flows to
you?”, “can we allow a mine to spoil nature right next to a nature reserve?”, “should
the settling of the landless, poor and destitute in pristine natural areas be allowed?”.
In each state (country), these matters are handled according to the country‟s legal
system and power (or will) of the authorities to enforce the law. In certain countries,
regions or areas, one might – by law – under certain circumstances have “a right to”
something like a sea-view and no-one can build a high structure in front of you to
obscure the view. One type of environmental resources that needs extra mention is
what we call the “commons”. These include the atmosphere, the oceans, the fresh
water sources which border on or flow through different regions or countries, and the
grazing lands in communal areas, and so forth. None of these “belongs” to any
person or entity. They are there to be used by all. Since no-one “owns” them, no-
one takes responsibility for the sustainability of their usage. Most of these resources
have for hundreds of years been exploited (see “exploitation”) by all who used them
to a point of unsustainability, irreversible degradation or even total collapse – it has
truly become the “tragedy of the commons”. The Environmental Movement that
sprang to life in the early 1960s (see “ecocentrism, “ecological citizenship”,
“ecological niche” and “environmentalist”) is largely the child born of this tragedy.
Environmentalism and environmental management, in their essence, strive towards
the saving of the “commons” and to ensure that they are used sustainable.
Omgewingshulpbronne: In die eng sin van die term, verwys dit na die goedere en dienste
wat ons uit die omgewing verkry. Hierdie breë definisie bied egter probleme aangesien dit
sowel natuurlike dinge as mense in die omgewing insluit. Daarom sluit dit sowel natuurlike
as mensgemaakte goedere in (kyk “economic valuation”). Om sake te vereenvoudig, beskou
ons normaalweg natuurlike goedere as omgewingshulpbronne. Dit sluit die lug, water,
grond, plantegroei, rotse, minerale, natuurskoon, en selfs „n pragtige see-uitsig in. Om „n
waarde aan hierdie hulpbronne toe te skryf is uiters moeilik. Verskillende benaderings kan
hiervoor gebruik word. Daar is suiwer ekonomiese prosedures wat hiervoor gebruik kan
word, maar ander metodes neem die “onmeetbare” bates, soos natuurskoon, ook in ag. Let
daarop dat menige van hierdie hulpbronne vrylik beskikbaar is, maar om goud en diamante te
ontgin, vereis „n finansiële inset van ons kant af. Netso is „n kuseiendom wat „n lieflike see-
uitsig het baie meer werd as een wat dit nie het nie. Omgewingshulpbronvaluasie (-
waardasie) is „n uiters belangrike konsep en proses binne die omgewingsbestuur- en
omgewingsreg-dissipline (kyk “economic valuation”. As dit by eienaarskap kom, bied
hierdie hulpbronne ons selfs groter probleme. Niemand of enige staat kan eienaarskap van
die lug, die riviere, die see of „n bergreeks toe-eien nie. Nogtans het ons verskillende
prosedures en sisteme daargestel om eienaarskap van natuurlike hulpbronne te bepaal en te
definieer omdat ons moet besleg oor vraagstukke soos: “wie besit die grond?”, “wie besit die
minerale in die aardkors?”, “mag jou bure (of die buurstaat) die lug of water wat na jou waai
of vloei, besoedel?”, “kan ons toelaat dat „n myn die natuur reg langs „n natuurreservaat
verwoes?”, “behoort die vestiging van arm, uitgelewerde mense wat geen grond besit nie, in
ongeskonde natuurgebiede toegelaat te word?”. In elke staat (land) word hierdie vrae volgens
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die land se regsstelsel en die vermoë (of wil) van die regmatigde owerhede om die reg af te
dwing, besleg. In sommige lande, streke of areas kan „n persoon – regmatig – maar onder
sekere omstandighede, die “reg tot” iets soos „n see-uitsig besit en niemand mag „n hoë
struktuur wat die uitsig versper, voor die “eienaar” oprig nie. Een tipe natuurlike hulpbron
wat spesiale vermelding verg, is wat ons die “gemene besit” noem. Dit sluit die atmosfeer,
die oseane, die varswaterbronne wat verskeie state begrens en bevloei, die weivelde wat in
die besit van gemeenskappe is, ensomeer, in. Geen van hierdie hulpbronne “behoort” aan
enige persoon of entiteit nie. Dit is daar vir almal om te gebruik. Aangesien dit aan niemand
“behoort” nie, neem niemand verantwoordelikheid vir die volhoubare gebruik daarvan nie.
Die meeste van hierdie hulpbronne is oor die afgelope klompie honderd jaar deur algemene
gebruik uitgebuit (kyk “exploitation”) tot „n punt van verwoesting of totale ineenstorting. Dit
het inderdaad die “tragedie van gemene-besit” geword. Die Omgewingsbeweging wat in
die vroeë 1960‟s op dreef gekom het (kyk “ecocentrism”, “ecological citizenship”,
“ecological niche” en “environmentalist”), is eintlik die kind gebore uit hierdie tragedie.
Omgewingsgesindheid en omgewingsbestuur is, in hulle diepste aard, „n strewe daarna om
die goedere in “gemene-besit” te red en hulle volhoubare benutting te verseker.
Erosion: The group of denudation processes that wear away the land surface by
mechanical and/or chemical actions. Debris is created by weathering is and
removed by one or more of the agents of erosion, namely glaciers, flowing water
(overland flow, also called surface runoff, and rivers), ocean waves and currents,
wind, and mass movement (such as landslides) caused by gravity (see
“channelization” and “mass wasting”). An agent of erosion containing debris will
abrade (scour) the surfaces over which it moves and the debris particles themselves
will also be worn away by abrasion and attrition (bumping against each other).
Flowing water may also remove material in solution when soluble material, such as
calcium carbonate from limestone and dolomite rocks, is dissolved in the water.
Erosion differs from weathering since erosion includes the transportation of the
weathered material (see “weathering”).
Erosie: Die groep denudasieprosesse wat die landoppervlak denudeer en verlaag deur
middel van die meganiese en/of chemiese aksies. Verweringspuin word gevorm en
weggevoer deur een of meer erosie-agent, naamlik gletsers, vloeiende water (oorlandvloei,
wat ons ook afvloei noem, en riviere), seegolwe en –strome, wind, en massaverplasing (soos
grondverskuiwings) wat deur gravitasie veroorsaak word (kyk “channelization” en “mass
wasting”). „n Erosie-agent wat puin bevat sal die oppervlak waaroor dit beweeg, afskuur
(abrasie) en die puinpartikels self word ook weggeskuur deur abrasie en attrisie (die
onderlinge botsings tussen die puinpartikels). Vloeiende water kan ook materiaal, soos die
kalsiumkarbonaat vanaf kalksteen en dolomietgesteentes, in oplossing wegvoer. Erosie
verskil van verwering daarin dat erosie die vervoer van die verweringsprodukte insluit (kyk
“weathering”).

Escarpment: The steep slope that terminates a plateau or any relatively flat or level
upland surface. Escarpments are often spectacular landscape features. The
impressive Drakensberg escarpment as seen from KwaZulu-Natal defines the border
between South Africa and Lesotho and is one of South Africa‟s prime tourist
destinations (see “destination”). From Lesotho‟s side, however, is it not impressive
at all – in fact, it cannot even be seen! This is the case in all high-lying plateau areas
– everybody down below stares at the escarpments edging the plateaus, but on the
plateau itself there is no escarpment to stare at. Perhaps an even more spectacular
escarpment in South Africa is the Drakensberg escarpment separating the so-called
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Highveld and the Lowveld. The rugged escarpment in Mphumalanga and Limpopo
also contains prime tourist destinations, especially for foreign tourists on their way to
the Kruger National Park (see “intervening opportunity”).
Eskarpement (eskarp): Die steil helling aan die rand van „n plato of enige relatief gelyk-
hellende hooglandgebied. Eskarpemente vorm dikwels skouspelagtige landskapstrekke. Die
indrukwekkende Drakensberg-eskarpement soos gesien vanaf KwaZulu-Natal definieer die
grens tussen Suid-Afrika en Lesotho en is een van Suid-Afrika se mees gewilde
toeristebestemmings (kyk “destination”). Vanaf Lesotho se kant is daar egter geen
indrukwekkende eskarp-uitsig nie – trouens, die eskarp kan nie eers gesien word nie! Dit is
presies hoe dit in alle hoogliggende plato-gebiede is – almal onder die eskarp staar na die
eskarpement wat die plato begrens, maar op die plato self is daar niks om na te staar nie. Die
oostelike Drakensberg-eskarp wat die sogenaamde Hoëveld van die Laeveld skei, is moontlik
selfs meer indrukwekkend as dié tussen Suid-Afrika en Lesotho. Die ruwwe eskarp in
Mpumalanga en Limpopo bied ook uiters gewilde toeristebestemmings veral aan buitelandse
toeriste wat onderweg na die Kruger Nasionale Park is (kyk “intervening opportunity”).

Equity: In Geography, the term “equity” is used in connection with fairness,

reasonableness and impartiality. The term is often used in environmental
management in connection with environmental justice and in environmental impact
assessments, environmental monitoring, environmental auditing, and so forth (see
“environmental justice”, “environmental monitoring” and “environmental auditing”).
These environmental actions should be fair and reasonable and not become witch-
hunts. Nor should environmental impact assessments and analyses be unfair and
disregard the interests and concerns of any interested and affected party (IAPs) (see
“interested and affected parties” and”environmental management”). Equity is
extremely important in the environmental field as money so often gains the upper-
hand over poverty, while the rich and the poor have an equal claim on a healthy and
conducive environment. A forced removal of a poor community in order to build a
golf course on their land is a crude – but unfortunately not uncommon – happening in
our modern world. Is this fair, or reasonable? There is a second sense in which
“equity” may be used in Geography and that is in economic geography when shares
(on a stock exchange) are referred to.
Billikheid: In Geografie word hierdie term gebruik in verband met regverdigheid,
redelikheid en onpartydigheid. Dit word dikwels in omgewingsbestuur gebruik in verband
met omgewingsgeregtigheid en in omgewingsimpakbepalings, omgewingsmonitering,
omgewingsouditering, ensovoorts (kyk “environmental justice”, “environmental monitoring”
en “environmental auditing”). Hierdie omgewingsaksies moet redelik en regverdig uitgevoer
word en nie in heksejagte verander nie. Maar insgelyks moet omgewingsimpakbepalings
regverdig, redelik en onpartydig uitgevoer word en die belange van alle belanghebbendes
moet in ag geneem word (kyk “affected and interested parties [AIPs]” en “environmental
management”). Billikheid is uiters belangrik in die omgewingsbedryf waar geld so maklik
die oorhand oor armoede kry. Die geforseerde verskuiwing van „n arm gemeenskap om „n
gholfbaan op hulle grond aan te lê, is „n kru – maar ongelukkig nie seldsame – gebeurtenis in
ons moderne wêreld nie. Is dit billik of regverdig? Daar is egter nog „n sin in Geografie
waar die term “equity” gebruik word, en dit is in ekonomiese geografie waar dit na aandele
(op „n aandelemark) verwys.
Eutrophication: The human-induced chemical and biological changes in the
water of a fresh-water body such as a river, lake or dam. Eutrophic water is heavily
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polluted and contains high concentrations of various chemical compounds, and

especially phosphate and nitrate compounds. These chemical substances are plant
nutrients that enhance the growth of plants that grow in the water itself (for instance
waterlilies and algae), as well as the riparian vegetation (for example reeds and
bamboo) that grow on the floodplain and banks of fresh-water bodies. Most of these
plants are strong growing pioneer plants that flourish on the additional nutrients in
the nutrient enriched eutrophic water. The vigorous growth of the plants lessens the
oxygen content of the water. Consequently fish, crabs, waterbirds, and many other
forms of aquatic life would struggle to survive or will simply die and disappear from
the ecosystem (see “ecology”, “ecosystems” and “wetlands”). Hence, an entire
ecosystem could be vastly changed or even destroyed by eutrophication.
Recreation activities such as boating, waterskiing and angling are hardly possible in
water bodies that are totally covered by water plants. This may have a dramatic
negative effect on the tourist potential of an entire region. The origins of the
pollutants include fertilizers used for crop cultivation that are washed into the water
by runoff, industrial waste water which is pumped into some water body or other, and
inadequate sewerage systems which result in the deliberate or inadvertent
deposition of raw human waste (excreta) in some nearby water body. Eutrophication
is one of the most difficult and expensive environmental problems to solve. A rather
spectacular example of eutrophication is found in the Hartebees Poort Dam in
Gauteng. The water in the dam contains very high concentrations of nitrates and
phosphates. To make matters worse the surface of the dam is usually completely
covered by non-indigenous hyacinths which have accidently washed into the dam
many years ago and flourish because of the nutrient-rich, polluted water of the dam.
Despite numerous ongoing attempts to eradicate the hyacinths, by means of an
array of methods, no successful way to permanently solve the problem has yet been
found.
Eutrofikasie: Die chemiese en biologiese veranderinge wat die water in „n varswaterbron
soos „n rivier, meer of dam as gevolg van menslike aksies ondergaan. Eutrofiese water is
hoogs besoedel en bevat hoë konsentrasies van „n verskeidenheid chemiese verbindings
waarvan fosfaat- en stikstofverbindings die vernaamste is. Hierdie chemiese stowwe is
plantvoedingstowwe wat aanleiding gee tot die versnelde groei van plante wat in die water
leef (byvoorbeeld waterlelies en alge) asook oewerplante (soos riete en biesies) wat op die
vloedvlakte en walle van die waterbron groei. Die meeste van hierdie plante is sterk-
groeiende pioniersplante en hulle floreer wanneer addisionele voedingstowwe beskikbaar is.
Die kragtige groei van die water- en vleilandplante verminder die suurstofinhoud van die
water. Gevolglik sal visse, krappe, watervoëls, en menige ander vorme van akwatiese lewe
(organismes wat in die water lewe) sukkel om te oorleef, terwyl party sommer sal uitsterf en
uit die ekosisteem sal verdwyn (kyk “ecology”, “ecosystem” en “wetlands”). Eutrofikasie
kan dus „n hele ekosisteem totaal wysig of vernietig. Ontspanningsaktiwiteite soos
bootvaarte, waterski en hengel is beswaarlik moontlik in water wat heeltemal met waterplante
bedek is. Dit kan „n drastiese negatiewe uitwerking op die toeristepotensiaal van „n gebied
hê. Die oorsprong van die besoedelingstowwe is kunsmis wat deur die afvloei van reënwater
vanaf landerye na die waterliggaam gespoel word, industriële afvalstowwe wat doelbewus na
„n waterliggaam gepomp word, en ondoeltreffende rioleringsstelsels waardeur rou menslike
afval (ekskreta) doelbewus of per abuis in „n nabygeleë waterliggaam weggedoen word.
Eutrofikasie is een van die moeilikste en duurste omgewingsprobleme om op te los. „n
Skokkende voorbeeld van eutrofikasie is te vinde in die Hartebeespoortdam in Gauteng. Die
damwater het uiters hoë nitraat- en fosfaatkonsentrasies. Om sake te vererger, is die
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damoppervlak voortdurend byna heeltemal bedek met uitheemse hiasinte wat baie jare gelede
per abuis in die dam ingespoel het en gedy in die dam se voedingstofryke, besoedelde water.
Ten spyte van talle pogings om die hiasinte deur middel van „n wye reeks metodes uit te roei,
is geen realistiese permanente oplossing vir die probleem al gevind nie.
Exploitation: The over-use and abuse of any resource be it physical or human.
Overgrazing of fields, over-cultivation of croplands and removal of all the vegetation
from forested areas will reduce them all too barren, unproductive stretches of eroded
and degraded land. The over-use of water source for irrigation or for mining or for
the dilution of polluted water, will either deplete the source or pollute it to such a
degree that it becomes useless. Human resources such as factory or mine workers
can also be exploited and that is sure to lead to labour unrest, strikes and production
loss. Nearly all exploitation has one aim, namely quick profit, and nearly all stem
from one human foible, namely greed. The only exceptions are where poverty forces
people to exploit their land, vegetation and water resources. However, all
exploitation has a common end, namely environmental degradation, unproductive
land, increased poverty, hunger and misery.
Oorbenutting: Die oorbenutting en uitbuiting van enige hulpbron – fisies of menslik.
Oorbeweiding van weivelde, oorverbouing van landerye en die ontbossing van beboste
gebiede sal gedegradeerde, geërodeerde en onproduktiewe land agterlaat. Die oorbenutting
van „n waterbron vir besproeiing of mynbou of die verdunning van besoedelde mynwater sal
die water laat opdroog of die water sodanig besoedel dat dit nie meer bruikbaar sal wees nie.
Menslike hulpbronne soos werkers in „n fabriek of „n myn kan ook oorbenut en uitgebuit
word, maar dit sal heel waarskynlik tot arbeidsonrus, stakings en produksieverlies lei. Byna
alle uitbuiting en oorbenutting het net een doel, naamlik winsbejag, en dit het een menslike
swakheid as oorsaak, naamlik gierigheid. Die enigste uitsondering is waar arm mense geen
ander opsie het nie en dus genoodsaak is om hulle grond-, water- en plantegroeihulpbronne
uit te buit. Maar alle oorbenutting het net een uiteinde: omgewingsdegradering,
onproduktiewe land, toenemende armoede, honger en ellende.

Extinction: The complete disappearance of a species from the global ecosystem.

For millions of years natural forces of environmental change had resulted in the
extinction of innumerable species all over the Earth (on land as well as in the
oceans), but it had also led to the origin of many new species as organisms adapted
to their changed environment. Extinction happens when a species (either animal or
plant) cannot evolve (or change) fast enough to adapt to a changing environment.
This is what happened with the dinosaurs some 70 million years ago when the global
climate changed and the animals and plant species of the time could not survive the
drier, warmer conditions. Most of the fossil animals found in the caves of the Cradle
of Humankind World Heritage sitehad been extinct for thousands or even millions of
years. The global environment is always changing, and that will always lead to the
natural extinction of certain animals and plants. Global natural environmental
change usually happens slowly, and many species can change and adapt to a
changed environment, provided the change takes place over thousands or millions of
years. However, for the past few hundred years, human activities have been the
greatest force for accelerated extinction. Some species have been hunted to
extinction, the famous dado and the Cape quagga are examples of animals that went
extinct over the last few hundred years. All species of rhinoceros in Africa and Asia
seem doomed to extinction. The most active and dangerous human-induced
(anthropogenic) cause of extinction is habitat loss, habitat degradation (see
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“environmental degradation”) and habitat fragmentation that humans bring about.

Owing to habitat loss the blue swallow of Kaapsche Hoop in South Africa is very
nearly extinct. With less than 30 breeding pairs the genetic pool is so small that it
would probably not be able to escape extinction. Habitat loss is also responsible for
the fact that two species of South Africa‟s cranes are teetering on the brink of
extinction. South Africa‟s national bird, the blue crane, was very nearly extinct when
a number of nongovernmental, environmental organisations stepped in with a
successful protection and breeding project. The species is still threatened, but there
is hope that it might still be rescued.
Uitsterwing: Die totale verdwyning van „n spesie uit die globale ekosisteem. Die natuurlike
omgewing se ewige, stadige verandering is miljoene jare lank al besig om tot die uitsterwing
van tallose spesies dwarsoor die Aarde (op land asook in die oseane) aanleiding te gee, maar
dit het ook tot die ontstaan van nuwe spesies gelei namate organismes aangepas het by die
veranderende toestande. Uitsterwing geskied wanneer „n spesie (plantaardig of dierlik) nie
vinnig genoeg kan verander en evoleer om by die veranderde omgewingstoestande aan te pas
nie. Dit is wat ongeveer 70 miljoen jaar gelede met die dinosourusse gebeur het. Die globale
klimaat het droër en warmer geword en hierdie primitiewe reptiele en oerplante kon nie by
die veranderde toestande aanpas nie en gevolglik het hulle uitgesterf. Die meeste van die
diere-fossiele wat in die grotte by die Wieg van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein voorkom,
het reeds duisende of selfs miljoene jare gelede al uitgesterf. Die globale omgewing is
voortdurend besig om te verander en as gevolg van hierdie natuurlike
omgewingsveranderinge sal daar altyd sekere plante en diere wees wat op natuurlike wyse
uitsterf. Globale natuurlike omgewingsverandering vind gewoonlik stadig plaas en talle
spesies kan verander en aanpas, mits die verandering oor duisende of miljoene jare plaasvind.
Die afgelope paar honderd jaar was menslike aktiwiteite die grootste oorsaak van versnelde
uitsterwing. Sommige spesies is tot uitsterwing gejag, die beroemde dado en die Kaapse-
kwagga is voorbeelde van diere wat as gevolg van jag uitgesterf het. Al die renoster spesies
in Afrika en Asië skyn tot uitsterwing gedoem te wees. Die belangrikste en gevaarlikste
mens-gemaakte (antropogene) oorsaak van uitsterwing is habitatverlies (kyk “environmental
degradation”) habitat-degradasie en habitat-fragmentering. As gevolg van habitatverlies is
die blou-swaeltjies van Kaapsche Hoop in Suid-Afrika byna uitgesterf. Met minder as 30
broeipare is die genepoel so klein dat die spesie waarskynlik verlore is. Habitatverlies is ook
verantwoordelik daarvoor dat twee kraanvoëlspesies op die randjie van uitsterwing is. Suid-
Afrika se nasionale voël, die gewone bloukraanvoël was byna uitgesterf toe sommige nie-
regeringsomgewingorganisasies ingegryp het en „n suksesvolle bewarings- en broeiprogram
daargestel het. Die spesie is steeds bedreig, maar daar is darem hoop dat dit van uitsterwing
gered kan word.
Extrapolation: The transfer of quantitative, empirical research results from one
study area to another area without first testing whether the results apply in that
area or not. In many sciences – and especially the spatial sciences such as
Geography – this is an extremely risky thing to do. In certain specialisation fields of
Geography, extrapolation is scientifically justifiable, but when research results are
based on primary, area-specific data extrapolation should only be done with the
greatest of care, or not at all, unless there is strong theory-based justification for
doing it. Geographers should never assume that what applies in one area also
applies in another. Unlike interpolation (see “interpolation”) where justifiable intra-
areal generalisation is commonly used, extrapolation is inter-areal generalisation
and is less commonly used because it is more difficult to justify scientifically. In
Geography, both intra-areal and inter-areal generalisation should be handled with
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care. Remember that Geography is the study of spatial variability and the
idiographic or uniqueness principle should always be born in mind (see “
geodiversity” and“spatial interpolation”).
Ekstrapolasie: Die oordrag van kwantitatiewe, empiriese navorsingsresultate van een
studiegebied na „n ander een sonder om vooraf te bepaal of dit in die ander gebied geldig
sal wees. In etlike wetenskappe – en veral die ruimtelike wetenskappe soos Geografie – is
sodanige oordragings en aannames uiters gevaarlik. In sekere spesialisasievelde in Geografie
is ekstrapolasie wetenskaplik regverdigbaar, maar wanneer resultate op primêre, gebied-
spesifieke data gebaseer is, moet dit met die grootste sorg gedoen word, of glad nie gedoen
word nie, tensy daar teorie-gebaseerde regverdiging daarvoor is. Geograwe moet nooit
goedskiks aanneem dat dìt wat in een gebied geld ook in „n ander gebiede geld nie. Anders as
met interpolasie (kyk “interpolation”) waar veralgemening binne een en dieselfde gebied
algemeen gebruik word, word ekstrapolasie of veralgemening tussen gebiede minder
algemeen gebruik omdat dit moeiliker is om dit wetenskaplik te regverdig. In Geografie,
moet sowel interpolasie as ekstrapolasie versigtig hanteer word. Onthou dat Geografie die
studie van ruimtelike variasie is en die idiografiese of uniekheidsbeginsel moet nooit uit
die oog verloor word nie (kyk “geodiversity” en “spatial interpolation”).

Fauna: The association of animals living in a certain place at a certain time. It

includes all the animals that form part of an ecosystem at a specific time before the
system changes and some animals move out or die out. At that stage, the
association of animals in the ecosystem changes. It may include various species
ranging from large animals such as elephants or whales to insects and even to
microscopic, single celled forms of animal life like zooplankton.
Dierelewe (fauna): Die diere wat kollektief op „n sekere tydstip in „n sekere plek lewe. Dit
sluit al die diere in wat gesamentlik deel van „n ekosisteem uitmaak, totdat die ekosisteem
verander en sekere diere wegbeweeg of uitsterf en die versameling diere in die sisteem
verander. Dit kan verskeie dierespesies wat sowel groot diere soos olifante of walvisse as
insekte en selfs mikroskopiese, eensellige vorme van dierelewe soos soöplankton insluit.
Feedback loop: A lesser, repetitive cycle within a larger open system of energy and
matter flow. Most open systems contain numerous feedback loops. Such systems
function on a response-control principle. At a certain point in a system, enough
energy or matter (that is, potential energy) flow forward in the system to exceed a
threshold-limit and trigger a reactive process in the system. A simple example is the
feedback loop of refugees or illegal immigration from one country to another. A
number of Zimbabweans moved to South Africa when conditions in Zimbabwe
became too difficult to endure. They were not turned back, but granted asylum or
temporary resident rights and started to make a new living. This encouraged other
Zimbabweans to do the same, which reinforced the whole feedback loop. A constant
inflow of Zimbabweans into South Africa has ensued. This is a typical positive
feedback loop. Had the first arrivals been turned back, a sustainable loop would
not have developed and a negative feedback loop would have developed with less
and less Zimbabweans daring to move to South Africa, and those already in South
Africa would have tried to get out of the country. In natural systems, feedback is
even more common. The destruction of vegetation in an area causes accelerated
run-off, which leads to the increased washing away of the topsoil and ends in an
accelerated removal of the surface layer. When an eroding slope is revegetated, a
negative feedback loop immediately kicks in, and soil erosion is then halted and
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might be under control. Correlation diagrams (correlation structures) are usually

used to graphically represent the feedback loops in a system.
Terugvoerlus: „n Ondergeskikte, herhalende siklus binne „n groter oop sisteem van energie-
en materievloei. Die meeste oop sisteme bevat talle terugvoerlusse. Sulke sisteme
funksioneer op „n responskontrole beginsel. Op „n sekere stadium in so „n sisteem vloei
genoeg energie en materie (wat potensiële energie is), voorwaarts in die sisteem om „n
drempelwaarde te oorskry en „n reaksie te veroorsaak. „n Eenvoudige voorbeeld van só „n
terugvoerlus is die vloei van voortvlugtendes of onwettige immigrante tussen twee
aanliggende lande. „n Aantal Zimbabwiërs het na Suid-Afrika migreer toe toestande in
Zimbabwe vir hulle lewensgevaarlik geraak het. Hulle is nie weggewys nie, maar asiel of
tydelike verblyfregte toegestaan en het „n nuwe lewe begin maak. Dit het ander Zimbawiërs
aangespoor om dieselfde te doen en sodoende is „n tipiese positiewe terugvloerlus geskep.
Indien die oorspronklike immigrante teruggestuur is, sou „n volhoubare negatiewe
terugvoerlus ontstaan het en al minder Zimbabwiërs sou na Suid-Afrika probeer kom, terwyl
al meer van dié wat reeds hier was, sou probeer wegkom het. In natuurlike sisteme is
terugvoer selfs meer algemeen. Die stroping van die plantegroei in „n sekere gebied
veroorsaak versnelde afvloei wat tot versnelde wegvoering van die bolaag en tot verlies van
die hele bolaag lei. Indien „n eroderende helling herbeplant word, tree „n negatiewe
terugvoerlus onmiddellik in werking en gronderosie word stopgesit sodat verdere erosie
moontlik beheer kan word. Korrelasiediagramme (korrelasiestrukture) word gewoonlik
gebruik om terugvloerlusse in „n sisteem voor te stel.
Fertility: The quality of being able to reproduce. In Geography this term is mostly
used in connection with human populations and population increase. In most
sciences fertility is regarded as the ability of every female member of the population
to produce offspring. In some populations females produce less offspring than in
others. The fertility rate is the measure to express the number of offspring every
female is bound to produce. Of course, the figures are averages and therefore are
expressed in decimals and do not apply to each and every female. The total fertility
rate (TFR) is the number of babies every woman in the population is expected to
have. The present world fertility rate is 3,1. Since this is a global average it does not
convey much information about any one specific area or country. In most African
countries women often give birth to eight or eleven children, but in other countries
they have one or two or three children. In China they had for many years not been
allowed to have more than one baby (this prohibition has now been lifted). The
fertility rate does not necessarily indicate the population growth rate, as infants and
children might die, but the average number of children every woman is expected to
have, is a good indication of how fast the population might be growing, and it is a
handy statistic to compare different populations.
Vrugbaarheid: Die vermoë om afstammelinge te produseer. In Geografie word hierdie term
meestal in verband met menslike bevolkings en bevolkingsgroei gebruik. In die meeste
wetenskappe word vrugbaarheid beskou as die vermoë van elke vroulike lid van die
bevolking om afstammelinge te produseer. In sekere bevolkings produseer vroulike lede
minder afstammelinge as in ander. Die fertiliteitskoers (vrugbaarheidskoers) is die maatstaf
wat gebruik word om die aantal afstammelinge wat elke vroulike lid sal produseer, uit te
druk. Die totale fertiliteitskoers (TFK) is die aantal babas wat elke vrou in die bevolking
volgens verwagting sal hê. Tans is die wêreldfertiliteitskoers (die globale TFK) 3,1.
Aangesien dit „n globale gemiddeld is, verskaf dit nie baie inligting oor enige spesifieke
gebied of land nie. In die meeste Afrika-state het vroue dikwels agt tot elf kinders, maar in
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ander lande het hulle een of twee of drie kinders. In China was mense jarelank nie toegelaat
om meer as een kind te hê nie („n beperking wat nou opgehef is). Die fertiliteitskoers
reflekteer nie noodwendig die bevolkingsgroeikoers nie omdat babas en kinders kan sterf.
Die gemiddelde aantal kinders wat elke vrou na verwagting kan hê, is tog „n goeie aanduiding
van hoe vinnig die bevolking moontlik kan groei, en dìt is „n baie handige statistiek om
verskillende bevolkings met mekaar te vergelyk.
Flora: The association of plants that live collectively in a certain place at a certain
time. All the plants that form part of an ecosystem at a specific time, before the
system changes and some plants wither or die out; at that stage, the association of
plants in the ecosystem changes. It may include various species ranging from large
plants such as a baobab tree to small or even to single-celled forms of plant life like
phytoplankton.
Plantlewe (plantaardige lewe of flora): Die plante wat kollektief op „n sekere tydstip in „n
sekere plek lewe. Dit sluit al die plante wat gesamentlik deel van „n ekosisteem uitmaak, in,
totdat die ekosisteem verander en sekere plante kwyn of uitsterf en die versameling plante in
die sisteem verander. Dit kan verskeie plantspesies insluit wat van sowel groot plante soos
kremetartbome tot mikroskopiese, eensellige vorme van plantlewe soos fitoplankton wissel.
Food security: The assurance that there will always be enough food for everybody
in the world. Two hundred years ago, Thomas Malthus predicted that the world
population would run out of food in the (then) not too distant future. However, for
200 years we have been able to produce far more than enough food for all. New
technologies, better varieties of crop plants, irrigation to turn previously non-
productive land into croplands, and policies to incentivise commercial agriculture
have resulted in a huge increase in global food produced since the so-called Green
Revolution of the 1950s. Unfortunately, more than half of the world population do
not have enough food or are literally starving, but the reasons for that are political
and economical, not a shortage of food. We currently produce far more than enough
food to feed every man, woman and child over and over, but in Asia and especially
Africa, millions of people are at starvation level. There is a large discordance
between production and availability of food. Food security has become a field of
study and the United Nations even has an agency to encourage food production and
distribution, although it experiences serious difficulties to ensure the provision of food
to starving masses in certain African countries. The challenge for the future is not
the production of enough food, but the distribution of available supplies.
Voedselsekuriteit: Die versekering dat daar altyd genoeg voedsel vir almal in die wêreld sal
wees. Tweehonderd jaar gelede het Thomas Malthus voorspel dat die mensdom in die (toe)
nabye toekoms nie meer genoeg voedsel sal hê nie. Ons was egter 200 jaar lank in staat om
meer as genoeg voedsel vir die ganse wêreldbevolking te produseer. Tegnologiese
ontwikkelings, verbeterde graanvariëteite, besproeiing wat voedselverbouing in voorheen
onproduktiewe gebiede moontlik gemaak het, en beleide om kommersiële landbou aan te
moedig, het „n groot styging in globale voedselproduksie sedert die sogenaamde Groen
Rewolusie van die 1950‟s tot gevolg gehad. Ongelukkig het meer as die helfte van die
wêreldbevolking nie genoeg voedsel nie of ly letterlik honger. Die redes hiervoor is egter
polities en ekonomies en nie „n tekort aan voedsel wat geproduseer word nie. Daar word
vandag meer as genoeg voedsel in die wêreld geproduseer om elke man, vrou en kind op
Aarde oor en oor te voed, maar in Asië en veral Afrika is miljoene mense verhonger en selfs
op die randjie van „n hongerdood. Daar is „n reuse diskordansie tussen voedselproduksie en
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voedselbeskikbaarheid. Voedselsekuriteit het „n ganse studieveld geword en die Verenigde

Nasies het selfs „n agentskap om voedselproduksie en -verspreiding aan te moedig. Dit
ervaar egter groot probleme om te verseker dat voedsel aan sterwende massas in sekere lande
in Afrika gelewer word. Die uitdaging vir die toekoms is nie om genoeg voedsel te produseer
nie, maar om die beskikbare voorraad te versprei na waar dit benodig word.
Forest decline: The degradation and ultimate destruction of natural forests or
cultivated plantations by a number of natural causes, but largely by human activities.
Natural climate changes or a disease or pest or some animals might destroy forests.
Throughout human history we have witnessed a few such cases. Long, unusually
cold or warm periods have destroyed a few historically recorded forested areas in
North America and Europe. Fungi and weevils have destroyed sections of large
needle-leaved forests over the last three decades, but we now have chemicals and
biological controls to stem these declines. The savannah forests in Tsavo, Kenya,
were destroyed by elephant overpopulation together with long term drought, but then
elephants too died, and now nature is recovering and a new balance has been
established. Lava flows and wildfires have done great harm to certain sections of
forests, but they are fast recovering. Injudicious logging of hardwood trees in the
Amazon basin, the Congo basin and South East Asia cause irreparable forest
damage. The natural forests in Tasmania and Madagascar have also been seriously
damaged by logging. In North America and Western Europe vast parts of pine and
spur forests have died back as a result of industrial air pollution and acid rain (see
“acid rain “ and “air pollution”). Seen globally, forests have declined and shrank as a
result of human activities and it is an environmental issue of great concern since
forests are our “oxygen factories”.
Woudkwyning: Die agteruitgang en uiteindelike verdwyning van natuurlike woude of
aangeplante plantasies as gevolg van „n aantal natuurlike oorsake, maar veral as gevolg van
menslike aktiwiteite. Natuurlike klimaatsveranderinge, of „n plaag of pes, of sekere diere kan
woude vernietig. Dwarsdeur die menslike geskiedenis het ons die wegkwyning van enkele
woude in Noord-Amerika en Europa beleef. Lang, abnormale koue of warm periodes het tot
die vernietiging van enkele woude gelei. Swamme en kewers het oor die afgelope drie
dekades gedeeltes van groot naaldboomwoude vernietig, maar nou het ons chemiese en
biologiese kontroles om hierdie plae te beheer. Die savannawoude in Tsavo, Kenia, is deur
„n olifantoorpopulasie en „n langdurige droogte uitgewis, maar toe het die olifante ook gesterf
en nou is die natuur besig om te herstel en „n nuwe balans is gevestig. Lawavloeiings en
veldbrande het enorme skade aan sekere woude aangerig, maar hulle is vinnig besig om te
herstel. Die ongeoorloofde afkapping van die hardehoutbome in die Amasone-kom, die
Kongo-kom en in Suid-Oos-Asië veroorsaak onherstelbare woudskade. Die natuurlike
woude van Tasmanië en Madagaskar is baie ernstig en onomkeerbaar beskadig. In Noord-
Amerika en Wes-Europa het reuse gedeeltes van die denne- en naaldboomwoude en
plantasies afgesterf as gevolg van industriële besoedeling en suurreën (kyk “acid rain” en
“air pollution”). Globaal gesien, is woudkwyning „n ernstige omgewingsvraagstuk omdat
woude ons “suurstof-fabrieke” is.

Fossil fuel: All fuels derived from the fossilisation of living organisms. Three main
types can be distinguished, namely: a) coal, coke (very high quality coal), and brown
coal (low quality coal), b) oil and oil shale, and c) gas (such as methane). The first
group is typically derived from plant organisms that are deposited in shallow fresh-
water swamps and marshes, covered by sediments and under high pressure are
turned into coal over millions of years. The second group derives from microscopic
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sea animals that die, sink to the bottom, are covered by ocean sediments and over
thousands or millions of years under the influence of high pressure, the organic
material turns into various forms of fuels, such as oil, oil shale and kerosene. Gas is
associated with both of the groups. All fossil fuels are hydrocarbon compounds (that
is, various combinations of hydrogen and carbon). All fossil fuels form over very long
periods, and if we depleted all the available reserves, we cannot expect to have
newly formed resources after a number of years. The chemical composition of all
fossil fuels determines that the burning of these fuels will release carbon and
hydrogen compounds into the atmosphere.
Fossielbrandstof: Alle brandstowwe wat hul oorsprong aan die fossilering van lewende
organismes ontleen. Drie hoof tipes kan onderskei word, naamlik: a) steenkool, kooks (baie
hoë gehalte steenkool), en bruinkool (lae gehalte steenkool), b) olie en olieskalie, en c) gas
(soos metaangas). Die eerste groep ontstaan deurdat plantorganismes wat sterf en in vlak
varswater moerasse en vleie afgeset word, deur sedimente bedek word en onder hoë druk oor
miljoene jare na steenkool verander. Die tweede groep ontstaan wanneer mikroskopiese
seediertjies sterf, na die bodem sink, deur oseaansedimente bedek word en onder hoë druk
oor duisende of miljoene jare na verskeie vorme van brandstowwe soos olie, oilieskalie en
keroseen (paraffien) verander. Gas is met albei groepe geassosieer. Alle fossielbrandstowwe
is gehidrateerde koolstowwe (dit is, verskeie verbindings van koolstof en waterstof). Let op
dat alle fossielbrandstowwe oor uiters lang periodes gevorm word. Indien ons al die
beskikbare reserwes opgebruik, kan ons nie verwag om „n paar jaar later weer nuwe voorrade
te hê nie. Let ook op dat die chemiese samestelling van fossielbrandstowwe bepaal dat
koolstof- en waterstofverbindings in die atmosfeer vrygelaat sal word wanneer hierdie
brandstowwe verbrand word.
Genetically manipulated organism (GMO): A genetically manipulated or
genetically modified organism is a “new” living plant or animal that has been created
in a laboratory by scientists by means of some deliberate interference with the
chromosomes of an existing plant or animal. The chromosomes in the DNA of any
organism are the proteins that carry the genetic identity of the organism. Any
alteration of the chromosomes of an organism changes it into a different (“new”)
organism. GMO technology does not entail an alteration of the chromosomes of a
mature individual organism to create an altered mature individual organism – that is
what happens in science fiction movies. In reality the chromosomes of DNA material
from individual organisms are altered and new individuals are then created from this
DNA. GMO technology is relatively new and has only been developed over the last
two decades. It is ethically questionable and still very controversial. Deep ecologists
find GMO technology totally unacceptable (see “ecocentrism” and
“environmentalist”). GMO technology should not be confused with the time-tested,
deliberate, breeding and cultivation of new varieties of existing species by
propagating the multiplication of a natural mutant (an unexpected variant) of a
species or by the crossbreeding of different varieties of one and the same species or
different but closely related species of the same organism. These latter processes of
variant and species creation might as well have happened in nature without any
human involvement. Since time immemorial people have created (bred) variants of
existing plants and animals. Since the 1950s scientists have created numerous new
varieties of plants and animals that constitute the main varieties of commercial
agriculture in the world today. The high-production, pest resistant, drought resistant
and cold resistant variants of grain crops currently planted in all parts of the world
today have all been bred or refined from existing species. Without these variants we
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would not be able to feed the world population. Environmentalists do not find it
objectional when new variants and species are bred or created without direct
interference with the chromosomes of any organisms, but they object vehemently to
the creation of GMOs. Whether GMOs are ever going to be generally accepted, is
still a strongly debated issue.
Geneties gemanipuleerde organisme (GMO): „n “Nuwe” lewende plant of dier wat in „n
laboratorium deur wetenskaplikes geskep is deur middel van doelbewuste inmenging met die
chromosome van „n bestaande plant of dier. Die chromosome van die DNA van enige
organisme is die proteïen wat die genetiese identiteit van die organisme dra. Enige wysiging
wat aan die chromosome van „n organisme aangebring word, verander die organisme na „n
ander (“nuwe”) organisme. Die tegnologie behels nie dat „n volwasse individu se
chromosome gemanipuleer word en dat daardie individu dan as „n “veranderde” volwasse
individu voortleef nie - dit gebeur net in wetenskapsfiksierolprente. In die werklikheid word
die chromosoomwysigings aangebring en uit daardie gewysigde DNA word nuwe individue
geteel. GMO-tegnologie is nog relatief jonk en is oor die afgelope twee dekades ontwikkel.
Dit is eties aanvegbaar en steeds hoogs kontroversieel. Diep-ekoloë vind dit heeltemal
onaanvaarbaar (kyk “ecocentrism” en “environmentalist”). GMO-tegnologie moet nie
verwar word met die eeu-oue teling en kweking van nuwe variante van bestaande plant- en
dierspesies deur die vermenigvuldiging van „n onverwagte natuurlike mutant of deur die
kruisteling van verskillende variante van een en dieselfde spesie of naverwante spesies van
dieselfde organisme nie. Hierdie prosesse van variant- en spesieskepping kon net sowel in
die natuur plaasgevind het, sonder enige menslike betrokkenheid. Sedert die vroegste tye het
mense variante van bestaande plante en diere geteel enn gekweek. Sedert die 1950‟s het
wetenskaplikes talle nuwe variëtiete plante en diere geskep en daardie variëteite is vandag die
graan- en veevariante wat in kommersiële landbou gebruik word. Die hoë-produksie,
plaagbestande, droogte- of koue-bestande variëteite van graangewasse wat tans oral in die
wêreld verbou word, is uit bestaande spesies geteel of gekweek. Sonder hierdie variant-
spesies sou ons nie die wêreldbevolking kon voed nie. Omgewingsgesindes het geen beswaar
een nuwe variante en spesies wat geskep word sonder die direkte inmenging met die
chromosome van enige organisme nie, maar hulle teken ernstig beswaar aan teen variante en
spesies wat deur GMO-tegnologie geskep is. Of GMO”s ooit algemene aanvaarding sal
geniet, is nog „n sensitiewe en debatteerbare vraagstuk.
Genetic engineering: The manipulation of any organism‟s genetic material
through either selective breeding or recombinant genetic material or DNA (see
“genetically manipulated organism”). Recombinant DNA are techniques by which
DNA molecules are extracted from different living organisms and chemically joined
together in order to “create‟‟ a different organism. A rather grisly, but perfectly true
example is that DNA from an animal can be extracted and recombined (fused) with
DNA from an insect or a bacterium. It might sound like Hollywood science fiction,
but the technology to do it does in fact exist. Many people, action groups and even
scientists regard these techniques as morally unacceptable and ethically
inexcusable. Many people do not eat food containing genetically modified organisms
or GMOs (see “genetically manipulated [modified] organisms”). GMOs are
constantly negatively discussed in the popular media; it definitely does not receive
favourable media coverage. Environmental activists are completely opposed to
both the technology used in the creation of GMOs and human consumption of GMO
food. Whether GMOs are really detrimental to human health has yet to be proved.
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Genetiese ingenieurswese: Die manipulasie van organismes se genetiese materiaal deur óf

selektiewe kweking of teling, óf die rekombinering van genetiese materiaal of DNA (kyk
“genetically maniputalated organism”). Herkombinering van DNA is tegnieke waardeur
DNA-molekules uit verskillende lewende organismes verwyder word en chemies
saamgevoeg (versmelt) word om „n ander organisme te vorm. „n Grieselrige, maar ware,
voorbeeld is dat „n lewende dier se gene onttrek word en met die DNA van „n ander dier soos
„n insek of bakterie gekombineer (versmelt) word. Ditmag soos Hollywood-fiksie klink,
maar die tegnologie om dit te doen bestaan inderdaad. Baie mense, aksiegroepe en selfs
wetenskaplikes verwerp hierdie tegnieke as moreel onaanvaarbaar en eties onregverdigbaar.
Sommige mense eet glad nie geneties gemodifiseerde organismes of GMO‟s (kyk “genetic
manipulated organism”) nie. GMO‟s word voortdurend in die populêre media in „n
negatiewe lig gestel; dit ontvang werklik nie gunstige media-dekking nie.
Omgewingsaktiviste is heeltemal gekant teen sowel die tegnologie wat vir die skepping van
GMO‟s gebruik word as die menslike verbruik van voedsel wat GMO‟s bevat. Of GMO‟s
werklik nadeling vir menslike welstand is, moet egter nog bewys word.
Gentrification: The process of revival and rejuvenation of old and decayed urban
neighbourhoods. Gentrification seems to be part of the normal development history
or cycle of large cities all over the world. Usually it is the old, historical, original city
centre and central business district or CBD (see “central business district”), old
harbour and wharf areas, and the oldest residential districts that fall into disuse,
decay and dereliction. The homeless, drug pushers, addicts, and prostitutes often
occupy such areas, and consequently vice and squalor thrive. The schools and
churches also fall into disrepair since most of the people have moved out to the
newer, more modern and affluent suburbs relatively far from the old CBD. However,
at a certain stage the private and professional sectors of a city‟s economy as well as
the most affluent of its population, often in co-operation with the urban officialdom,
decide to renovate the derelict CBD. Old buildings are restored and turned into up-
market residential premises and prestigious shops and offices, while many old
houses are restored and fitted with modern and expensive amenities. The very rich,
the celebrities and the most reputable professionals move their business and their
residential and recreational pursuits back to the now very posh, rejuvenated CBD
and wharf areas. There are many examples of such urban developments all over
the developed world. In South Africa, the Waterfront in Cape Town, the docklands in
Durban and the old CBD of Johannesburg are typical examples, although the
rejuvenation (or gentrification) of the Johannesburg CBD is still underway.
Hernuwing: Die proses van herlewing en vernuwing van ou en vervalle stedelike buurtes.
Veroudering skyn deel te wees van die normale ontwikkelingsgeskiedenis of -siklus van
enige groot stad oral in die wêreld. Gewoonlik is dit die ou, historiese, oorspronklike
stadskern en sentrale besigheidsdistrik of SBD (kyk “central business district”), en die ou
hawe- en kaaigebiede wat in onbruik verval, agteruitgaan en verlate staan. Die dakloses,
dwelmsmokkelaars, –verslaafdes, en prostitute neem gewoonlik daardie gebiede van die stad
in, en ondeug en morsigheid gedy. Die skole en kerke raak ook vervalle omdat die meeste
mense na die nuwer, meer moderne en hoër-klas voorstede ver van die ou SBD verskuif het.
Maar op „n sekere stadium besluit die privaatsektor, die professionele sektor, die mees
welgesteldes in die bevolking, dikwels in samewerking met die stedelike owerhede, om die
vervalle SBD op te knap en te vernuwe. Ou geboue word gerestoureer en in topvlak
residensiële eiendomme en hoogs invloedryke besighede en kantore omskep. Die rykes,
befaamdes en toonaangewende sakelui verskuif hulle woon- en ontspanningsbedrywighede
terug na die hernude, spoggerige SBD en hawegebiede. Daar is talle voorbeelde oral in die
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ontwikkelde wêreld. In Suid-Afrika is die Waterfront in Kaapstad, die hawegebied in Durban

en die ou SBD van Johannesburg tipiese voorbeelde, hoewel die vernuwing
(“gentrification”) van Johannesburg se SBD nog ver van voltooiing is.
Geodiversity: The variation of geographical attributes or properties or
characteristics (variables) from one place or time to another. The global
environment displays countless differences (variation) from any region to any other
region, which indicate that conclusions made in one area cannot summarily be
extrapolated to similar areas all over the world. No two desert regions are exactly
the same in all respects; no two equatorial forests are perfectly the same. The same
applies to all natural regions and areas. Similarly, cities differ much from one
another and also from area to area within any city itself. The characteristics of each
and every area on Earth – however small or large it may be – consists of a unique
set of attributes (characteristics) and we may never assume that whichever applies
to one area or region would apply to any other similar area or region. Different areas
or regions may have certain attributes in common, but they might have even more
attributes that differ completely from the one area to another. Therefore, we can
never assume that regions with more or less comparable characteristics or
collections of characteristics, could simply be regarded as being “the same”. Spatial
differentiation should always be borne in the geographer‟s mind. The fact that there
is so much geodiversity on Earth constitutes the idiographic principle (uniqueness
principle) in Geography. This essential and extremely important principle holds that
there are no two places that are exactly the same. The idiographic principle is of the
utmost importance in Geography where we are always generalising and grouping
like to like and looking for similarities in small local areas as well as on the large
global scale. True enough, certain regions or areas might have a lot of attributes in
common, but there will still be numerous characteristics that differ somewhat or
largely. All of this is covered by the basic geographical principle of spatial variation
and variability (see “spatial variation”).
Geodiversiteit: Die veranderlikheid van geografiese attribute oftewel eienskappe of
kenmerke (veranderlikes) van een plek of tyd na „n ander. Met ander woorde, een en
dieselfde eienskap (veranderlike) verskil plek tot plek en in een en dieselfde plek verskil dit
van tyd tot tyd. Die globale omgewing vertoon eindelose variasie oor ruimte en oor tyd. Dit
is dus duidelik dat gevolgtrekkings wat in een gebied gemaak word, nie summier na enige
soortgelyke gebied geëkstrapoleer kan word nie (dit wil sê, as van toepassing in „n
soortgelyke gebied aanvaar kan word nie). Die feit dat daar soveel geodiversiteit op Aarde is,
is die idiografiese beginsel (uniekheidsbeginsel) wat een van die belangrikste kernbeginsels
van geografie as „n studieveld is. Net soos in baie ander wetenskappe word daar altyd in
geografie veralgemeen en groepe geïdentifiseer, maar in geografie mag die idiografiese
beginsel egter nooit uit die oog verloor word nie. Geen twee woestyngebiede is in alle
opsigte presies eenders nie; geen twee soortgelyke woude is in alle opsigte presies eenders
nie. Dit geld vir alle natuurgebiede. Netso, verskil stede grootliks van mekaar en van area tot
area in een stad. Die eienskappe van alle gebiede op Aarde – ongeag hoe groot of hoe klein –
bestaan uit „n unieke stel attribute (eienskappe) en ons kan dus nooit aanneem dat dít wat op
een plek of gebied van toepassing is, op enige ander soortgelyke plek van toepassing is nie.
Verskillende gebiede mag sekere eienskappe gemeen hê, maar die einste gebiede kan ander
eienskappe hê wat geheel en al van mekaar verskil. Die grondliggende geografiese beginsel
van ruimtelike variasie en veranderlikheid omvat hierdie werklikheid (kyk “spatial
variation”).
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Geographic coordinate system: A reference system by means of which the exact

location of any point or object on the Earth‟s surface can be described accurately.
Since the Earth is not a flat plane, but a spherical globe, a Cartesian grid could not
be used (see “Cartesian coordinates”). Consequently geographers had to develop a
similar system of reference, but one that would work on a globe. A grid works
perfectly to describe location since each point‟s position on the grid is described by
two unique coordinates. Hence geographers developed a grid that would work on a
sphere. The geographical coordination system consists of an imaginary network, or
grid, of two sets of straight lines. One set runs in a north-south-north direction
around the globe, and the other in an east-west-east direction. The north-south lines
are called lines of longitude (or meridians), and the east-west lines are the lines
of latitude (or the parallels). The prime meridian, or Greenwich Meridian (because
it runs through Greenwich in England) line is the 0° meridian dividing the Earth into
an eastern and a western hemisphere. The main parallel or 0° line of latitude is the
equator which divides the Earth into a northern and a southern hemisphere. The
north pole and the south pole are respectively the 90°N and the 90°S latitudes and
they are not lines, but points. When the absolute location (see “location”) of a place
(point) is described, the latitudinal location coordinate is given first and secondly the
longitudinal location coordinate, for instance 25°S32°E, or 18°N72°W (see “absolute
location” under “location”.) This is commonly – but unofficially – referred to as the
Lat-Lo rule. One exception to this rule is the the large scale maps of the British
Ordinance Survey where longitude is given first and latitude is given secondly. On
these maps lines of longitude are called “eastings” and lines of latitude are called
“northings”.
Geografiese koördinaatsisteem: „n Verwysingstelsel waardeur die presiese ligging
van enige punt of verskynsel op die aardoppervlak akkuraat beskryf kan word.
Aangesien die Aarde nie „n plat vlak is nie, maar „n sfeer, kan „n kartesiese ruitnet
nie gebruik word nie (kyk “Cartesian coordinates”). Gevolglik moes geograwe „n
soortgelyke verwysingstelsel ontwikkel, maar een wat wel op „n sfeer sal werk. „n
Ruitnet werk perfek om ligging te beskryf want elke punt se ligging op die ruitnet
word deur twee unieke koördinate beskryf. Geograwe moes dus „n netwerk, of
ruitnet, wat op „n sfeer werk, ontwikkel. Die geografiese koördinaatstelsel bestaan
uit „n verbeeldingsnetwerk, of –ruitnet, van twee stelle reguit lyne. Die een stel strek
in „n noord-suid-noord rigting rondom die Aarde en die ander een in „n oos-wes-oos
rigting. Die noord-suid-lyne is die lengtelyne (of meridiane), en die oos-wes-lyne is
die breedtelyne (of “paralelle”). Die hoof-meridiaan, of die Greenwich-meridiaan (of
Greenwich-lyn, wat deur Greenwich in Engeland loop) is die 0°-lengtelyn wat die
Aarde in „n westelike en oostelike halfrond verdeel. Die hoof-breedtegraad is 0°-
breedtelyn, oftewel die ewenaar, wat die Aarde in „n suidelike en „n noordelike
halfrond verdeel. Die noordpool en die suidpool is onderskeidelik die 90°N en 90°S
breedtelyne, hoewel hulle nie lyne is nie, maar wel punte. Wanneer die absolute
ligging (kyk “absolute location”) van „n plek of „n punt beskryf word, word die
breedtekoördinaat eerste verstrek en die lengtekoördinaat tweede, byvoorbeeld
25°S32°N, of 18°N72°W (kyk “absolute location” onder “location”). Dit is wat
algemeen – maar nie amptelik nie – die Lat-Lo-reël genoem word. Een uitsondering
op hierdie reël is die grootskaalkaarte van die British Ordinance Survey waar die
lengtegraad eerste verstrek word en breedtegraad tweede. Op hierdie kaarte word
lengtelyne “eastings” genoem en breedtelyne word “northings” genoem.
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Global warming: A general increase in global temperatures over periods of at

least several decades believed to be caused by increased levels of so-called
“greenhouse gasses” (such as CO2, CO and methane [CH4]) released into the
atmosphere by human activities. These gases “trap” the longwave radiation from the
Earth to the atmosphere and, therefore, the Earth-atmosphere system retains more
of the heat energy than it would if the greenhouse gasses were absent. The theory
holds that the global climate is changing at an unusually fast rate and warmer
climatic conditions now prevail all over the Earth than did a hundred years ago. This
does not mean that the everyday atmospheric temperature all over the Earth is
notable higher than it was 50 to 100 years ago, so proving this is a difficult task and
since there are always abnormally cold winters to disprove the theory (an example is
the exceptionally cold winters of 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 in both Europe and
North America). However, the average temperatures over the past 30 or so years
seem to be higher than a 100 years ago. This slow warming of the climate is largely
blamed on the anthropogenic (human-made) actions such as releasing large
volumes of carbon-rich compounds into the atmosphere (see “air pollution”), but
proving these assumptions is extremely difficult and many people remain
unconvinced. Global climate is undoubtedly changing, but that is a normal process
which had been happening repetitively (actually continuously) for thousands of
years. In fact, the composition of the Earth‟s atmosphere has continuously been
changing ever since the creation of the Earth some 4 500 million years ago. The
current phase of warming is often ascribed to human activities that cause
atmospheric pollution as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels, but many
creditable scientists believe that human actions have a very small to negligible effect
compared to what nature itself is doing. Statistics irrefutably show that the CO 2
(carbon dioxide) concentration in the atmosphere has increased by approximately
15% since 1890 and the Earth‟s temperature has increased by 0,5˚C during the
twentieth century, but the cause is by no means certain. Owing to industrial
development, enormous volumes of greenhouse gasses have been released into the
atmosphere since about 1850. The question is whether this caused the higher
temperatures now being recorded. In other words, are human activities responsible
for the recorded warming of the atmosphere? We cannot prove it, but we make the
assumption that they are. Since global warming could have many serious impacts
on human life on Earth, we take the notion of global warming seriously enough to
hold one international conference after the other in order to curb the release of
greenhouse gasses, but little success has yet been achieved.
Aardverwarming: Die algemene verhoging van die globale temperature oor „n tydperk
van ten minste „n aantal dekades. Die algemene mening is dat hierdie temperatuurverhoging
toe te skryf is aan „n toename in die konsentrasies van die sogenaamde “kweekhuisgasse”
(soos CO2, CO en metaan [CH4]) wat deur menslike aktiwiteite in die atmosfeer vrygestel is
en word. Hierdie gasse “keer” die langgolfaardstraling “vas” en gevolglik behou die Aard-
atmosfeersisteem meer hitte-energie as wat dit sonder die kweekhuisgasse sou doen. Die
teorie aanvaar dat die globale klimaat tans teen „n hoër as die normale koers verander en dat
warmer toestande nou oral op die Aarde voorkom as wat „n honderd jaar gelede die geval
was. Dit beteken nie dat die daaglikse temperatuur oral op Aarde merkbaar hoër as 50 of 100
jaar gelede is nie, gevolglik is globale verwarming moeilik om te bewys want daar is altyd
abnormaal koue temperature (soos die atipies koue winters van 2010-2011 en 2012-2013 in
Europa en Noord-Amerika) wat voorkom en die teorie van verwarming bevraagteken, maar
die gemiddelde temperature oor die afgelope 30 jaar skyn tog hoër as 100 jaar gelede te wees.
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Hierdie stadige klimaatsverandering word grootliks toegeskryf aan antropogene (mens-

gemaakte) aksies soos die vrystelling in die atmosfeer van groot volumes koolstofryke
verbindings (kyk “air pollution”), maar om hierdie aannames te bewys, is uiters problematies
en almal is nie oortuig van die juistheid daarvan nie. Die globale klimaat is inderdaad besig
om te verander, maar dit is „n normale proses wat herhaaldelik (eintlik voortdurend) oor
duisende jare voorgekom het. Die huidige fase van verwarming word dikwels toegeskryf aan
menslike aksies wat lugbesoedeling as gevolg van die verbranding van fossielbrandstowwe
veroorsaak, terwyl sommige geloofwaardige wetenskaplikes meen dat menslike aktiwiteite
slegs „n klein tot nietige invloed het vergeleke met die natuurlike oorsake van verandering.
Statistieke toon onweerlegbaar dat die konsentrasie CO2 (koolstofdioksied) in die atmosfeer
ongeveer 15% hoër is as wat dit in 1890 was en dat die temperatuur op Aarde gedurende die
twintigste eeu met 0,5˚C gestyg het, maar die oorsake is glad nie duidelik nie. As gevolg van
industrialisasie is enorme volumes kweekhuisgasse sedert die 1850‟s in die atmosfeer
vrygestel, maar die vraag is of dít die hoër atmosferiese temperature veroorsaak. Hoewel dit
nie bewys kan word nie, word dit grootliks aanvaar. Aangesien aardverwarming „n magdom
ernstige impakte op menslike bestaan op Aarde kan inhou, neem ons dit ernstig op en die een
internasionale konferensie ná die ander word gehou om te probeer om die vrystelling van
kweekhuisgasse aan bande te lê, maar min sukses is tot dusver behaal.
Globalisation (globalization): The term is self-explanatory in that it indicates that
some phenomenon or activity regards the world as one place. The main globalising
factors are economics and trade, and technological developments that increase and
simplify world-wide human interaction. Since the late 19th century new transport
technology has been unifying the world into one global entity. Initially large
companies established close trade ties with different countries, thus becoming
multinational corporations (MNCs) with branches all over the world. Famous
brands like Macdonalds are today equally at home in Moscow and in New York.
Travel time between any two places on Earth has “shrunk” so much that one could
get to nearly any place on Earth in a few hours. Of course, the world has not really
shrunk, but transport technology has improved. Jules Verne‟s famous 1873 novel
entitled Around the World in 80 Days could now become “around the world in 8 days”
or, at a push, 80 hours! The internet plays an enormous role in globalising the world
and has become indispensible for world-wide international communication and
interconnectedness. It is important to note that during the collapse of the large
political entities such as the British and French empires and the Russian Soviet
Union (USSR), global interconnectivity was extending and improving so that
members of those erstwhile entities are today more closely connected than ever
before. Cultural and social globalisation followed hard on the heel of economic
globalisation and has already replaced the large political unifications. Today all over
the world (except in India and China) the American blue jean is more or less
standard street dress and almost everybody in the world knows who James Bond is.
Globalisation has become a way of doing and thinking; that is, the paradigm of “the
flat world”, which has already generated a large literature.
Globalisering: Die term is selfverklarend daarin dat dit aandui dat sekere verskynsels en
aktwiteite die wêreld as een plek beskou. Die belangrikste globaliserende faktore is
ekonomie en handel, en tegnologiese ontwikkelings wat wêreldwye menslike interaksie
vergemaklik en vermeerder. Sedert die laat-19de eeu is nuwe vervoertegnologie besig om die
wêreld tot een globale entiteit te verander. Oorspronklik het die groot internasionale
maatskappye sterk handelsbande met verskeie lande aangeknoop en sodoende het hulle
multinasionale maatskappye (MNM‟s) met takke dwarsoor die wêreld geword. Vandag is
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beroemde handelsmerke soos Macdonalds ewe tuis in Moskou as in New York. Reistyd
tussen enige twee plekke op Aarde het so “gekrimp” dat „n mens byna enige plek op Aarde
binne „n paar uur kan bereik. Natuurlik het die wêreld nie regtig gekrimp nie, maar
vervoertegnologie het dramaties verbeter. Jules Verne se beroemde 1873-roman Around the
World in 80 Days kan nou “om die wêreld in 8 dae” of selfs (met gedetermineerdheid) 80 uur
word! Die internet speel „n enorme rol in die globalisering van die wêreld en het
onontbeerlik vir wêreldwye internasionale kommunikasie en interkonnektiwiteit geword.
Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat tydens die ineenstorting van die groot politieke entiteite
soos die Britse en Franse imperiale ryke en die Russiese Sowjet-unie (USSR), was globale
interaksie besig om uit te brei en te verbeter, sodat die mense in hierdie eertydse politieke
entiteite deesdae hegter gekonnekteer is as voorheen. Kulturele en sosiale globalisering het
kort op die hakke van ekonomiese globalisering gevolg en het reeds die groot politiese
unifikasies vervang. Die Amerikaanse blou denimbroek (“blue jeans”) het wêreldwyd
(behalwe in China en Indië) die standaard straatdrag geword en byna almal in die wêreld
weet wie James Bond is. Globalisering het „n dink- en doen-raamwerk geword en die
paradigma dat “die wêreld plat is”, het reeds „n reuse literatuur opgelewer.
Global North: The spatial distribution (see “spatial development”) of the developed
(“rich”) countries (see “developing countries”) over the world describes a distinct
pattern. Most of the developed countries lie in the northern hemisphere, with two
notable exceptions, namely Australia and New Zealand. The developed countries
have high per capita gross national products (GNPs), high gross domestic products
(GDPs), and high human development indices (HDIs) (see “development” and
“developing countries”). From the late 1960s through the 1970s the gap between the
developed countries and the developing countries became very pronounced and
extremely politicised. A number of international organisations such as the United
Nations (UN) and the World Trade Union (WTO) intensified investigation into the
rich-versus-poor discourse and all its economic and political ramifications. In 1980
the UN published the so-called Brandt Report, named after Dr Willy Brandt, the
former Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and
respected supporter of the European Economic Community, and then Chairman of
the UN‟s Brandt Commission. In order to simplify the description of the global spatial
distribution patterns of wealth and development, poverty and underdevelopment, the
terms “rich North” and “poor South” were created. These two entities are supposed
to be separated by the so-called Brandt line (see “development” and “developing
countries”). These terms became entrenched in scientific as well as lay literature.
When the terms “rich” and “poor” became stigmatised, the use of “global” became
habitual. The Brandt line has a very distinguished shape, as it includes Japan and
South Korea into the rich North and then dips down south to include Australia and
New Zealand into the developed North. Although this line is still being used, it is
rapidly becoming obsolete since several developing states are now countries in
transition (CITs) and these so-called BRICS countries (see “countries in transition”)
are not given special recognition by the Brandt line.
Globale Noorde: Die ruimtelike verspreiding (kyk “spatial distribution”) van die
ontwikkelde (“ryk”) lande (kyk “development”) beskryf „n baie spesifieke patroon. Die
meeste van die ontwikkelde lande is in die noordelike halfrond geleë, met twee opvallende
uitsonderings, naamlik Australië en Nieu-Seeland. Die ontwikkelde lande het hoë per kapita
bruto nasionale produkte (BNP‟s), hoë bruto binnelandse produkte (BBP‟s) en hoë menslike
ontwikkelendsindekse (MOI‟e) (kyk “development”, “developing countries” en “countries in
transition”). Vanaf die laat-1960‟s, en deur die 1970‟s, het die gaping tussen die ontwikkelde
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lande en die ontwikkelende lande meer prominent en gepolitiseer geword. „n Aantal

internasionale organisasies soos die Verenigde Nasies Organisasie (VN) en die
Wêreldhandelsorganisasie (World Trade Organisation, WTO) het hulle navorsing oor die
ryk-versus-arm diskoers en al die meegaande ekonomiese en politieke voortvloeisels
verskerp. In 1980 het die VN die sogenaamde Brandt-verslag gepubliseer. Die verslag is
vernoem na Dr Willy Brandt, die oud-Kansellier van die Federale Republiek van Duitsland
(Wes-Duitsland) en „n gerespekteerde voorstander van die Europese Ekonomiese Gemenebes
(EEG), en op daardie stadium die Voorsitter van die VN se Brandt Kommissie. Met die oog
op „n vereenvoudigde beskrywing van die globale verspreidingspatrone van welvaart en
ontwikkeling, asook armoede en onderontwikkeling is daar eenvoudig na die “ryk Noorde”
en die “arm Suide” wat deur die sogenaamde Brandt-lyn van mekaar geskei word, verwys.
Hierdie terme was reeds in die wetenskaplike asook die leke-literatuur ingeburger, maar toe
die terme “ryk” en “arm” gestigmatiseer is, het gebruik van “globale” gebruiklik geword.
Die Brandt-lyn het „n baie spesifieke ligging en vorm. Dit sluit Japan en Suid-Korea in die
ontwikkelde Noorde in en duik dan skerp suidwaarts om Australië en Nieu-Seeland ook in
die Noorde in te sluit. Hoewel hierdie lyn steeds gebruik word, word dit vinnig oudmodies
aangesien etlike ontwikkelende lande nou lande in oorgang (LIO‟s) is en die BRICS-lande
(kyk “development”) geniet geen spesiale voorsiening as die Brandt-lyn se ligging beskryf
word nie.
Global South: The opposite of the Global North (see “Global North”) with the focus
on the “poor” developing countries. The countries of the Global South have low
GNPs, low GDPs and low HDIs. The BRICS countries present the very same
classification problem as when we focus on the Global North. Nowadays, the terms
“developed countries”, “developing countries”, “countries in transition” and “BRICS
countries” are preferred, and “Global North” and “South” are falling into disuse.
Globale Suide: Die teenoorgestelde van die Globale Noorde (kyk “global north”), aangesien
die klem hier op die “arm” ontwikkelende lande val. Die lande van die Globale Suide het lae
BNP‟s, lae BBP‟s en lae MOI‟e. Die BRICS-lande bied dieselfde klassifikasieprobleem as
wanneer daar op die Globale Noorde gefokus word. Deesdae word die terme “ontwikkelde
lande”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “lande in oorgang” en “BRICS-lande” verkies en die terme
“Globale Noorde” en “Suide” raak in onbruik.

Governance: The actions and manner in which a government or its representative

person or authority executes control and authority over a certain constituency
(people) or over the activities and actions of certain sectors of, or groups within, a
population. In other words, it is the way in which policies or decisions of the
government of the day are executed, controlled, enforced and monitored. “Passing
the buck” commonly happens as far as the environment is concerned. Although a
world heritage site such as the Cradle of Humankind falls under the ultimate
jurisdiction and accountability of some UN agencies (in the case of a world heritage
sites, that agency is UNESCO), the actual control and management of the site has
been delegated to the national authority(ies) in South Afrcia, namely the national and
local (or provincial) departments of the environment, science, technology, tourism
and culture, which again passes the execution of decisions to local authorities and
even to local community leaders and the communities themselves. Hence, the
central government is seldom directly involved in the environmental, paleontological
and archaeological conservation issues and the day to day management of the
declared sites. However, ultimately someone or some authoritive body must accept
accountablility. In the explanation above, environmental governance is used as an
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example, but more or less the same applies to any other aspect of life, for instance
health, education, sport, housing, defence, social services, and so forth.
Beheer en bestuur: Die aksies en wyses waardeur „n regering óf „n aangewese
owerheidspersoon óf -liggaam hulle opgelegde verantwoordelikheid uitoefen deur die
aktiwiteite en aksies van „n spesifieke groep mense of „n sektor van die publiek, te beheer en
te kontroleer. Met ander woorde, dit is die wyse waarop beleide of besluite van die regering
van die dag uitgevoer, gekontroleer, afgedwing en gemoniteer word. Ontduiking van
aanspreeklikheid en oordra van verantwoordelikheid (“passing the buck”) is „n algemene
verskynsel as omgewingsvraagstukke ter sake is. Hoewel „n wêrelderfenisterrein soos die
Wieg van die Mensdom in die finale ontleding teoreties onder die jurisdiksie en
aanspreeklikheid van „n sekere agentskap van die VN ressorteer (in die geval van „n
wêrelderfenisgebied is die hoogste outoriteit UNESCO), is die alledaagse beheer en bestuur
van die terrein aan die Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale en plaaslike owerhede gedelegeer, naamlik
die nasionale of provinsiale departemente van die omgewing, wetenskap, tegnologie,
toerisme en kultuur, wat weer die uitvoering van besluite na die plaaslike (munisipale)
owerhede en selfs aan die plaaslike gemeenskapsleiers en die gemeenskappe self oordra.
Gevolglik is die sentrale regering selde direk betrokke by die omgewings-, paleontologiese en
argeologiese bewaringsake en die dag-tot-dag-bestuur van die verklaarde terrein. Uiteindelik
moet iemand of een of ander liggaam egter die aanspreeklikheid aanvaar. In die
verduideliking hierbo, is omgewingsbestuur as voorbeeld gebruik, maar min of meer
dieselfde geld vir enige aspek van die lewe, byvoorbeeld gesondheid, onderwys, sport,
behuising, verdediging, sosiale dienste, ensovoorts.
Greening mainstream politics: The true or feigned concern of popliticians and
political parties for the environment and environmental issues. Since the birth of the
world-wide Environmental Movement in the 1960s, environmentalism (see
“ecocentrism”, “ecological citizenship” and “environmental movements”) has grabbed
the imagination and attention of ordinary people, scientists from many disciplines,
and a multitude of interested and activist groups. As environmental concern
gathered momentum, politicians soon realised that support for environmental issues
could win votes. Certain politicians, such as Al Gore, former candidate for the
Presidency of the USA, and former USA Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton,
have become true champions for the environment. In all developed, democratic
countries there are relatively powerful environmental lobby groups. The environment
simply cannot any longer be shunned by those who strive for political power. These
days, environmental concerns are central to the policies of most political parties in
developed, democratic countries. In some countries (mostly in Western Europe)
there are political parties that have the environment as the main tenet of all their
policies. These are the so-called “green parties”, and many of them now have
substantial representation in their respective parliaments or local governmental
bodies. “Green” issues (environmental issues) have thus become part and parcel of
mainstream politics, and are not anymore the sole domain of non-governmental
organisations and activist organisations, such as Greenpeace and Earth Life Africa.
A closely related term is “greenwashing” (a pejorative term) which refers to an
insincere incorporation of environmental-friendly practices in the political rhetoric of a
political party, industry or company, without them having any true commitment to the
protection of the environment. So these parties or companies say all the right-
sounding things about the protection of the environment, but do nothing significant to
reduce their ecological footprint (see “ecological footprint”). A number of very large,
powerful and influential South African companies could be mentioned as examples
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here, but for fear of unpleasant repercussions, it is left to your own – now informed –
judgement to identified these “greenwashers”.
Vergroeningspolitiek: Die ware of geveinsde besorgdheid van politici en politieke partye
oor die omgewing en omgewingsvraagstukke. Sedert die ontstaan van die wêreldwye
Omgewingsbeweging in die 1960‟s, het omgewingsgesindheid (kyk “ecocentrism”,
“ecological citizenship” en “environmental movements”) die aandag en verbeelding van
gewone mense, wetenskaplikes uit „n verskeidenheid dissiplines, asook „n magdom van
geïnteresseerdes en aksiegroepe geword. Namate omgewingsbesorgdheid meer momentum
gekry het, het politici gou besef dat daar stemme te wen was indien omgewingsake openlik
ondersteun word. Sekere politici, soos Al Gore, „n voormalige kandidaat vir die
Presidentskap van die VSA, en voormalige VSA-Presidente Jimmy Carter en Bill Clinton, het
ware kampvegters vir die omgewing geword. In alle ontwikkelde en demokratiese lande is
daar deesdae relatief sterk omgewingsdrukgroepe. Deesdae is omgewingsbesorgdheid „n
sentrale tema in die beleide van die meeste politieke partye in ontwikkelde, demokratiese
state. In sommige lande (veral in Wes-Europa) is daar nou politieke partye wat die
omgewing as die sentrale fokus van al hulle beleide het. Hierdie partye is die sogenaamde
“groenpartye” en in sommige lande het hulle reeds „n beduidende verteenwoordiging in hulle
onderskeie parlemente of plaaslike owerheidsliggame. “Groen”-vraagstukke
(omgewingsvraagstukke) het dus „n integrale deel van die hoofstroom-politiek geword en is
nie meer uitsluitlik die domein van nie-regeringsliggame en aktivistegroepe soos Greenpeace
en Earth Life Africa nie. „n Verwante term is “groensmering” („n beledigende term) wat
verwys na „n oppervlakkige, geveinsde inkorporering van omgewingsvriendelike beleide in
die politieke retoriek van politieke pratye, die praktyke en aksies van industrië en
maatskappye, sonder dat hulle enige ware voorneme het om in die toekoms meer
omgewingsvriendelik op te tree as in die verlede. Hierdie partye en organisasies sê dus al die
gepaste goed, maar doen niks beduidend om hulle ekologiese voetspoor (kyk “ecological
footprint”) te laat krimp of te verlig nie. „n Hele aantal groot, gesaghebbende, invloedryke
Suid-Afrikaanse firmas kan hier as voorbeelde genoem word, maar om onaangename
reperkussies te vermy, word dit aan jou eie – nou ingeligte – oordeel oorgelaat om self
hierdie “groensmeerders” te identifiseer.
Green political parties: Political parties that have the environment as the basic
tenet of their constitutions and all their policies (see “greening mainstream politics”).
Owing to the huge general concern for the environment, voters want political
representatives who would see to the protection of the local and global
environments. Most of the developed, democratic states of Western Europe (for
example Germany, England, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium,
France and Austria), the United States of America, Canada, Australia, New Zealand,
Japan, Iceland, and others have fully fledged green parties. These parties enjoy so
much public support that they are in some cases even able to form coalition
governments with mainstream parties. In the developing world, politics are
dominated by questions other than the environment, consequently the environment
is not an important role-player in the politics of the day.
Groen politieke partye: Politieke partye wat die omgewing as die
basiese beginsel vir hulle konstitusie en ander beleide aanvaar (kyk “greening mainstream
politics”). As gevolg van die groot algemene besorgdheid oor die omgewing, stem
stemgeregtigdes vir politici wat na die beskerming van die plaaslike en globale omgewings
sal omsien. In die meeste van die ontwikkelde, demokratiese state van Wes-Europa
(byvoorbeeld Duitsland, Engeland, Swede, Denemarke, Noorweë, Nederland, België,
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Frankryk en Oostenryk), die Verenigde State van Amerika, Kanada, Australië, Nieu-Seeland,
Japan, Ysland, en andere, is daar gevestigde groenpartye. Hierdie partye geniet soveel
openbare steun dat hulle in sommige gevalle selfs koalisieregerings saam met ander partye
kan vorm. In die ontwikkelende wêreld word politieke verteenwoordiging deur ander
dryfvere bepaal en gevolglik is die omgewing nie so „n groot rolspeler in die alledaagse
politiek nie.
Habitat destruction: A significant or complete alteration of the organic community
and/or inorganic components that occur in a specific place at a certain time and
constitute an ecosystem (see “ecosystem”, “ecology” and “extinction”). The
organisms (animals, insects, plants, microbes and even the humans that happen to
live in that place at that time) form a community and a network of
interdependence. All the animal and vegetative organisms in an ecosystem are
well-adapted to the conditions posed by the inorganic components (rocks, soil,
water, atmospheric temperatures, type of climate, and so on). When an alteration is
so severe and/or fast, that the organisms cannot adapt to the new conditions, the
organic community must move away or die out (see “extinction”). A habitat can be
altered or destroyed by nature, either slowly or suddenly. An example of slow
natural alteration is the onset of an ice age (that is natural climate change [see
“climate change”]). An example of fast, natural alteration is a volcanic eruption or a
meteorite strike, but these are, of course, very rare. Alteration caused by human
actions (anthropogenic causes) happens fast in geological time although they might
appear to happen over a long period in human time. Compare the rate at which a
frontend loader removes a heap of sand to the time it takes natural erosion
processes to remove a mount of weathering debris (see “erosion”). Humans cause
enormous habitat destruction by erecting buildings, creating settlements, installing
sewerage systems, road building, the removing of plants where construction has to
take place, draining wetlands, converting grasslands into croplands, and so on. In
these cases the habitat destruction is immediately obvious, and innumerable millions
of hectares of land all over the world have changed irreversible and the natural
habitats of innumerable animal and plant species have been destroyed. However,
there are more insidious activities which are equally or even more harmful, yet less
obvious. A golfing estate is a typical example. From an environmental point of view
golf is a far greater threat to the environment than hunting is. The golfing greens, the
clumps of endemic, or at least indigenous, trees and natural vegetation between the
greens, and the artificial rivulets look so beautiful that the golfing public does not
even think about the habitat destruction that has taken place. The establishment of
a golf course and – even worse – a golfing estate, implies the total destruction of a
natural habitat. The moment a habitat is subdivided into portions, habitat
fragmentation (see “extinction”) has taken place and the natural habitat will start to
decline and eventually wither away, change into a completely different sysem, or be
overrun by a human-made system. Habitat destruction and fragmentation has for
many hundreds of years been responsible for most of the species extinction on
Earth. Thousands of species have gone extinct because of habitat destruction and
fragmentation. Most of the species listed in the Red Data Lists (publications listing
all species that are critically threathened, or seriously threatened, or simply
threatened) are in danger of extinction because of habitat destruction and
fragmentation. The panda bear (which has become the logo for the World Wildlife
Fund [WWF]) is critically threathened as a result of habitat loss. Two of the most
threatened species in South Africa, namely the Brenton Blue butterfly and the Blue
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Swallow, are critically threatened by nothing other than habitat loss. However, the
most publicised threatened species in South Africa, namely the black and the white
rhinoceros, are on the verge of extinction because of poaching and hunting, not
because of habitat loss.
Habitatvernietiging (habitatverwoesting): „n Beduidende of totale verandering van die
organiese gemeenskap en/of die anorganiese komponente wat in „n spesifieke plek op „n
sekere tyd voorkom, en „n ekosisteem vorm (kyk “ecosystem”, “ecology”en “extinction”).
Die organismes (diere, insekte, plante, mikrobe en selfs die mense wat op daardie spesifieke
tyd in „n sekere plek woon) vorm „n gemeenskap en „n netwerk van interafhanklikheid. Al
die dier- en plantorganismes in „n ekosisteem is goed aangepas by die toestande wat die
anorganiese komponente (gesteentes, grond, water, atmosferiese temperature, tipe klimaat,
ensovoorts) hulle bied. Wanneer „n verandering so ernstig en/of vinnig is dat die organismes
nie by die nuwe omstandighede kan aanpas nie, moet die dierlike gemeenskap wegtrek of
uitsterf (kyk “extinction”). „n Habitat kan stadig of vinnig deur die natuur self verander of
vernietig word. „n Voorbeeld van „n stadige natuurlike verandering is die intrede van „n
ystydperk wat „n normale natuurlike klimaatsveranderingsproses is (kyk “climate change”).
„n Voorbeeld van vinnige, natuurlike habitatverandering is „n vulkaniese uitbarsting of „n
meteorietimpak, maar sulke gebeure is uiters raar. Veranderings wat deur menslike
aktiwiteite veroorsaak word (antropogene oorsake), vind in geologiese tyd vinnig plaas,
hoewel dit vir ons in menslike tyd stadig is. Vergelyk die tempo waarteen „n laaigraaf „n
hoop sand verskuif en die koers waarteen natuurlike erosieprosesse „n massa verweringsreste
verskuif (kyk “erosion”). Mense veroorsaak enorme habitatverwoesting deur middel van die
oprigting van geboue, die skepping van nedersettings, die installering van rioolstelsels,
padbou, die verwydering van plante waar konstruksie moet plaasvind, die dreinering van
vleilande (kyk “wetlands”), die omskepping van grasvelde tot landerye, en so meer. In
sodanige gevalle is die habitatvernietiging duidelik sigbaar en miljoene hektaar land oral oor
die wêreld is reeds onomkeerbaar verander en die natuurlike habitatte van miljoene dier- en
plantspesies is al vernietig. Daar is egter minder opsigtelike aktiwiteite wat ewe of selfs meer
skadelik vir die omgewing is. „n Gholfbaan of selfs erger – „n gholflandgoed – is „n tipiese
voorbeeld. Uit „n omgewingsoogpunt is gholf „n groter bedreiging vir die omgewing as wat
jag is. Die groen setperke, die eilandjies van natuurlike endemiese bome, of ten minste
inheemse bome, en die oorblyfsels van die natuurlike plantegroei tussen die setperke en die
kunsmatige stroompies lyk so bekoorlik dat die gholfspelende publiek nie eers aan die
habitatverwoesting wat gepleeg is, dink nie. Die aanlê van „n gholfbaan of „n gholflandgoed
beteken die totale vernietiging van „n natuurlike habitat! Wanneer „n natuurlike habitat
onderverdeel word en daar slegs eilande van die oorspronklike habitat tussen die setperke
oorbly, het habitatfragmentering (kyk “extinction”) plaasgevind wat die vernietiging van
die hele natuurlike ekosisteem kan meebring. Habitatvernietiging en -fragmentering het oor
honderde jare meer spesie-uitsterwing tot gevolg gehad as enige ander menslike aktiwiteit.
Duisende spesies het uitgesterf as gevolg van habitatverlies. Die meeste van die spesies in
die Rooidatalyste (publikasies waarin die krities bedreigde, ernstig bedreigde, en bedreigde
spesies opgeteken word) staan die gevaar om uit te sterf as gevolg van habitatfragmentering
of -verlies. Die panda-beer (wat die simbool van die Wêreld Natuurlewe Fonds [WWF]
geword het) is krities bedreig as gevolg van habitatverlies. Habitatverlies en niks anders nie,
is die rede waarom twee van die mees bedreigde spesies in Suid-Afrika, naamlik die Brenton
Blou-skoenlapper en die Blouswaeltjie, waarskynlik sal uitsterf. Die bedreigde spesies wat
die meeste media-aandag geniet, naamlik die swart- en witrenoster, is egter op die randjie van
uitsterwing as gevolg van wildstropery en jag, nie as gevolg van habitatverlies nie.
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Hazardous waste: The unwanted residue and by-products of industrial and mining
processes, petrochemical production, medical procedures, military operations and
nuclear applications. These waste materials cannot be handled like common
domestic waste and garden refuse, since they pose a toxic, flammable, explosive,
contamination or contagious threat to the local environment and/or the local or even
wider community. Typical hazardous waste includes anything that might impact on
the local and ancillary environment and the well-being of the people residing there or
in the immediate vicinity. Hazardous waste cannot be disposed of in ordinary
landfills or simply be incinerated (see “incineration”). For every type of hazardous
waste, there is a strict protocol which has to be observed. Specialist waste disposal
companies dispose of these materials and great care is taken that neither the
environment nor the waste disposal workers are endangered by contamination. In
certain developed countries regulations for the treatment of domestic waste are
strictly applied and the public take great care to dispose of hazardous waste (for
instance expired medicines, syringes, domestic insecticides and empty rodent and
vermin poison containers) in the prescribed way since the fines for transgressing the
regulations are extremely high. In developing countries like South Africa, waste
disposal is a far more haphazard affair. Although the laws and regulations might be
in place, they are seldom enforced. Consequently medical waste is often found in
the waste dumps around informal settlements or in landfills, and squatter
communities even live on operational landfills, while the mines release acid mine
drainage containing arsenic and radio-active substances into river systems and the
underground water supplies.
Gevaarlike afval: Die ongewenste oorblyfsels en byprodukte van industriële en
mynbouprosesse, petrochemiese produksie, mediese prosedures, militêre operasies, en kern-
aanwendings. Hierdie afvalmateriale kan nie soos gewone huishoudelike afval en
tuinrommel hanteer word nie omdat dit „n toksiese (giftige), vlambare, plofbare,
kontaminerings- of aansteeklikheidsgevaar vir die plaaslike omgewing en/of die plaaslike en
aanliggende gemeenskappe inhou. Gevaarlike afval sluit enige iets in wat potensieel die
plaaslike of nabygeleë omgewing kan benadeel en die welstand van die mense wat binne die
onmiddellike omgewing woon, negatief kan impakteer. Gevaarlike afval kan nie soos ander
afval in afvalhope weggedoen word of eenvoudig verbrand (kyk “incineration”) word nie.
Daar bestaan streng protokols (voorgeskrewe prosedures) vir die wegdoening van elke tipe
gevaarlike afval en hierdie voorskrifte moet presies nagekom word. Spesialis-
afvalverwyderingsmaatskappye verrig hierdie taak en tref goeie voorsorg dat sowel die
omgewing as die werkers en die publiek nie gekontamineer of op enige wyse in gevaar gestel
word nie. In sekere ontwikkelde lande word huishoudelike afvalhantering volgens steng
regulasies hanteer en die publiek maak seker dat hulle potensieel gevaarlike stowwe (soos
verouderde medisyne, inspuitnaalde, huishoudelike insekdoders, die leë houers vir knaagdier-
en plaagweerders en alle houers wat gifstowwe of gevaarlike medisyne bevat het) op die
korrekte wyse wegdoen, want die boetes vir oortreding is besonder hoog. In ontwikkelende
lande soos Suid-Afrika is afvalwegdoening baie meer lukraak. Hoewel die nodige wette en
regulasies in plek mag wees, word hulle selde afgedwing. Gevolglik word mediese afval in
gewone vullishope en stortingsterreine gevind waar plakkersgemeenskappe bo-op die afval
woon, terwyl die myne suurafval wat arseen en radio-aktiewe stowwe bevat, in riviersisteme
vrylaat en die ondergrondse water daarmee besoedel.
Hierarchical diffusion: A process whereby a tangible (tactile, physical, things that
can be touched) or an intangible entity extends its spatial distribution or occurrence
from a large, influential place to smaller, less important places and ultimately to
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every little place anywhere. A hierarchy is a ranking of items or places according to

size, influence and popularity or even according to the frequency of occurrence of
negative characteristics (or attributes) such as drug addiction or numbers of murders
committed. New things tend to spread from large, influential places to small, far-off
places. That means that it spreads from the top of the hierarchy to the bottom. A
new fad (like wearing black nailpolish) or type of music may originate in New York
City, but soon it would spread to other major cities in the USA and to London and
then to every city and town and eventually to the smallest hamlets anywhere in the
world. The use of cell phones in South Africa is an interesting example of
hierarchical diffusion that forced major communication companies to extend their
physical networks to outlying areas so that people could use cellphones not only in
the cities, but even in rural areas and certain wilderness areas far from the beaten
track. The diffusion of the popularity of the internet‟s social networks like Facebook
and Twitter did not happen hierarchically, but the diffusion of the physical satellite
data reception installations did.
Hiërargiese diffusie: „n Proses waardeur „n tasbare (fisiese) of nie-tasbare entiteit se
ruimtelike verspreiding en voorkoms vanaf „n groot, invloedryke plek na kleiner, minder
invloedryke plekke en uiteindelik na elke klein plekkie enige plek op Aarde kan uitbrei. „n
Hiërargie is „n rangorde waarin items of plekke volgens grootte, invloed of gewildheid of
selfs volgens die voorkoms van „n negatiewe eienskap (attribuut) soos verslaafheid aan
verdowingsmiddels of die aantal moorde wat gepleeg word, georden word. Nuwe dinge neig
om vanaf groot, invloedryke plekke na klein, afgeleë plekke te versprei. Dit beteken dat dit
van die top van die hiërargie na die onderste gedeelte van die hiërargie sprei. „n Nuwe mode
(soos om swart naelpolitoer te dra) of „n nuwe tipe musiek kan in New York ontstaan, maar
dit sal gou na ander stede in die VSA en dan na Londen en ander groot stede oral in die
wêreld en uiteindelik na elke klein plekkie op Aarde versprei. Die gebruik van selfone in
Suid-Afrika is „n interessante voorbeeld van hiërargiese diffusie waarin groot,
toonaangewende kommunikasiemaatskappye vanweë aanvraag gedwing was om hulle fisiese
netwerke na afgeleë plekke uit te brei sodat mense in die stede asook dié in die afgeleë
landelike gebiede en selfs in afgesonderde wildernisgebiede selfone kan gebruik. Die
diffusie van die gewildheid van die internet se sosiale netwerke soos Facebook en Twitter het
nie hiërargies plaasgevind nie, maar die diffusie van die fisiese satellietdatareseptors het wel
hiërargies geskied.
Host community: A collection of interacting human or non-human individuals who
occupy a common area and suddenly or gradually have to cope with the influx of
humans or non-humans from an adjoining or nearby area. The new, invading
individuals might have fled, been driven to, or happened to end up in the area
occupied by the host community. In a non-human, natural ecosystem (see
“ecosystem”), the intruders would probably perish or devour some of the local
individuals and become a dominant species of the entire ecosystem. If they cannot
adapt to the conditions and individuals occupying the ecosystem, they would die out
or move away. In human communities, the “invaders” could be people fleeing for
their lives, have no identity papers or money and tenuous or no connections to the
community they have fled to (see “refugee”). The host community might be hostile to
the newcomers and drive them out or even kill them, but that does not happen very
often because people would not flee to an area where they know they would be
unwelcome. There are also international organisations such as the International Red
Cross, Médecins Sans Frontièrs, Oxfam and the United Nations High Commission
for Refugees (UNHCR) who could assist both the refugees and the host community
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to cope with the situation. But there is no denying that the people of the host
community are presented with a problem when they have to assimilate “foreigners”.
Even if the foreigners are not refugees in the true sense of the word, problems may
occur as the foreigners consume services, need health care and education, occupy
jobs, and do never quite become part of the host community. South Africans are
currently a host community for many thousands (or even millions) of people from
Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Angola, Nigeria, Ghana, Malawi, the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, Somalia and many other African states. A number of xenophobic
clashes have already taken place and many South Africans are not overly happy
with the presence of these foreigners, but thus far South Africans have proven a
remarkably tolerant host community.
Gasheergemeenskap: „n Versameling van interaktiewe menslike of nie-menslike individue
wat „n spesifieke gebied bewoon en skielik oorstroom word deur „n groot aantal individue
vanuit „n buurgemeenskap. Die instromende individue het gevlug, of was verdryf uit hulle
tuisgebied, of het op een of ander wyse in hierdie veiliger gebied beland. In „n nie-menslike,
natuurlike sisteem (kyk “ecosystems”) sal die inkomende individue waarskynlik uitsterf of
verslind word. Die teenoorgestelde mag ook gebeur, naamlik dat die nuwelinge die
endemiese gemeenskap uitwis en „n dominante spesie in die “nuwe” ekosisteem word.
Indien die nuwelinge nie kan aanpas by die toestande en ander spesies van die “nuwe”
ekosisteem nie, sal hulle wegbeweeg of uitsterf. In menslike gemeenskappe kan die
“vreemdelinge” vlugtelinge sonder enige identifikasiedokumente, geld of besittings wees en
hulle bande met die gasheergemeenskap is nie noodwendig sterk nie (kyk “refugee”). Die
gasheergemeenskap kan vyandig teenoor die vlugtelinge wees en hulle doodmaak of verdryf.
Dit gebeur egter nie dikwels nie omdat mense nie sal vlug na „n plek waar hulle weet hulle
onwelkom sal wees en gedood sal word nie. Daar is ook internasionale organisasies soos die
Internasionale Rooi Kruis, Médecins Sans Frontièrs, Oxfam en die Verenigde Nasies se Hoë
Kommissie vir Vlugtelinge (UNHCR) wat die vlugtelinge asook die gasheergemeenskap kan
help. Dit kan egter nie ontken word dat die mense van „n gasheergemeenskap met „n
probleem sit wanneer “vreemdelinge” instroom nie. Selfs al is die vreemdelinge nie werklik
“vlugtelinge” nie, lewer hulle probleme op omdat hulle dienste verbruik, gesondheidsorg en
onderwys benodig, en werksgeleenthede beset, terwyl hulle nooit ten volle deel van die
gasheergemeenskap word nie. Suid-Afrikaners vorm tans „n gasheergemeenskap vir baie
duisende (moontlik selfs miljoene) Afrikane uit Zimbabwe, Nigerië, Ghana, Mosambiek,
Angola, Malawie, die Demokratiese Republiek van die Kongo, Somalië en „n hele aantal
ander Afrika-state. „n Aantal insidente van xenofobie (vreemdelingevrees of -haat) het reeds
voorgekom en die Suid-Afrikaners is nie almal in hulle skik met die teenwoordigheid van „n
massa vreemdelinge nie, maar tot dusver was Suid-Afrika „n merkwaardig verdraagsame
gasheerland.
Human Development Index (HDI): A statistical instrument used by the United
Nations (UN) to measure the level of human wellbeing of a community or a specific
group of people in a spatially demarcated or defined area, such as a city, region,
country (but rarely an entire continent except for Australia which is a country as well
as a continent). This index enables us to calculate a single figure or score (between
0 and 1) to express the quality of life of a community or group of people (rather
than their standard of living). Different human and population attributes, or
characteristics, or measurable descriptors can be used to describe the level of
wellbeing in a community. The UN‟s index uses a variety of descriptors, including
cultural development, social wellbeing, as well as economic criteria. Attributes such
as life expectancy, literacy, infant mortality, per capita income, gross domestic
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product (GDP), political rights, representation in decision-making and governance,

freedom of speech, and many more, can be used to calculate a single figure, called
the human development index (HDI). The UN has, however, standardised on three
specific variables to be used to calculate a score (the HDI) for every country. These
three variables are: average life expectancy at birth, adult literacy rate (measured as
average number of years of schooling), and gross domestic product per capita
(person) converted to purchasing power parity dollars (PPP). The UN Development
Programme updates the published HDIs for all countries on an annual basis. The
UN‟s annually published HDIs do not involve any political criteria such as individual
freedom and human rights.
Menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI): „n Statistiese instrument wat deur die Verenigde
Nasies (VN) gebruik word om die vlak van menslike welstand van „n gemeenskap of „n
spesifieke groep mense in „n afgebakende of definieerbare gebied, soos „n stad, streek, land
of staat (maar selde „n hele kontinent, behalwe in die geval van Australië wat „n kontinent
asook „n land is) te beskryf. Hierdie indeks stel ons in staat om „n enkel syfer (tussen 0 en 1)
te bereken wat die lewenskwaliteit, eerder as die lewenstandaard) van „n groep mense
beskryf. Verskeie menslike en bevolkingsattribute, of -eienskappe, of meetbare beskrywende
norme kan gebruik word om die welstandsvlak van „n bevolking te beskryf. Die VN se MOI
gebruik kulturele ontwikkelingskriteria, sosiale welstandskriteria asook ekonomiese kriteria.
Attribute soos lewensverwagting by geboorte, kindermortaliteit (kindersterfte), per kapita-
inkomste, bruto binnelandse produk (BBP), politieke regte, verteenwoordiging in
besluitneming en bestuur, vryheid van spraak, en vele ander kriteria kan gebruik word om „n
enkel syfer, naamlik die menslike ontwikkelingsindeks, te bereken. Die VN het dit egter
gestandaardiseer en gebruik drie spesifieke veranderlikes om „n menslike ontwikkelingsineks
(die MOI) vir elke land te bereken. Hierdie veranderlikes is: gemiddelde lewensverwagting
by geboorte, volwasse geletterdheidsvlak (gemeet aan die gemiddelde aantal jare formele
skoling), en bruto binnelandse produk per kapita (per persoon) omgeskakel na koopkrag per
Amerikaanse doller. Die VN Ontwikkelingsprogram hersien jaarliks die gepubliseerde
MOI‟e vir elke land. Die VN se gepubliseerde MOI‟e sluit geen politieke kriteria, soos
individuele vryheid en menseregte in nie.
Incineration: A controlled combustion process to reduce the volume and/or the
mass of waste material. Two distinct types of waste material are routinely
incinerated, namely municipal solid waste and hazardous waste (see “hazardous
waste”). Remember that the most important rule of environmental management is
that “there is no away“, meaning that neither energy nor matter can be destroyed,
and incineration simply reduces the volume of the waste, and the residuals, namely
heat, gasses and ashes must still be disposed of. Incineration is a specialised,
costly waste reduction process, requiring special kilns and an expensive plant, a
huge input of energy to attain the optimum temperatures, special filters, scrubbers
and resins to prevent the release of toxic gasses into the atmosphere and avoid
poisonous air pollution, and special disposal facilities for the residual ash. In many
developed countries, the waste heat of combustion is used for domestic heating.
Owing to a lack of the required expertise and the costs involved in the process,
incineration is far less often used in developing countries. Waste disposal is a
specialisation field in environmental management, and it is rarely completely
covered by the environmental management acts of any country. Even in South
Africa with its exemplary environmental management legislation, hazardous waste
disposal is covered by separate, very specific legislation.
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Verbranding: „n Gekontroleerde verbrandingsproses om die volume en/of massa van

afvalstowwe te verminder. Twee onderskeie tipes afval word gewoonlik verbrand, naamlik
munisipale (huishoudelike) vaste-afvalstowwe en gevaarlike afval (kyk “hazardous waste”).
Onthou dat die heel belangrikste reël van omgewingsbestuur is dat daar geen ware
wegdoening is nie (“there is no away”) omdat nóg massa nóg energie vernietig kan word, en
verbranding verminder eintlik net die volume van die afval, terwyl dit problematiese
oorblyfsels soos hitte, gasse en as agterlaat wat steeds weggedoen moet word. Verbranding is
„n baie duur afvalverminderingsproses wat spesiale kundigheid, gespesialiseerde aanlegte,
spesiale oonde, enorme hoeveelhede energie om die optimum-temperature te bereik, spesiale
filters en harse om te verhoed dat giftige gasse in die atmosfeer vrygelaat word en gevaarlike
lugbesoedeling veroorsaak, en spesiale fasiliteite vir die wegdoening van die oorblywende as,
vereis. In baie ontwikkelde lande word die hitte van verbranding vir huishoudelike verhitting
gebruik. As gevolg van „n tekort aan die nodige kundigheid en die koste verbonde aan die
proses word verbranding nie so dikwels in ontwikkelende lande gebruik nie.
Afvalwegdoening is „n spesialisgebied en dit word selde in totaliteit deur die
omgewingsbestuurswetgewing van „n land gedek. Selfs in Suid-Afrika met sy
prysenswaardige omgewingsbestuurswetgewing, word gevaarlike afvalhantering deur
afsonderlike, doelgemaakte wetgewing gedek.
Industrial Revolution: The huge cultural shift in which manual labour was being
replaced by mechanised processes. It started in England in the mid-1700s and
spread to the (then) Northern Americas in the 1800s. By about 1850–1860 the (now)
United States of America (despite of – and as a result of – the American Civil War),
the United Kingdom and parts of Western Europe were all gripped in this massive
conversion to industrialised manufacturing. The industrial revolution had irreversibly
changed the world and the entire global ecosystem. It spelled the end of the age of
a rural, localised, independent, subsistence and low-production commercial lifestyles
and hand-made tools in the (now) developed countries, and the emergence of the
reliance on non-renewable fossil fuels and machine-made goods in the largest
economies of the developed world. The environment was seriously degraded by this
dependence on coal, oil and gas to drive the machines in the centralised factories in
the industrialised towns especially those that quickly grew into large cities. In the
(now) developed countries, people moved from the rural areas to the cities to find
employment in the factories. This changed the provision of services since all these
newly urbanised people required religious, educational and medical services. And –
unfortunately – the concerning environmental issues of air pollution, water pollution,
waste management, infrastructure construction, and many more, were created. In
order to secure the necessary raw materials for the manufacturing industry, the rural
regions were also affected by increased mining, infrastructure, telecommunication
networks, water provision to the cities, industrial pollution in water sources and in the
atmosphere, acid rain, and many more. The developing countries were also affected
since many of the raw materials and the labour for the industries were obtained from
the (then) underdeveloped countries.
Industriële Rewolusie: Die reuse kulturele verandering toe hande-arbeid deur meganiese
prosesse vervang is. Dit het in die middel van die 1700‟s in Engeland begin en in die 1800‟s
na die (toe) Noord-Amerikas verskuif. Teen omtrent 1850–1860 was die (nou) Verenigde
State van Amerika (ten spyte van – en as gevolg van – die Amerikaanse Burgeroorlog), die
Verenigde Koninkryk, en sekere gebiede in Wes-Europa in die greep van die massiewe
ommeswaai na industriële vervaardiging. Die industriële rewolusie het „n onomkeerbare
verandering in die wêreld en die globale ekosisteem te weeg gebring. Dit het die einde van
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die tydperk van plattelandse, plaaslike, onafhanklike, bestaans- en kleinskaalse kommersiële

produksie, leefstyl en handgemaakte gereedskap in die (nou) ontwikkelde lande
teweeggebring, en die afhanklikheid aan nie-hernubare fossielbrandstowwe en masjien-
vervaardigde goedere in die grootste ekonomieë van die (nou) ontwikkelde wêreld
veroorsaak. Die omgewing is ernstig beïnvloed deur die behoefte aan steenkool, olie en gas
om die masjiene in die gesentraliseerde fabrieke in die industriële dorpe aan te dryf, en veral
in daardie dorpe wat vinnig na groot stede verander het. In die (nou) ontwikkelde lande het
mense van die platteland na die stede migreer om werk in die fabrieke te vind. Dìt het tot „n
verandering van dienslewering gelei omdat hierdie pas-verstedelike mense behoefte aan
godsdienstige, onderwys- en mediese dienste gehad het. Ongelukkig het sekere sorgbarende
omgewingsvraagstukke soos lugbesoedeling, waterbesoedeling, afvalhantering,
infrastruktuurkonstruksie, en vele meer, ook ontstaan. Om die beskikbaarheid van
roumateriale vir die vervaardigingsbedryf te verseker, is die landelike gebiede ook deur
groeiende mynbou, infrastruktuur, telekommunikasie netwerke, watervoorsiening aan die
industriële stede, industriële uitskot wat die water en atmosfeer besoedel, suurreën, en vele
meer beïnvloed. Die ontwikkelende lande is ook geraak, omdat baie van die roumateriale
vanaf die (toe) onderontwikkelde lande verkry is.
Infiltration capacity: The maximum rate at which water percolates downwards into
the soil and eventually into the underlying rockbed. The rate depends on the shape
of the grains (particles) in the soil and substrate. Rounded grains – like sand grains
on a beach – have a high infiltration capacity because there are large pores between
the grains. If the grains are angular, there is less pore-space available and when the
grains are flat, as in clay or silt, there is very little pore-space and the infiltration
capacity of the material is low. The term is also used to denote the rate at which
pollutants percolate into and contaminate a subsurface water source.
Infiltrasievermoë: Die maksimum koers waarteen water afwaarts in en deur die grondlaag
perkoleer om later in die onderliggende gesteentelae in te sypel. Die koers word bepaal deur
die vorm van die korrels (partikels) in die grond en die substratum. Ronde korrels – soos
sandkorrels op „n strand – het „n hoë infiltrasievermoë omdat daar groot porieë tussen die
korrels is. Indien die korrels hoekig is, is die infiltrasievermoë laer want daar is minder
beskikbare porieruimte. Indien die korrels plat is soos in klei en slik, is daar baie min
porieruimte en die infiltrasievermoë van die materiaal is dus baie laag. Die term word ook
gebruik om die koers waarteen besoedelstowwe in „n watervoorraad onder die aardoppervlak
insyfer en die waterbron besoedel. (Die woord “infiltrasiekoers” word dikwels as sinoniem
met infiltrasievermoë gebruik.)

Infrastructure:The stock of fixed assets and capital equipment, including factories,

roads, schools, railways, water reticulation networks, landing strips, communication
networks, power lines, all manner of buildings and built structures, and all the
human-made (anthropogenic) assets in a country, region, city or area. Infrastructure
is considered as a determinant of economic growth. Economic growth is positively
correlated with human-made assets – the more assets (infrastructure) there are in an
area or place, the higher is its level of economic development. Infrastructure is both
a prerequisite for and a result of industrial and economic development.
Infrastruktuur: Die totale voorraad vaste bates en kapitaaltoerusting en –goedere, insluitend
fabrieke, paaie, skole, spoorweë, watervoorsieningstelsels, landingstroke,
kommunikasienetwerke, kraglyne, alle tipe geboue, geboude strukture en mensgemaakte
bates (antropogene goedere) in „n land, streek, stad of gebied. Infrastruktuur word as „n
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determinant van die vlak van ekonomiese ontwikkeling beskou. Ekonomiese groei is positief
gekorreleer met mens-gemaakte bates – hoe meer bates daar in „n gebied of plek is, hoe hoër
is die vlak van ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Infrastruktuur is sowel „n voorwaarde vir as „n
gevolg van industriële en ekonomiese ontwikkeling.
International conventions: Strictly speaking the term refers to a large, formal
assembly (or conference) of a group of states with a common interest. The common
interest might be political, militaristic, economic, and so forth, and from the second
half of the 1900s the environment has become one of the most concerning interests
of all nations and states. Numerous international environmental conventions have
been assembled since then. The United Nations (UN) obviously plays a huge role in
organising and funding these conventions. At these events, high-level political
and/or scientific representatives of almost all the states in the world are mandated to
convey their respective states‟ view on global environmental issues. In many cases
the heads of state themselves represent their states‟ interests, but they are, of
course, advised by a panel of scientists and diplomats. Owing to the authority
vested in the representatives, all decisions made and ratified (that is, agreed and
signed) are legally binding on all the signatories. Some represented organisations or
states might decide not to ratify the decisions, and they are, of course, not compelled
or forced to do so. Environmental lobbies, power groups (or activist groups) and
non-governmental environmental organisations (NGOs) are regularly present in force
at these conventions, but their signing rights are often restricted and their ratification
of decisions cannot legally bind any state to the decisions made. These conventions
are extremely important opportunities for environmental lobbies, activists and NGOs
to lobby and propagate their viewpoints about the environmental issues they are
involved in. Some of the more well-known environmental or economic or political
organisations that never miss an international convention, are Green Peace, the
International Nuclear Event Organisation (INEO), the British Standards Institute
(BSI), Earth Life Africa, the European Union (EU), the Environmental Protection
Agency of the USA (EPA), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD), the International Standards Organisation (ISO), the
International Committee on Radiation Protection (ICRP), the International Maritime
Organisation (IMO), the Group of Seven (now Eight) which includes the seven (or
eight) most powerful economies in the world, the BRICS countries (see ”developing
countries”), the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), the
United Nations Environmental Protection Agency (UNEP or UNEPA), the World
Trade Organisation (WTO), the World Health Organisation (WHO), UNESCO, the
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the International Convention on Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES), the Wildlife and Environmental Society of South Africa (WESSA),
and many, many more. Some of the most famous international environmental
conventions are the Stockholm Declaration of 1972 where it was decided that states
should co-operate to develop international law regarding liability and compensation
for environmental pollution; the Maastricht Treaty and the Lomé Conventions number
I to IV of the late 1980s which were attempts at advancing international co-operation
on environmental regulations; the Ramsar Convention of 1971 on the international
co-operation to protect (see “wetlands”); the Montreal Protocol of 1987, where the
industrial scale use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was banned; and the Basel
Convention of 1989 which was an attempt to regulate the cross-border transport of
hazardous (especially radio-active) waste. The single most well-publicised (and
probably the largest) international environmental convention ever held was the UN
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Conference on Environment and Development (colloquially known as the “Earth

Summit”) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (see “environmental justice”). The most
important resolution decided on at that conference was the Convention on the
Protection of Biodiversity, which was later refined and incorporated into a very
important document, called Agenda 21. At the Earth Summit serious discussions
commenced about limiting the volumes of carbon dioxides and other greenhouse
gasses the different economies (states and certain groups of states) may annually
release into the atmosphere. However, little progress was made since the poor,
developing countries and the rich, developed countries could not come to any
agreement. However, once aired, the issue could not be avoided or suppressed any
longer. It led to a conference in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. There it was decided that
every state would be allowed a certain amount of air pollution in that each respective
state is allocated a specific volume of greenhouse gasses that may be released into
the atmosphere annually. The so-called “carbon quotas” allocated to a number of
the highly developed, industrial states were not acceptable to all of them, notably the
USA, Australia, China and India. Consequently they did not ratify the protocol. The
10th anniversary of the Earth Summit took place in Johannesburg in 2002, but very
little was achieved at this occasion except for an acknowledgement that the carbon
quotas set in 1992 were probably unrealistic. From the examples listed above, it is
clear that the word “convention” is often replaced by “declaration”, “summit”,
“agreement”, “treaty” or “protocol”, so it could be somewhat confusing. It is advised
that the word “convention” be reserved to describe the actual meeting, debating and
decision-making, while the other terms are reserved to describe the records of
decisions made at the conventions. (See “international protocols”.)
Internasionale konvensies: Streng gesproke verwys die term na groot, formele
byeenkomste (of konferensies) van „n groep state wat „n gedeelde belang het. Hierdie belang
kan polities, militaristies, ekonomies, ensovoorts wees, en vanaf die tweede helfte van die
1900‟s het die omgewing een van die belangrikste gedeelde vraagstukke van alle nasies en
state geword. Talle internasionale omgewingskonvensies het sedertdien plaasgevind. Die
Verenigde Nasies (VN) speel natuurlik „n groot rol in die organisering en befondsing van
sulke konvensies. By hierdie geleenthede word nasies of state deur hooggeplaaste politieke
en/of wetenskaplike afgevaardigdes verteenwoordig en hierdie afgevaardigdes het „n mandaat
om hulle onderskeie state se standpunte oor globale omgewingsvraagstukke te stel. Dikwels
word die konvensies deur die staatshoofde self bygewoon, maar hulle word natuurlik deur „n
paneel wetenskaplikes en diplomate geadviseer. Kragtens die bevoegdheid waarmee die
afgevaardigdes beklee is, is alle besluite wat geneem en bekragtig is (dit wil sê, ooreengekom
en onderteken is), wetlik bindend op alle state wat dit bekragtig (onderteken) het. Sommige
verteenwoordigde organisasies of state mag dalk besluit om nie die ooreenkomste te
onderskryf nie, en hulle kan natuurlik nie verplig word om dit te doen nie.
Omgewingsdrukgroepe, magsblokke (of aktiviste-groepe) en nie-regeringsorganisasies is
gereeld met groot getalle afgevaardigdes op omgewingskonferensies teenwoordig, maar hulle
stemreg is dikwels beperk en hulle bekragtiging van besluite is natuurlik nie bindend op enige
staat nie. Omgewingskonvensies bied die drukgroepe en nie-regeringsorganisasies uiters
belangrike forums vir drukuitoefening en die propagering van hulle standpunt oor die
omgewingsvraagstukke waarmee hulle gemoeid is. Sommige van die welbekende
omgewings-, ekonomiese, of politieke organisasies wat nooit „n internasionale konvensie
misloop nie, is Green Peace, die Internasionale Kern-insidentorganisasie (INEO), die Britse
Instituut vir Standaarde (BSI), Earth Life Africa, die Europese Unie (EU), die
Omgewingsbeskermingsagentskap van die VSA (EPA), die Organisasie vir Ekonomiese
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Samewerking en Ontwikkeling (OECD), die Internasionale Standaarde-organisasie (ISO), die

Internasionale Komitee vir Bestralingsvoorkoming (ICRP), die Internasionale Maritieme-
organisasie (IMO), die Groep van Sewe (of Agt) wat die grootste en sterkste ekonomieë in
die wêreld insluit, die BRICS-lande (kyk “developing countries”), die Verenigde Nasies se
Omgewingsbeskermingsagentskap (UNEP of UNEPA), UNESCO, die Verenigde Nasies se
Konvensie vir die Wet van die See (UNCLOS), die Wêreld Handelsorganisasie (World Trade
Organisation of WTO), die Wêreld Gesondheidsorganisasie (WHO of WGO), die Wêreld
Natuurlewe Fonds (WWF), die Konvensie oor Internasionale Handel in Bedreigde Spesies
(CITES), die Natuurlewe- en Omgewingvereniging van Suid-Arika (WESSA), en vele meer.
Sommige van die bekendste internasionale omgewingskonvensies is die Stokholm-verklaring
van 1972 waar daar besluit is dat alle state saam behoort te werk om internasionale
wetgewing oor aanspreeklikheid en kompensasie vir omgewingsbesoedeling te ontwikkel; die
Maastrich-verdrag en die Lomé-konvensie nommer I tot IV van die laat-1980‟s waar daar
gepoog is om groter internasionale samewerking oor omgewingregulasies te bevorder; die
Ramsar-konvensie van 1971 om internasionale samewerking vir die beskerming van
vleilande te bewerkstellig; die Montreal-protokol van 1987 waar die industriële gebruik van
chlorofluorokoolstowwe (CFC‟s) te verban; die Basel-konvensie van 1989 wat „n poging was
om die oorgrens vervoer van gevaarlike (veral radio-aktiewe) afvalmateriale te reguleer. Die
opspraakwekkenste (en moontlik die grootste) internasionale omgewingskonvensie wat ooit
gehou is, was die VN Konferensie oor Omgewing en Ontwikkeling (algemeen bekend as die
“Aardeberaad”) wat in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro gehou is (kyk “environmental justice”). Die
belangrikste resolusie wat op hierdie beraad goedgekeur is, is die Konvensie oor die
Beskerming van Biodiversiteit wat later verfyn is en in „n baie belangrike dokument, bekend
as Agenda 21, vervat is. By die Aardeberaad het ernstige bespreking oor die beperking van
die volumes koolstofdioksiedes en ander kweekhuisgasse wat elke jaar deur elke staat of
groep van state in die atmosfeer vrygestel mag word. Min vordering is in 1992 in Rio
gemaak omdat die arm, ontwikkelende state en die ryk, ontwikkelde lande nie tot enige
ooreenkoms kon kom nie. Maar omdat hierdie ernstige kwessie toe aan die wêreld onthul is,
kon dit nie weer vermy of onderdruk word nie. Dit het gelei na „n konferensie in Kyoto,
Japan, in 1997. Dáár is besluit dat elke afsonderlike staat toegelaat word om „n spesifieke
hoeveelheid lugbesoedeling in die vorm van „n “koolstof-kwota” jaarliks aan die atmosfeer
vry te stel. Sekere hoogs ontwikkelende ekonomieë soos die VSA, Australië, China en Indië,
het nie die gestipuleerde koolstof-kwotas aanvaar nie, en het nie die konvensie se finale
verslag onderteken nie. Die tiende herdenking van die Aardeberaad het in 2002 in
Johannesburg plaasgevind, maar dit het nie eintlik enigiets noemenswaardig opgelewer nie,
behalwe om te erken dat die toegekende koolstof-kwotas waarskynlik onrealisties was. Uit
die bostaande lys is dit duidelik dat die term “konvensie” dikwels met terme soos “verdrag”,
“beraad”, “ooreenkoms”, “kongres” of “protokol” vervang word. Dit lei soms tot verwarring.
Dit is moontlik wys om die term “konvensie” te reserveer vir die werklike byeenkoms,
debatvoering en besluitneming deur die rolspelers, terwyl die ander terme gebruik word om
die rekord van ooreenkomste, of die verslag oor die besluitneming van „n konvensie, te
beskryf (kyk “international protocols”).
International protocols: The official, authoritative memorandums or records of the
agreements reached at international environmental conventions (see “international
convention”). These documents stipulate the actions or steps that every signatory
state has to execute to reach the benchmarks agreed upon at the negotiations (the
states that have not ratified a protocol, need not strive to attain the benchmarks).
See “international conventions” for examples.
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Internasionale protokols: Die amptelike, gesaghebbende memorandums of verslae oor

die ooreenkomste wat deur internasionale omgewingskonvensies bereik is (kyk
“international conventions”). Hierdie dokumente stipuleer die aksies wat deur elke staat
uitgevoer moet word of stappe wat gedoen moet word, om die gestelde mikpunte te behaal
(state wat nie „n protokol onderteken het nie, hoef nie na enige mikpunt te streef nie). Vir
voorbeelde, kyk na “international conventions”.
Intervening opportunity: The existence of a place, entity or a condition which
influences the spatial interaction between two places that are situated some distance
apart. Interaction is always influenced by the distance between two places and the
rule of thumb is that interaction is inversely proportional to the distance between
them. The longer the distance between two places, the higher is the distance
decay which limits interaction between them, and consequently the less interaction
will occur. However, distance decay between two places might be greatly influenced
or overcome by the occurrence of a desirable place or entity between the two places.
Such a place is called an intervening opportunity and it might be anything from a
mine, town, game reserve, cultural or religious site, place of exceptional natural
beauty or any other place that people would want to visit or do business in. It is an
extremely important principle in the geography of economics and the geography of
tourism, because a tourist site located somewhere near or between two or more
important cities would definitely be visited by more people than one which far away
from the main transport networks. In essence an intervening site is just another site
for doing business in the near vicinity of existing main business sites or tourist
destinations. However, entrepreneurs who wish to establish tourist destinations
would be well advised to seek out localities that would benefit from the vicinity of
other major attractions. The Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site is fortunate in
that it is located in Gauteng near both Pretoria and Johannesburg, while tourist
destinations such as Dullstroom, Sabie and Graskop could all be seen as intervening
opportunities between Johannesburg (and Pretoria) and the Kruger National Park.
Tussenkomende geleentheid: Die bestaan van „n plek, entiteit, gebeurtenis of toestand wat
die ruimtelike interaksie tussen twee plekke wat „n sekere afstand van mekaar geleë is,
beïnvloed. Interaksie word altyd deur die afstand tussen plekke beïnvloed en die algemene
reël is dat interaksie omgekeerd eweredig aan die afstand tussen die plekke is. Die
beginsel van afstandsverval stateer dat hoe verder twee plekke van mekaar geleë is, hoe
minder interaksie sal daar tussen die twee plekke wees. Maar die invloed van afstandsverval
tussen twee plekke kan grootliks beïnvloed word deur die bestaan van „n aanloklike plek of
entiteit tussen hulle. Só „n plek word „n tussenkomende geleentheid genoem en dit kan enige
iets van „n myn, dorp, wildtuin, kulturele of religieuse terrein, besonder bekoorlike
natuurskoon of enige ander plek wat mense graag besoek of sakebelange in het, wees. Dit is
„n uiters belangrike beginsel in ekonomiese geografie en die geografie van toerisme omdat
toeristebestemmings wat naby of tussen twee of meer belangrike stede geleë is, meer
besoekers sal lok as een wat ver van al die hoof vervoernetwerke geleë is. In werklikheid is
„n tussenkomende terrein niks anders as net nog „n lokaliteit naby aan ander bestaande
sakesentrums of toeristebestemmings om sake te doen nie. Ontwikkelaars wat
toeristebestemmings wil vestig, sou wys wees om lokaliteite te kies wat voordeel uit die
nabyheid van ander besienswaardighede kan trek. Die Wieg van die Mensdom
Wêrelderfenisterrein is baie voordelig in Gauteng naby sowel Pretoria as Johannesburg geleë,
terwyl toeristebestemmings soos Dullstroom, Sabie en Graskop as tussenkomende
geleenthede tussen Johannesburg (of Pretoria) en die Kruger Nasionale Park beskou kan
word.
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ISO 14000: The internationally accepted environmental management standards

and best practice environmental benchmarks that guide all environmental
management, decision-making and environmentally sustainable development
actions. All developed states and many developing ones have some standards body
or other. All national standards bodies, however, defer to the International
Standards Organisation (ISO) and in many cases simply use the ISO‟s standards.
As far as environmental management standards in the current globalised world are
concerned, the ISO‟s standards are universally used. The South African Bureau of
Standards (SABS) is a highly acclaimed institution that has independently set
numerous standards over many decades, but when it comes to standards for
environmental decision-making, it – too – simply applies the ISO‟s standards. The
ISO‟s environmental standards series is the ISO 14000 programme which is
underpinned by the somewhat older ISO 9000 series for best-practice. Since the
entire world uses the ISO 14000 (and the newer ISO 14001) series for environmental
decision-making, it simplifies international co-operation, cross-border activities or
trans-boundary developments to a great extent. Had this not been the case, the
proliferating trans-boundary natural wilderness areas and game reserves that are
fast becoming true money-spinners for the world-wide tourism industry, would hardly
have been a feasible option.
ISO 14000: Die internasionaal aanvaarde omgewingsbestuurstandaarde en beste-praktyk
omgewingsmikpunte wat as gids vir alle omgewingsbestuursbesluitneming en
omgewingsvolhoubare ontwikkelingsaktiwiteite dien. Alle ontwikkelde lande en baie van die
ontwikkelendes het een of ander standaardeliggaam. Tog onderwerp al hierdie
standaardeliggame hulle aan die gesag van die Internasionale Standaarde Organisasie (ISO)
en in baie gevalle gebruik hulle die ISO se standaarde wat omgewingsbestuurstandaarde in
die huidige geglobaliseerde wêreld betref, word die ISO se standaarde universeel gebruik.
Die Suid-Afrikaanse Buro vir Standaarde (SABS) is „n hoogaangeskrewe instansie wat reeds
oor baie dekades heen talle standaarde onafhanklik ontwikkel het, maar wat standaarde vir
omgewingsbestuur en -besluitneming betref, gebruik selfs die SABS die ISO-standaarde. Die
ISO se omgewingstandaardereeks is die ISO 14000-program wat onderlê word deur die
effens ouer ISO 9000-reeks vir goeie praktyk. Aangesien die hele wêreld die ISO 14000-
reeks (en deesdae die nuwer ISO 14001-reeks) vir omgewingsbesluitneming gebruik, word
internasionale samewerking, oorgrens-aktiwiteite en oorgrens-ontwikkeling grootliks
vereenvoudig. Indien dit nie die geval was nie, sou die groeiende aantal oorgrens-
wildernisgebiede en oorgrens-natuurreservate wat deesdae baie winsgewende ondernemings
in die toerismebedryf is, nie werklik „n haalbare opsie gewees het nie.
Isometric line (isoline): A line drawn on a map to connect the points with equal
values for a certain variable in a specific study area. The underlying assumption is
that all the points on that line have the same value for that particular variable.
Altitude (height above sea-level) may serve as a variable for explanation. No area
on the Earth‟s surface is as flat as a table top; even the “flattest areas” on the
surface (such as the Springbokvlakte on the boundary between Gauteng and
Limpopo Provinces) which seems to be as even and flat as anything could be, is
uneven and some places (areas) are higher above sea-level than others, albeit by
only a few centimetres. Land surveyors use navigational instruments (which
nowadays are very sophisticated) to measure the altitude at a number of points in
the relevant area. The height above sea-level (altitude) of the prominent high points
(called spot heights when they are plotted on a map) and the lowest points are
always measured (or surveyed) and the surveyors cover the area with as many
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measured points as necessary for their triangulations or whatever other objectives

they might have (and their budget would allow). From their field survey they have
produced a map with a collection of plotted points and their heights above sea-level,
but no spatial pattern can be detected on such a map and no three dimensional
visualization of the area is possible. However, geographers always study spatial
patterns, and they need to visualize the Earth‟s surface in three dimensions. Adding
isometric lines to the aforementioned map produced by the surveyors, makes
geographical study of the area possible. When altitude is the variable under
investigation, the isolines are called contour lines and the map is called a contour
map; ioshyets are lines that connect points with equal rainfall on a rainfall map,
and isotherms are lines of equal temperature on any climatic map, and so forth.
Contour maps form the basic working maps for just about any empirical geographical
investigation because a geographer has a practised eye and immediately “reads” the
area on a contour map in three dimensions. It is, however, rather tricky to convert a
map with spot heights into a contour map, that is, to derive line data (linear data)
from point data. It requires familiarity with the process of interpolation which is
something one learns from hours and hours of practise. Yet, experienced
geographers do it amazingly fast; in fact, it becomes a geographer‟s second nature.
(See “interpolation” and “spatial interpolation”.)
Isometriese lyn (isolyn): „n Lyn wat op „n kaart geteken is om punte wat dieselfde waarde
vir een of ander veranderlike binne „n spesifieke studiegebied het, met mekaar te verbind.
Die onderliggende aanname is dat alle punte op daardie lyn dieselfde waarde vir die
spesifieke veranderlike het. Hoogte bo seevlak dien hier as „n veranderlike vir
verduideliking. Geen gebied op die Aarde se oppervlak is so plat en gelyk as „n tafelblad nie;
selfs die gelykste (“platste”) gebiede soos die Springbokvlakte op die grens tussen Gauteng
en Limpopo Provinsie wat heeltemal plat en gelyk voorkom, is ongelyk en sekere dele is hoër
bo seevlak as ander, al is die verskil in hoogte slegs „n paar sentimeters. Landmeters gebruik
navigasie-instrumente (wat deesdae baie gesofistikeerd is) om die hoogte bo seevlak van „n
klompie punte binne „n spesifieke gebied te bepaal. Die hoogte bo seevlak van die
prominente koppies of heuwels (wat as kolhoogtes bekend staan wanneer hulle op „n kaart
geplot is) asook dié van die punte wat opvallend laaggeleë is, sal altyd deur die landmeters
bepaal (of gemeet) word, en verder sal hulle die gebied dek met soveel opgemete punte as
wat hulle vir triangulasie en ander oogmerke benodig (of hulle begroting sal toelaat). Uit die
veldwerk van die landmeters kan „n kaart met „n aantal punte waarvan die hoogte bo seevlak
bekend is, saamgestel word, maar met behulp van hierdie kaart kan geen ruimtelike patroon
bespeur of bestudeer word en geen driedimensionele visualisering van die gebied gedoen
word nie. Tog is dít juis wat geograwe wil en moet doen. Indien isometriese of isolyne op
hierdie kaart aangebring kan word, sal geografiese bestudering van die gebied moontlik wees.
Wanneer hoogte bo seevlak die veranderlike is wat bestudeer word, sal die isolyne wat
ingevoeg word, kontoerlyne wees en die kaart sal „n kontoerkaart genoem word; isohiëte is
lyne wat punte met dieselfde hoeveelheid reënval op „n reënvalkaart met mekaar verbind; en
isoterme verbind punte met dieselfde temperatuur op enige klimaatskaart; ensovoorts.
Kontoerkaarte vorm die basiese werkskaarte in byna enige empiriese geografiese studie
omdat geograwe „n geoefende oog het en dadelik die gebied op „n kontoerkaart in drie
dimensies kan “lees”. Dit verg egter vernuf om „n kaart met kolhoogtes na „n kontoerkaart te
omskep, met ander woorde om lyndata (liniêre data) uit puntdata af te lei. Dit vereis
vaardigheid in die proses van interpolering, en dít is iets wat mens net aanleer deur menige
ure se oefening. Tog doen ervare geograwe dit asof dit tweede natuur is! (Kyk
“interpolation” en “spatial interpolation”).
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Interpolation:In Geography this entails the process of inserting a justifiable value or

values between already established or accurately measured values plotted on a
map. It is basically a process of making educated guesses. Geographers take all
the already measured values, empirically determined measurements and all other
spatial information about the mapped area into account and make scientifically
responsible estimations of what the unmeasured values might be. Interpolation and
estimation lies at the very core of spatial research. Despite the fact that interpolation
inevitably includes a certain degree of generalisation, interpolation does not at all
negate the results of a geographical investigation. It would not be an overstatement
to say that “this is what geographers do”. However, that is not all geographers do.
Based on the results of a successful study in one or more study areas, predictions or
estimations could be made about other areas. While interpolation entails
generalisation within one study area, the results could perhaps be extrapolated to
other comparable areas (see “extrapolation”.)
Interpolasie: In Geografie behels dit die invoeging van „n regverdigbare waarde of „n stel
waardes tussen reeds bekende of akkuraat gemete waardes wat op „n kaart geplot is. Dit is
eintlik „n proses van ingeligte raaiwerk. Geograwe neem al die reeds-bekende waardes,
empiries vasgestelde metings en alle ander ruimtelike inligting oor die gekarteerde gebied in
ag, en maak wetenskaplik verantwoordelike en verdedigbare beramings (of skattings) van
en oor die ongemete en onmeetbare waardes. Interpolasie en beraming (estimasie) lê ten
grondslag van alle ruimtelike navorsing. Hoewel interpolasie noodwendig „n mate van
veralgemening insluit, negeer dìt hoegenaamd nie die resultate van „n geografiese studie nie.
Dit sou nie verkeerd wees om te sê “dít is wat geograwe doen” nie. Dit is egter nie al wat
geograwe doen nie. Op grond van die resultate van „n suksesvolle studie in een of meer
studiegebiede kan daar voorspellings gemaak word of hipoteses gestel word oor wat in ander
gebiede kan plaasvind of bestaan. Terwyl interpolasie veralgemening binne een studiegebied
behels, kan die resultate moontlik na ander gebiede ge-ekstrapoleer word en voorspellings of
insiggewende uitsprake kan dus oor ander, soortgelyke gebiede gemaak word (kyk
“extrapolation”).

Land use (land-use): Any purpose for which land is used for human activity. Two
distinct types of land use are recognised, namely rural and urban. Rural land use
includes agriculture in the form of animal husbandry and/or crop cultivation, and
recreation in many different forms such as hiking, skiing, cycling, safaris, game
viewing, bird watching, ecotourism, and a totally unspecific thing called “getting away
from it all”. Urban land use includes residential, educational, industrial, commercial,
and professional activities and services.
Grondbenutting (of -gebruik): Enige vorm van benutting van land (grondgebied) vir
menslike doeleindes. Twee duidelik onderskeibare vorme van grondbenutting word erken,
naamlik landelike grondbenutting en stedelike grondbenutting. Eersgenoemde sluit landbou
in die vorm van veeteelt en/of akkerbou in, asook rekreasie in „n verskeidenheid vorme, soos
staptogte, fietsry, ski, safari‟s, dier- en voëlbesigtiging, ekotoerisme, en daardie onspesifieke
ding wat ons “wegkom van alles af” noem. Stedelike grondbenutting sluit residensiële,
opvoedkundige, industriële, kommersiële, en professionele aktiwiteite en dienste in.
Local community: A group of people who share some common factor that binds
them together or gives them a sense of belonging to one another and/or to a certain
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place. In a geographical sense, a specific shared space or place is a prerequisite

for identifying a local community. Groups of people who share a common cause,
such as the right to possess a fire-arm or people living with HIV, form interest
groups, not communities; there is no spatial bond that “binds” these people.
However, a local community shares one very special attribute, namely a certain
sense of belonging to a specific place, and – for them – that place has a specific
sense of place. These people either live, or work, or come from one definable
space that ties them together into a close or not so close community. The children of
people living in a certain area often attend the same schools, the whole community
buys at the same stores, visits one another at home, belongs to the same churches,
knows a lot about one another, and supports one another through difficult times.
People who grew up in such a local community, might leave the area to live
somewhere else, but they retain a sense of belonging to the place where they grew
up. This applies to the rich as well as the poor, to the affluent as well as the needy.
The people and the places form an intricate whole that cannot be broken, even when
the people move away and the places are destroyed. In South Africa there are
poignant examples of local communities that were torn apart by Apartheid politics,
and the places where they lived were bulldozed. District Six in Cape Town, Sophia
Town and Triomf in Johannesburg, and Lady Selbourne in Pretoria are examples
from the past. Currently examples of typical local communities are found in
Diepsloot near Soweto, Cross Roads and Guguletho near Cape Town, Mandela City
near Pretoria, Gugulethu near Cape Town, and many more. Local communities
need not be urbanised and there are innumerable rural communities that display the
same sense of belonging to place and people. The communities of Kwadlangezwa,
Nkandla, Mier, Elim and Pniel serve as examples. The phenomenon of close,
stable, local community bonds to place and people, occurs everywhere in the world.
In the USA “the hoods” and “the Projects” are typical examples of sub-economical
local communities, while Staten Island and Long Island represent affluent local
communities. The people in the slums and shanty towns of Kolkota (formerly
Culcutta) and Mumbai (formerly Bombay) form very strong, exclusive local
communities and those in the favelas (shanty towns) of Rio de Janeiro often do not
even tolerate the presence of strangers.
Plaaslike gemeenskap: „n Groep mense wat een of ander gemene belang deel en „n sin van
behorendheid aan mekaar en/of tot „n spesifieke plek het. In „n geografiese sin is „n
spesifieke, gedeelde ruimte of plek „n voorvereiste vir die identifisering van „n plaaslike
gemeenskap. Groepe mense wat „n gemeenskaplike saak dien, soos die reg om „n vuurwapen
te besit of die mense wat met MIV leef, vorm belangegroepe, nie gemeenskappe nie; daar is
geen ruimtelike band tussen hulle nie. „n Plaaslike gemeenskap deel egter een baie spesiale
attribuut, naamlik „n verbondenheid aan „n spesifieke plek, en – vir hulle – het daardie plek
„n spesiale pleksin. Hierdie mense leef, of werk of kom vanaf „n spesifieke, definieerbare
ruimte of plek wat hulle aan mekaar “bind” in „n hegte of minder hegte gemeenskap. Die
kinders van hierdie mense gaan dikwels saam skool, die hele gemeenskap koop by die
dieselfde winkels, besoek mekaar aan huis, behoort aan dieselfde kerke, weet baie van
mekaar en ondersteun mekaar in moeilike tye. Mense wat saam in so „n gemeenskap
grootgeword het, kan wegtrek, maar hulle behou nogtans „n samehorigheidsgevoel vir die
plek waar hulle opgegroei het. Dit geld vir die ryk en vir die arm, vir ie welgesteldes en die
behoeftiges. Die mense en die plek waar hulle leef, vorm „n ingewikkelde geheel wat nie
verbreek kan word nie, al trek die mense weg en al word die plek verwoes. In Suid-Afrika is
daar aangrypende voorbeelde van plaaslike gemeenskappe wat deur Apartheidspolitiek
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uitmekaar geskeur is en die plekke self totaal afgebreek is. Distrik Ses in Kaapstad, Sophia
Town en Triomf in Johannesburg en Lady Selbourne in Pretoria is voorbeelde daarvan. Tans
dien semi-formele en informele nedersettings of (townships) soos Diepsloot naby Soweto,
Kruispad en Gugulethu naby Kaapstad, Mandela City naby Pretoria, en vele meer as
voorbeelde. Plaaslike gemeenskappe is hoegenaamd nie tot stedelike gebiede beperk nie en
daar is tallose landelike gemeenskappe wat dieselfde plekgebondenheid besit. Die
gemeenskappe van Kwadlangezwa, Nkandla, Mier, Elim en Pniel dien as voorbeelde. Die
verskynsel van hegte, stabiele, plaaslike gebondenheid aan plekke en mense word dwarsdeur
die wêreld gevind. In die VSA is “the hoods” en “the Projects” tipiese voorbeelde van
plaaslike gemeenskappe in sub-ekonomiese gebiede, terwyl Staten Island en Long Island
welgestelde plaaslike gemeenskappe verteenwoordig. In die krotbuurtes en blikkiesdorpe
van Kolkota (voorheen Culcutta) en Mumbai (voorheen Bombaai) vorm die mense sterk,
eksklusiewe plaaslike gemeenskappe en die inwoners van die favelas (krotbuurtes) in Rio de
Janeiro verduur soms geen vreemdelinge in hulle lewensruimte nie.
Location: The location of a phenomenon is the place or point on the Earth‟s surface
where this phenomenon is situated or occurs. There are various ways to describe
the location of any place. The two most commonly used ways are to describe either
the relative or the absolute location of the place. Using the Cradle of Humankind
world heritage site as example, we may describe its location as Gauteng, South
Africa. This is a very vague description of relative location. It can be made more
specific by adding that the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site is
approximately 35 kilometres north-west of Johannesburg and can easily be reached
from the N14 highway. With this description, people can find the site, but the
location can be even more specifically described by means of the absolute
location. The absolute location is the exact point or place, expressed in degrees,
minutes and seconds of latitude and the degrees, minutes and seconds of longitude,
where a phenomenon is situated or occurs on the surface of the Earth. The absolute
location of the Cradle of Humankind is 25˚58‟02” south and 27˚39‟45” east.
Nowadays absolute location is very often used since global positioning systems
(GPSs) are commonly used in vehicles.
Ligging: Die ligging van „n verskynsel is die plek of punt op die Aarde waar dit geleë is of
voorkom. Daar is verskeie maniere om die ligging van „n plek te beskryf. Die algemeenste
maniere is om óf die relatiewe óf die absolute ligging van die plek te verstrek. Met die Wieg
van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein as voorbeeld, kan ons die terrein se relatiewe ligging
beskryf deur te sê dat dit in Gauteng, Suid-Afrika is. Dit is „n uiters vae beskrywing van
relatiewe ligging. Dit kan meer spesifiek gemaak word deur by te voeg dat dit ongeveer 35
kilometers noord-wes van Johannesburg is en maklik vanaf die N14-hoofweg bereik kan
word. Met hierdie beskrywing, kan mense die terrein vind, maar die ligging kan nog meer
spesifiek beskryf word deur die absolute ligging te verstrek. Die absolute ligging is die
breedte- en lengteligging van die presiese punt of plek, uitgedruk in grade, minute en
sekondes van breedtegraad en lengtegraad. Die absolute ligging van die Wieg van die
Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein is 25˚58‟02” suid en 27˚39‟45” oos. Deesdae word absolute
ligging dikwels gebruik omdat motorvoertuie met globale posisioneringsisteme (GPS‟e)
toegerus is.

Magnetic declination: The angular distance between the geographic north pole and
the Earth‟s magnetic north pole. The magnetic north pole moves about over a
relatively small area on the Earth‟s surface in a process called “pole wandering”,
while the geographic north pole remains in one and the same position. A compass
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needle will always point to the magnetic north pole, not the geographic one.
Consequently a bearing taken by means of a compass has to be “corrected” to know
where true north is. In order to make the correction, one has to know what the
magnetic declination is (see “bearing”). To complicate matters, polar wandering is a
relatively fast process and the magnetic pole perpetually shifts its location. To make
it even more complicated, magnetic declination differs from place to place because
the direction to the magnetic pole as measured at one place on the Earth‟s surface
will differ from that measured from another place. Fortunately all official, published
maps (such as the 1:50 000 topocadastral series of South Africa) display a little
diagram on it margin to indicate the declination from that area at the time of the
publication of the map. With this information it is easy enough to establish where
true north is (see “bearing”), but without this information we could not establish
exactly where true north is. Modern day navigation instruments (such as GPSs)
provide this information, but when you are lost somewhere in the wide outdoors with
a compass as your only navigational tool, you will only be able to establish a general
north direction, not an exact one.
Magnetiese deklinasie: Die hoekafstand tussen die geografiese noordpool en die Aarde se
magnetiese noordpool. Die magnetiese noordpool verskuif van ligging oor „n relatief klein
gedeelte van die aardbol, in „n proses wat as “pooldwaling” bekend staan, maar die
geografiese noordpool bly altyd op dieselfde plek. „n Kompasnaald sal altyd na die
magnetiese noordpool wys, nie die geografiese noordpool nie. Gevolglik moet „n
kompaspeiling “gekorrigeer” word om vas te stel waar ware noord is (kyk “bearing”). Om
die korreksie te maak, moet jy weet wat die magnetiese deklinasie is. Om die probleem te
kompliseer, is pooldwaling „n relatief vinnige proses en die ligging van die magnetiese
noordpool verander voortdurend. „n Verdere komplikasie is dat die magnetiese deklinasie
van plek tot plek verskil omdat die rigting na dié pool soos gemeet vanaf een punt op die
aardoppervlak sal verskil van wat dit vanaf enige ander plek op die Aarde is. Gelukkig
vertoon alle amptelike, gepubliseerde kaarte (soos die 1:50 000 topokadastrale reeks van
Suid-Afrika) op die kaartgrens „n klein diagram wat die deklinasie vanaf daardie gedeelte van
die Aarde verstrek. Met hierdie inligting is dit maklik om vas te stel waar ware noord is (kyk
“bearing”), maar sonder hierdie inligting kan ons nie vasstel waar ware noord is nie.
Moderne navigasie-instrumente (soos „n GPS) verskaf hierdie inligting, maar as jy êrens in
die natuur verdwaal en net „n kompas by jou het, sal jy slegs „n algemene noordrigting kan
bepaal, nie „n presiese een nie.
Macro environment: The term refers to a large study area which might even be as
large as the entire globe. When the global environment constitutes the study area, it
means that data from the whole world is used in the investigation. Geographers
study the environment over large (macro-scale), medium-sized (meso-scale) and
small (micro-scale) areas. When the focus is on the entire global environment it
constitutes a macro-scale environmental investigation. Owing to the size of the
investigation, a significant amount of generalisation is unavoidable since it simply is
impossible to collect data from thousands and thousands of data collection points all
over the globe. Consequently, macro-environmental research uses as many data
collections points as feasible, but inevitably also has to rely on a lot of generalisation.
When smaller areas are focussed on, less generalisation is necessary as the data
collection points could be more densely dispersed. When micro-environmental
research is done, the same number of data collection points would provide a huge
amount of data about a relatively small area, so the data should be of a high quality
since it pertains to a small area. Less generalisation is, therefore, required. In some
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specialisation fields of Geography (eg the geography of health) this type of data is
essential since generalisation leads to unreliable results. (See “meta data”.)
Makro-omgewing: Die term verwys na „n groot studiegebied wat so groot as die gehele
Aarde mag wees. Wanneer die globale omgewing die studiegebied uitmaak, beteken dit dat
data vanaf die hele wêreld die data vir die navorsing mag uitmaak. Geograwe bestudeer die
omgewing op „n groot (makro-skaal), medium skaal (meso-skaal) en klein mikro-skaal
gebiede. Wanneer die fokus op die hele globale omgewing is, is dit „n makro-skaal
omgewingsondersoek. As gevolg van die grootte van die studiegebied is „n sekere mate van
veralgemening onafwendbaar aangesien dit eenvoudig onmoontlik is om data vanaf
derduisende datapunte oral oor die Aarde in te samel. Gevolglik gebruik makro-
omgewingsnavorsing soveel data-versamelingpunte as moontlik, maar dit is onvermydelik
om swaar op veralgemening te steun. Wanneer daar op kleiner studiegebiede gefokus word,
is minder veralgemening nodig omdat die data-insamelingspunte digter versprei kan word.
Wanneer navorsing in „n mikro-skaal studiegebied gekonsentreer word, kan dieselfde aantal
datapunte „n reusagtige hoeveelheid data oplewer en die analise behoort van „n besonder hoë
kwaliteit te wees. In sekere Geografie-spesialisasievelde (bv die geografie van gesondheid)
is hierdie tipe data essensieel, omdat veralgemening onbetroubare resultate sal lewer. (Kyk
“meta data”.)
Mass movement (gravity displacement): The down-slope falling, sliding or
creeping of lose weathering products or debris (see “erosion”). There are numerous
ways and reasons for this to happen, but the most important causative factors are
gravity, exceeding the angle of repose, loading and water saturation. A pile of
debris – which might be sorted material, as in the case of mine dumps, or unsorted
materials as in the case of a mass of glacial debris will heap-up and come to rest
with the side-slopes of the heap forming a certain angle to the horizontal. This angle
is the angle of repose. For natural materials (such as weathering debris) the angle
of repose is normally less than 35˚. Should the sides slope at a steeper angle, the
pile will collapse and come to rest with the sides sloping at a lesser degree. Water
saturation of the material is, of course, crucial. Compare a sand heap built with
relatively dry sand on the beach, to one built with wet sand – the former would be a
steeper heap than the latter. A small child would probably be able to sit on the heap
of dry sand without causing it to collapse, but the same child will cause the collapse
of the heap built with the wet sand. The child is the “load”, that is the mass (weight)
that the heap can withstand without collapsing. A larger child will cause the collapse
of the heap of dry sand. Water poured on the heap of dry sand will also cause the
heap to collapse into a much flatter heap, proving that water saturation is an
extremely important factor in slope stability. While gravity remains the same, a
change in either the level of saturation or the load placed upon the material, will
cause a change in the angle of repose of the pile resulting in the pile of material to
slip, creep or instantaneously collapse. Rock falls, landslides and mud flows are
dramatic, sudden occurrences which often cause lives to be lost and property to be
irreversibly altered. In our modern, engineered and economical form of life, the
relentlessness of the natural processes of mass movement is often disregarded, and
always to the detriment of the ordinary people. Probably the most well-known
example of mass movement that caused a terrible loss of life is the Aberfan incident
in Wales, Great Britain, when a mine dump collapsed in 1966 and a mass of
oversaturated mine waste simply covered a nearby school burying all the pupils and
teachers in one fell swoop. South Africa too has its examples of dramatic, costly and
often tragic anthropogenic (human-induced) mass movement. One of the most well-
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known scenic roads in the world is Chapman‟s Peak Drive around the peninsula just
south of Cape Town. The road was built by undercutting the steep slopes of the
peninsula, thus disturbing the natural stability of the slopes and consequently rock
falls are common occurrences all along the route. Enormous amounts have recently
been spent to prevent rocks from tumbling onto the road, and after heavy rains the
road is often closed for a few days in order to avoid calamities and remove debris
from the road surface. An ever-present form of mass wasting is soil creep which is
the slow, continual creeping of soil downwards over a shallow slope of as low as
three degrees (3˚). This is a completely natural process, but human activities such
as animal husbandry and crop production might accelerate the process and render
vast tracts of fertile land unproductive.
Swaartekragverplasing (massaverskuiwing of -verplasing): Die afwaartse storting, glying
of kruiping van los verweringsprodukte of -puin (kyk “erosion”). Daar is talle wyses en
redes wat tot so-iets aanleiding kan gee, maar die mees algemene veroorsakende faktore is
swaartekrag, oorskryding van die rushoek, belading en waterversadiging. „n Hoop puin
– wat gesorteerde materiaal, soos in die geval van mynhope, of ongesorteerde materiaal, soos
die massa materiaal wat deur „n gletser afgeset is – mag wees, sal ophoop en tot ruste kom in
„n hoop met kanthellings wat „n sekere hoek met die horisontaal vorm. Hierdie hellingshoek
is die rushoek van die materiaal. Vir natuurlike materiaal (soos verweringspuin) is die
rushoek gewoonlik minder as 35˚. Indien die kanthellings van die hoop steiler as die rushoek
is, sal die hoop ineenstort en tot ruste kom wanneer die kanthellings minder steil hel.
Waterversadiging van die materiaal is natuurlik uiters belangrik. Vergelyk „n sandhoop wat
met relatief droë sand op die strand gebou is met „n hoop wat met nat sand gebou is. Die
hoop wat met die droër sand gebou is, sal steiler hellings vertoon as dié een wat met die nat
sand gebou is. „n Klein kindjie sal waarskynlik bo-op die hoop wat met die droër sand gebou
is, kan sit sonder dat die hoop ineenstort, maar dieselfde kind sal die hoop wat met nat sand
gebou is, laat ineenstort. Die kind is die “belading”, dit wil sê die massa (gewig) wat die
hoop sand kan weerstaan. „n Groter kind (dws lading) sal selfs die hoop droë sand laat swig.
As water versigtig oor die hoop droër sand uitgegiet word, sal die hoop ineenstort tot „n baie
laer hoop met vlakker hellende sye (kanthellings). Dit bewys dat waterversadiging „n uiters
belangrike faktor in hellingstabiliteit is. Hoewel swaartekrag konstant bly, sal „n verandering
in óf die belading óf die vlak van waterversadiging van die hoop materiaal tot „n verandering
van die rushoek lei en die hoop sal swig, gly, stadig minder steil word, of oombliklik
ineenstort. Rotsstortings, grondverskuiwings en modderstortings is skielike, dramatiese
gebeurtenisse wat dikwels dramatiese, skielike gebeurtenisse wat tot die verlies van lewens
en eiendom lei en landskappe onomkeerbaar verander. In ons moderne, ingenieurs- en
ekonomiese lewens, word die onveranderbare rol van natuurkragte dikwels verontagsaam, en
dit kan tot katastrofes vir baie mense lei. Waarskynlik is die bekendste voorbeeld van
skrikwekkende lewensverlies as gevolg van massaverplasing die Aberfan-insident wat in
1966 in Wallis, Groot Brittanje, plaasgevind het. „n Reuse hoop mynbou-uitskot wat reg
langs „n skool geleë was, het as gevolg van langdurige reën oorversadig geraak en eenvoudig
bo-oor die skool gevloei en al die kinders en onderwysers begrawe. Suid-Afrika het ook „n
aantal antropogene (mensgemaakte) massaverplasingsinsidente om as duur en soms tragiese
voorbeelde te dien. Een van die mees bekende skouspelagtige roetes in die wêreld is
Chapman‟s Peak-weg om die skiereiland onmiddellik suid van Kaapstad. Hierdie pad is
gebou deur die steil hellings van die skiereiland te ondergrawe en daardeur die natuurlike
stabiliteit van die hellings te versteur. Die gevolg was dat rotse voortdurend afwaarts na die
pad tuimel. Reuse bedrae is onlangs spandeer om die pad as sodanig teen rotsstortings te
beveilig, maar ná langdurige reënbuie moet die pad steeds soms gesluit word om ongelukke
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te voorkom en puin van die padoppervlak af te verwyder. „n Alom- en altydteenwoordige

vorm van massaverskuiwing is grond-kruiping (of grondkruip) wat die stadige,
voortdurende afwaartse “kruiping” van die grondlaag oor „n vlakhellende oppervlak, wat teen
so min as drie grade (3˚) kan hel, is. Dit is „n normale natuurlike erosieproses, maar
menslike aktiwiteite soos beweiding (veral oorbeweiding) en akkerbou kan hierdie proses tot
so „n mate versnel dat reuse oppervlakke vrugbare landbougrond vandag onproduktief lê.
Malnutrition: A long-term human condition when people do not consume adequate
volumes (amounts) of all the different nutrients that a healthy body requires. It is
critically important in small children since they require a wide variety of nutrients to
develop a normal physiology as well as a normal intellectual capacity. Unlike under-
nutrition which is a condition found only in the developing countries, malnutrition
occurs in both the developed and the developing countries (see “development” and
“developing countries”). In the developing world, the traditional wide variety of
nutritional food sources on offer in nature is no more available owing to over
exploitation by a too large population. Consequently people eat a very restricted diet
consisting mostly of a carbohydrate staple substance such as rice, maize, potatoes,
sweet potatoes, cassava (yam) or wheat. In the nearly forgotten past, these
people‟s ancestors would have consumed a far greater variety of foodstuffs, and
would have had a far higher nutritional status than their current day offspring.
Nowadays protein-deficiency characterises the diets of billions of people all over
the developing world. Apart from the unmistakable physical handicap of the
youngsters who have grown up in such conditions, they might also display an
intellectual handicap. These people might never have experienced hunger or
starvation as such, but they might simply not have received all the protein, vitamins,
minerals and other essential components of a properly balanced diet. Nutrient
deficiencies suffered during the early years of life, are unfortunately not reversible in
later life. On the other side of the continuum, we find the overfed, but
undernourished youngsters of the affluent, developed world. These children grow up
on very unhealthy, fattening diets (“junk food” or “take-aways”), nearly devoid of the
indispensible vitamins and minerals of a proper diet. In the rich, developed
countries, the staple diets of many people are rich in carbohydrates and proteins, but
more or less devoid of essential vitamins and minerals. A good example of this is
the Chinese experience which resulted from the one child policy. In 1979 China
introduced a rigorous policy that each married couple may have only one child.
Apart from all the other negative ramifications of this short-sighted policy (now
defunct), it resulted in obesity which had never been a trait of the Chinese population
before. When the single child generation emerged, they were simply overfed as all
attention and resources were lavished on them. While starvation is literally
threatening billions of people in the developing world, morbid (deadly) obesity is
threatening millions of people in the developed world. From a humanitarian and a
geographical point of view, the numbers of both the starving and the obese are
extremely concerning, and the countries where both of these population
characteristics are common, have a very serious problem on hand. South Africa is
an excellent example of such a country.
Wanvoeding: „n Langtermyn menslike toestand waarin mense nie voldoende volumes
(hoeveelhede) van al die noodsaaklike voedingstowwe wat die menslike liggaam benodig,
inneem nie. Korrekte en voldoende voeding is van kritiese belang in kinders se vroeë
lewensjare aangesien hulle dan „n wye verskeidenheid voedingstowwe vir normale
fisiologiese asook intellektuele ontwikkeling benodig. Anders as ondervoeding wat
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grootliks tot die ontwikkelende lande beperk is, kom wanvoeding in sowel ontwikkelende as
ontwikkelde lande voor (kyk “development” en “developing countries”). In die
ontwikkelende wêreld is die wye verskeidenheid van tradisionele voedingstowwe nie meer
beskikbaar nie omdat die plante uitgeroei is as gevolg van oorbenutting deur „n bevolking wat
nou baie groter is as wat dit in die verlede was. Gevolglik eet die mense „n meer beperkte
dieet wat hoofsaaklik uit die koolhidraatryke stapelvoedingstowwe soos rys, mielies,
aartappels, patats, kassawe of koring bestaan. In die byna vergete verlede sou hierdie mense
se voorsate „n baie wyer verskeidenheid voedingstowwe geëet het en „n baie beter
voedingstatus gehad het as wat hulle nakomelinge vandag het. Deesdae kenmerk „n
proteïen-tekort die diëte van biljoene mense dwarsoor die ontwikkelende wêreld. Afgesien
van die onmiskenbare fisiese agterstand van wanvoede kinders, het hulle ook vertraagde
intellektuele ontwikkeling. Hierdie mense het moontlik nooit hongergely en „n ware
hongersnood beleef nie, maar het nooit die ideale hoeveelhede proteïen, vitamiene, minerale
en ander onontbeerlike komponente van „n gebalanseerde dieet ingeneem nie.
Voedingstoftekorte wat in „n mens se vroeë kinderjare ervaar word, het ongelukkig
onomkeerbare fisiese en intellektuele gevolge en dit kan nie later in „n mens se lewe
“ingehaal” word nie. Aan die ander kant van die voedingskontinuum lê die oorvoede, maar
wanvoede, welvarende mense in sommige van die ontwikkelde lande. In hierdie lande word
baie van die kinders groot op „n uiters ongebalanseerde, ongesonde dieet en “gemorskos”
(“junk food” en “wegneemkos”) maak „n groot deel daarvan uit. Hulle dieet is ryk aan
koolhidrate en proteïene, maar byna ontdaan van die noodsaaklike vitamiene en minerale. „n
Goeie voorbeeld is een van die gevolge van die Chinese een-kind-beleid. In 1979 het China
„n streng beleid dat elke getroude paar net een kind mag hê, ingestel. Afgesien van al die
ander negatiewe gevolge van hierdie kortsigtige beleid (wat gelukkig nou opgehef is), het dit
tot oorgewig by kinders gelei. Vetsug was nooit „n eienskap van die Chinese bevolking nie,
tot die kinders van die een-kind-beleid verskyn het. Hulle is letterlik “oorvoer” en alle
moontlike lekkerny wat hulle wou hê, is in oorvloed aangebied. Terwyl „n hongerdood
biljoene mense in Afrika en Asië in die gesig staar, bedreig morbiede (dodelike) vetsug
miljoene mense in die ontwikkelde wêreld. Uit sowel „n humanitêre as „n geografiese
oogpunt is die verhongerdes en die vetsugtiges ewe sorgbarend. Lande waarin albei hierdie
bevolkingseienskappe voorkom, het „n uiters problematiese vraagstuk om op te los. Suid-
Afrika is „n uitstekende voorbeeld van só „n land.
Map projection: A method by which the curved surface of the Earth is represented
on a flat sheet of paper. We call such a representation of reality a map. The most
important characteristic of a map is that each point on the map corresponds to only
one point of the reality (that is, a specific point in the area that is represented on the
map). Map projection involves the construction of a grid of two sets of intersecting
lines. These lines represent the imaginary grid of latitudinal lines (called parallels)
and longitudinal lines (called meridians) on the Earth‟s surface. Another way of
explaining what map projection is, is that it is a method of transferring the grid
system from the Earth‟s curved surface to the flat surface of a map. The process of
representing a curved shape on a flat plane, demands that either the shapes of the
objects or the directions among them, are distorted. This implies that when a
sizable portion of the Earth‟s surface is mapped, a choice has to be made: should
the map be true in terms of the shapes of the objects (such as continents or water
bodies), or should it be true in terms of the directions. It is impossible to represent a
curved surface on a flat plane without some distortion, and the type of projection
used, determines whether the shapes or the directions are distorted. There are
many different types of projections in use today and the map-maker has to choose
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which type of distortion is more acceptable for the purposes of the map user. There
is a third way to approach the choice of the map projection to use, namely the
decision that neither the shape nor the direction is perfectly correct, both are
somewhat distorted, but the final product satisfies the purpose for which the map is
made. The most well-known example of such a “projection of convenience” is the
Robinson projection that is used by the National Geographic Society. All the global
maps in the National Geographic Magazine are based on the Robinson projection. It
distorts both shape and direction, but to a relatively small degree, and that is why the
National Geographic Society selected this projection.
Kaartprojeksie: „n Metode waardeur die geboë oppervlak van die Aarde op „n plat
oppervlak soos „n vel papier voorgestel kan word. So „n voorstelling noem ons „n kaart.
Die belangrikste eienskap van „n kaart is dat elke punt op die kaart met net een spesifieke
punt in die werklikheid ooreenstem. Kaartprojeksie sluit die konstruksie van „n ruitnet van
twee stelle lyne wat mekaar kruis, in. Hierdie lyne stel die netwerk van breedtelyne
(parallels) en die lengtelyne (meridiane) wat ons in ons verbeelding op die Aardoppervlak
geteken het, voor. „n Ander manier om te beskryf wat kaartprojeksie is, is dat dit „n metode
is om die ruitnet vanaf die geboë aardoppervlak op die plat oppervlak van „n kaart oor te dra.
Die proses waardeur „n geboë oppervlak op „n plat vlak voorgestel word, vereis noodwendig
dat óf die vorm van objekte óf die rigting tussen hulle verwring word. Dit beteken dat
wanneer „n redelik groot deel van die aardoppervlak gekarteer word, daar „n keuse gemaak
moet word: moet die vorm van objekte (soos kontinente of waterliggame) óf die rigting
tussen hulle getrou voorgestel word. Dit is onmoontlik om albei getrou voor te stel, en die
doel van die kaart sal bepaal watter keuse uitgeoefen word, met ander woorde watter
projeksie gebruik sal word. Daar is talle tipes projeksies wat gebruik kan word, en die
kaartmaker moet besluit watter projeksie sal die beste produk aan die kaartgebruiker bied.
Daar is „n derde benadering tot die probleem, naamlik dat sowel die vorm van voorwerpe as
die rigting tussen hulle tot „n mate verwring word, maar die finale produk sal aan die doel van
die kaart voldoen. Die bekendste voorbeeld van so „n “projeksie van gerieflikheid” is die
Robinson-projeksie wat deur die National Geographic Society gebruik word. Alle
wêreldkaarte wat in die National Geographic Magazine gebruik word, is op die Robinson-
projeksie gebaseer. Dit verwring sowel vorm as rigting, maar tot so „n geringe mate dat die
National Geographic Society hierdie projeksie gekies het en dit deurgaans gebruik.
Meta data: This is data and information about data. In any empirical study or
investigation data is collected, but all the data collected might not be of the same
quality or type. Some data is qualitative and some is quantitative. Qualitative and
quantitative data reguire different analytical methods. A researcher always has to
analyse the nature, accuracy and reliability of the data that he/she has collected. In
any research report it is essential to describe the quality of the data (see “primary
data”). The researcher also has to admit to it when some of the data is not very
reliable, explain why it is less reliable and justify why it has nonetheless been used.
All results obtained from the analysis of less reliable data have to be evaluated very
carefully. In certain types of research one might collect a lot of very reliable data as
well as some less reliable data. In such a case the credibility of the results is
diminished to the level of the least reliable data, although most of the data might be
of the highest possible reliability. If all the data used in an analysis is of a low quality
(a low level of reliability) the results are, of course, questionable and findings or
conclusions must be made with the greatest care possible. There are myriads of
reasons why data could be of a poor quality, and it might occur in any type of
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empirical research. In all empirical research, the meta data is indispensable since it
determines the credibility of the conclusions. (See “primary data”.)
Metadata: Dit is data en inligting oor data. In enige empiriese studie of ondersoek word data
ingesamel, maar al die data is nie noodwendig van dieselfde kwaliteit of aard nie. Sommige
data kan kwantitatief wees en ander kwalitatief. Kwantitatiewe data en kwalitatiewe data
vereis verskillende analitiese metodes. „n Navorser moet altyd die aard, akkuraatheid en
betroubaarheid van die data wat ingesamel is, analiseer (kyk “primary data”.) In enige
navorsingsverslag is dit noodsaaklik om die kwaliteit van die data te bespreek. Die navorser
moet dit ook erken indien sekere van die data nie baie betroubaar is nie, verduidelik waarom
dit minder betroubaar is en die gebruik van daardie data regverdig. Alle resultate verkry uit
die analise van minder betroubare data, moet baie versigtig geëvalueer word. In sekere tipes
navorsing is dit moontlik om „n magdom hoogs betroubare data asook „n hoeveelheid minder
betroubare data in te samel. In só „n geval word die betroubaarheid van die resultate verlaag
tot die vlak van die minder betroubare data, al is die oormag van die data van „n hoogs
betroubare kwaliteit. Indien al die data in „n studie van „n lae kwaliteit (lae
betroubaarheidsvlak) is, is die resultate natuurlik twyfelagtig en die gevolgtrekkings moet
met die grootste sorg gemaak word. Daar is „n magdom redes waarom data in „n empiriese
ondersoek van „n lae kwaliteit kan wees. In alle empiriese navorsing is die meta-data van die
uiterste belang aangesien dit die betroubaarheid van die gevolgtrekkings bepaal. (Kyk
“primary data”.)
Metropolitan area: An urban area that is under the control of a local authority
which might be either elected by the people living there (see”local community”), or
appointed by a higher authority. The local authority controls the area by means of
enforcing a set of by-laws and regulations which apply to that specific, well
demarcated area (see “demarcation”), but have no authority beyond the
geographical limits of that area. When an urban-rural boundary is sharp and definite,
it is obvious where the jurisdiction of the local authority begins and ends, but often
urban and rural areas are not clearly separated and tend to merge over a broad
semi-rural, semi-urban mixed type of land-use (see “land-use”) and the settlement
pattern is rather blurred. In all cases the area of jurisdiction of a metropolitan
authority has to be clearly defined or numerous disputes and local disturbances
might arise. In South Africa, where local authorities are elected bodies, numerous
different metropolitan areas were amalgamated into larger metropolitan areas after
the 1994 regime change. Initially this caused quite a bit of uncertainty for both the
inhabitants and the authorities, but many of those teething problems have now been
overcome.
Metropolitaanse gebied: „n Stedelike gebied onder die beheer van „n plaaslike owerheid
wat óf deur die mense wat daar woon (kyk “local communities”) verkies is, óf deur „n hoër
gesagsliggaam aangestel is. Die plaaslike owerheid beheer die gebied deur middel van „n stel
bywette of regulasies wat binne daardie spesifieke, afgebakende gebied (kyk “demarcation”)
geldig is, maar nie buite die geografiese grense van die gebied geldig is nie. Wanneer die
stedelike-landelike grens skerp en goed gedefinieer is, is dit voor die handliggend waar die
jurisdiksie van die plaaslike owerheid begin en eindig, maar dikwels is stedelike en landelike
gebiede nie duidelik van mekaar te onderskei nie en neig om oor „n wye half-stedelike, half-
landelike gebied van gemengde grondbenutting (kyk “land-use”) te vermeng en die
nedersettingspatroon is dan redelik vaag. In alle gevalle behoort die jurisdiksiegebied van
metropolitaanse owerhede duidelik gedefinieer te wees om „n eindelose aantal dispute en
plaaslike onsekerhede te ondervang. In Suid-Afrika, waar plaaslike owerhede verkose
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liggame is, is talle verskillende metropolitaanse gebiede ná die bewindsverandering in 1994,

met mekaar versmelt om reuse metropolitaanse gebiede te vorm. Aanvanklik het dit tot
heelwat onsekerhede vir sowel die inwoners as die owerhede gelei, maar baie van hierdie
tandekryprobleme is sedertdien uitgeklaar.
Migration: The movement of people from one place to another. There are many
different types of migration and one should distinguish the one from the other in
order to assess the potential short and long term effects of the process. Normally
migration means that people shift their abode (the place where they live) from one
place to another in order to live there for a long period. But it is also common for
people to go and live in another place for a relatively short period such as a few
years. Some people move to other places for an undetermined time and they would
move back to their original home regions at the end of a stint in another place. Even
very short-term movement, such as a tourist‟s visit, is sometimes regarded as
“migration”, although tourism is mostly not regarded as migration. One type of
movement which is seldom regarded as migration, is the cross-border movement of
one member of a family to work for 11 months per year in another country, and
returning to their home countries for a month or two, before going back to the host
country (see “refugee”) to earn money. The reason why this type of movement is
seldom regarded as migration is the fact that those worker‟s family stays behind and
the worker him/herself does not intend to live in the host country permanently. An
example of this type of human movement is the large numbers of migrant workers
from Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique, Angola, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Somalia and a number of other African states who annually move to
South Africa because there are no employment opportunities in their home countries.
Migration might be internal, that is, people move from one area in their own country
to another region in the same country. Urbanisation belongs to this category of
migration. In other cases people move to another country with the full intension of
never returning to their country of origin; this is called external migration (or
emigration). There are numerous reasons why people migrate, and two distinct
types of reasons are distinguished, namely push factors and pull factors. The
former include war, famine and starvation, tribalism, religious intolerance, racism,
political factionalism, poverty and the inability to make a living. When migrants move
as family groups in order to save life or limb, they are in fact fleeing, often do not
carry any documentation, have no possessions and are regarded as refugees.
Migration because of pull factors is usually financially motivated. If their home
country does not offer its citizens the opportunity to make a proper living or find paid
employment, the people migrate to another country. “Push” and “pull” factors are not
always easy to distinguish. Currently, innumerable people from a variety of African
states flock to South Africa and enter the country – legally or illegally – for either
economical and/or political reasons (see “refugee”). Here they find employment or at
least a way to make a living, which was impossible to do in their home countries.
Thus their migration is caused by both “push” factors and “pull” factors and it is really
impossible to identify which of the two is actually responsible. Immigration (“in-
migration”) could have an enormous effect on the demographic structure (see
“demographic data” and “population pyramids”) of a population. Although the crude
birth rate in the United States of America is nearly as low as in the affluent, Western
European nations, the annual population growth rate for the USA is the highest in the
world. The reason is that people from all over the world attempt to, and often
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succeed in, moving into the USA for the economical and financial opportunities it
presents.
Migrasie: Die verhuising van mense vanaf een plek na „n ander. Daar is etlike verskillende
tipes migrasie en dit is belangrik om tussen hulle te onderskei om die potensiële kort- en
langtermyn gevolge van „n migrasieproses te beraam. Normaalweg beteken migrasie dat
mense hulle woonplek vir die langtermyn van een gebied na „n ander verskuif. Maar dit is
ook algemeen dat mense vir „n relatief kort periode soos „n paar jaar in „n ander plek gaan
woon. Soms verhuis mense vir „n onbepaalde periode na „n ander plek, maar ná „n tydperk
van verblyf daar, keer hulle terug na hulle oorspronklike tuisgebiede. Selfs uiters kort-
termyn migrasie, soos „n toeristebesoek, word soms as migrasie beskou, maar normaalweg
word toerisme nie as migrasie beskou nie. Een tipe menslike verskuiwing wat selde as
migrasie beskou word, is die oorgrens beweging van een lid van „n familie of gesin om vir 11
maande in „n gasheer-land (kyk “refugee”) te werk en geld te verdien en dan terug te gaan om
„n maand of twee is sy/haar tuisland deur te bring voor hy/sy weer na die gasheer-land
terugkeer om geld te verdien. Die rede waarom hierdie tipe menslike verhuising nie as
migrasie beskou word nie, is die feit dat die werker se hele uitgebreide gesin nie ook migreer
nie en die werker geen voorneme het om permanent in die gasheerland te vestig nie. „n
Tipiese voorbeeld hiervan is die groeiende getalle migrant-werkers vanaf Zimbabwe,
Malawie, Mosambiek, Angola, Somalië en „n aantal ander Afrika-state wat jaarliks na Suid-
Afrika beweeg om hier te werk en geld te verdien omdat daar reuse werkloosheid in hulle
tuislande is. Migrasie kan intern wees; dit behels mense wat van een plek in die land na „n
ander plek in dieselfde land verhuis. Verstedeliking verteenwoordig „n voorbeeld van hierdie
tipe migrasie. In ander gevalle verhuis mense tydelik na „n ander land met die
veronderstelling dat hulle nooit weer na hulle land van oorsprong sal terugkeer nie; dit is
eksterne migrasie (of emigrasie). Daar is „n magdom redes waarom mense migreer, maar
twee oorkoepelende kategorieë van redes kan onderskei word, naamlik “stootfaktore”
(drukfaktore) en “trekfaktore” (aanlokkingsfaktore). Eersgenoemde sluit oorlog,
hongersnood, stamtwiste, rassisme, godsdiensonverdraagsaamheid, politiese faksie-
aktivisme, armoede en die onvermoë om „n lewe te maak in. Wanneer migrante as
familiegroepe wegbeweeg omdat hulle lewens bedreig word, vlug hulle inderwaarheid en het
geen dokumentasie of besittings by hulle nie en word in die gasheerland as hulpbehoewende
vlugtelinge hanteer. Migrasie wat deur “trekfaktore” veroorsaak word, is gewoonlik
finansieel gemotiveer. Indien „n land nie „n aanvaarbare lewenskwaliteit en werksgeleentheid
vir sy burgers kan bied nie, verhuis hulle na „n ander land (kyk “refugee”). Stoot- en
trekfaktore is nie altyd maklik van mekaar te onderskei nie. Tans stroom tallose mense uit „n
verskeidenheid Afrika-state – wettig of onwettig – na Suid-Afrika vanweë ekonomiese en/of
politieke redes. Hier vind hulle lonende arbeidsgeleenthede wat nie in hulle tuislande
beskikbaar is nie. Hulle migrasie is dus deur sowel stoot- as trekfaktore veroorsaak, en dit is
moeilik om te besluit watter een van die twee die belangrikste is. Immigrasie (“in-migrasie”)
kan „n enorme uitwerking op die demografiese struktuur (kyk “demographic data” en
“population pyramids”) van „n bevolking hê. Hoewel die Verenigde State van Amerika
(VSA) se kru-geboortekoers byna so laag as dié van die welvarende lande van Wes-Europa
is, is die VSA se jaarlikse bevolkingsgroeikoers die hoogste is die hele wêreld. Die rede
daarvoor is dat mense van oral in die wêreld probeer en dikwels slaag om na die VSA te
migreer omdat dit ekonomiese en finansiële geleenthede bied wat nie in enige ander staat
bestaan nie.
Modernisation paradigm: A set of economic theories which indicate that
technological development results in economic development, increased well-being,
higher literacy rates and levels of education, and lower population growth and
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improved quality of life. This paradigm hypothesises that mechanisation of the

agricultural and industrial industries, the strengthening of the secondary positive and
tertiary sectors of the economy (by means of financial incentives), the availability of
better health care, an increased level of education, an increase in the per capita
financial wealth of the population and a decrease in population growth are all related
in a network of positive correlations. It is a concept dating from at least 50 years ago
so there has been ample time to test the hypotheses underpinning the theories that
constitute the paradigm. Yet, no totally convincing proof has been found. In some
countries, these positive correlations have actually been recorded, but in others not.
In most of the African states, nothing to support the theories has occurred. In the so-
called BRICS countries (see “economic development”) some of the positive
correlations have been detected, but mostly only in certain pockets of the country
and by no means all over the country. There are so many exceptions that the
paradigm could not be accepted as a universal truth. To mention only one
discrepancy to the theories of the paradigm, the case of the USA might be studied.
The USA‟s modernisation and economic development have followed most of the
rules of the modernisation paradigm, but its economic development has led to an
unexpected fast population growth rate as a result of immigration. Another
discrepancy is that in most African states the birth rates and population growth rates
have remained high despite increased economic development and the provision of
better health care services. The modernisation paradigm is important as it provides
a framework for scientific thinking (that is, a paradigm), but not all predictions made
on the basis of this paradigm have been proven correct. (See “economic
development”, “human development index”, “economic growth”, “development”,
“developed countries” and “developing countries”.)
Moderniseringsparadigma: „n Stel ekonomiese teorieë wat stateer dat dat tegnologiese
ontwikkeling tot ekonomiese ontwikkeling, meer welvaart, laer bevolkingsgroeikoerse, hoër
geletterdheid en onderwysvlakke, asook „n hoër lewenskwaliteit sal lei. Die paradigma
veronderstel dat meganisasie van die landbou en industriële bedrywe, die versterking van die
sekondêre en tersiêre sektore van die ekonomie (deur middel van finansiële insentiewe), die
beskikbaarheid van beter gesondheidsdienste, „n hoër geletterheids- en onderwysvlak en „n
hoër per kapita finansiële welvaart van die bevolking, en „n dalende bevolkingsgroeikoers
almal verwikkel is in „n netwerk van positiewe korrelasies. Dit is „n konsep wat ongeveer 50
jaar oud is en daar was dus oorgenoeg tyd om die hipoteses wat die teorieë van die paradigma
onderlê, te toets. Nogtans is daar tot dusver geen oortuigende bewys van die universele
korrektheid van die onderskeie hipoteses gevind nie. In sekere lande is hierdie positiewe
korrelasies wel gevind, maar in ander nie. In die meeste Afrika-state is niks om die teorieë te
bewys, gevind nie. In die meeste van die sogenaamde BRICS-lande (kyk “economic
development”) is sommige van die positiewe korrelasies wel gevind, maar hoofsaaklik binne
sekere streke of gebiede (“pockets”) en nie in die land as geheel nie. Daar is soveel
uitsonderings dat die paradigma nie as „n universele waarheid aanvaar kan word nie. Om net
een voorbeeld te noem wat die universele aanvaarding van die paradigma belemmer, kan ons
die VSA beskou. Die modernisering en ekonomiese groei van die VSA het die paradigma
redelik getrou onderskryf, maar die groeiende welvaart het gelei tot „n onverwagte hoë
bevolkingsgroeikoers as gevolg van immigrasie en dit is strydig met sekere teorieë in die
paradigma. Nog „n voorbeeld is dat die geboortekoers en bevolkingsgroeikoerse in die
meeste Afrika-state hoog gebly het ten spyte van beter gesondheidsdienste. Die
moderniseringsparadigma is belangrik want dit skep „n raamwerk vir wetenskaplike denke en
navorsing (dit wil sê, „n paradigma), maar nie al die voorspellings wat op grond van die
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paradigma gemaak is, het korrek blyk te wees nie. (Kyk “economic development”, “human
development index”, “economic growth”, “development”, “developed countries” en
“developing countries”.)
Morbidity: The state of ill-health or disease in a community. Since absolute figures
of ill people are not really helpful and cannot form a base for comparison with other
areas or communities, a morbidity rate is usually calculated to describe the state of
ill-health in a community. Many different morbidity rates can be calculated, and
health authorities have to select the one that best suits their purpose. If 10 out of
every 1 000 people in a certain community, are ill, while 25 out of every 1 000 in
another community are ill, we can make valid inferences about the health status of
these communities. But there are numerous complicating factors, for instance
whether all the people are equally ill, whether they have been ill for comparable
periods, and whether all the diagnoses are equally reliable. Consequently,
comparisons must be made with caution. In the geography of health (or medical
geography) the collection of data is extremely difficult, and medical geographers
often share a well-known jocular saying, namely “eye-ball your data real close”.
Morbititeit (siektevoorkoms): Die stand van swak gesondheid of siekte in „n gemeenskap.
Aangesien absolute getalle siek mense nie baie bruikbaar is nie en nie vir vergelykings
gebruik kan word nie, word „n morbiditeitskoers gewoonlik bereken om die staat van
ongesondheid of siektevoorkoms in „n gemeenskap te beskryf. Baie verskillende
morbiditeitskoerse kan bereken word en gesondheidsowerhede moet die een wat hulle
behoeftes die beste pas, kies. Indien 10 uit elke 1 000 mense in „n gemeenskap siek is, terwyl
25 uit elke 1 000 mense in „n ander gemeenskap siek is, kan daar geldige afleidings oor die
gesondheidstatus van die twee gemeenskappe gemaak word. Maar daar is baie
kompliserende faktore, by voorbeeld of al die mense ewe siek is; of hulle almal ewe lank siek
is; en of die diagnoses betroubaar is. Gevolglik moet vergelykings baie versigtig gemaak
word. In die geografie van gesondheid (of mediese geografie) is die data-insameling van die
uiterste belang en baie moeilik. Mediese geograwe deel dikwels „n allombekende, lugtige
gemeenplaas, naamlik “eye-ball your data real close”.

Multiplier effect: An economic concept which basically means that success breeds
success. One successful retail outlet in an area will lead to other businesses being
established nearby which will attract even more businesses, and so forth. One
farmer starts to plant canola (from which canola cooking oil is extracted) instead of
wheat which has traditionally been grown in the region. He/she gets a very good
price for the canola and next year a few other farmer will also start to grow canola
and then the multiplier effect really kicks in and soon all the farmers are planting
canola (as in the Overberg region in South Africa). However, wheat production has
been shrinking at an increased rate and soon wheat production is so low that wheat
has to be imported. The feedback loops (see “feedback loop”) in an economic
system will assure that growth continues to grow exponentially. What has often
been called “the eight wonder of the world”, namely compound interest,
demonstrates this multiplier effect perfectly. Invested money grows and earns
interest and the larger amount of money grows even faster and earns even more
interest. Now the investor is receiving interest on interest and his/her money is
making money which makes more money, and so it goes on and on. A billionaire
can easily make another million Rand and that is why the richest people in the world
are simply getting richer and richer while the poor are getting poorer and poorer.
This is how a classic capitalist, totally free-market economic system works. In such
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a system economic and industrial growth take place at an exponential rate, not a
geometric one. Of course, it cannot continue ad infinitum, but no one knows when
the system will break down. In this respect, natural and human-made systems
behave exactly the same. Exponential growth in a natural system also results in
break-down of the system, but we are not able to predict when the break-down point
would be reached.
Vermenigvuldigingseffek: „n Ekonomiese konsep wat basies beteken dat sukses aanleiding
gee tot meer sukses. Een suksesvolle kleinhandelonderneming in „n spesifieke gebied sal lei
tot die vestiging van ander besighede en ondernemings in daardie gebied, ensovoorts. Een
boer in „n spesifieke gebied plant canola (waaruit kookolie onttrek word) in plaas van koring
wat tradisioneel in daardie streek geplant is. Hy/sy verkry „n baie goeie prys vir die canola en
volgende jaar is daar „n hele aantal boere wat canola plant en dan tree die vermenigvuldiging
in volle werking en al die boere begin canola plant (soos wat in die Overberg-streek in Suid-
Afrika gebeur het). Die koringproduksie het egter nou al so drasties afgeneem dat koring
ingevoer moet word. Die terugvoerlusse (kyk “feedback loop”) in „n ekonomiese sisteem sal
verseker dat groei eksponensieel sal plaasvind. Saamgestelde rente is al dikwels “die agtste
wonder van die wêreld” genoem en dit illustreer die vermenigvuldigingseffek perfek. Geld
wat belê is verdien rente en aangesien daar dan „n groter bedrag is, verdien dit nog meer
rente. Nou begin die belegger rente op rente ontvang en sy/haar geld groei selfs vinniger en
verdien nog meer rente. „n Biljoenêr kan maklik nog „n miljoen Rand maak en dit is waarom
die rykste mense steeds ryker word en die armes steeds armer word. Dit is hoe „n klassieke
kapitalistiese, totaal vrye-mark ekonomiese sisteem werk. In so „n sisteem neem industriële
en ekonomiese groei eksponensieel eerder as geometries toe. Natuurlik kan dit nie verewig
so aanhou nie, maar niemand weet wanneer die sisteem gaan ineenstort nie. In hierdie aspek
tree natuurlike en mens-gemaakte sisteme eenders op. Eksponensiële groei in „n natuurlike
sisteem sal in die ineenstorting van die sisteem eindig, maar ons is nie in staat om te voorspel
wanneer die ineenstorting gaan plaasvind nie.
Natural selection: The natural process by which a specific population (group of
individuals) within a species changes its characteristics over a long period to be
better adapted to a particular stress presented by its environment. The term “natural
selection” has a long and unpleasant history. It was first used by Charles Darwin
when he published his theory of evolution in his famous book On the Origin of
Species in 1859. His theory was misconstrued, especially by the clergy, to imply that
humans stem from monkeys, which is definately not what the theory posits. The
entire theory and its adherents were vilified. However, so many examples of natural
selection and evolution have been recorded over the intervening years that it simply
cannot be disregarded anymore. All species respond in one way or another to new
challenges in their environment. One such reponse is to change its genetic make-up
to be better adapted to its environment. The genetic change is achieved by the
survival of those individuals in a population who happen to be better equipped to
survive, and matings between the more resistant members of the population. Note
that individuals do not evolve, populations do. Perhaps it is best explained by one
indisputable example. A certain species of white coloured moth occurs in New York
City. It was very well camouflaged in the light coloured city environment. But
increasing air pollution after the Industrial Revolution (see “Industrial Revolution”)
resulted in heavy sedimentation of black soot on the buildings and the white moths
were easily seen and caught by birds and other predators. The darker coloured
individuals in the population were the only ones to survive and breed. Eventually the
entire population consisted of darker coloured individuals and that is why the New
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York City population of that species is dark coloured, while the species is actually
white.
Natuurlike uitkiesing (natuurlike seleksie): Die natuurlike proses waardeur „n sekere
populasie („n groep individue) binne „n spesie sy eienskappe oor „n lang tydperk verander om
beter aan te pas by „n spesifieke gevaar of bedreiging in die omgewing. Die term “natuurlike
seleksie” het „n lang en droewige geskiedenis. Charles Darwin het die term aanvanklik
gebruik toe hy sy evolusieteorie in sy beroemde boek On the Origin of Species in 1859
gepubliseer het. Sy teorie is gewaninterpreteer – veral deur die kerklikes – asof dit sou
veronderstel dat mense van ape afstam, en dit is definitief nie wat die teorie stateer nie. Die
hele teorie en die aanhangers daarvan is verdoem. So baie gevalle van natuurlike seleksie en
ewolusie is egter sedertdien gedokumenteer, dat dit doodgewoon nie meer verwerp kán word
nie. Alle spesies reageer op een of ander manier op nuwe uitdagings vanuit die omgewing.
Een sodanige respons is om die genetiese maaksel te wysig sodat die spesie beter by die
omgewingsuitdagings aanpas. So „n genetiese verandering is dat sekere individue in „n
bevolking se genetiese maaksels effens van die ander s‟n verskil en hulle meer bestand maak
teen die bedreiging sodat nét hulle oorleef en aanteel. Let daarop dat individue nie ewoleer
of verander nie; populasies ewoleer. Moontlik word dit ten beste met behulp van „n
onbetwyfelbare voorbeeld verduidelik. „n Sekere spesie wit-kleurige mot kom in New York
City voor. Dit was uitstekend gekamoefleer in die lig-kleurige stedelike landskap. Maar ná
die Industriële Rewolusie (kyk “Industrial Revolution”) het soveel roet op die geboue
neergesif dat die hele landskap donker gekleurd was en die wit motte was gevolglik besonder
sigbaar en het maklik ten prooi van voëls en ander predatore geval. Die donkerder individue
van die populasie is al wat oorgebly het en kon aanteel. Uiteindelik bestaan die hele plaaslike
populasie van daardie motte in New York uit donker individue, terwyl die spesie eintlik wit-
kleurig is.
Nuclear energy: During the 1950s, nuclear energy emerged in the public awareness
as an alternative form of energy, which is both sustainable and clean (that is, it does
not cause the air pollution associated with the combustion of fossil fuels [see “fossil
fuels” and “air pollution”]) and the application was – erroneously – regarded as
inexpensive. (Bear in mind that massive progress in nuclear energy application was
made during the Second World War [1939-1945] and after the war the research in
this field continued. At that time, nuclear energy was very much a solution or a tool
looking for a problem.) Nuclear energy generation uses uranium as raw material. A
very small amount of uranium is required to generate an immense amount of energy.
It soon became clear that the construction of nuclear powered energy plants plus all
the necessary safety measures is an exorbitantly expensive pursuit. Getting rid of
the radio-active waste material presents an equally serious and very expensive
problem. The necessary safety measures cost a fortune, and the problem of
financially affordable storage of large amounts of generated energy is still largely
beyond our capability. Owing to the financial investment, the development of nuclear
power plants is restricted to the affluent developed states, such as the USA, Canada,
the Scandinavian countries, France, Russia and some other Western European
countries, as well as Japan invested in the construction and operation of nuclear
plants. The first serious warning that these plants might pose a serious threat to the
local people as well as the environment was the incident at the Three Mile Nuclear
Plant in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1979 when a malfunction caused the release of radio-
active substances into the immediate environment of the plant. The second highly
disconcerting incident happened in 1986 when a major malfunction and partial
meltdown in the old, rather obsolete Chernobyl nuclear plant in the Ukraine (then still
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part of the USSR) released an enormous amount of radiation into the environment.
The investigation into this nuclear accident revealed that the amount of radiation
released was ten times (10 times) more than that of the nuclear bomb which
destroyed the city of Hiroshima, Japan, at the end of the Second World War. In
2011 a seismic incident once again brought the dangers associated with nuclear
plants to the fore. A powerful earthquake in Japan caused a “leakage” of radio-
activity from the Fukushima nuclear electricity plant. Although it was a very serious
situation it was soon brought under control because Japan had the necessary
modern technology and know-how to deal with the matter. It did, however, stress the
dangers associated with nuclear energy. If accidents can be completely prevented,
safe disposal of radio-active waste can be guaranteed and the enormous amounts of
cash to build the plants are available, nuclear energy might prove to be the preferred
alternative to fossil fuels for generating electricity and the entire world might be able
to use nuclear power, but we are still far short of that target.
Kernenergie (kernkrag): In die 1950‟s het kernenergie in die openbare bewussyn na vore
gekom as „n alternatiewe vorm van energie wat sowel skoon (dit wil sê, dit veroorsaak nie die
lugbesoedeling wat met fossielbrandstowwe [kyk “fossil fuels” en “air pollution”]
geassosieer is nie) as volhoubaar is, en die gebruik daarvan is – verkeerdelik – as goedkoop
bestempel. (Hou ingedagte dat daar tydens die Tweede Wêreldoorlog [1939-1945] reuse
vooruitgang gemaak is met die aanwending die kernenergie en dit het ná die oorlog
voortgeduur. Teen die 1950‟s was kernenergie eintlik „n oplossing wat „n probleem gesoek
het.) Kernkragopwekkers gebruik uraan as roumateriaal. „n Bitter klein hoeveelheid uraan
word benodig om „n reuse hoeveelheid energie op te wek. Dit het egter gou duidelik geword
dat die konstruksie van kernkragaanlegte buitensporig duur is wanneer al die noodsaaklike
veiligheidsmaatreëls ingereken word. Om van die radio-aktiewe afvalmateriaal ontslae te
raak is uiters problematies en duur. Die noodsaaklike veiligheidsmaatreëls kos „n fortuin, en
die bekostigbare berging (stoor) van groot hoeveelhede opgewekte energie is steeds grootliks
bokant ons tegnologiese vermoë. Vanweë die finansiële implikasies het slegs enkele van die
meer welvarende ontwikkelde lande soos dié VSA, Kanada, Skandinawië, Frankryk, Rusland
en sommige ander Wes-Europese lande asook Japan in die oprigting van kernkragsentrales
belê. Die eerste ernstige waarskuwing dat sulke aanlegte „n beduidende bedreiging vir sowel
die plaaslike gemeenskappe (kyk “local communities”) as die omgewing kan inhou, was die
Three Mile Island-insident in Pennsylvania, VSA, in 1979 toe radio-aktiewe stowwe per
ongeluk in die onmiddellike omgewing van die aanleg vrygestel is. Die tweede sorgbarende
insident was „n tegnologiese faling en gedeeltelike smelting van die relatief oudmodiese
Chernobyl-aanleg in die Ukraïne (toe nog deel van die eertydse USSR) in 1986. „n Enorme
hoeveelheid radio-aktiewe straling het uit die aanleg gelek en vinnig na „n baie wyer gebied
versprei. Die ondersoek ná hierdie insident het getoon dat die “ongeluk” meer as tien maal
(10-maal) soveel radio-aktiwiteit vrygestel het as die atoombom wat aan die einde van die
Tweede Wêreldoorlog die hele stad Hiroshima in Japan in puin gelê het. In 2011 het „n
seismiese insident weereens die gevaar verbonde aan kernkragstasies beklemtoon toe die
Fukushima-aanleg in Japan as gevolg van „n sterk aardbewing radio-aktiwiteit begin “lek”
het. Eintlik was dit „n uiters gevaarlike gebeurtenis, maar die hedendaagse tegnologie
beskikbaar in „n hoogs ontwikkelde land het die lekkasie redelik gou onder beheer gehad. Dit
het egter die gevaar van sulke aanlegte in seismies-aktiewe gebiede dringend onder die loep
geplaas. Indien ongelukke totaal voorkom kan word, die veilige wegdoening van die radio-
aktiewe afval gewaarborg kan word, en die reusagtige bedrae om die kernkragsentales te bou,
beskikbaar is, kan kern-energie moontlik wêreldwyd die verkose alternatief tot
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fossielbrandstowwe vir die opwekking van elektrisiteit word, maar ons is nog baie ver van
daardie doelwit af.
Orthophoto map: A vertical aerial photograph (see “airphoto”) of a part of the
Earth‟s surface that has been specially processed to become a most useful type of
topographical map. They are large scale photographic maps (1:2 500, 1:5 000, 1:10
000 and 1:15 000) to which contour lines, spot heights and annotations have been
added (see “contour maps”, “isometric lines” and “interpolation”). In South Africa the
official series is on a scale of 1:10 000, but only the major urban complexes have
been covered. Orthophoto maps have one major advantage over topographical
maps, namely that they are actual photographs with all the information about that
part of the surface captured exactly as it would be seen by the eye. One
characteristic of these maps is that – owing to the large scale – it would require 15 or
20 or even more sheets to cover an urban complex like Durban, whereas the entire
area could be covered by one 1:50 000 topocadastral map sheet. Under certain
circumstances it is more advantageous to use a topocadastral map, but under
different circumstances the orthophoto maps cannot be surpassed for the specific
detail it provides. It might come as a surprise that orthophoto maps are cheaper to
produce than conventional topocadastral maps and therefore easier to update. (See
“topographical map”, “cadastral map” and “topocadastral map”.)
Ortofotokaart: „n Vertikale lugfoto (kyk “airphoto”) van „n gedeelte van die aardoppervlak
wat spesiaal geprosesseer is om „n uiters bruikbare tipe topografiese kaart te wees. Dit is
groot-skaal fotografiese kaarte (1:2 500, 1:5 000, 1:10 000 en 1:15 000) waarop kontoerlyne,
kolhoogtes en annotasies aangebring is (kyk “contour maps”, “isometric lines” en
“interpolation”). In Suid-Afrika is die amptelike reeks ortofotokaarte op „n skaal van 1:10
000, maar slegs die hoof stedelike komplekse word deur die reeks gedek. Ortofotokaarte het
een belangrike voordeel oor topografiese kaarte, naamlik dat hulle werklike foto‟s is wat al
die inligting oor daardie deel van die aardoppervlak met presiese akkuraatheid weergee. Een
van die eienskappe van hierdie kaarte is dat – vanweë die groot skaal – dit 15 of 20 of selfs
meer kaartvelle vereis om „n stedelike kompleks soos Durban te dek, terwyl die hele gebied
deur een enkele 1:50 000 topokadastrale kaartvel gedek word. In sekere omstandighede is dit
meer voordelig om „n topokadastrale kaart te gebruik, maar in ander gevalle kan „n
ortofotokaart nie oortref word nie as gevolg van die spesifieke detail wat dit verskaf. Dit mag
„n verrassing wees dat ortofotokaarte goedkoper is om te produseer as wat konvensionele
topokadastrale kaarte is en dus makliker opgedateer kan word. (Kyk “topographical map”,
“cadastral map” en “topocadastral map”.)

Ozone: Triatomic oxygen (O3) which forms in the upper atmosphere at about 20-25
kilometres above the surface of the Earth. (Note that the oxygen we breath is
molecular oxygen, that is O2). Ozone forms as a result of the dissociation of some
molecular oxygen and the “loose” atoms then combine with proper oxygen molecules
to form triatomic oxygen. Below the level where ozone is formed, it gradually
disperses toward ground level and on the way down the triatomic ozone quickly
changes to normal oxygen molecules. Ozone is important to us because it readily
absorbs ultra-violet radiation and thus prevents a large amount of the ultra-violet rays
from the sun to reach the Eearth‟s surface. Ozone actually protects us from
recieving too much ultra-violet radiation (which could cause skin cancers and eye
cataracts). During the late 1960s and early 1970s, we detected a dramatic reduction
of the ozone in the upper atmosphere. Since we were releasing large volumes of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the atmosphere and knew that CFCs dissociate
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ozone, we deduced that air pollution was causing this reduction in atmospheric
ozone. Realising the consequences of too little ozone in the atmosphere, an
international convention (see “international convention”) was held in Montreal,
Canada. The Montreal Protocol was ratified in 1987 which immediately placed a
total ban on the release of CFCs. Even before all the stipulations of the Montreal
Protocol (Accord) could be implemented, the depleted ozone layer started returning
to its former condition. Since then we have discovered that the ozone concentration
in the atmosphere increases and decreases as a result of currently unexplained
natural causes. We do not know what effect the Montreal Accord had on the ozone
layer, but we have at least succeeded in reducing the amount of CFCs released into
the atmosphere and learnt that humans could act together to achieve some
environmental goal, provided the alternative is too serious to risk.
Osoon: Triatomiese suurstof (O3) wat in die bo-atmosfeer by omtrent 20-25 kilometers bo die
Aarde se oppervlak gevorm word. (Let daarop dat die suurstof wat ons inasem, molekulêre
suurstof, oftewel O2 is). Osoon word gevorm deurdat sommige suurstofmolekules dissosieer
en die “los” (enkel) atome dan met normale suurstofmolekules verbind om triatomiese
suurstof, oftewel osoon, te vorm. Benede die vlak waar die osoon gevorm word, versprei dit
gaandeweg en daal stadig grondwaarts, en namate dit daal, verander die triatomiese osoon om
weer molekulêre suurstof te vorm. Die osoon in die atmosfeer is uiters belangrik omdat dit
geredelik „n gedeelte van die ultra-violetstraling vanaf die son absorbeer en sodoende bereik
baie van die ultraviolet-radiasie vanaf die son nooit die aardoppervlak nie. Osoon beskerm
ons teen „n oormatige blootstelling aan ultra-violetstrale wat velkanker en oogkatarakke kan
veroorsaak. Gedurende die laat-1960‟s en vroeë-1970‟s het ons bespeur dat die
osoonkonsentrasie in die hoër atmosfeer dramaties gedaal het. Aangesien menslike
aktiwiteite op daardie tydstip besig was om reuse volumes chlorofluorokoolstowwe (CFK‟s)
in die atmosfeer vry te stel het, en ons geweet het dat CFK‟s osoonmolekules dissosieer, het
sekere wetenskaplikes dadelik tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat antropogene (mens-
veroorsaakte) lugbesoedeling vir die vermindering van die osoon verantwoordelik was. Met
die besef dat die vermindering van osoon ernstige gevolge vir die mens en die omgewing
inhou, is daar inderhaas in 1987 „n internasionale konvensie (kyk “international convention”)
in Montreal, Kanada, belê. Die Montreal Protokol is bekragtig, dadelik in werking gestel en
die vrylating van CFC‟s is onmiddellik verbied. Nog voordat al die bepalings van die
Montreal Ooreenkoms geïmplementeer kon word, het die uitgedunde osoonlaag in die
atmosfeer begin “herstel” en die osoonkonsentrasie in die atmosfeer het na normaal begin
terugkeer. Sedertdien het ons uitgevind dat die osoonkonsentrasie in die atmosfeer verminder
en vermeerder as gevolg van natuurlike oorsake wat nog hoegenaamd nie aan ons bekend is
nie. Ons weet nie werklik hoeveel effek die bepalings van die Montreal Akkoord in
werklikheid op die osoonlaag gehad het nie, maar ons het darem daarin geslaag om die
vrystelling van CFK‟s dramaties te verminder en ons het gesien mense dwarsoor die wêreld
kán saamwerk om „n gemene doel te bereik, wanneer die alternatief só ernstig sal wees dat
die risiko bloot te groot is om dit te waag.

Physical accessibility: See “accessibility”.

Fisiese bereikbaarheid/toeganklikheid: Kyk “accessability”.
Polarisation: Parties who have the same viewpoint about any important matter will
band together to form polarised pressure groups who could oppose one another
more effectively. In any international gathering of interested parties, polarisation
inevitably happens. Whether it is a political, economical or environmental issues that
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is at stake, it is a given that the role players will not all share the same opinion. Each
party will in the first place want to protect its own interests. It would join the group
that holds opinions most compatible with its own. The gathering will inevitably
become polarised, and two or more powergroups will then face it off. In the political
and economical environments, formal agreements might be reached by like-minded
parties. Some of these agreements might stand for many years and might even
survive wars, terrorism and enemy aggression. A typical example is the Allied
Forces of the Second World War who opposed the Axis States, but in that instances
many of the allegiances changed after the war and new animosities surfaced in what
became a 40-year Cold War. The African Union which originated from the
Organisation for African Union has survived despite a number of wars between the
member nations themselves, but both of these organisations have been remarkably
ineffective in establishing peace and development in Africa. Since politics and
economics are often intertwined, political and economical polarisations are also
intertwined. Some authors regard the world as being polarised between an
economically developed grouping and an economically developing (or
underdeveloped) grouping of states (see “economic development”, “developed
North” and “developing states”). However, nowadays the most prominent
economical groupings are the Group of Eight, the developing states and the BRICS
countries (see “economic development”, “developed states” and “developing
nations”). In the environmental sphere, polarisations are very common, but they
tend to be loose, self-serving and changeable. Some countries might band together
during one Cites meeting (see “international conventions”) and oppose all others in
order to sell-off their stock-piles of ivory or rhino horn, and be completely opposed
about the very same issue at the next Cites meeting. At the so-called “Earth
Summit” (see “environmental justice”) the developing (poor) nations and the
developed (rich) nations opposed each other vigorously in unpremeditated
polarisation about environmental responsibility and air pollution. But on the whole,
environmental polarisations tend to be fluid, opportunistic and issue-bound.
Polarisasie: Verskillende partye wat dieselfde mening oor een of ander saak huldig, vorm
gepolariseerde drukgroepe wat mekaar meer effektief kan opponeer. In enige vergadering
van betrokke partye sal daar onvermydelik polarisasie plaasvind. Ongeag of dit „n politiese,
ekonomiese of omgewingsaangeleentheid is wat ter sake is, kan dit as „n gegewe aanvaar
word dat al die rolspelers nie dieselfde standpunt sal huldig nie. Elke party sal in die eerste
plek poog om sy eie belange te beskerm. Daardie party sal by die groep aansluit wie se
mening die mees versoenbare met sy eie mening is. Die vergadering sal onvermydelik
gepolariseerd raak en twee of meer magsblokke sal teen mekaar tot stand kom. In die
politiese en ekonomiese omgewings, kan formele ooreenkomste tussen partye wat dieselfde
mening huldig, aangegaan word. Sommige van hierdie ooreenkomste kan baie jare bly
bestaan en mag selfs oorloë, terrorisme en vyandige aggressie weerstaan. „n Tipiese
voorbeeld is die Geallieerde Magte wat in die Tweede Wêreldoorlog die Aksis State
opponeer het, maar in hierdie geval het sekere van die alliansies ná die oorlog verskuif en
nuwe vyandighede het te voorskyn getree en in „n 40-jaar lange Koue Oorlog ontaard. Die
Afrika Unie wat uit die Organisasie van Afrika-eenheid ontspring het, het oorleef ten spyte
van „n aantal oorloë tussen sekere lidlande, maar nie een van hierdie organisasies was ooit
effektief om vrede en ontwikkeling in Afrika te bewerkstellig nie. Aangesien politiek en
ekonomie dikwels verwikkeld is, is politieke en ekonomiese polarisasies dikwels
ineengestrengel. Sommige outeurs beskou die wêreld as gepolariseerd tussen „n ekonomies
ontwikkelde groep en „n ekonomies ontwikkelende (of onderontwikkelde) groep (kyk
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“economical development”, “developed North” en “developing states”). Deesdae is die mees

prominente ekonomiese groeperings die Groep van Agt, die ontwikkelende state en die
BRICS lande (kyk “economic development”, “developed countries” en “developing
countries”). In die omgewingsfeer is polarisasie baie algemeen, maar hulle neig om losse,
eie-belang-dienende en veranderlike groeperings te wees. Seker lande span saam gedurende
een Cites-vergadering (kyk “environmental conventions”) en opponeer al die ander partye om
toestemming te kry om hul voorrade van ivoor of renosterhoring van die hand te sit, maar by
die volgende Cites-vergadering mag hulle heeltemal teen mekaar gepolariseer wees oor die
een of ander vraagstuk. By die sogenaamde “Aarde-beraad” (kyk “environmental justice”)
het die ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande mekaar energiek in nie-voorafbeplande
omgewingspolarisasie oor omgewingsbewaring en lugbesoedeling gekonfronteer. Oor die
algemeen is omgewingspolarisasies egter vloeibaar, opportunisties en vraagstukgebonde.
Political instability: A condition of uncertainty about the jurisdiction or control in a
certain, definable area of the world. Politically the world is organised into
demarcated (see “demarcation”) states or countries, that is, political units. A state is
theoretically an independent (autonomous), territorial, political entity under the
jurisdiction of a recognised authority. (Note: do not confuse the different states of
the United States of America with the USA as a nation.) In theory, each politic unit is
under the jurisdiction of a recognised authority which might be a single ruler (such as
a king, queen, dictator, or leader), or a ruling group who have taken control, or a
democratically elected person and his/her party. There are, however, so many
different types of government or jurisdiction or control, that it is often impossible to
describe the jurisdiction or authority in a specific political unit. Moreover, the
territories of the individual political units are often not even clearly defined. The
geopolitical map of the world is a representation of a fluid pattern of jurisdiction,
which changes all the time, because the geopolitical spatial pattern of the world
changes all the time. There are numerous border disputes among the global political
units, for instance the border between North Korea and South Korea, where the 38˚N
parallel (line of latitude) currently serves as the international border, with wide strips
of no-man‟s land on either side. The border disputes between Israel and Palestine
are so complicated that it simply cannot be described in a few simple sentences.
Many other examples can be named, but the essence of it all is that the geopolitical
pattern is never a fixed certainty. Every geopolitical map of the world is probably
“out of date” the moment it is drawn! To complicate an already complicated issue,
there is often political turmoil within many of the global political units. In some
countries jurisdiction continually shifts from one political party to another or from one
military faction to another. Hence, political instability occurs between as well as
within political units. Apart from the difficulties ordinary citizens of a country, state, or
regions might have to face because of political instability, it has a huge impact on
global as well as regional and even national economic activity. It stands to reason
that investors are not readily going to invest money in the form of foreign direct
investment (FDI) in politically unstable countries or regions because they might lose
their money when the regime (the authority) changes. Political instability is rife in
Africa, and foreign investors such as the European Union, the USA and China, the
World Bank (WB), the International Monitory Fund (IMF) as well as the really big
investors like the multinational corporations (MNCs) are hesitant and cautious to
invest in countries typified by political instability (such as many of the African states
and regions like the Middle East). If the developing countries wish to attract foreign
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investment they have to be politically stable enough to reassure the investors of

making money, rather than losing it.
Politieke onstabiliteit: „n Toestand van onsekerheid oor die jurisdiksie of beheer oor „n
spesifieke, definieerbare gebied van die wêreld. Polities is die wêreld ruimtelik volgens
afgebakende state of lande (kyk “demarcation”) dit wil sê politieke eenhede, georganiseer. „n
Staat is teoreties „n onafhanklike (outonome), territoriale, politieke eenheid wat onder die
uitsluitlike jurisdiksie van „n erkende owerheid staan. (Let daarop om nie die verskillende
state van die Verenigde State van Amerika met die VSA as „n nasie te verwar nie.) Ideaal
gesproke, is elke politieke eenheid onder die spesifieke jurisdiksie van „n erkende outoriteit
wat „n enkel heerser (soos „n koning, koningin, diktator of leier), of „n heersende groep wat
beheer oorgeneem het, of „n demokraties verkose persoon en sy/haar party kan wees. Daar is
egter soveel verskillende soorte regerings of jurisdiksies of vorme van beheer, dat dit dikwels
byna onmoontlik is om die jurisdiksie of outoriteit in „n spesifieke politieke eenheid te
beskryf. Om sake te vererger, is die territoriums van die individuele politieke eenhede
dikwels nie duidelik gedefinieer nie. Die geopolitiese kaart van die wêreld is „n voorstelling
van „n vloeibare patroon van jurisdiksie wat deurentyd verander. Daar is talle grensdispute
tussen die globale politieke eenhede, byvoorbeeld die grens tussen Noord-Korea en Suid-
Korea waar die 38˚-breedtelyn tans as internasionale grens dien, met twee breë stroke
niemandsland weerskante. Die grensdispute tussen Israel en Palestina is so kompleks dat dit
nie in „n paar sinne beskryf kan word nie. Baie ander voorbeelde kan genoem word, maar die
pit daarvan is dat die globale geopolitiese ruimtelike patroon nooit „n vaste werklikheid is
nie. Elke geopolitiese kaart van die wêreld is waarskynlik verouderd die oomblik wat dit
geteken is! Om die reeds ingewikkelde saak nog meer ingewikkeld te maak, is daar dikwels
politiese onstuimigheid binne een en dieselfde politieke eenheid. In sommige lande verskuif
die jurisdiksie elke nou en dan vanaf die een politieke faksie of party na die ander, of selfs
van die een militêre faksie na die ander. Die realiteit daarvan is egter eenvoudig: politiese
onstabiliteit sowel tussen as binne politieke eenhede is „n absolute werklikheid. Afgesien van
die probleme wat die gewone burgers van „n land, staat, of streek moet trotseer, het politieke
onstabiliteit „n reuse uitwerking op die streeks- asook die nasionale ekonomiese aktiwiteite.
Dit is voor die handliggend dat beleggers nie geredelik hulle geld in die vorm van
buitelandse-direkte belegging (foreign direct investment [FDI]) in polities-onstabiele lande of
streke gaan belê nie, want hulle kan hulle geld verloor in „n politiese oorname. Politieke
onstabiliteit is algemeen in Afrika, en buitelandse beleggers soos die Europese Gemenebes
(EU), die VSA en China, die Wêreldbank (WB), die Internasionale Monitêre Fonds (IMF)
asook die ware groot beleggers, naamlik die multinasionale maatskappye of korporasies
(MNM‟s), is huiwerig en traag om in „n polities-onstabiele lande of streke (soos baie Afrika-
state of die Midde-Ooste) te belê. Indien die ontwikkelende lande buitelandse belegging wil
lok, moet hulle politieke stabiliteit toon wat die beleggers van winste eerder as verliese sal
verseker.
Population density: The number of individuals that occur within a specified portion
of landsurface, expressed as “x” individuals per “y‟” square kilometre (or metres or
miles). The index might apply to the concentration of humans, animals, insects or
microbes or anything non-organic. In this context the term “population” is used in the
statistical sense, which means that any type of phenomenon might constitute the
population referred to. In Geography and all other environmental sciences, it often
refers to human beings, but that might not necessarily be the case, since shops,
schools, trees, mammals, reptiles or microbes could constitute a “population”.
Therefore, the entire concept is a statistical one. Whatever the nature of the
population, the statistical index applies. In Geography one could usually take
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population density as referring to human beings, but that is not always the case. A
very easy comparative variable to explain the term is to use the number of individual
human beings who live within a defined area. In an Indian slum 700 000 or more
human individuals (people) might live within one square kilometre of land. The
population density is extremely high since there is far less than one square metre of
landsurface available for every human being in the population. On the other hand,
less than one human being lives within an area of many square kilometres of land in
the Sahara desert. The population density in any urban area is always higher than
that of the surrounding rural area.
Bevolkingsdigtheid: Die aantal individue wat binne „n spesifieke gedeelte van die
aardoppervlak voorkom. Dit behels gewoonlik die aantal individue van „n spesifieke
bevolking wat binne „n spesifieke gebied op die aardoppervlak voorkom, en word meestal
uitgedruk as die aantal individue “x” wat per vierkante kilometers (of meters of myl) “y” van
die landoppervlak lewe of voorkom. Die indeks kan na die konsentrasie mense, diere, insekte
of mikrobe of enigiets anorganies (dit wil sê, nie-lewend) binne „n spesifieke gebied verwys.
In hierdie konteks word die term “bevolking” in „n statistiese sin gebruik, wat beteken dat
enige tipe objek die populasie waarna verwys word, kan uitmaak. In Geografie en die ander
omgewingswetenskappe verwys die term “bevolkingsdigtheid” meestal na mense, maar dit is
nie noodwendig die geval nie. Dit kan na ander tipes verskynsels soos winkels, skole, bome,
soogdiere, reptiele, of mikrobe verwys. Gevolglik is die hele konsep van “bevolking”
(population) „n statistiese konsep. Maar afgesien van die aard van die “bevolking” is die
statistiese indeks geldig. „n Eenvoudige vergelykbare veranderlike om die term te beskryf, is
die aantal individuele mense wat binne „n spesifieke identifiseerbare gebied leef of voorkom.
In „n Indiese krotbuurt kan daar 700 000 of meer individue (mense) binne een vierkante
kilometer leef. Die bevolkingsdigtheid is dus geweldig hoog aangesien daar baie minder as
een vierkante meter vir elke mens beskikbaar is. Aan die ander uiterste leef daar minder as
een individu binne talle vierkante kilometers in die Sahara-woestyn. Die bevolkingsdigtheid
in enige verstedelikte gebied is altyd hoër as in enige aanliggende landelike gebied.

Population growth: An increase in the number of individuals in a definable group.

In a statistical sense a population could consist of non-living objects (such as motor
cars) or living individuals (such as elephants or fruitflies) (see “population density”).
Since Geography concerns itself primarily with the spatial relationships between
human beings and their environment, we normally think of human beings when we
read the term “population”. The number of people in a specific group within a
definable space, may increase by means of migration (see “migration”), or by the
birth of new individuals. The latter is called natural population increase, and
different populations increase at different rates (see “fertility”). In some cities,
countries, regions or nations more individuals (babies) are born than in others,
consequently the natural population growth rate in the first-mentioned population is
higher than in the others. Since human populations differ greatly in terms of size and
characteristics, it is difficult to compare and make scientific defensible inferences
about the population growth rate in vastly different populations. To overcome these
problems, certain standardised statistics and indeces (indexes) are used to express
population growth rate. Crude natural birth rate (the actual number of babies
born to each 1 000 people in the population) is one such statistic and it is probably
the most commonly used statistic to express population growth. Annual growth
rate is another, but that includes migrants. A number of other statistics could also be
used to describe population growth, so we must carefully select the most appropriate
statistic or index to express population growth rate. There are many different factors
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that might influence population growth rate: culture, religion, health status, medical
facilities, governmental actions and laws on the number of children per married
couple, financial considerations, migration, internal political instability (see “political
instability” and “malnutrition”), war, disease, and many more. Many African states
have high annual birth rates, but owing to some of the mentioned factors their
population growth rates might be relatively low (see “fertility”). When more people
move away from a place than those who are born or into it or migrate towards it, the
population growth might even be negative. Some of the Western European
countries (eg Norway, Sweden, Denmark and France) and even Russia, have
negative population growth rates and their populations are in fact declining! The
United States of America is always an interesting and rather surprising example of a
country with a high population growth rate: the natural population increase in the
USA is low, but the medical facilities are excellent, no famines or uncontrolled
diseases occur, more than enough food is available for every member of the
population, the human development index (HDI) is relatively high, and so forth, but
the reason why the USA has the highest annual population growth rate in the entire
world is inward migration of people from all over the world. So while some Western
European countries and Russia have declining populations, the USA has a
ballooning population!
Bevolkingsgroei: „n Toename in die aantal individue in „n definieerbare groep. In „n
statistiese sin kan „n bevolking „n nie-lewende versameling objekte (byvoorbeeld
motorvoertuie) of „n groep lewende wesens (soos olifante of vrugtevlieë) wees (kyk
“population density”). Aangesien Geografie hoofsaaklik te make het met die ruimtelike
verhoudings tussen mense en hulle omgewing dink ons dadelik aan mense wanneer ons die
term “bevolking” hoor. Die aantal mense in „n spesifieke groep binne „n definieerbare ruimte
kan styg as gevolg van migrasie (kyk “migration”) of as gevolg van die geboorte van nuwe
individue. Laasgenoemde is die natuurlike bevolkingsgroei en dit verskil van een
bevolking na „n ander (kyk “fertility”). In sommige stede, lande, streke of nasies word meer
babas gebore as in andere, gevolglik is die bevolkingsgroeikoers in sekere ruimtelike eenhede
hoër as in ander. Aangesien menslike bevolkings sowel in grootte as in kenmerke verskil, is
dit moeilik om vergelykings tussen bevolkings te maak en wetenskaplik verdedigbare
afleidings oor die bevolkingsgroeikoerse in totaal verskillende bevolkings te maak. Om
hierdie probleme te oorkom, word sekere gestandaardiseerde statistieke en indekse gebruik
om bevolkingsgroeikoerse op vergelykbare wyse uit te druk. Die kru natuurlike
geboortekoers (dit wil sê die aantal babas wat per 1 000 individue van die bevolking gebore
word) is een sodanige statistiek en is waarskynlik die algemeenste manier om
bevolkingsgroei te beskryf. Die jaarlikse groeikoers word ook algemeen gebruik, maar dit
sluit migrante in. „n Hele aantal ander statistieke kan ook gebruik word om bevolkingsgroei
te beskryf. Gevolglik moet ons versigtig kies wanneer ons besluit op „n statistiek of indeks
om die bevolkingsgroei te beskryf. Daar is „n magdom verskillende faktore wat
bevolkingsgroeikoers beïnvloed: kultuur, godsdiens, gesondheidstatus, mediese fasiliteite,
regeringsoptrede en wette oor die aantal kinders wat „n getroude paar mag hê, finansiële
oorwegings, migrasie, binnelandse politieke onstabiliteit (kyk “political instability” en
“malnutrition”), oorlog, siekte-epidemies, en vele meer. Baie Afrika-state het hoë jaarlikse
geboortekoerse, maar as gevolg van sommige van die bogenoemde faktore is hulle
bevolkingsgroeikoerse relatief laag. Wanneer „n ruimtelike eenheid meer mense per jaar deur
migrasie of sterfte verloor as wat dit deur geboortes of migrasie ontvang, is die
bevolkingsgroeikoers negatief. Sommige Wes-Europese state (byvoorbeeld Swede,
Noorweë, Denemarke en Frankryk) en selfs Rusland het negatiewe bevolkingsgroeikoerse
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en hulle totale bevolkingsgetalle is inderdaad besig om te daal! Die Verenigde State van
Amerika is altyd „n interessante en effe verbasende voorbeeld van „n land met „n hoë
bevolkingsgroeikoers: die natuurlike bevolkingsgroeikoers is laag, maar die mediese
fasiliteite is uitstekend, daar is geen hongersnode of ongekontroleerde siekte-epidemies nie,
daar is oorgenoeg kos vir elke individu in die bevolking, die menslike ontwikkelingsindeks
(kyk “development”) is relatief hoog, ensovoorts, maar die rede waarom die VSA die hoogste
jaarlikse bevolkingsgroeikoers in die wêreld het, is aan migrasie toe te skryf. Mense van oral
in die wêreld wil na die VSA migreer. Terwyl die bevolkings van sekere Wes-Europese
lande en Rusland aan die krimp is, vergroot die VSA se bevolking soos „n ballon wat
opgeblaas word!

Population pyramid: A graphic representation of the structure of a specific human

population. Only two population variables (characteristics, properties) are used to
construct (draw) such a population pyramid, namely gender and age. Although a
population pyramid is a relatively simple representation, it carries a myriad of
crucially important information (see “population growth”). So from very basic, easily
obtainable demographic data extremely important information about a population
can be conveyed and deduced. Perhaps it is even more important that population
pyramids afford scientists an easy, visual basis for comparisons between the main
characteristics of different populations. From a population pyramid one can
immediately read both absolute numbers as well as proportional figures and
calculate indices (indexes). Absolute numbers such as of individuals in the different
age or gender groups of the population, and the proportions of the economically
dependent population (see “development” and “developing countries”), the age
distribution of the population, the gender composition of the population, the infant
mortality, the life expectancy of the population, and a number of other variables
(characteristics) of the specific population can be deduced from a population
pyramid. It is one of the most commonly used and useful geographical
representations on which to base comparisons between different populations (see
“demographic data”). Even popular lay publications like Time often use it.

Bevolkingspiramiede: „n Grafiese voorstelling van die struktuur van „n spesifieke menslike

bevolking. Slegs twee bevolkingsveranderlikes (dit wil sê -eienskappe of -kenmerke),
naamlik ouderdom en geslag, word gebruik om „n bevolkingspiramiede te konstrueer (te
teken). Hoewel „n bevolkingspiramiede „n relatief eenvoudige voorstelling is, dra dit „n
magdom krities-belangrike bevolkingsinligting (kyk “population growth”) oor. Op hierdie
manier kan basiese, relatief maklik bekombare demografiese data uiters belangrike
bevolkingsinligting oordra en „n beduidende hoeveelheid insiggewende inligting kan uit die
bevolkingspiramiede afgelei word (kyk “population pyramid”). Bevolkingspiramiedes bied
wetenskaplikes die geleentheid om met behulp van relatief eenvoudige visuele voorstellings
maklik geldige vergelykings tussen verskillende bevolkings te maak. Sommige van die mees
belangrike eienskappe (attribute) van „n bevolking, soos die kinder-sterftesyfer en die
lewensverwagting van die individue in die bevolking kan direk afgelees of afgelei word. Met
behulp van „n bevolkingspiramiede kan „n mens onmiddellik die absolute getalle individue
in die verskillende ouderdoms- of geslagsgroepe (gendergroepe) aflees, maar ook
proporsionele inligting inwin en allerlei indekse, soos die ekonomiese
afhankliksheidsindeks (kyk “development”) bereken. „n Bevolkingspiramied is een van die
bruikbaarste grafiese voorstellings op grond waarvan vergelykings tussen verskillende
bevolkings getref kan word (kyk “demographic data”). Selfs gewilde leke-publikasies soos
Time maak dikwels daarvan gebruik.
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Precautionary principle: There is no standard definition for this term. It is a term

that scientists should handle with the greatest of care. It is actually an intuitive
sense of caution or doubt or uncertainty, stemming from both a certain ethical
code and a mount of empirical evidence. The precautionary principle forms one of
the basic tenets underpinning the entire pluri-disciplinary field of environmental
management. The ethical code in which modern day environmental management is
embedded, is that we should do nothing that might cause irreversible harm, alter or
destroy the natural environmental heritage which future generation would inheret
from us, and that we must endeavour to use nature‟s resources in a sustainable way
(see “sustainability”, “ecocentrism” and “environmentalist”). This ethical code differs
totally from the prevailing environmental ethics during certain periods of human
history. During the Industrial Revolution (see “Industrial Revolution”), the
environment was regarded as nothing more than a supplier of resources and a
receptacal of things we no longer needed. Sustainability of ecosystems and
sustainable resource use were not part of that ethic. Empirical evidence later
disclosed how severely we had impacted the environment and revealed the
irreparable harm and destruction we had wrought. At that stage (more or less the
1950s and early 1960s) the Environmental Movement was born and started gaining
momentum (see “environmentalist” and “ecocentrism”). After another three to four
decades, the environment has become one of humankind‟s most important
considerations in managing our actions and activities (see “ecocentrism” and
“greening mainstream politics”) – a completely different environmental ethic had
replaced the previous one of non-sustainability. Based on the precautionary
principal, we have developed sophisticated systems of institutional caution to
regulate human actions and prevent irreparable harm to the environment. Owing to
the precautionary principle, we now manage the environment in such a way that we
must carefully consider our actions and their potential impacts on the environment
before we embark on any activity involving the environment, and our aim is to
prevent environmental destruction rather than rehabilitate a destroyed environment –
prevention is cheaper than cure! The predictive and preventative nature of
environmental management is founded in the precautionary principle. Environmental
management is constructed around a goal of preventing, rather than reacting to,
undesirable environmental impact.
Voorkomingsbeginsel: Daar is geen standaard definisie vir hierdie term nie. Dit is „n term
wat met groot omsigtigheid deur wetenskaplikes gebruik behoort te word. Dit is
inderwaarheid „n intuïtiewe aanvoeling van versigtigheid of twyfel, of onsekerheid, wat
spruit uit sowel „n sekere etiese kode as „n magdom empiriese getuienis. Die
voorkomingsbeginsel is een van die sentrale grondbeginsels waarop die hele pluri-
dissiplinêre veld van omgewingsbestuur gevestig is. Die etiese kode waarin moderne
omgewingsbestuur geanker is, is dat ons niks moet doen wat moontlik die omgewing
onomkeerbaar sal wysig of vernietig nie, en dat ons ons natuurlike hulpbronne op „n
volhoubare wyse moet gebruik (kyk “sustainability”, en“ecocentrism” en
“environmentalist”) sodat ons nie „n vernietigde omgewing aan die toekomstige geslagte
nalaat nie. Hierdie etiese kode verskil geheel en al van dié wat in vroeër tydperke van die
menslike geskiedenis gegeld het. Tydens die Industriële Revolusie (kyk “industrial
revolution”) is die omgewing bloot as „n voorsiener van hulpbronne, en „n “ashoop” vir alles
waarvoor ons geen nut meer gehad het nie, beskou. Volhoubaarheid van ekosisteme en
volhoubare benutting van hulpbronne was net eenvoudig nie deel van daardie etiek nie.
Empirisie getuienis het later getoon hoe ernstig ons die omgewing geskaad het en dat ons
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onomkeerbare skade aangerig het. Op daardie stadium (ongeveer die 1950‟s en vroeë-
1960‟s) het die moderne Omgewingsbeweging momentum gekry (kyk “environmentalist” en
“ecocentrism”). Ná nog drie tot vier dekades het die omgewing een van die belangrikste
oorwegings in die mensdom se aksies en aktiwiteite geword (kyk “ecocentrism” en
“greening mainstream politics”) en „n heeltemal ander omgewingsetiek geld nou, naamlik
„n etiek van volhoubaarheid. Gebaseer op die voorkomingsbeginsel het ons gesofistikeerde
sisteme van institusionele versigtigheid daargestel om menslik aksies en aktiwiteite te
reguleer en sodoende te verhoed dat onomkeerbare skade aan die omgewing aangebring
word. Te danke aan die voorkomingsbeginsel, bestuur ons nou die omgewing op só „n wyse
dat ons versigtig oorweging skenk aan ons potensiële impak op die omgewing vóór ons iets
aanpak wat moontlik „n nadelige impak op die omgewing kan hê. Ons doel is om
omgewingsimpak te voorkom eerder as om te reageer daarop – voorkoming is goedkoper as
genesing! Die voorspellings- en voorkomingsaksies wat omgewingsbestuur onderlê, spruit
uit die voorkomingsbeginsel.
Primary data: A series of observations, measurements, facts, and so forth
pertaining to the sampled population (see “demographic data”) in a specific research
problem in a specific place at a specific time. There are various recognised methods
of data collection, such as literally standing at one street corner and counting the
numbers of motorcars, minibus taxis, pedestrians, senior citizens, young males
wearing a certain brand of shoe, and anything else which/who passes that specific
point in a specific time. It might also be counting the number of invader plants
flourishing in a specific area, or measuring the distance between baobab trees in a
specific area. These observations, facts, measurements and occurrences are simply
ticked off on a clipboard or recorded in the researcher‟s field notes. Data collection
might also be done by checking official documents to establish the number of people
who have legally entered the country over a specific period, the number of people
who are living with HIV, the number of indivuals receiving social grants, the number
of people who do not pay their taxes, the number of individuals incarcerated for
sexual offences, the number of rhinos annually poached in coservation areas, and
many more. A commonly used data collection tool is the filling out of questionnaires.
All of the above-mentioned examples of data collection are called “data collection by
field-work”, although it might be done in a city! The data collected by researchers
and their trained research assistants, is unprocessed, raw, primary data. By
means of various data processing techniques, the data is then sorted, coded,
grouped, mapped and converted into information, such as percentages, indices
(indexes) and graphic representations, all of which are easily compared with the
same information from other areas. Processed data, might become primary data in
another research project, provided the accuracy of the original primary can be
verified and found reliable.
Primêre data: „n Reeks waarnemings, metings, feite, ensovoorts, wat verband hou met „n
verteenwoordigende monster van „n populasie (kyk “demografiese data”) op „n sekere plek
en „n sekere tydstip. Daar is verskeie erkende data-insamelingsmetodes, byvoorbeeld om
op „n straathoek te staan en te tel hoeveel motors, minibustaxi‟s, voetgangers, senior burgers,
jong mans wat een spesifieke tipe skoen dra, en enige iets of persone wat in „n sekere tydperk
by daardie spesifieke punt verbybeweeg. Dit kan ook die tel van die aantal indringerplante
wat in „n sekere area gedy, of die meting van die afstand tussen kremetartbome in „n
spesifieke gebied wees. Hierdie tipe data word sommer op die navorser se knypbord of in
sy/haar veldnotas aangeteken. Data-insameling kan ook die nagaan van amptelike rekords
behels om vas te stel hoeveel mense wettig of onwettig oor „n spesifieke tydperk die land
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binnegekom het, aantal mense wat met MIV leef, aantal mense wat sosiale toelae ontvang,
die aantal mense wat nie hulle belasting betaal nie, die aantal individue wat op „n spesifieke
tydstip as gevolg van seksuele oortredings in aanhouding is, die aantal renosters wat jaarliks
deur wilddiewe binne Suid-Afrika se natuurbewaringsgebiede gedood is om hulle horings in
die hande te kry, en vele meer. „n Algemene manier van data-insameling is die invul van
vraelyste. Al die bogenoemde voorbeelde noem ons “data-insameling deur middel van
veldwerk”, al vind dit in die hartjie die „n stad plaas! Die data wat deur middel van veldwerk
ingesamel word, is rou en ongeprosesseerd en word primêre data genoem. By wyse van
etlike data-verwerkingstegnieke kan die rou data gesorteer, gegroepeer, gekodeer, gekarteer
en na inligting verwerk word, soos persentasies, indekse en grafiese voorstellings wat
vergelyking met dieselfde eienskappe van ander bevolkings in ander gebiede moontlik maak,
verwerk word. Verwerkte primêre data kan die primêre data in ander navorsingsprojekte
word, mits die betroubaarheid van die oorspronklike primêre data geverifieer kan word.
Profile drawing:The process of drawing a side view of a small part of the Earth‟s
surface to obtain a representation of the relief of the surface. It is done by a simple,
relatively primitive technique and all that is needed is a contour map of the area (see
“isometric line” and “topographical map”). If a profile of a certain relief feature is
required, a line that cuts across that feature and runs between two definite points
(call them A and B), such as two trigonometric beacons, on either side of the feature
is drawn on the map. The edge of a loose sheet of paper is placed along this line.
Wherever the line crosses a contour line, a mark is made on the very edge of the
sheet of paper and the altitude (see”isometric line”) of that point on the surface is
written down. One then constructs a set of axes on the sheet of paper directly
underneath the line of marks along the edge of the sheet. The horizontal axis (x
axis) represents the distance between points A and B, according to the scale of the
map (say, 1:50 000). The scale for the vertical axis (y axis) is selected by the person
who is drawing the profile and – depending on the relief of the landscape – it might
be convenient to use something like 2 mm on the drawing to represent 20 m in
reality. Point A is plotted on the y axis according to its altitude, and then all the
contour-intersection points marked on the edge of the sheet of paper are plotted
where their positions on the x axis intersect their altitudes on the y axis. All the
plotted points are then joined by one line which visually represents the actual relief of
the surface. The feature of interest will be clearly seen on this profile line. This
technigue is extremely important in geomorphology and geology and in the latter
such profiles are usually called “cross sections”.
Profieltekening: Die proses waardeur „n kant-aansig van „n klein gedeelte van die
aardoppervlak geteken word om „n voorstelling van die reliëf van die gebied soos in sy-
aansig gesien, daar te stel. Dit word gedoen deur middel van „n eenvoudige, relatief
primitiewe tegniek waarvoor daar niks meer nie as „n kontoerkaart van die gebied benodig
word nie (kyk “isometric line” en “topocadastral map”). Indien „n kant-aansig van „n sekere
reliëftrek benodig word, word „n lyn wat bo-oor die reliëftrek strek en twee definitiewe punte
(noem hulle A en B) verbind. Die twee gekose punte is gewoonlik prominente landtrekke
soos trigonometriese bakens wat aan weerskante van die topografiese verskynsel geleë is.
Punte A en B word op die kaart met „n gewone lyn verbind. Die rand van „n aparte vel papier
word teen hierdie lyn gelê. Waar hierdie lyn „n kontoerlyn sny, word „n merk op die rand van
die los vel papier gemaak en die hoogte bo seevlak van hierdie punte word neergeskryf (kyk
“isometric line”). Daarna teken mens „n asstelsel op die los vel papier direk onder die rits
merkies wat op die rand van die los vel papier gemaak is. Die horisontale as (die x-as)
verteenwoordig die afstand tussen punt A en B, volgens die skaal van die kaart (gestel dit is
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1:50 000). Die skaal van die y-as word deur die profieltekenaar volgens gerief gekies en –
afhangend van die reliëf van die betrokke gedeelte van die aardbol – kan dit enige gerieflike
skaal wees, soos byvoorbeeld 2 mm op die profieltekening verteenwoordig 20 m in die
werklikheid. Punt A word op die vertikale as (y) volgens die punt se hoogte bo seevlak
geplot en al die kontoer-interseksiepunte wat op die randlyn van die vel papier gemerk is,
word almal op die x-as geplot op die punte waar die vertikale waarde (hoogte bo seevlak) en
die ligging van die punt mekaar sny. Al die geplotte punte word dan met „n lyn verbind om
„n visuele voorstelling van die ware reliëf van die oppervlak te bied. Die landskapstrek
waarin die navorser geïnteresseerd is, sal duidelik op die profiellyn sigbaar wees. Hierdie
tegniek is uiters waardevol in geomorfologie en geologie; in geologie word sulke profiele
gewoonlik “dwarsnitte” (“cross-sections”) genoem.
Protected areas: Any rural or urban area deemed worthy of protection and/or
conservation for the benefit of the future generations. It includes wildlife areas and
nature reserves, spectacular waterfalls, dramatic coast lines, vast stretches of
pristine desert, historic parts of cities, old city centres, single human artefacts with
their immediate environments, and so forth. Museums provide a safe haven for
relatively small objects, but large natural features and human artefacts such as the
Taj Mahal in Aggra (India), the pyramids in Egypt, the Kruger National Park, the
Cradle of Humankind world heritage site and the Iguassú waterfalls could not be
locked away in museums! Yet, the protection worthiness of these places and
objects have been obvious for many years or even centuries, and attempts to protect
them date from many years ago. Long before modern-day environmental
management was even devised, these very special, valuable and irreplaceable
places and objects were already being protected by various ad hoc international
agreements, national laws, regional and/or municipal regulations and a myriad of
other legal instruments specifically designed to ensure their protection. Although
current environmental management practices and legislation provide for the
protection of these special features, they are still afforded special consideration and
many of the old, specified pre-environmental management rulings still apply. In
many cases, the special case-specific protection arrangements for places or objects
take precedence over the normal environmental legislation. Antarctica is a case in
point. Normal environmental legislation does not apply to Antarctica, it is being
protected by the International Antarctic Treaty, an international body under the aegis
and for all practical purposes the highest decision-making body as far as Antartica is
concerned. From the few examples mentioned above, it is obvious that the variety of
the places and objects that must be protected vary widely in size and nature. Even
within one and the same protected area such as the Cradle of Humankind World
Heritage Site, certain parts are very lightly protected, while certain parts are so
strictly protected that visitors are not even allowed into them. This type of protection
is nowadays commonly used so that certain parts of a protected area are not even
open to the public, while less tight control is excised over the so-called buffer zone
where the public may enjoy the natural or human-made treasures and wonders of
our diverse world. (Note: It is important to realise that environmental management
deals with natural as well as human-made areas and objects.)
Bewaringsgebiede: Enige landelike of stedelike gebied wat as bewarings- of
beskermingswaardig vir die voordeel van die toekomstige geslagte geag word. Dit sluit in
wildernisgebiede, natuurparke, wildtuine, skouspelagtige watervalle, dramatiese kuslyne,
enorme ekspanse onaangetaste woestyn, historiese gedeeltes van stede, ou stedelike kerne,
losstaande mensgemaakte artefakte plus hulle omliggende omgewings, en vele meer.
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Museums bied „n veilige bewaarplek vir relatief klein objekte, maar groot natuurverskynsels
en menslike artefakte soos die Taj Mahal in Aggra (Indië), die piramides in Egipte, die
Kruger Nasionale Park, die Wieg van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrrein en die Iguassú-
waterval kan nie in „n museum bewaar word nie. Die bewaringswaardigheid van hierdie
plekke en objekte is egter al baie jare of selfs honderde jare lank duidelik en pogings om
hulle te beskerm dateer uit die vervloë verlede. Nog lank vóór moderne omgewingsbestuur
eers uitgedink is, is hierdie uiters spesiale, kosbare en onvervangbare plekke en objekte reeds
met behulp van verskeie ad hoc internasionale ooreenkomste, nasionale wette, streeks- en/of
munisipale regulasies en „n magdom doelgemaakte regsinstrumente beskerm. Hoewel
hedendaagse omgewingsbestuur en -wetgewing voorsiening maak vir die beskerming van
hierdie spesiale entiteite, geniet hulle steeds spesiale beskermingstatus en baie van die ou,
spesiale pre-omgewingsbestuursmaatreëls geld steeds vir hulle. In baie gevalle, is die ou,
geval-spesifieke maatreëls nog die hoogste gesag terwyl die heersende
omgewingsbestuursmaatreëls „n ondergeskikte rol speel. Antarktika is „n toepaslike
voorbeeld. Normale omgewingswetgewing geld nie vir Antarktika nie want die hele
kontinent staan onder die beskerming van die Internasionale Antarktiese Verdrag. Dit is „n
internasionale liggaam – onder die beskerming van die VN – wat vir alle praktiese doeleindes
die hoogste besluitnemingsgesag oor Antarktika is. Uit die bogenoemde paar voorbeelde
behoort dit duidelik te wees dat die plekke en objekte wat beskerm moet word grootliks van
mekaar verskil wat sowel grootte as aard betref. Selfs binne een en dieselfde erfenisterrein
soos die Wieg van die Mensdom Wêrelderfenisterrein word sekere areas slegs liggies
beskerm, terwyl ander areas so streng beskerm word dat besoekers nie eers daar toegelaat
word nie. Hierdie omgewingsbeskermingsmodel word deesdae algemeen toegepas sodat
sekere gedeeltes van „n bewaringsgebied nie eers vir die publiek toeganklik is nie, terwyl die
beheer oor ander gedeeltes – die sogenaamde buffergebied – baie minder streng is sodat die
publiek die wonderlike natuurskoon en die mensgemaakte kunsskatte van oral in die wêreld
kan geniet. (Let daarop dat omgewingsbestuur met sowel die natuurlike as die
mensgemaakte omgewings gemoeid is.)
Public participation: The inclusion of the public in the decision-making about a
proposed development or project that might have a significant impact on the
environment. The integrated environmental management (IEM) procedure provides
for public participation in decision-making, and the South African environmental
legislation (see “environmental management”) makes public participation an
essential prerequisite for permission to execute a development project.
Consequently all interested and affected parties (IAPs) have to be consulted before
proceeding with a development project. By law, the proposer of a project has to
inform the local and the wider public about the proposal, then meet with all IAPs,
explain the details of the project to them, and take their views into account in the
proposal that is eventually submitted to the authorities for permission to proceed.
Dozens of proposed projects in South Africa have been turned down or significantly
altered because the public have not been satisfactorily consulted or informed. In
fact, this is one of the most effective aspects in the South African environmental
management system.
Openbare deelname: Die insluiting van die publiek in die besluitneming oor „n voorgestelde
ontwikkeling of projek wat moontlik „n beduidende impak op die omgewing kan hê. Die
geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuurprosedure (IOB) maak voorsiening vir publieke deelname in
besluitneming, en die Suid-Afrikaanse omgewingswetgewing (kyk “environmental
management”) stel dit as „n voorvereiste vir die voorlegging van „n aansoek vir die
toestemming om „n ontwikkeling of projek uit te voer. Gevolglik moet alle geïnteresseerde
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en betrokke partye (IAP‟s) geraadpleeg word vóór daar met „n ontwikkelingsprojek begin
word. Wetlik moet die voorsteller van „n projek die plaaslike en wyer publiek verwittig van
die voorgestelde projek, alle IAP‟s ontmoet, al die besonderhede van die projek met hulle
bespreek en ooreenkom, en hulle mening(s) in ag neem in die aansoek wat aan die
besluitnemende liggaam voorgelê word om toestemming te verkry om „n voorgestelde projek
uit te voer. Dosyne voorgestelde projekte in Suid-Afrika is reeds afgekeur of ingrypend
gewysig omdat daar nie vooraf genoegsame openbare deelname in die beplaning van die
projek was nie. Om Suid-Afrikaanse omgewingsbestuurstelsel.
Public-private participation (PPP): Any development scheme in which both the
public sector (or state) and the private sector (often called the business sector)
partake and contribute funds as well as expertise or whatever the case may be. The
sector of state that might be involved could be national, provincial or local or a
combination of these. One or more private bodies might represent the private sector
in the project. Normally such an co-operative agreement is made with one specific
aim in view, for instance to build a crèche or sportsfields or organise local litter
removal events, the rehabilitation of a wetland, provide frail-care, assist people living
with HIV and Aids, or improve education facilities and quality. There is no restriction
to the scale of the projects or any prescription that the state and the private sector
should contribute on a 50/50 basis. Often one of the participating parties contributes
the finances and the other partner organises the labour and physical activities.
There are endless different ways how such participation schemes can be initialised,
organised, continued and their success could be evaluated. (Please note: Do not
confuse the abovementioned abbreviation “PPP” with the abbreviation “PPP” which
is used in strategic environmental management for policies, plan and projects.)
Openbare-private samewerking (vennootskap): Enige ontwikkelingsinisiatief waarin
sowel die owerheidsektor (die regering) as die privaatsektor (of sakesektor) gesamentlik
deelneem en fondse asook kundigheid of enige ander hulp bydra. Die owerheidsektor wat
betrokke kan wees kan nasionaal, provinsiaal of plaaslike of „n kombinasie wees. Een of
meer privaat (nie-staat) liggame kan die privaatsektor in die projek verteenwoordig.
Gewoonlik is so „n samewerkingsooreenkoms op een spesifieke doel afgestem, byvoorbeeld
die bou van „n kleuterskool of sportvelde, of om „n rommelverwyderingspoging te organiseer,
of „n vleiland te rehabiliteer, of om verswakte bejaardes te versorg of mense wat met MIV en
Vigs leef te ondersteun, of om die onderwysfasiliteite en -kwaliteit van die onderwys te
verbeter. Daar is geen beperking op die skaal van die projekte nie en geen veronderstelling
dat die owerheid en die privaatsektor „n 50/50 bydrae sal lewer nie. Dikwels dra een van die
deelnemende partye die fondse by terwyl die ander een die organisasie van die arbeid en die
fisiese aktiwiteite onderneem. Daar is „n eindeloos wye verskeidenheid wyses waarop sulke
samewerkingskemas kan ontstaan, voortbestaan en bestuur kan word en die sukses daarvan
geëvalueer kan word. (Let wel: Moet nie die Engelse afkorting “PPP” wat hierbo
verstrek is, verwar met die afkorting “PPP” wat in omgewingsbestuur vir beleide, planne en
projekte gebruik word.

Quaternary economic activities: Gainful involvement with high-level technology,

high-level information services, knowledge and know-how. Industry ranges from
primary activities (farming, fishing, forestry and mining), to secondary activities
(manufacturing and construction), to tertiary activities (professional services,
hospitality, retailing and transport), to quaternary activities which require a high level
of knowledge and technical expertise. (See “development”, “dual economy”,
“developing countries” and “countries in transition”, “secondary economic activities”
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and “tertiary activities”.) Theoretically, all countries (economies) pass through these
phases of economic activity and most of the major economies in the world are now in
the tertiary and quaternary phases. In some of the largest economies (for example
the USA and England) manufacturing plays a rather small role in the economy while
the tertiary and quaternary economic activities form the backbone of the economy.
The risk inherent in such a situation became quite clear with the world-wide
economic collapse in 2008. The highly developed economies of Western Europe
and the USA were all severely hit, but the German economy was the notable
exception. Since Germany still had a very strong manufacturing and industrial sector
it was far less affected by the economic collapse. Some economies (for instance the
USA, Britain, France, Italy, Japan and other European countries) are currently
actively growing their neglected manufacturing sectors anew, while boosting their
primary economic sector, in order to regain a healthier balance among their primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities. As a result of the 2008 economic
collapse, it has become clear that a balance between all sectors of the economy is
required to sustain a developed economy.
Kwaternêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: Winsgewende gemoeidheid met hoë-vlak tegnologie,
hoë-vlak inligtingsdienste, informasie en bedryfskennis. Ekonomiese aktiwiteite varieer
vanaf primêre aktiwiteite (boerdery, visvangs, bosbou en mynbou), tot sekondêre aktiwiteite
(soos vervaardiging en konstruksie), tot tersiêre aktiwiteite (soos professionele dienste,
toerisme, kleinhandel en vervoer) tot kwaternêre aktiwiteite wat „n hoë-vlak van kennis en
tegnologiese kundigheid vereis. (Kyk “development”, “dual economy”, “developing
countries”, “countries in transition”, “secondary economic activites” en “tertiary
activities”.) Teoreties gaan lande (ekonomieë) deur hierdie fases van ekonomiese aktiwiteite
en die meeste van die grootste ekonomieë in die wêreld is nou in die tersiêre en kwaternêre
fases. In sommige van die grootste ekonomieë (byvoorbeeld die VSA en Engeland) speel
vervaardiging „n ondergeskikte rol terwyl tersiêre en kwaternêre aktiwiteite die ruggraat van
die ekonomie uitmaak. Die risiko verbonde aan só „n ekonomiese toestand het duidelik
geblyk tydens die wêreldwye ekonomiese ineenstorting in 2008. Die hoogs-ontwikkelde
ekonomieë soos die VSA, Japan en die Wes-Europese state is ernstig geknou deur die
ekonomiese ineenstorting, met die Duitse ekonomie as die opvallende uitsondering.
Aangesien Duitsland nog „n sterk vervaardigings- en industriële sektore gehad het, is die
ekonomie beduidend minder aangetas. Sekere ekonomieë (byvoorbeeld die VSA, Brittanje,
Frankryk, Italië en Japan en sommige ander Europese lande) is tans aktief besig om weer
hulle verwaarloosde vervaardigingsektore te herbou en hulle primêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite
te versterk om meer gebalanseerde ekonomieë daar te stel. As gevolg van die byna globale
ekonomiese ineenstorting in 2008 het dit duidelik geword dat „n gesonde ekonomie „n
gesonde balans tussen die primêre, sekondêre, tersiêre en kwaternêre ekonomiese sektore
benodig.
Recycling: Reuse of material, but not necessarily in its original form. We can
never escape the physical laws of the conservation of mass and energy which
determine that “there is no away” (see “incineration”), so whatever objects we
manufacture or create will still be around in some form or other after we have no use
for it anymore. (See “development”, “dual economy”, “developing countries” and
“countries in transition”, “secondary economic activities” and “tertiary activities”.)
Moreover, in order to manufacture objects, we use some non-renewable resources
and in the end our scarce, non-renewable resources are “trapped” in objects we
have no use for, while our resources are running out. This is obviously a lose-lose
situation. The logical solution would be to reduce, reuse and recycle. Recycling
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involves both reduction, since less objects (items) need to be manufactured, and
recycling since either the objects (items) themselves are reused, or at least the
material from which they have been made is reused to make another item or object.
The culture of consumerism is depleting our non-renewable resources and
cluttering our world with objects we do not want. To convert to a different culture is
not going to happen in one generation, but if we all worked together we might
achieve it before it is too late. There are interesting, innovative forms of recycling in
different parts of the world, and it is important to note that inexcusable wastage is far
more serious in the developed world than in the developing countries. Laudable
attempts at recycling are the Collect-a-Can project, and Mondi and Nampak‟s paper
recycling projects in South Africa. There are people who make a living by collecting
used cans and getting paid by weight for the collected cans which are then used to
make new cans. Nampak collects used paper from large paper consumers like
Unisa, and Unisa is even paid for the waste paper. Mondi provides private
individuals with push-carts to collect carton and waste paper and remunerates the
collectors for the waste they deliver. The recycling of glass is very successful in
Europe and Canada, but in South Africa it has thus far had limited success. Owing
to South Africa‟s large poor population, many rejected objects are collected from
landfills and end up as building material for shelters (mokhukhus) in informal
settlements. In this way recycling is inadvertently achieved.
Hersirkulering: Hergebruik van materiaal, hoewel nie noodwendig in dieselfde vorm nie.
Ons kan nooit ontsnap van die fisiese wette van die behoud van energie en materie nie (kyk
“incineration”) wat bepaal dat ons nooit van enigiets op Aarde ontslae kan raak nie, met die
gevolg dat alle voorwerpe (items) wat ons vervaardig of skep vir ewig in een of ander vorm
gaan bly bestaan lank nadat ons dit nie meer benodig nie. (See “development”, “dual
economy”, “developing countries” and “countries in transition”, “secondary economic
activites” en “tertiary activities”.) Boonop verbruik ons van ons kosbare nie-hernubare
hulpbronne in die vervaardiging van hierdie objekte (items) en uiteindelik gaan al ons nie-
hernibare hulpbronne in objekte waarvoor ons geen nut meer het nie, “vasgevang” wees,
terwyl ons „n tekort aan hulpbronne gaan ervaar. Dit is kennelik „n resep vir verlies in alle
opsigte. Die logiese oplossing vir die probleem is dat ons minder moet verbruik en meer
moet hersirkuleer en hergebruik. Hersirkulasie sluit sowel verminderde verbruik as
hergebruik in, want ons hoef nie meer soveel items te vervaardig nie en dié wat reeds bestaan,
sal hergebruik word of die materiaal waarmee dit vervaardig is, sal hergebruik word. Die
heersende verbruikerskultuur is besig om ons nie-hernubare hulpbronne uit te put en ons
wêreld te vul met objekte waarvoor ons geen nut het nie. Om hierdie kultuur te verander
gaan nie binne een generasie vermag word nie, maar as almal saamwerk kan ons dit miskien
regkry voor dit heeltemal te laat is. Daar is interessante, vindingryke vorme van hersirkulasie
in verskillende dele van die wêreld, en dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat die onvergeeflike
vermorsing veral in die ontwikkelde lande plaasvind, nie in die ontwikkelende lande nie.
Prysenswaardige Suid-Afrikaanse pogings om te hersirkuleer is die Collect-a-Can-projek wat
blikkies hersirkuleer, en Mondi en Nampak het albei suksesvolle
papierhersirkuleringsprojekte. Daar is mense wat „n bestaan maak deur gebruikte blikkies
bymekaar te maak en per gewig betaal word vir die blikkies wat dan gebruik word om nuwe
blikkies mee te maak. Nampak versamel afvalpapier vanaf die groot papierverbruikers soos
Unisa wat dan vir die afvalpapier betaal word. Mondi verskaf stootwaentjies aan privaat
individue om karton en afvalpapier bymekaar te maak en hulle word dan volgens die gewig
daarvan vergoed. Die hersirkulering van glas is uiters suksesvol in Europa en Kanada, maar
in Suid-Afrika het dit tot dusver beperkte sukses behaal. As gevolg van Suid-Afrika se
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talryke arm bevolking, vind baie voorwerpe hulle weg vanaf stortingsterreine na die
informele nedersettings waar dit as boumateriaal vir krothuise (skuilings, of mokhukhus)
dien. Op hierdie wyse vind hersirkulering toevallig plaas.
Refugee: A person of any age who flees from one place to another for fear of his/her
life. Throughout the history of humankind there have always been refugees in all
areas of the world. Owing to the reasons why people flee, certain regions on Earth
are more readily associated with refugees than others, but there are very few regions
that have never experienced the phenomenon. People mostly flee as a result of
political instability, religious intolerance, famine and starvation, but natural hazards
such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and floods have often caused people to
flee. True refugees are people who flee with nothing but the clothes on their backs.
Often they simply grab their children and run. They do not carry identification
papers, money, possessions, valuables, or food and blankets. They are totally at the
mercy of the host community which they have fled to (see “host community”). When
people flee for political or religious reasons they mostly flee over an international
border and their flight is permanent. When fleeing from starvation or natural hazards
their flight might be to a different part of their own country and they often return once
the threatening conditions in their areas of origin have changed. Host communities
might receive assistance from the United Nations High Commission for Refugees
(UNHCR), but an influx of refugees is extremely traumatic for the host country or
community. Reception centres are often constructed to deal with the refugees.
Political refugees might get political asylum in the host country, but these are
temporary arrangements, which allow them to remain in the host country for a
restricted period only. Then they have to flee on or return to their country of origin.
The UNHCR would never send people back home if it means certain death, but to
find permanent solutions for refugee crises are not easily found. There are currently
millions of refugees all around the world, and this is not any different from what the
case has always been although the numbers of refugees have probably never been
higher than they currently are, simply because the world population is currently
larger than ever. Refugees should not be confused with migrants. South Africa is
currently being flooded with economic migrants from a number of African states.
Very few of these people are refugees in the true sense of the word. Except for a
small number of Zimbabweans and Somalis, the vast majority of these people have
not fled from life-threatening political situations or war; they have migrated to South
Africa in order to find gainful employment. They are escaping from depressed
economic conditions in their countries of origin, but in many cases they are granted
asylum status simply because there is no other way to keep track of them all. These
poor people are undoubtedly a burden on social services and economic progress in
South Africa.
Vlugteling: „n Persoon wat van een plek na „n ander vlug om sy/haar lewe te red.
Dwarsdeur die geskiedenis van die mensdom was daar nog altyd vlugtelinge oral in die
wêreld. As gevolg van die redes waarom mense vlug, is daar sekere gebiede op Aarde wat
meer geredelik met vlugtelinge geassosieer word as ander gebiede, maar daar is min of geen
gebiede wat nooit die verskynsel ervaar het nie. Mense vlug hoofsaaklik as gevolg van
politieke onstabiliteit, godsdienstige onverdraagsaamheid en vervolging of hongersnood,
maar natuurrampe soos vulkaniese uitbarstings, aardbewings en vloede veroorsaak ook
dikwels dat mense vlug. Vlugtelinge in die ware sin van die woord vlug met niks anders as
die klere aan hulle lywe nie. Dikwels gryp hulle net hulle kinders en hardloop. Hulle het
geen identiteitsdokumente, geld, besittings, waardevolle items of kos en komberse nie. Hulle
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is totaal aangewese op die genade van die gasheergemeenskap waarheen hulle gevlug het.
Wanneer mense om politiese of godsdiensredes vlug, vlug hulle gewoonlik oor „n
internasionale grens en hulle vlugtelingskap is permanent. Wanneer mense as gevolg van
hongersnood of natuurrampe vlug, vlug hulle dikwels na „n ander deel van hulle eie land en
hulle keer dikwels terug na hulle oorspronggebiede wanneer toestande daar verander het en
die bedreiging nie meer bestaan nie. Gasheergemeenskappe kan moontlik hulp van die
Verenigde Nasies se Hoë Kommissie vir Vlugtelinge (UNHCR) kry, maar die instroming van
vlugtelinge is hoogs traumaties vir die gasheerlande en -gemeenskappe. Ontvangs- of
deurgangsentrums word dikwels opgerig om die vlugtelinge te hanteer. Politieke vlugtelinge
kan politieke asiel in die gasheerland ontvang, maar dit is gewoonlik „n tydelike reëling wat
hulle toelaat om „n sekere tydperk in die gasheerland te vertoef. Daarna moet hulle na „n
ander land vlug of na hulle land van herkoms terugkeer. Die UNHCR sal nooit mense na
hulle lande van herkoms terugstuur as dit „n sekere dood sou beteken nie, maar om
permanente oplossings vir „n vlugtelingkrisis te vind, is uiters problematies. Daar is vandag
miljoene vlugtelinge wêreldwyd, en dit verskil hoegenaamd nie van wat die toestand
dwarsdeur die menslike geskiedenis was nie, maar die absolute getalle vlugtelinge is hoër is
ooit in die geskiedenis, bloot omdat die wêreldbevolking soveel groter as ooit tevore is.
Vlugtelinge moet nie met migrante verwar word nie. Suid-Afrika word tans deur ekonomiese
migrante uit „n hele aantal Afrika-state oorstroom. Baie min van hierdie mense is vlugtelinge
in die ware sin van die word. Slegs „n klompie Zimbabwiërs en Somaliërs is ware politiese
vlugtelinge wat as gevolg van lewensbedreigende omstandighede na Suid-Afrika gevlug het.
Die oorgrote meerderheid van hierdie vreemdelinge het bloot na Suid-Afrika migreer op soek
na betalende arbeidsgeleenthede. Hulle ontvlug slegs die swak ekonomiese omstandighede in
hulle lande van oorsprong. Aan sommige van hulle word selfs politieke asiel toegestaan
bloot omdat die enigste manier is om darem tot „n mate tred met hulle te hou. Hierdie arme
mense is inderdaad „n las op Suid-Afrika se sosiale dienste en ekonomiese vooruitgang.
Region: A two dimensional space on the surface of the Earth. It is a definable
space that can be demarcated (see “location” and “demarcation”) and mapped. It is
actually one of the most problematic geographical terms to define, but the most
important geographical qualifications are that there is some homogeneity within the
space and that the space can be mapped (that is, boundaries or margins can be
defined). The size of the space is irrelevant; a region might include vast parts of the
world that include a number of countries, it might include an entire sub-continent, it
might refer to a specific part of one country, or it might be as small as a few small
street blocks in a city. The important thing is that there is a common factor within
this space which distinguishes it from other regions. In Africa the so-called Great
Lakes region includes a number of neighbouring states who share a number of
common factors because of their proximity to one another and large water bodies.
The Middle-East is a region consisting of a number of countries who share a very
important condition, namely they are located in a region of the Earth that contains
vast oil reserves. The Arctic region denotes all land surface located north of the
66½˚N latitude (see “location”) and it includes part of a whole number of countries,
such as the USA (Alaska), Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and
Greenland (which is administered by Denmark). Three months of little or no sunlight
and very low winter temperatures are the common factors throughout this region.
Even areas which are completely disjointed and the separate portions are located on
different continents literally thousands of kilometres apart, might be seen as one
region, like the “grasslands”, which occur in the USA (where it is called the prairies),
Russia (where it is called the steppe), Argentina (where it is called the pampas), East
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Africa (where it is called the savannas [savannahs] and South Africa (where it is
called the highveld and the bushveld). Many other natural regions can be named,
based on global location, climate, vegetation, and so on. Regions defined by
common human activities are innumerable. Culture, religion, language, economic
activity, art, political history, current political interests, trade interests, and many
other human factors might serve as common bond among different spatial entities.
The Cradle of Humankind world heritage site is a specific, mapped area or site,
inside a larger region which contains numerous fossilised hominid (early human)
bones and artefacts. The most important fossil sites have been identified and the
area within which these occur has been demarcated, mapped and proclaimed an
international heritage site. This declaration affords the demarcated area (space)
special protection (see “conservation areas” and “demarcation”), but the region
within which hominid fossils may occur is far larger than the heritage site as such.
Streek: „n Twee-dimensionele ruimte op die aardoppervlak van die Aarde. Dit is „n
definieerbare ruimte wat afgebaken (kyk “location” en “demarcation”) en gekarteer kan
word. Dit is een van die mees problematiese geografiese terme om te definieer, maar die
belangrikste geografiese kwalifikasies is dat daar „n identifiseerbare homogeniteit binne die
ruimte moet wees en dat die ruimte gekarteer kan word (dit wil sê, die grense van die ruimte
kan beskryf word). Die grootte van die ruimte is van geen belang nie; „n streek kan enorme,
uitgestrekte gedeeltes van die wêreld en selfs „n aantal verskillende lande insluit, dit kan „n
hele subkontinent beslaan, dit kan „n spesifieke gedeelte van „n land beslaan, of dit kan so
klein wees dat dit slegs „n gebied wat uit „n paar klein straatblokke van een stad bestaan,
beslaan. Die belangrike ding is dat daar „n gemene faktor binne hierdie gebied moet wees
wat dit van ander gebiede onderskei. In Afrika sluit die sogenaamde Groot Mere-streek „n
hele aantal buurstate in wat almal sekere gemene faktore het wat aan hulle ligging naby aan
mekaar en groot varswatermassas toe te skryf is. Die Midde-Ooste is „n streek wat bestaan
uit „n aantal lande wat een belangrike eienskap gemeen het, naamlik dat hulle in „n gedeelte
van die Aarde wat enorme oliereserwes bevat, geleë is. Die Arktiese streek sluit alle
landgebied noord van die 66½˚N-breedtelyn (kyk “location”) en dit sluit gedeeltes van „n
hele aantal verskillende lande in, naamlik die VSA (Alaska), Kanada, Noorweë, Swede,
Finland, Rusland asook Groenland (wat deur Denemarke geadministreer word). Drie maande
van semiduisternis en geweldige lae temperature is die faktore wat hierdie hele streek gemeen
het. Selfs gebiede wat heeltemal versplinter is met afsonderlike gedeeltes wat duisende
kilometers van mekaar geleë is, kan gerieflikheidshalwe as een streek beskou word. Die
graslande van die wêreld is „n goeie voorbeeld van „n globale streek hoewel hulle bestaan uit
die prêries (“prairies”) van die VSA, die steppe van Rusland, die pampas van Argentinië, die
hoëveld en die bosveld van Suid-Afrika, en die savannas van Oos-Afrika. Talle ander
natuurlike streke (natuurstreke) kan op grond van globale ligging, klimaat, plantegroei,
ensovoorts afgebaken word. Streke wat deur gedeelde (gemeenskaplike) menslike
aktiwiteite gedefinieer word, is letterlik ontelbaar. Kultuur, godsdiens, taal, ekonomiese
aktiwiteite, kuns, politiese geskiedenis, huidige politiese belange, handelsbetrekkinge, en
menige ander menslike faktore wat as „n gedeelde belang tussen ruimtelike entiteite kan dien,
kan genoem word. Die Wieg van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein is „n spesifieke,
gekarteerde gebied binne „n groter streek wat talle gefossileerde hominied-bene en -artefakte
(vroeë-mense se beendere en gereedskap) bevat. Die belangrikste fossiellokaliteite is
geïdentifiseer, afgebaken, gekarteer en tot „n Wêrelderfenisterrein verklaar. Hierdie status
verleen spesiale beskerming aan die afbakende (gedemarkeerde) gebied (kyk “conservation”
en “demarcation”), maar die streek waarbinne soortgelyke fossiele kan voorkom, is baie
groter as die verklaarde erfenisgebied.
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Regulation: Nowadays all developed countries and most developing countries have
official environmental management systems to protect the environment according to
promulgated environmental legislation (that is, laws or acts). Owing to the fact that
national environmental acts must cover all eventualities and all areas, they are often
generic and rather vague on detail. That is the nature of all legislation. However, in
one way or the other, all of these environmental acts provide for individual and/or
specialised circumstances and cases. These subservient provisions are regulations
and they are legally as binding as the “umbrella legislation”, that is, the
Environmental Acts, which – in South Africa – would be the National Environmental
Management Act, number 107 of 1998, popularly known as NEMA (see
“environmental management”). Strong environmental legislation, as we have in
South Africa, demands an environmental management plan (EMP) for each
proposed development project or human activity that might significantly impact on
the environment. The EMP stipulates the specific details of the actions to minimize
and ameliorate or “soften” the impact of the development on the environment.
Regulering: Deesdae het al die ontwikkelde lande en die meeste van die ontwikkelende
lande amptelike omgewingsbestuurstelsels om die omgewing volgens gepromulgeerde
omgewingswetgewing (dit wil sê, spesifieke wette) te beskerm. Omdat die nasionale
omgewingswette vir alle gebeurlikhede voorsiening moet maak, is hulle dikwels generies,
vaag en bevat min detail. Dit is die normale aard van alle wetgewing. Op een of ander
manier maak hierdie omgewingswette egter voorsiening vir individuele en/of spesiale
toestande en gevalle. Hierdie ondergeskikte maatreëls is regulasies wat net so regsgeldig en
bindend as die oorkoepelende “sambreel-wetgewing” is. In Suid-Afrika is die “sambreel-
wetgewing” die Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurwet, nommer 107 van 1998, wat algemeen as
NEMA (of Nema) bekend staan (kyk “environmental management”). Sterk
omgewingswetgewing, soos wat ons in Suid-Afrika het, vereis „n omgewingsbestuursplan
(OBP) (environmental management plan [EMP]) vir elke voorgestelde ontwikkelingsprojek
of menslike aktiwiteit wat „n beduidende impak op die omgewing kan hê. Die OBP stipuleer
die spesifieke besonderhede van die maatreëls en aksies wat noodsaaklik is om die
omgewingsimpak te beperk, te minimiseer en te “versag”.

Relative location: See “location”.

Relatiewe ligging: Kyk “location”.
Relative relief:The difference in height above sea-level (altitude) between the highest and
lowest points in a relatively small area. It does not matter how high the area is above sea-
level, or how mountainous or flat it is. One simply subtracts the height of the lowest point
from that of the highest point.
Relatiewe reliëf: Die hoogteverskil tussen die hoogte bo see-vlak van die hoogste en die
laagste punte binne „n relatiewe klein gebied. Dit maak nie saak hoe hoog die gebied bo
seevlak lê nie, en ook nie of dit „n bergagtige of baie gelykliggende gebied is nie. Mens trek
doodeenvoudig die hoogte van die laagste punt van die hoogte van die hoogste punt af.
Remote sensing: The obtaining of data about an object from a distance by means
of a specialised instrument – a sensor – that is not physically in touch with the
object. The instrument could be a camera, sonar devise, mechanical scanner, radar
system, laser sensor, electronic sensor, or an electromagnetic radiation sensor
mounted in an Earth-orbiting satellite. All natural and synthetic objects with a
temperature higher than absolute zero (that is, nil on the Kelvin scale, or -273,16˚C)
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emit electromagnetic energy and certain sensors can detect these emissions.
Different objects emit different wavelengths of electromagnetic energy and we can
build different sensors that can detect different wavelengths of radiation. An ordinary
camera like the one in your cellphone can detect a very limited span of radiation
wavelengths, namely those that are in the visible part of the spectrum – the same
ones we can see with our own eyes. Laser instruments can emit wavelengths
outside the visible spectrum with the result that we cannot see the beam unless it is
reflected by some medium. This is used to spectacular effect in theatre productions
and pop concerts, but it is mostly used for bona fide scientific, military and medical
purposes. (Sonar imagery is often used in the military and medical fields, but that is
something entirely different. Sound waves are emitted by an instrument and the
same instrument detects the waves as they bounce back from the object they were
aimed at. With sonar technology a baby can be safely viewed within its mother‟s
uterus.) It is important to note that an ordinary airphoto can be interpreted without
processing of the data captured on it. However, this is not the case with satellite
imagery which has to be processed before it can be interpreted.
Afstandswaarneming: Die insameling van data oor „n verafgeleë objek deur middel van „n
gespesialiseerde instrument – „n sensor – sonder dat die instrument fisies in kontak met, of
eers naby aan, die objek hoef te wees. Die instrument kan „n kamera, sonartoestel, meganiese
skandeerder, radarstelsel, lasersensor, elektroniese sensor, of „n elektromagnetiese
radiasiesensor (stralingsensor) wat in „n satelliet wat om die aarde wentel gemonteer is. Alle
natuurlike of sintetiese, mens-gemaakte objekte met „n temperatuur hoër as absolute nul (dit
wil sê, nul op die Kelvinskaal, oftewel -273,16˚C) het, straal elektromagnetiese energie uit.
Verskillende objekte straal verskillende golflengtes elektromagnetiese straling uit en ons kan
sensors vervaardig om die verskillende golflengtes van radiasie te registreer. „n Gewone
kamera, soos die een in jou selfoon, kan „n baie beperkte reikwydte van golflengtes, naamlik
die golflengtes in die sigbare gedeelte van die spektrum, registreer – dit is dieselfde
golflengtes wat ons met ons oë kan sien (daarom noem ons dit die sigbare spektrum).
Laserinstrumente kan golflengtes wat buite die sigbare spektrum is, uitstraal. Gevolglik kan
ons nie laserstrale sien nie tensy hulle deur een of ander medium weerkaats word. Dit word
baie effektief in teaterproduksies en popkonserte gebruik, maar word hoofsaaklik vir bona
fide wetenskaplike, militêre en mediese doeleindes aangewend. (Sonarbeelde
[klankgolfbeelde] word dikwels vir militêre en medisinale doeleindes aangewend, maar dit is
„n geheel ander proses. Klankgolwe word deur „n toestel uitgestuur en dieselfde instrument
registreer die golwe wat terugkaats vanaf die objek waarheen dit uitgestuur is. Met
sonartoerusting kan „n baba veilig binne die moeder se uterus bekyk word.) Dit is belangrik
om daarop te let dat „n gewone lugfoto sonder enige verwerking van die beeld geïnterpreteer
kan word, maar satellietbeelde moet eers geprosesseer word voor ons dit kan interpreteer.
Renewable energy: Energy derived from a source that is perpetually present or
replenished within a short period such as hours or days. Consequently, renewable
energy can – theoretically – never be depleted. Solar energy (sunlight) is available
during every day that the sun shines and it can be used to heat water, charge
batteries which could power ordinary light bulbs, or cook food in a special solar stove
(even a cheap, homemade model). Solar energy is nowadays very commonly used
all over the world for a variety of installations and equipment; these range from
pocket calculators, to cell phone towers, warm water geysers, cookers (stoves),
domestic lighting, to power entire buildings, and many more. The only limitations for
using solar energy are geographic location (certain regions, such as the polar
regions do not receive much sunlight for a few months of the year), cloudy and rainy
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regions, the high capital outlay to buy and install the solar equipment (these costs
are high because the equipment and solar panels are expensive), and so forth.
However, even in European countries that receive much less solar energy than we
do in South Africa, solar energy is commonly used, and all homes and buildings
have to install solar panels. In fact, the entire African continent receives so much
sunlight that solar generated electricity could be available to every human being in
Africa, but the expense of solar panels, installations and batteries is beyond the
financial capability of most Africans. Other forms of renewable energy are falling
water which generates hydro-electric power, tidal energy (in the oceans), and wind
energy. Hydro-electricity is generated at a number of places in Africa, namely the
Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique, the Gariep Dam in South Africa, the Katse Dam
in Lesotho, the Kariba Dam in Zimbabwe, the Ruacana waterfall on the border
between Namibia and Angola, the Owen Falls in Uganda, the Aswan High Dam in
Egypt, and some others. In parts of the world – like Canada, Scandinavia, parts of
the USA, parts of South America, and New Zealand – where water is more abundant
than in Africa, hydro-electricity is the main source of electricity. Wind energy is what
is used by an ordinary windpump, of which there many thousands in Africa. Wind
turbines are remarkably effective electricity generators, and they range in size from a
small, domestic turbine smaller than a satellite dish and a car battery, to large “wind
farms” which generate a lot of electricity which is fed into the general energy network
of a country or region. We have one such wind farm in South Africa, namely at
Darling in the Western Cape and one is currently under construction at Mossel Bay.
The main drawbacks of wind turbines are the limited capacity of the batteries to store
the electricity, and the extreme noise caused by the turbines themselves. A wind
turbine would be of little help in Pretoria where the wind frequency is exceptionally
low, but in regions like the Southern and Eastern Cape and the Free State, wind
turbines would be highly successful. Nuclear energy is normally classified as a
renewable source of energy (see “nuclear energy”). Strictly speaking, that is
incorrect since the plutonium and/or uranium used cannot regenerate, but such small
quantities of these materials are used to generate so much electricity that the
available supplies on the Earth could never run out. On top of that, the “waste
material” remains radio-active for so many thousands of years that we might find out
how to use it and thereby lengthen the use of the resource. In practice, nuclear
energy can be regarded as a perpetual source of energy. There are, however, many
negative factors associated with nuclear energy: the first is the high cost, and the
second is the danger of an “accident” causing radio-activity to “leak” into the
environment, like at Three Mile Island in the USA, and Chernobyl in Russia, and the
Fukushima plant in Japan (see “hazardous waste” and “nuclear energy”). Owing to
the dangers inherent to nuclear energy plants and radio-active waste, nuclear energy
would probably always be much disputed and controversial. (Note that there are
quite a number of environmentally friendly, or relatively so, alternatives to fossil fuel
energy, particularly biofuels – [see “fossil fuels”], but thus far certain limitations and
high costs have always tipped the scale to the use of dirty, but relatively cheap, fossil
fuels. Biofuels are really not even to be considered in low-rainfall and semi-arid
environments like South Africa, simply because they do not have the climate to make
it viable.)
Hernubare energie: Energie wat verkry word uit „n bron wat voortdurend beskikbaar is of
oor „n kort periode soos „n paar uur, „n dag of „n week selfaanvullend is. Die bron van die
hernubare energie kan dus nooit uitgeput of “opgebruik” word nie; gevolglik kan hernubare
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energie nooit uitgeput raak nie. Sonenergie (sonlig) is elke dag wat die son skyn, beskikbaar
en dit kan gebruik word om water te verwarm, batterye te laai wat gloeilampe kan laat skyn,
en selfs kos te kook in „n spesiale sonstoof (selfs „n goedkoop tuisgemaakte weergawe van „n
sonstoof). Sonenergie word deesdae oral in die wêreld vir „n wye reeks aanwendings
gebruik, byvoorbeeld in sakrekenaars, selfoontorings, warmwatertoestelle, sonstowe,
huisbeligting, „n verskeidenheid aanlegte en toestelle en selfs ganse geboue kan voorsien
word van elektrisiteit wat deur soninstallasies opgewek word. Die beperkings vir die gebruik
van sonenergie is geografiese ligging (see “location”), soos die poolstreke wat vir „n paar
maande van die jaar bitter min sonenergie ontvang, bewolkte en hoë-reënvalgebiede, die hoë
kapitaaluitleg om die sonenergie-installasie te koop en te installeer (hierdie toerusting en
sonpanele is besonder duur), ensovoorts. Tog word sonenergie selfs in Europese lande wat
baie minder sonskyn as Suid-Afrika ontvang, algemeen gebruik en alle huise en geboue moet
sonpanele installeer. Inderwaarheid ontvang die hele kontinent van Afrika soveel sonlig dat
elektrisiteit wat deur sonlig opgewek word, aan elke mens in Afrika verskaf kan word, maar
die koste van die sonpanele en die batterye is ver bo die finansiële vermoë van die meeste
Afrikane. Ander vorme van hernubare energie is vallende water wat hidro-elektrisekrag kan
opwek, gety-energie (in die oseane) en windenergie. Hidro-elektrisiteit word op „n paar
plekke in Afrika opgewek, naamlik by die Cahora Bassa-dam in Mosambiek, die Katse-dam
in Lesotho, die Kariba-dam in Zimbabwe, die Gariep-dam in Suid-Afrika, die Ruacana-
waterval op die grens tussen Namibië en Angola, die Owen-waterval in Uganda, die Aswan
Hoë-dam in Egipte, en sommige andere. In wêrelddele waar water meer volop as in Afrika
is, is hidro-elektrisiteit die vernaamste bron van energie. Windenergie is wat deur „n gewone
windpomp gebruik word, en daar is derduisende windpompe in Afrika. Windturbines is
uitstekende kragopwekkers en hulle wissel in grootte van huis-modelle kleiner as „n TV-
satellietskottel wat „n motorbattery kan laai, tot “windplase” wat so baie krag lewer dat dit tot
die algemene elektrisiteitsnetwerk van die land kan bydra. In Suid-Afrika is daar „n
werkende windplaas naby Darling in die Wes-Kaap en „n tweede een is tans in aanbou naby
Mosselbaai. Die grootste nadele van windturbines is die beperkte kapasiteit van die batterye
wat die elektrisiteit moet stoor, en die ondraaglike lawaai wat die turbines self maak. „n
Windturbine sal nie baie effektief wees in Pretoria nie omdat Pretoria „n uitsonderlike lae
windfrekwensie het, maar in streke soos die Suid-Kaap, die Oos-Kaap en die Vrystaat kan
windturbines hoogs suksesvol wees. Kernkrag word normaalweg as „n hernubare
energiebron bestempel (kyk “nuclear energy”). Dit is strenggesproke nie korrek nie
aangesien die grondstowwe wat gebruik word om kernkrag op te wek teoreties ook uitputbaar
is, maar sulke klein hoeveelhede uraan en/of plutonium is nodig om sóveel energie op te wek,
dat ons nooit die hulpbron sou kon uitput nie. En die afvalprodukte bly vir soveel duisende
jare radio-aktief dat ons heel moontlik sal kan uitvind hoe om dit vir die opwekking van
elektrisiteit te gebruik, en sodoende die lewensduur van die hulpbron te verleng. Daar is
egter etlike negatiewe aspekte en ernstige gevare verbonde aan kernkrag-opwekking.
Eerstens is daar die hoë koste verbonde aan die oprigting van kern-kragaanlegte, die tweede
is die gevaar van „n “ongeluk” wat daartoe kan lei dat radio-aktiwiteit in die omgewing kan
“uitlek”, soos by die Three Mile Island-installasie in die VSA, die Chernobyl-installasie in
Rusland en die Fukushima-installasie in Japan (kyk “hazardous waste” en “nuclear energy”).
As gevolg van die gevare inherent aan kern-installasies en die hantering van radio-aktiewe
afval sal kernkrag seker altyd „n kontroversiële energiebron wees. (Let daarop dat daar etlike
omgewingsvriendelike alternatiewe vir fossielbrandstofenergie [kyk “fossil fuels”] is, maar
vanweë sekere beperkings en hoë koste is ons steeds afhanklik van besoedelende [“vuil”] –
maar relatief goedkoop – fossielbrandstowwe.)
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Resolution: The capability of a film and/or a lens to capture and record spatial
detail. In order to identify the finest detail on a photographic image the resolution
should be as high as possible. From a very grainy photographic image very little or
no fine detail could be identified. Such an image is of little value. Compare a grainy
(that is a photographic image composed of dots spaced far apart), semi-focussed
photograph of a lovely bride to a sharp, fully focussed photograph of the same bride.
On the first photo one can hardly see any of the detail on her dress, and even her
face might be somewhat vague. But on a high resolution photograph one can see
every pearl, frill, fold and detail of her dress and her happily smiling face is sharp and
perfectly recognisable. The resolution of a photographic image is inversely
proportional to grain size; that is, the smaller the grain size of the photographic
image, the higher is its resolution. For military purposes, high resolution images
are essential. It is of little value to be able to see that some construction is going on
in an enemy country, but when the construction is photographed with high resolution
equipment and the images reveal that a missile launching pad is being built the
neighbouring states would react differently! The global military industry is always
involved in progressive remote sensing techniques (see “remote sensing”) in order to
obtain more detailed remotely sensed images. Scientists doing research in these
fields often work directly or on contract for the military. Eventually some of these
techniques make it to the public domain where they become available for use to all.

Resolusie: Die vermoë van „n film en/of „n lens om ruimtelike besonderhede waar te neem en
op beeld vas te lê, dit wil sê, te dokumenteer. Om fyn besonderhede op „n fotografiese beeld
vas te lê, moet die resolusievlak so hoog as moontlik wees. Uit „n fotografiese beeld met „n
growwe grein kan min besonderhede onderskei word. So „n beeld is van min waarde.
Vergelyk „n greinerige (dit wil sê, „n fotografiese beeld wat bestaan uit kolletjies ver van
mekaar gespasieer is), swak gefokusde foto van „n pragtige bruid, met „n skerp, gefokusde
foto van dieselfde bruid. Op die eersgenoemde kan mens skaars enige besonderhede van haar
trourok uitmaak en selfs haar gesig is effens vaag. Maar op „n hoë-resolusie foto kan elke
pêrel, valletjie, voutjie en besonderheid van haar rok en gesig duidelik onderskei word. Die
resolusie van „n fotografiese beeld is omgekeerd proporsioneel tot die greingrootte, dit wil
sê, hoe hoër die aantal kolletjies op die beeld (dit wil sê, die resolusievlak), hoe hoër is die
resolusie van die vasgelegde beeld. Vir militêre doeleindes is hoë resolusiebeelde
essensieel. Dit is van min waarde om te sien dat daar een of ander tipe konstruksie in „n
vyandige staat aan die gang is. Indien die beelde egter onweerlegbaar toon dat daar „n
missiellanseer-aanleg gebou word, mag die buurstate heeltemal anders reageer! Die
wêreldwye militêre industrie is altyd betrokke in die ontwikkeling van nuwe
afstandswaarnemingstegnologie (kyk “remote sensing”) en tegnologie om meer gedailleerde
afstandswaarneming moontlik te maak. Wetenskaplikes wat sulke navorsing doen, doen dit
gewoonlik vir, of in opdrag van, die militêre magte. Mettertyd vind hierdie tegnologie sy
weg tot die openbare domein en raak dit beskikbaar vir andere om te gebruik.
Resource management: Controlling the use of any material or object that is of use
to humankind. Two types of resources are distinguished, namely natural resources
which are naturally occurring exploitable materials that may be used to enhance
human wellbeing, and human resources which are those things that human beings
themselves may contribute to the well-being of humankind. In geography we are
interested in the management of both types of resources. Of course, different
people regard different things as resources; that is a cultural aspect of human
existence. But, irrelevant of culture, certain resources are renewable and others are
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non-renewable. Renewable resources are materials that can be regenerated as

fast as or nearly as fast as they are used. Vegetation, groundwater, animals,
oxygen, solar energy and wind are examples. Nonrenewable resources are
regenerated at a much slower rate or not at all. Fossil fuels (see “fossil fuel”), iron
ore, diamonds, gold and a beautiful natural landscape cannot be regenerated, but
we may at least reuse or recycle (see “recycling”) some of them. Soil is a very
difficult resource to classify; it can be regenerated, but at a much slower rate than
human activities can either loose or degrade it to a state where it is unproductive.
From a resource management and sustainability point of view, soil is classified as
non-renewable on a human time-scale, and many scientists and environmentalists
regard accelerated soil erosion as humankind‟s most serious environmental threat.
Resource management basically aims at the sustainable use of all types of
resources. It seeks to minimise the use of non-renewable resources and the slowed-
down use plus the replenishment of the renewables. Resources are evaluated and
managed by means of different methods which include restriction of use (that is,
conservation), forbidding all use (that is, preservation), pollution regulations,
prescribed rehabilitation of a landscape after use, permission to execute actions that
might impact on the environment, and variations of the aforementioned methods.
The most important management strategy and the only one which would really arrest
all the problems, is the cultivation of a culture of sustainable use. However, that is a
long-term solution, while the problems demand immediate action which could be
provided by international conventions and national laws, regulations and permitting
(see “international conventions” and “environmental management”).
Hulpbronbestuur: Die beheer oor die gebruik van enige grondstowwe of objekte wat vir
die mens van nut is. Twee tipes hulpbronne word onderskei, naamlik natuurlike hulpbronne
wat bruikbare grondstowwe is wat ontgin en aangewend kan word om menslike welstand te
verbeter; en menslike hulpbronne is daardie goedere wat mense self tot „n verbeterde lewe vir
almal kan bydra. In geografie is ons gemoeid met die bestuur van albei tipes hulpbronne.
Natuurlik sien verskillende mense verskillende goedere as hulpbronne; dit is „n kulturele
aspek van menslike bestaan. Ongeag kultuur, is sekere hulpbronne hernubaar en ander is nie.
Hernubare hulpbronne is goedere, stowwe en objekte wat herskep word so vinnig (of
amper so vinnig) as wat dit verbruik word. Plantegroei, grondwater, diere, suurstof,
sonenergie en wind is voorbeelde van sulke hulpbronne. Nie-hernubare hulpbronne word
herskep teen „n veel stadiger koers as waarteen dit verbruik word. Fossielbrandstowwe (kyk
“fossil fuel”), ystererts, diamante, goud en „n aanskoulike natuurlike landskap kan nie herskep
word nie, maar gelukkig kan ons sommige daarvan herbruik of hersirkuleer (kyk
“recycling”). Grond is „n besonder problematiese hulpbron om te klassifiseer. Dit kan
herskep word, maar teen „n baie stadiger koers as wat menslike aktiwiteite dit deur erosie kan
verloor of kan gedradeer totdat dit totaal onproduktief is. Uit ‟n hulpbronbestuurs- en
volhoubaarheidsoogpunt is grond op „n menslike tydskaal nie-hernubaar nie, en baie
wetenskaplikes en omgewingsgesindes beskou versnelde gronderosie as die heel ernstigste
omgewingsbedreiging. Hulpbronbestuur is eintlik op die volhoubare gebruik van alle tipes
hulpbronne gemik. Dit streef na die minimalisering van die verbruik van nie-hernubare
hulpbronne en na die stadiger verbruik, en aanmoediging van hernuwing van hernubare
hulpbronne. Hulpbronne word deur middel van verskillende metodes geëvalueer en bestuur.
Hierdie metodes sluit onder andere die volgende in: beperking van gebruik (dit is, bewaring);
„n verbod op gebruik (dit is, preservering); besoedelingsregulasies; voorgeskrewe
rehabilitasie van „n landskap ná gebruik; toestemming om sekere aksies wat die omgewing
negatief kan beïnvloed, uit te voer; asook „n verskeidenheid van variasies van die
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reedsgenoemde maatreëls. Die belangrikste bestuurstrategie en die enigste een wat werklik
die probleme sal oplos, is die kweking van „n kultuur van volhoubare gebruik. Maar dit is „n
langtermyn oplossing, en die probleme vereis die onmiddellike optrede wat internasionale
konvensies en nasionale wetgewing, regulasies en permittering bied (kyk “international
conventions” en “environmental management”).
Responsible tourism: Trips or tours by visitors that do not cause any harm to the
visited environment itself (the host environment) or to the culture and way of life of
the people in the visited regions (see “host community”). Also, the number of visitors
should not exceed the carrying capacity of the attractions or the capacity of the
host area to absorb the waste associated with up-market tourism (see “carrying
capacity”). Tourist facilities should not despoil the natural or human-made attributes
– the assets – of the area, because these assets are the very reason why the visitors
are there. If these attributes were degraded, the owners or managers of the area are
destroying their own asset base (like killing the goose that lays the golden eggs!). In
order to ensure the sustainability of the place as a tourist attraction, its tourist
attributes have to be managed sustainably and with great care (see “demarketing”
and “carrying capacity”). There are justifiably serious concerns that the tourist
carrying capacity of the Kruger National Park is being exceeded by too many day
visitors and a proliferation of small camps. The Yellow Stone and Yosemite nature
reserves in the USA have had to limit visitor numbers many years ago – if for no
other reason than to relieve the problem of traffic jams inside the nature reserves!
Irresponsible tourism in the form of littering and exceeding the carrying capacity are
despoiling the once pristine slopes of mountains such as Mount Everest, Kilimanjaro
and Mount McKinley. Anything – from empty oxygen bottles to human excreta – is
strewn all along the climbing routes. At Everest, the Sherpas (see “accessibility”,
“adventure tourism” and “alternative tourism”) literally have to remove tons of waste
from both the south and the north slope of the mountain every year (56 tons were
removed from the south slope alone in 2012!), and teams of “clean-up” and
sanitation workers are continually removing waste from Kilimanjaro. The fact that
the waste is at least removed makes the littering and deposition of waste more
acceptable, but the first principle of eco-tourism and nature tourism of “leave
nothing but your footprints” (see “ecological citizenship”, “ecological footprint” and
“environmentalist”) is conveniently, but lamentably, ignored. One cannot but wonder
how many people would try to climb Everest or Kilimanjaro if they themselves had to
carry all their waste – and that includes their own excreta – down the mountain! The
fashionable past-time of the well-to-do so-called “nature lovers” is to drive their
environmentally unfriendly, 4x4 gas-guzzler off-road, over sensitive grasslands, right
through wetlands, over steep slopes, across dune ridges and on beaches. To
describe all the environmental damage they do would fill a thick book, and their “love
of nature” is at best superficial and at worse a very flimsy “green screen” for hubris.
From an envirocentric point of view, 4x4-tourism is – by its very nature –
environmentally irresponsible. Well-heeled tourists, who troop through squatter
camps or shanty towns and dish out sweets to the children, are equally irresponsible
– their behaviour is at best insulting and at worse socially and/or culturally and
eventually politically inflammatory. Even the oceans do not escape irresponsible
tourism! Scuba and snorkel divers have committed indescribable, irreversible
damage to the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, the coral reefs of the Maldives, and
just about every coral reef on Earth. The damage done to coral reefs by the
enormous tsunami of 26 December 2004, pales to insignificance compared to what
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has been wreaked by so-called nature-loving divers. There are so many examples
of irresponsible tourism and especially irresponsible up-market eco-tourism (which is
per definition irresponsible!) that one could easily fill an entire book on it. It is
encouraging that there are some positive examples of responsible tourism, such as
day-trips to the Galapagos Islands, and trips to Antarctica, sections of the Pantanal,
and specific regions of Canada, Alaska and the Amazonian forests.
Verantwoordelike toerisme: Togte en toere deur besoekers wat geen skade berokken aan die
besoekte omgewing self (die gasheeromgewing) of die kultuur en lewenstyl van die mense in
daardie gebied (die gasheergemeenskap) nie (kyk “host community”). Dit is ook belangrik
dat die aantal besoekers nie die dravermoë van die gasheergebied oorskry nie en dat die
groot volumes afval wat met top-klas toerisme geassosieerd is, nie die bestemming se vermoë
om afvalmateriaal te hanteer, oorweldig nie (kyk “destination” en “carrying capacity”).
Toeristefasiliteite moet nooit die natuurlike of mensgemaakte attribute – dit wil sê, hulle
bates – beskadig of verwaarloos nie, want hierdie bates is die rede waarom die besoekers
daarheen kom. Indien hierdie attribute degradeer, is die bestemming se bates minder
aantreklik en die bestemming sal nie meer die gewenste getal besoekers kan lok nie (dit is
soos om die gans wat die goue eiers lê, te slag!). Om die volhoubaarheid van die bestemming
te verseker, moet die toeriste-attribute met groot sorg volhoubaar bestuur word (kyk
“demarketing” en “carrying capacity”). Daar is met reg besorgdheid dat die Kruger
Nasionale Park se besoekersdravermoë oorskry word deur groot getalle dagbesoekers en „n
hele aantal nuwe, kleiner kampe wat ontwikkel is. Die Yellow Stone en Yosemite
natuurreservate in die VSA, het jare gelede reeds begin om die besoekersgetalle te beperk –
en een van die belangrikste oorwegings daarvoor was dat dit sou help om die verkeersknope
in die natuurreservate te verminder! Onverantwoordelike toerisme in die vorm van
dravermoë-oorskryding en rommelstrooiing ontsier die eertyds-ongeskonde hange van berge
soos Everest, Kilimanjaro en McKinley. Enige iets van leë suurstofsilinders tot menslike
ekskreta besaai die berghange oral langs die klimroetes. Elke jaar moet spanne Sherpas (kyk
“accessibility”, “alternative tourism” en “adventure tourism”) letterlik „n paar ton rommel
en afval van sowel die suidelike as noordelike hange van Everest verwyder (in 2012 is 56 ton
afval van die suidelike hang alleen verwyder!). Sanitasiewerkers en skoonmakers is
voortdurend besig om rommel en afval van die hange van Kilimanjaro te verwyder. Die feit
dat die rommel en afval darem verwyder word, maak die oorskryding van die dravermoë
meer aanvaarbaar, maar die eerste beginsel van ekotoerisme en natuurtoerisme, naamlik dat
mens niks behalwe jou voetspore moet agterlaat nie, word gerieflikheidshalwe en
betreurenswaardig geïgnoreer (kyk “ecological citizenship”, “ecological footprint” en
“environmentalist”). „n Mens kan nie help om te wonder hoeveel mense sal hierdie berge
gaan probeer klim as hulle self al hulle afval – insluitend die menslike afval – teen die hange
moet afdra! Tans is dit baie gewild by welgestelde, sogenaamde “natuurliefhebbers” om met
hulle omgewingsonvriendelike, 4x4-voertuie wat enorme hoeveelhede brandstof verbruik,
sommer hulle weg deur bosse of sensitiewe graslande, oor steil hellings, dwarsdeur vleilande,
oor sandduine en op strande rond te ry. Om die omgewingskade wat hulle aanrig, te beskryf
en verduidelik, sal „n baie dik boek vul, en hulle sogenaamde “liefde vir die natuur” is
meestal oppervlakkig en ongelukkig dikwels niks anders nie as „n baie dun “groenskerm” om
hulle selfvoldane, spoggerigheid te versluier. Uit „n omgewingsentriese oogpunt gesien, is
4x4-toerisme – uiteraard – onverantwoordelike toerisme. Gegoede toeriste wat deur „n
krotbuurt of plakkerskamp drentel en lekkers aan die kindertjies uitdeel, is soortgelyk
onverantwoordelik – hulle gedrag is hoogstens beledigend en kan selfs sosiaal en/of kultureel
en uiteindelik polities opruiend wees. Selfs die oseane ontsnap nie die euwels van
onverantwoordelike toerisme nie! Skuba- en snorkel-duikers het byna ongelooflike
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onherstelbare skade aan die Groot Sperrif by Australië, die koraalriwwe van die Maldiwiese
Eilande, en feitlik elke ander koraalrif in die wêreld berokken. Die skade wat deur die
reusagtige seismiese golf op 26 Desember 2004 aan koraalriwwe gedoen het, word geheel
verdwerg deur die verwoesting wat toeriste oor die jare aangerig het! Daar is soveel
voorbeelde van onverantwoordelike toerisme en veral top-mark ekotoerisme (wat uiteraard
omgewingsonverantwoordelik is) dat mens maklik „n hele boek daarmee kan vul. Dit is
bemoedigend dat daar darem ook toerisme-ondernemings is wat as positiewe voorbeelde van
verantwoordelike toerisme kan dien. Hieronder tel die dag-besoeke aan die Galapagos-
eilande, toere na Antarktika, dele van die Pantanal, en sekere gedeeltes van Kanada, Alaska
en die Amasone-oerwoud.
Retail facilities: Places and/or opportunities for consenting sellers and
consenting buyers to legally exchange relatively small amounts or volumes of goods
for money or other goods or services. From time immemorial humans have been
trading. There are various ways of small scale trading: goods can change hands (I
trade a chicken for your jar of honey); goods may be exchanged for services (I help
you pick the apples in your orchard and receive a part of the harvest in return for my
labour), goods might be sold for money (I buy your cow for an amount of money
mutually agreed upon), and so forth. These transactions took place anywhere, such
as along the roads, on street corners and often at a recognised, traditional market
place or a family-store (a spaza shop, that is, a shop belonging to one person or
family and dealing in a certain type of merchandise), or in the central business
district (CBD) (see “central business district”) of a city. Such market places often
constituted the entire CBD of an ancient city. In order to purchase or sell things one
went to the CBD. Over time retailing has changed a lot, but these traditional ways of
retailing still endure in various forms in especially the developing economies, but
also in the developed ones although the merchandise might now be more
sophisticated. The infrastructure required for retail activities has been modernised
and today many retailers do their business from formal shops in buildings specifically
erected for this purpose; shops (sellers) now have proper business addresses.
Retailers buy goods in bulk from wholesalers and sell it at higher prices to
purchasers at their shops with fixed addresses. The price the buyer is now going to
pay would probably be much higher because the retailer has to pay a steep rental for
the shop and his overheads are thus higher than in the informal market space. The
purchaser pays a little (or a lot) more for having the convenience to buy goods in a
conveniently located shop. In most modern cities the CBD is not the main retailing
space anymore, and most retailing happens at decentralised facilities (like malls and
shopping centres). People would rather travel to a nearby shopping centre than to
the CBD to make their ordinary, every-day purchases. Owing to this geographical
shift of retail areas, many CBDs became abandoned, derelict features (see “central
business district” and “gentrification”) where illegal trade, illegal activities, and vice
flourish. It would, for instance, be easier to buy crack-cocaine and procure the
services of a prostitute in the old CBD, than in the glitzy mall in the newer parts of
the city. The official attempts at “sanitising”, revitalising and rejuvenating the old
CBDs (see “gentrification”) might in the future shift the main retailing facilities back to
the CBDs, but we should not hold our breath! Besides, rentals in rejuvenated CBDs
are notoriously high, so the shopper will have to pay even more than previously.
And in the developing world no-one would want to lose the ubiquitous spaza shops!
Kleinhandelfasiliteite: Plekke en/of geleenthede vir gewillige handelaars en gewillige
kopers om wettig relatief klein hoeveelhede goedere vir geld of ander goedere of dienste te
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verhandel. Vanaf die vroegste tye het mense handelgedryf. Daar is verskillende vorme van
kleinskaalse handeldryf: goedere kan letterlik van een hand na „n ander hand verruil word (ek
ruil my hoender vir jou bottel heuning); goedere kan vir dienste verruil word (ek help jou om
die appels in jou boord te pluk en ontvang „n gedeelte van die oes as kompensasie vir my
arbeid); goedere kan vir geld verhandel word (ek koop jou koei teen „n wedersyds
ooreengekome prys), ensovoorts. Hierdie transaksies het enige plek plaasgevind,
byvoorbeeld langs die paaie en op die straathoeke, en dikwels by die erkende, tradisionele
mark of die plaaslike winkels (soos spazas wat aan een gesin behoort en in sekere tipe ware
handeldryf), of in die sentrale sakegebied of besigheidsdistrik (SBD) van die dorp of stad
(kyk “central business district”). Tradisionele markte het dikwels die hele SBD van ou stede
beslaan. Om enige iets te koop of te verkoop, het die mense na die SBD gegaan. Mettertyd
het kleinhandel baie verander, maar die tradisionele praktyke vind nog steeds in verskillende
vorme in veral die ontwikkelende lande plaas, hoewel dit ook in die ontwikkelde ekonomieë
plaasvind, maar die goedere wat verhandel word, het dikwels meer gesofistikeerd geword.
Die infrastruktuur wat vir kleinhandel benodig word, het meer modern geword en deesdae
doen baie kleinhandelaars sake in formele winkels in geboue wat spesiaal vir die doel gebou
is; winkels het nou vaste adresse. Kleinhandelaars koop voorrade in grootmaat by
groothandelaars aan en verkoop dit teen „n hoër prys aan kopers in hulle winkels. Die kopers
betaal effens (of baie) duurder, maar het die gerief daarvan om hulle benodigdhede plaaslik te
kan aanskaf. In die meeste moderne stede is die SBD nie meer die belangrikste
verkoopsruimte of kleinhandelruimte nie en die meeste kleinhandel vind in
gedesentraliseerde fasiliteite (soos inkoopsentrums) plaas. Mense gaan eerder na nabygeleë
fasiliteite en inkoopsentrums vir hulle alledaagse aankope as na die SBD. As gevolg van die
geografiese verskuiwing van die kleinhandelgebiede het baie SBD‟s verlate en vervalle
geraak (kyk “gentrification” en “central business district”) en slegs onwettige verkope,
onwettige praktyke en ontug gedy nou daar. Byvoorbeeld, dit sal makliker wees om in die
SBD kokaïne te koop en die dienste van prostitute te bekom as om dit in „n spoggerige
inkoopsentrum binne loopafstand te bekom. Die amptelike pogings om sommige van die
historiese SBD‟s op te ruim, te vernuwe en te laat herleef (kyk “gentrification”), kan dalk in
die toekoms „n terugkeer van kleinhandel na die SBD te weeg bring, maar dit sal beslis nie
spoedig gebeur nie. En in die ontwikkelende lande is die alombekende spaza-winkels „n
kenmerk wat niemand graag sal verloor nie!
Risk assessment: In a geographical and environmental sense, it is an estimate of
the possibility of an undesirable event or an unexpected negative result to any
action. The term is loosely applied and is used in many different sciences and
senses. In the environmental field it is used to evaluate the possibility of water
pollution, soil erosion, airpollution, habitat destruction, the death of animals,
destruction of plants, ecological change, destruction of a wetland, and numerous
other undesirable environmental results which might follow on any human activity.
Risk assessment is a predictive technique and it is a very difficult thing to do in the
environmental field, because it basically is a set of economic techniques that are
adapted for use in the environmental field. Ecological risk assessment has become
an extensively used method all over the world, including South Africa, and a
comprehensive set of guidelines have been developed by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) of the Unites States of America. No standardised
methodology exists, but a risk assessment process could be described as a process
consisting of four distinct phases: hazard identification, hazard assessment, risk
estimation, and risk evaluation. The most problematic aspect of any risk assessment
process is probably that values must be ascribed to things which cannot be
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measured. There are various ways of doing that and each risk assessment process
must choose the most appropriate technique. The entire process of risk assessment
is to a very large extent guesswork, but an informed guess and calculated risk
could be scientifically justifiable if used with caution and based on prior empirical
proof or experience.
Risiko-bepaling: In „n geografiese en omgewingskonteks is risiko-bepaling „n “skatting”
of “estimasie” van die moontlikheid van „n ongewenste gebeurlikheid of onverwagte
negatiewe gevolg van „n menslike aksie. Die term word baie “los” gebruik en word in
menige verskillende wetenskappe en betekenisse gebruik. In die omgewingswetenskappe
word dit gebruik om die moontlikheid van waterbesoedeling, gronderosie, lugbesoedeling,
habitatverwoesting, dieresterftes en plantegroeivernietiging, ekologiese verandering,
vernietiging van „n vleiland, en talle ander ongewenste gevolge van menslike aktiwiteite te
evalueer. Risiko-bepaling is „n voorspellende tegniek en dit is „n uiters moeilike ding om in
die omgewingswetenskappe te doen omdat dit op „n stel ekonomiese tegnieke wat moeilik in
die omgewingswetenskappe aangewend kan word, gebaseer is. Ekologiese risiko-bepaling
het wêreldwyd „n algemeen gebruikte metode geword, en word ook dikwels in Suid-Afrika
gebruik. „n Omvattende stel riglyne is deur die Omgewingsbeskermingsagentskap
(Environmental Protection Agency of EPA) van die Verenigde State van Amerika ontwikkel.
Daar bestaan geen gestandaardiseerde metodologie nie, maar risiko-bepaling is inderwaarheid
„n proses wat uit vier onderskeibare aksies gekenmerk word: gevaaridentifisering,
gevaarbepaling, risiko-skatting, en risiko-evaluering. Die mees problematiese aspek van
enige risiko-bepalingsproses is waarskynlik dat waardes toegeken moet word aan dinge wat
nie gemeet kan word nie. Daar is verskeie maniere waarop dit gedoen kan word en die mees
toepaslike een moet tydens elke risiko-bepalingsproses gekies word. Die hele proses van
risiko-bepaling is grootliks “raaiwerk”, maar „n ingeligte “raaiskoot” en berekende risiko
kan wetenskaplik geregverdig word indien dit met omsigtigheid gebruik word en op vroeëre
empiriese ervaring gebaseer kan word.
Salinisation (salinization): The process whereby soluble salts (certain types of
chemical substances) accumulate in the soil. It is a serious environmental problem
in regions with a warm, arid (dry) or semi-arid climate. All natural waters – including
groundwater – contain varying amounts of soluble chemical compounds called
“salts”. These compounds include NaCl (ordinary table salt), other chlorides,
carbonates and sulphates of sodium, calcium and magnesium. Many soils also
contain soluble salts and when groundwater passes through such soil, it dissolves
some of the salts and its salinity increases. Where the climate is warm and dry, the
water evaporates out of the soil profile, but the soluble salts remain behind. Every
repetition of this process increases the salinity of the soil until it is totally infertile and
cannot support any plant growth. Irrigation in unsuitable regions has rendered
millions and millions of hectares of land throughout the world unproductive and
useless. In arid and semi-arid regions irrigation is necessary in order to produce
food, but it has to be judiciously done in order to maintain soil fertility. The type of
soil and the salinity of the irrigation water have to be studied and the irrigation should
be done in a way that will not increase the salinity of the soil. Certain soils should
never be irrigated and certain water should never be used for irrigation. Salinisation
happens all over the world, but owing to its aridity Africa is particularly prone to the
problem. It is interesting to note that enormous, circular regions of salinisation occur
around all of the oases (wells made in the desert to extract water, and marshy areas
where free-flowing water might be obtained) in the Sahara desert. At all of these
places the watertable is close enough to the surface that the water can be extracted
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by means of shallow wells and for thousands of years people have used these
regions to cultivate crops because it was possible to irrigate the land around these
water sources. Nowadays most of these areas are completely barren as a result of
salinisation. The water is still available, but the soil is so saline that absolutely
nothing will grow there. The age-old image of an oasis is that of a clump of palm
trees and reeds surrounding a water source where shade, food and water could be
enjoyed in the midst of the harsh, dry, hot, lifeless desert. “An oasis in the desert”
has even become an often used idiom. Unfortunately, those idyllic oases do not
exist anymore and soon no-one will understand the idiom anymore!
Versouting: Die proses waardeur oplosbare soute (sekere tipes chemiese stowwe) in grond
akkumuleer. Dit is „n ernstige omgewingsprobleem in warm, droë en half-droë streke. Alle
natuurlike water – insluitend grondwater – bevat een of ander hoeveelheid oplosbare
chemiese verbindings wat “soute” genoem word. Hierdie verbindings sluit NaCl (gewone
tafelsout), ander chloried-, karbonaat- en sulfaatverbindings van natrium, kalsium of
magnesium in. Baie gronde bevat ook oplosbare soute en wanneer die grondwater deur die
grond beweeg, los dit sommige soute op en word brak (souterig), met ander woorde die
soutgehalte van die water styg. In „n warm, droë klimaat verdamp die water uit die
grondprofiel, maar die opgeloste sout bly in die grond agter. Met elke herhaling van die
proses, styg die soutkonsentrasie in die grond totdat dit uiteindelik heeltemal nutteloos en
onvrugbaar is en geen plantlewe kan onderhou nie. As gevolg van besproeiing in gebiede
wat nie daarvoor geskik is nie, het miljoene der miljoene hektaar land oral in wêreld reeds
onproduktief en nutteloos geword. In droë en half-droë gebiede is besproeiing noodsaaklik
om voedsel te produseer, maar dit moet op so „n wyse gedoen word dat die
grondvrugbaarheid behoue bly. Die tipe grond en die soutgehalte van die besproeiingswater
moet bestudeer word sodat die besproeiing nie tot versouting sal lei nie. Sekere gronde moet
nooit besproei word nie en sekere water moet nooit vir besproeiing aangewend word nie.
Hoewel versouting byna oral in die wêreld kan plaasvind, is Afrika met sy ariede klimaat
besonder vatbaar vir versouting. Dit is interessant om daarop te let dat enorme, sirkelvormige
sones van versouting oral in die Sahara rondom byna elke oase voorkom. Oases is plekke
waar die grondwatervlak na genoeg aan die oppervlak is dat die water deur middel van vlak
putte onttrek kan word, of vleilande waar vryvloeiende water ook bekom kan word.
Duisende jare lank gebruik mense hierdie water om voedsel onder besproeiing rondom die
waterbronne te verbou. Deesdae is hierdie sirkels egter steriele, kaal, nuttelose
gedegradeerde kolle van versoute grond. Die water is nog steeds daar, maar die grond is so
verbrak dat absoluut niks daarin kan groei nie. Die eeue-oue beeld van „n oase as „n groep
palmbome en riete (biesies) rondom „n waterbron waar skadu, voedsel en water in die middel
van die harde, droë, warm, lewelose woestyn verkry kon word, geld ongelukkig nie meer nie.
Daar is selfs „n algemeen gebruikte idioom “soos ‟n oase in die woestyn”, maar daardie
idilliese oases bestaan nie meer nie en binnekort gaan niemand meer verstaan wat die idioom
beteken nie!
Scientific hypothesis: A scientific proposition whose truth or falsity can be
asserted. Therefore, a hypothesis is a scientific statement that can be “tested” and
verified (declared true) or rejected (declared false). Once a hypothesis has been
proven true, it is accepted as a true statement, and when it has been proven false it
is rejected. It is very important that a scientific hypothesis is an empirical
proposition in the sense that it can be tested (verified) by experience. If it is proven
to be a true statement, it might become a scientific law which might – together with
other such laws – form the tenets of a particular theory. A hypothesis must be
testable; if it is not testable, it is actually a postulate, not a hypothesis. The so-
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called “hard sciences” such as chemistry and physics, and the so-called “soft
sciences” like psychology and sociology have completely differing views of what
hypotheses, laws and theories are. Although geography straddles the hard and the
soft sciences, it tends to adhere to the physical scientists‟ view of what a hypothesis
is (this stems from the quantification period of the 1970s and 1980s), but this
tendency was never universal, and it definitely is not universal now.
Wetenskaplike hipotese: „n Wetenskaplike stelling of siening waarvan die waarheid of
onwaarheid bepaal kan word. Dit is dus „n wetenskaplike stelling wat getoets – of
geverifieer – kan word en as „n ware stelling aanvaar kan word of as „n valse een verwerp
kan word. Dit is uiters belangrik dat „n wetenskaplike hipotese proefondervindelik (dit wil
sê empiries) getoets kan word; indien dit nie getoets kan word nie, is dit „n postulaat, nie „n
hipotese nie. Indien „n hipotese as korrek bewys word, word dit as „n ware stelling aanvaar
en kan dit as „n wet beskou word waarop teorie gegrond kan word. Die sogenaamde “harde
wetenskappe” soos chemie en fisika, en die sogenaamde “sagte wetenskappe” soos sielkunde
en sosiologie het totaal verskillende sienings oor wat „n hipotese, „n wet en „n teorie is.
Hoewel geografie die kloof tussen die sagte en die harde wetenskappe oorbrug, neig dit om
die fisiese wetenskappe se siening van hipoteses te ondersteun (dit is iets wat spruit uit die
kwantifiseringsperiode van die dissipline in die 1970‟s en 1980‟s), maar hierdie siening was
nooit universeel nie en is tans hoegenaamd nie universeel nie.
Scoping: The process of impact identification. This process follows on the
screening process (see “screening”) and it involves the identification of the impacts
that should be included in the impact assessment and which impacts need not be
included. A proposed development project – as a whole – might potentially pose a
significant impact on the environment, but all aspects or actions involved in the
project might not pose equally severe impacts. All the potentially serious impacts
must be thoroughly investigated during the impact assessment phase, but it would
be a waste of money and time to investigate relatively harmless and insignificant
impacts. The purpose of scoping is to decide which impacts must be investigated
and which need not be investigated. Scoping should identify the key issues that the
impact assessment should focus on. Note that all possible impacts are considered
in the scoping process, but the more harmless ones are then eliminated from further
investigation. There are various methods that could be used to identify the
potentially serious impacts. The scoping process produces a very important
document, namely the terms of reference (ToR) for the environmental assessment
phase. The ToR forms the “blue print” for the impact investigation phase. A poor or
incomplete ToR could result in insufficient investigation of key issues which might
eventually result in serious, expensive or even irreversible harm to the environment.
Many environmental consultants and practitioners regard the scoping as the most
important phase of the entire integrated environmental management procedure.
Scoping is a very complex process, but there are numerous guideline documents on
how it could or should be carried out. It is imperative that all stakeholders have to
be involved and that the process should be well-planned and well-managed.
Omvangsbepaling (omvangsberaming): Die proses van impakidentifikasie. Hierdie
proses volg op die siftingsproses (kyk “screening”) en dit behels die identifisering van die
impakte wat in die impakbepaling ingesluit en ondersoek moet word en watter impakte nie
verdere ondersoek benodig nie. „n Voorgestelde ontwikkelingsprojek as „n geheel kan
potensieel „n beduidende impak op die omgewing inhou, maar al die onderskeie aspekte en
aksies in die projek hou moontlik nie almal ewe ernstige bedreigings vir omgewing in nie. Al
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die potensieel ernstige impakte moet deeglik ondersoek word in die impakbepalingsfase,
maar dit sou „n verkwisting van geld en tyd wees om die relatief onskadelike en
onbeduidende impakte verder te ondersoek. Die doel van omvangbepaling is om vas te stel
watter impakte ondersoek moet word en watter nie ondersoek hoef te word nie.
Omvangbepaling behoort die kernaspekte waarop die impakbepaling moet konsentreer, te
identifiseer. Let daarop dat alle moontlike impakte in die omvangsbepalingsproses oorweeg
moet word, maar die minder beduidende en nietige impakte hoef nie verder ondersoek te
word nie. Daar is verskeie metodes wat gebruik kan word om die mees beduidende impakte
te identifiseer. Die besluite van die omvangbepalingsproses word gedokumenteer en hierdie
dokument vorm dan „n uiters belangrike dokument (“instrument‟), naamlik die terme van
verwysing (TvV of “Terms of References [ToR”]), vir die omgewingsimpakbepalingsfase.
Die TvV is die “bloudruk” vir die impakbepalingsfase. „n Swak of onvolledige TvV kan
uitloop op „n onvoldoende ondersoek van sleutelaspekte wat uiteindelik tot „n ernstige, duur
of selfs onomkeerbare skade aan die omgewing kan lei. Baie omgewingskonsultante en –
praktisyns beskou die omvangbepaling as die belangrikste fase van die hele geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure. Omvangbepaling is „n uiters komplekse proses, maar daar is
etlike riglyndokumente ontwikkel oor hoe dit kan en behoort uitgevoer te word. Dit is
noodsaaklik dat alle belanghebbendes betrek moet word en dat die proses goed beplan en
goed bestuur moet word.
Screening: The process of determining whether a proposed action or
development project should be submitted to a full environmental impact assessment
(EIA) or not. This process should determine whether the potential impacts of the
proposed project could/would affect the environment so significantly that a complete
EIA needs to be done in order to obtain permission to proceed with the proposed
project. Note that all proposals must be screened, but some proposed actions or
projects do not pose a potential environmental impact serious enough to merit a full
EIA. Screening differs from scoping (see “scoping”) in that screening considers the
proposed action or project as an entity or a whole, while scoping considers the
individual impacts which might be associated with the action or project. It is not
always easy to make a decision during the screening phase, and with an influential
environmental lobby or a number of active, vociferous environmental NGOs watching
out for the least wrongdoing, the competent authorities in the developed countries
are very hesitant to permit an action or project without demanding an EIA. In order
to assist the authorities, handy checklists have been developed. In South Africa, two
screening lists are used for screening: the List of Activities and the List of
Environments. All activities listed in the first, and any project in an environment
listed in the second, must submit to a full EIA process. Erecting a small, wooden
ice-cream booth along the road main road inside the Cradle of Humankind World
Heritage Site, seems harmless enough, but because it is in a world heritage site the
List of Environments would indicate that an EIA has to be done. Building a nuclear
waste disposal site in the middle of a large, deserted, uninhabited, arid wilderness
might also seem harmless enough, but because it involves radio-active material the
List of Activities would demand a full EIA. Despite these handy lists, the golden rule
applied in all developed states is: “When in doubt, do an EIA”. In the developing
states, screening is slacker, but that is not desirable as the aforementioned nuclear
waste disposal site might be right in the middle a nomadic clan‟s habitual terrain or
even a secret sacred site. A proposal to build an explosives factory in the heart of a
city, does not need any lists to send it directly to the “no-go” class.
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Sifting: Die proses waardeur vasgestel word of „n voorgestelde aksie of ontwikkelingsprojek

aan „n volle omgewingsimpakbepaling (OIB of EIA) onderwerp moet word of nie. Die
siftingsproses moet vasstel of die potensiële impakte van die voorgestelde projek die
omgewing so beduidend sal/kan impakteer dat „n volwaardige OIB benodig word voor daar
besluit kan word of toestemming vir die projek verleen kan word. Let daarop dat alle
voorgestelde projekte deur die siftingsproses moet gaan, maar sekere voorgestelde aksies en
projekte hoef nie deur die volle OIB-prosedure te gaan nie. Sifting verskil van
omvangbepaling (kyk “scoping”) daarin dat sifting die voorgestelde aksie of projek as „n
geheel of „n entiteit oorweeg, terwyl omvangbepaling die individuele impakte wat met die
projek geassosieer is, oorweeg. Dit is nie altyd maklik om in die siftingsfase „n besluit te
neem nie, en met „n invloedryke omgewingsdrukgroep en „n aantal aktiewe, luide
omgewings-NRO‟s wat die geringste misstap sal bespeur, is die besluitnemende owerhede in
die ontwikkelde lande huiwerig om toestemming aan enige aksie of projek te verleen sonder
„n volledige OIB. Om die besluitnemende owerhede tegemoet te kom, is handige
kontrolelyste ontwikkel. In Suid-Afrika word twee kontrolelyste vir sifting gebruik: „n Lys
van Aktiwiteite en „n Lys van Omgewings. Alle aktiwiteite wat in die eerste lys genoem
word, en alle omgewings wat in die tweede lys genoem word, moet aan volledige OIB-
prosesse onderwerp word. Die oprigting van „n klein, roomysstalletjie langs die hoofpad
deur die Wieg van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein skyn „n heeltemal skadelose aktiwiteit
te wees, maar omdat dit binne „n wêrelderfenisterrein is, sal dit volgens die Lys van
Omgewings „n volle OIB vereis. Die bou van „n kernafval-wegdoeningsfasiliteit in „n groot,
onbewoonde, droë wildernis mag ook onskadelik voorkom, maar omdat daar radio-aktiewe
materiaal betrokke is, word daar volgens die Lys van Aktiwiteite „n volledige OIB-proses
vereis. Ten spyte van hierdie handige lyste, is daar „n goue reël wat in alle ontwikkelde lande
gevolg word, naamlik: “In geval van twyfel, doen „n OIB”. In die ontwikkelende lande
(kyk “developing countries”) is sifting nie so „n streng proses nie, maar dit is nie die ideale
toestand nie want die bogenoemde kernafvalfasiliteit kan dalk reg in die middel van „n
nomadiese stam se tradisionele terrein of selfs „n geheime, heilige gebied wees. „n Voorstel
om „n plofstoffabriek in die hartjie van „n stad te bou, benodig natuurlik geen lyste om dit
direk na die asblik – oftewel die “no-go”-klas – te verdoem nie.
Secondary economic activities: See “development”, “dual economy”,
“countries in transition” and “quaternary economic activities”.
Sekondêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: Kyk “development”, “dual economy”, “countries in
transition” en “quaternary economic activities”.

Services: Gainful transactions between willing participants while no tangible goods

need to change hands. One party might have specialised knowledge which the
other party might need. Often, the only thing that changes hands is the money which
the receiving party pays for the specialised knowledge or service of the service
provider. The service sector of the economy includes an extremely wide variety of
services. Educational, medical, legal, cultural, artistic, psychological, recreational,
hospitality, transport, security, and many other services are needed by everybody in
a modern society. The service providers are often registered professionals with
specific qualifications. Illegal services are not generally included, but in certain
countries sexual services form part of the legal array of services. Services form an
immense proportion of the economy in the developed countries (see “development”
and “dual economy”). In the developing countries and countries is transition,
services form a smaller proportion of the economy and production, while
manufacturing still exceeds the service sector in importance. Services form part of
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the tertiary sector of an economy (see “countries in transition”, “development”, “dual

economy” and “quaternary economic activities”).
Dienste: Winsgewende transaksies tussen gewillige partye waarin geen tasbare goedere
noodwendig in ander hande oorgaan nie. Een party het moontlik gespesialiseerde kennis
waaraan „n tweede party „n behoefte het. Dikwels is die geld wat die ontvanger van die diens
aan die diensverskaffer betaal die enigste goedere wat in ander hande oorgaan. Die
dienssektor van „n ekonomie sluit „n enorme verskeidenheid van dienste in. Onderwys-,
mediese, regs-, kulturele, artistiese, psigologiese, ontspannings-, gasvryheids-, vervoer-,
sekuriteitsdienste en menige ander word deur almal in „n moderne samelewing benodig. Die
diensverskaffers is dikwels geregistreerde professionele praktisyns. Onwettige dienste word
nie normaalweg ingesluit nie, maar in sekere lande is seksuele dienste deel van wettige
dienslewering. Dienste maak „n reuse gedeelte van die ekonomie in ontwikkelende lande uit
(kyk “development” en “dual economy”). In die ontwikkelende lande en die lande in oorgang
vorm dienste „n kleiner gedeelte van die ekonomie en is nie so belangrik as produksie en
vervaardiging nie. Dienste vorm deel van die tersiêre sektor van die ekonomie (kyk
“countries in transition”, “development”, “dual economy” en “quaternary economical
activities”).

Social services: The official provision of the tangible and intangible things to meet
the needs of the people in a society. Human beings have needs and they have
wants. The “wants” are the “would like to haves” and people‟s existence does not
depend on these. In order to survive, these needs have to be met. Even needs can
be ranged from basic needs (like food and shelter) to higher-level needs such as
advanced education. In any society, there is a common responsibility to provide in
the basic needs of all, even those who cannot afford to pay for it. This societal
responsibility is delegated to the government or some authority which has to execute
the service provision and ensure that the needy receive the necessary services,
such as health-care, basic schooling, secure shelters, enough food, clean water, and
all the basic requirements for survival or even a decent life. Those who can afford it
pay taxes to the authority to provide in the needs of those who cannot afford to pay
for these services. If the basic needs of the poorest in a society are not satisfied,
social unrest and instability may result. Before people lived together in villages and
cities each family group had to provide in its own needs. When family units widened
and formed clans and communities, a sense of society was born. People started to
help one another, and the concept of “social belonging” was born. Nowadays, with
more than 50% of the world population living in cities, service provision is one of the
main considerations in urban planning and development. Spatial analysis is done
to find the optimal locations for schools, hospitals, markets, and so forth.
Sosiale dienste (gemeenskapsdienste): Die amptelike voorsiening in die tasbare en
ontasbare goedere om die mense in „n gemeenskap se behoeftes te bevredig. Mense het
behoeftes en begeertes. Die begeertes is dít wat mense graag wil hê, maar hulle oorlewing is
nie daarvan afhanklik nie. Daarenteen is behoeftes dít wat vir mense se oorlewing bevredig
móét word. Selfs behoeftes kan in „n rangorde geplaas word, met basiese behoeftes (soos kos
en skuiling) aan die een kant en hoër-vlak behoeftes (soos gevorderde onderwys) aan die
ander uiteinde. In enige gemeenskap, is daar „n gemeenskaplike verantwoordelikheid om in
die basiese behoeftes van almal te voorsien, selfs daardie gene wat nie in staat is om daarvoor
te betaal nie. Hierdie sosiale verantwoordelikheid word opgedra aan die owerhede, naamlik
die regering of een of ander outoriteit, om uit te voer – dit wil sê, om die dienste te verskaf en
toe te sien dat die behoeftiges gesondheidsorg, basiese skoling, veilige skuilings, genoeg
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voedsel, skoon water, en al die ander basiese dienste wat vir oorlewing of „n aanvaarbare
lewe nodig is, ontvang. Diegene wat dit kan bekostig, betaal belastings sodat die dienste
voorsien kan word aan diegene wat nie daarvoor kan betaal nie. Indien die basiese behoeftes
van die armes in „n gemeenskap nie bevredig word nie, kan dit tot sosiale onrus en
onstabiliteit lei. Voordat mense in dorpe en stede begin saamleef het, moes elke familiegroep
in hulle eie behoeftes voorsien. Nadat familiegroepe vergroot het en sosiale eenhede en
gemeenskappe begin vorm het, het „n gemeenskapsin ontstaan en mense het mekaar begin
help. Die konsepte van “sosiale behorendheid” en gemeensaamheid is gebore. Deesdae
woon meer as 50% van die wêreldbevolking in stede en dienstevoorsiening is een van die
belangrikste oorwegings in stedelike beplanning en ontwikkeling. Ruimtelike analise word
gedoen om die optimale lokaliteite vir skole, hospitale, markte, ensomeer te bepaal.
Socio-cultural impacts: People live in social groups that are hierarchically
organised according to their customs and traditions. Their traditions, rituals, religious
practices, social interactions, and so forth, reflect their value system and the way
they view the world. If political instability erupts into war, a community could be torn
apart or they might be forced to leave their habitual area and all the places they
regard as sacred, be compelled to learn a different language, or be swamped by a
mass of migrants or refugees from somewhere else who suddenly arrive to settle in
their area (see “refugee” and “host community”). It will have an enormous impact on
the socio-cultural life of the original community. They are then exposed to foreign
customs, religions, social and cultural practices, and eventually acculturation or
even enculturation might happen (see “acculturation”). The end results of these
impacts are intermarriage with the people who are now hardly foreigners anymore
and ultimately the loss of the original community‟s customary practices, milieu and
identity. The dominance of certain cultures might destroy other cultures either
forcibly or peacefully. When people are so attracted to another way of life, they
might choose to adopt it and abandon their own culture. The American society is an
interesting example. When the African-Americans were initially brought to North
America as slaves, they were ripped from their own socio-cultural practices and were
forced to adopt the practices of the slave-owners. The African slaves were a
completely disrupted people. However, over a period of two hundred years and
many traumatic events, the different peoples in the USA have blended into one
nation which – by and large – shares the same socio-cultural traditions. All the
different peoples of the world have experienced socio-cultural impacts at some stage
or another, they have influenced one another to greater or lesser degree. But the
Europeans, Chinese, Indians, Brazilians, and so forth, are still socio-culturally quite
different from one another. The socio-cultural impact of the internet has already
been significant and its future effect would be interesting to observe.
Sosio-kulturele impakte: Mense leef in sosiale groepe wat volgens hulle eie gebruike en
tradisies hiërargies georden is. Hulle tradisies, rituele, godsdienspraktyke, sosiale interaksies,
ensomeer, weerspieël hulle waardesisteem en lewensuitkyk. Indien politieke onstabiliteit in
oorlog uitloop, kan „n hele gemeenskap uiteengeruk word en hulle kan gedwing wees om hul
tuisgebied en al die plekke wat vir hulle betekenis het of heilig is, te verlaat en „n nuwe taal
aan te leer. Hulle kan selfs oorspoel word deur „n massa migrante of vlugtelinge wat van
elders kom en in hulle gebied kom vestig (kyk “refugee” en “host society”). Dit het „n
hewige impak op die sosio-kulturele lewe van die oorspronklike gemeenskap. Hulle word
blootgestel aan vreemde gebruike, godsdienste, sosiale en kulturele gebruike en uiteindelik
kan akkulturasie of selfs enkulturasie plaasvind (kyk “acculturation”). Die uiteinde van
hierdie impakte is ondertrouing met die mense wat nou beswaarlik nog as vreemdelinge
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beskryf kan word, en die verlies van die oorspronklike gemeenskap se gebruike en identiteit.
Die dominansie van sekere kulture kan ander kulture óf vreedsaam óf gedwonge vernietig.
Wanneer mense só aangetrokke is tot „n ander lewenstyl kan hulle kies om hulle eie kultuur
te laat vaar en die ander een aan te neem. Die Amerikaanse samelewing is „n interessante
voorbeeld. Toe die Afrika-Amerikaners aanvanklik as slawe na Noord-Amerika geneem is,
is hulle weggeskeur uit hulle eie sosio-kulturele milieu, gebruike en identiteit, en gedwing om
die sosio-kulturele gebruike van die slawe-eienaars te aanvaar. Die Afrika-slawe was „n
totaal ontwrigte groep mense. Oor „n tydperk van meer as twee honderd jaar en menige
traumatiese gebeure, het die verskillende mense van die VSA egter tot een nasie versmelt wat
– in die breë gesien – dieselfde sosio-kulturele tradisies deel. Al die verskillende mense en
nasies in die wêreld het al een of ander tyd sosio-kulturele impakte ervaar, en hulle het
mekaar oor en weer beïnvloed. Tog verskil die Europeërs, Chinese, Indiërs, Braziliane,
ensovoorts, steeds heeltemal van mekaar. Die sosio-kulturele impak van die internet het
reeds „n beduidende impak gehad en dit sal interessant wees om waar te neem wat die
toekomstige invloed van die internet gaan wees.

Socio-economic accessibility: See “accessibility” and “social services”.

Sosio-ekonomiese toeganklikheid: Kyk “accessibility” en “social services”.
Soil erosion:The gradual wearing away of the top, fertile layer of the surface of the
Earth. Erosion (see “erosion”) includes the weathering and removal of the rocks,
rock debris, rock fragments and soil, but when we talk about soil erosion we are
referring to the removal of that material which supports vegetated life on the surface
of the Earth. Soil erosion is a natural process that has always occurred and will
probably do so forever. However, over the last few thousand years human activities
have resulted in accelerated soil erosion which is a much faster process that
removes soil faster than it can be formed. This means that we are losing the
productive capacity of the land on which we depend. The soil can be removed by
sheet erosion which is the removal of a fairly uniform layer of soil by means of run-
off water. Advanced sheet erosion progresses to rill erosion when numerous
centimetres deep, small channels form in the surface layer. But as accelerated
erosion continues surface run-off concentrates in the rills and enlarges them to
gullies that are metres deep and hundreds of metres long. At that stage the land
cannot be used for cultivation anymore and all the fertile topsoil has already been
washed away. South Africa, Lesotho and Madagascar contain spectacular
examples of erosion gullies, and that is unfortunately nothing to be proud of. Human
activities that lead to this regrettable condition of millions of hectares of land all over
the world are many and varied, but the main culprits are overcultivation, overgrazing,
injudicious cultivation, slash-and-burn cultivation and general overuse of land. When
too many people have to live off too small pieces of land or on land unsuitable for
their traditional agricultural practices, the entire region might be degraded to a state
of zero productivity. Millions of hectares in Africa have gone this route. Soil erosion
is the most serious environmental problem humankind is facing, but it gets far
less media coverage and publicity than air pollution, water pollution and global
warming. It is good that people are aware of all the environmental issues, but our
priorities are not always correct. Numerous international conferences and
conventions have been held on air pollution, global warming and water pollution (see
“climate change”, “environmental degradation”, “food security” and “environmental
conventions”), but the most serious environmental problem, namely accelerated soil
erosion has never formed the central focus of such a conference. Legally soils enjoy
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less protection than the atmosphere and the water networks, yet the most serious
natural resource issue we are facing is the loss of our fertile topsoil!
Gronderosie: Die geleidelike wegvoering van die boonste, vrugbare laag van die
aardoppervlak. Erosie (kyk “erosion”) sluit die verwering van gesteentes asook die
verwydering van die verweringspuin en –gesteentefragmente, en die bolaag vrugbare grond
wat plantlewe onderhou, in. Wanneer ons van gronderosie praat, verwys ons egter na die
verlies van die laag oppervlakmateriaal wat alle plantlewe op Aarde onderhou. Gronderosie
is „n natuurlike proses wat nog altyd plaasgevind het en waarskynlik ewig sal voortduur. Oor
die afgelope paar duisend jaar het menslike aktiwiteite egter gelei tot versnelde gronderosie
waardeur grond vinniger verloor word as wat dit deur die natuurlike prosesse vervaardig kan
word. Dit beteken dat ons besig is om die grond se produksievermoë waarvan ons afhanklik
is, te verloor. Die grond kan verlore gaan as gevolg van plaaterosie wat die verwydering van
„n min of meer uniforme laag grond is wat doodeenvoudig deur oppervlakvloei van water
weggespoel word. Gevorderde plaaterosie gee aanleiding tot tallose klein erosiegroefies
(bekend as “rills”) wat slegs, sentimeters diep is, maar „n reuse gebied kan beslaan. Namate
die groeferosie voortgaan, konsentreer die oorlandvloei van water in die groefies en vergroot
hulle later tot hulle uiteindelik erosieslote (“gullies”) is wat meters diep en honderde meters
lank kan wees. Teen daardie tyd kan die gebied nie meer vir bewerking en voedselproduksie
gebruik word nie omdat al die vrugbare bogrond reeds weggespoel het. Daar is talle
menslike aktiwiteite wat tot hierdie rampspoedige verlies van miljoene hektaar produktiewe
landgebied oral in die wêreld lei, maar die vernaamstes is oormatige verbouing,
oorbeweiding, onoordeelkundige verbouing, kap-en-brand landbou (slash-and-burn
cultivation) en die algemene oorbenutting van die land. Wanneer te veel mense op „n te klein
stukkie land of in „n ongeskikte gebied deur middel van hulle tradisionele landboumetodes „n
lewe probeer maak, kan die hele gebied gedegradeer word totdat die produksievermoë
heeltemal tot niet is. Miljoene hektaar land in Afrika het op hierdie wyse tot niet gegaan.
Gronderosie is die ernstigste omgewingsprobleem wat die mensdom in die gesig staar, maar
dit geniet baie minder mediadekking en publisiteit as lugbesoedeling, waterbesoedeling en
aardverwarming. Dit is goed dat mense van die laasgenoemde vraagstukke bewus is, maar
ons prioriteite is nie altyd korrek nie. Tallose internasionale konferensies en konvensies is al
oor klimaatsverandering, lugbesoedeling, aardverwarming, waterbesoedeling en
voedselsekuriteit gehou (kyk “climate change”, “enviromental degradation”, “food security”
en “environmental conventions”), maar gronderosie was nog nooit die sentrale fokus van só
„n konferensie nie. Wetlik geniet grond ook minder beskerming as lug en water, tog is die
verlies van vrugbare bogrond die ernstigste omgewingshulpbronvraagstuk wat ons in
toekoms sal moet hanteer.
Space-in-time perspective: The way in which geographers interpret the world we
live in. Things on Earth vary from place to place (see “spatial distribution” and
“spatial pattern”) and also from time to time at one and the same place.
Geographers study the spatial patterns formed by the occurrence of people,
phenomena and processes, but all of these change over time. So when we describe
them, it is a description of where they occur at one specific time. In this way we
have described spatial variation at a certain moment in time (time 1). However,
geographers also study the changes in occurrence over time. Should we revisit a
certain investigation a number of years later, we are again studying the spatial
patterns, but now at time 2. Sometimes we might be more interested in the rate at
which spatial patterns change, and then we do a longitudinal study, which means
that we study the spatial occurrence patterns continuously or interrupted for a certain
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period. All spatial patterns on Earth change over time; that is what geographers are
specifically trained to analyse.
Tydruimtelike perspektief: Die wyse waarop geograwe die wêreld waarin ons leef,
interpreteer. Verskynsels op Aarde verskil van plek tot plek (kyk “spatial distribution” en
“spatial pattern”) en ook van tyd tot tyd op een en dieselfde plek. Geograwe bestudeer die
ruimtelike patrone waarvolgens mense, verskynsels en prosesse voorkom, maar al hierdie
patrone verander oor tyd. Wanneer ons dus die voorkomspatroon beskryf, is dit „n
beskrywing wat slegs vir daardie spesifieke tyd geld. Ons het dus die ruimtelike
variasiepatroon vir tydstip 1 beskryf. Geograwe bestudeer egter ook verandering oor tyd.
Alle ruimtelike patrone op Aarde verander oor tyd; dit is wat geograwe opgelei is om te
bestudeer en te analiseer. Sou ons „n paar jaar later (tydstip 2) dieselfde ruimtelike patroon
bestudeer, sal ons waarskynlik „n totaal ander patroon vind. Soms is ons meer geïnteresseerd
in die koers van verandering en dan doen ons „n longitudinale (tyd-) studie, wat meebring dat
ons die ruimtelike patroon voortdurend of onderbroke oor „n spesifieke tyd bestudeer. Alle
ruimtelike patrone verander oor tyd en dit is wat geograwe opgelei is om te ontleed.

Spatial data: The specifics that describe the location or locations of a certain
condition, phenomenon or object under investigation. It describes where a certain
thing occurs and which things happen or occur where. A map can be drawn to
indicate the localities where the subject under investigation occurs. Even if a
phenomenon occurs in one single place or locality only, its intensity might differ from
point to point within the locality; therefore it describes a spatial distribution pattern
within the area in which it occurs. Geographers always ask “where?” (see “spatial
distribution” and “spatial pattern”), and the answer to that question is spatial data
about the object under investigation. Spatial data is “mapable” (that is, it can be
mapped) and is often called geographical data, and that is not unjustified.
Geographers draw maps of the distributions of the things they investigate.
Geographical data can be mapped (it is “mapable”); if the particulars (variables) of
an investigation cannot be mapped, the research is probably not geographical
research. There are different caves in the Cradle of Humankind world heritage site
and some of them are quite far apart. A visitor to the site would be quite lost and
would never find the different caves without the aid of a map which provides the
spatial data, that is, indicates the locations of the different caves. Even in a
relatively small area such as that formed by a few street blocks in the centre of
Pretoria, one needs spatial data in order to know which streetcorners and alleys
should be avoided for the sake of one‟s personal safety. Spatial data and spatial
distribution are two concepts that should not be considered disconnectedly; in fact,
the two cannot be separated (see “spatial distribution”).
Ruimtelike data: Die besonderhede wat die ligging of liggings van „n toestand, verskynsel of
objek wat ondersoek word, beskryf. Dit beskryf waar „n sekere ding voorkom en watter
goed vind waar plaas. „n Kaart kan geteken word om aan te dui waar die onderwerp wat
ondersoek word, voorkom. Selfs „n verskynsel wat slegs op een plek of lokaliteit voorkom se
intensiteit kan van plek tot plek (punt tot punt) binne die area verskil, gevolglik beskryf dit „n
ruimtelike verspreidingspatroon binne die area van voorkoms. Geograwe vra altyd “waar?”
(kyk “spatial distribution” en “spatial pattern”), en die antwoord op die vraag is ruimtelike
data oor die objek wat bestudeer word. Ruimtelike data is karteerbaar en word dikwels
geografiese data genoem, wat nie onregverdigbaar is nie. Geograwe teken kaarte van die
goed wat hulle bestudeer. Geografiese data is karteerbaar. Indien die veranderlikes
(besonderhede) van „n ondersoek nie karteerbaar is nie, is dit waarskynlik nie „n geografiese
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ondersoek nie. Daar is verskillende grotte in die Wieg van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein
en sommige van hulle is redelike ver van mekaar geleë. „n Besoeker aan die terrein sal totaal
velore wees en nie weet waar om die verskillende grotte te vind indien hy/sy nie „n kaart het
wat die ruimtelike data soos die liggings (lokaliteite) van die verskillende grotte aandui nie.
Selfs in „n relatief klein area soos dié wat deur „n paar strate in die hartjie van Pretoria
gevorm word, moet „n mens ruimtelike data hê om te weet watter straathoeke en stegies om
vir persoonlike veiligheid te vermy. Ruimtelike data en ruimtelike verspreiding is twee
konsepte wat nie afsonderlik beskou moet word nie want die twee kan nooit van mekaar
losgemaak word nie (kyk “spatial distribution”).

Spatial distribution: The pattern according to which any variable, such as an object
or a condition, is located. In more common words, it is the answer to questions like
“where are these things?”, “where have these murders occurred?”, “where is the post
office in this town?”, “where in the world do equatorial forests occur?”, “where do the
poor people live?”, and so on. The crucial word is “where”. The first question any
proper geographer ever asks, is “where?”. Geography is a spatial science and is
essentially concerned with the patterns described by the location of phenomena.
Geographers draw maps to indicate (describe) the locations of phenomena. To
graphically describe the spatial distribution, that is, to draw a map of the occurrence
of a phenomenon is any geographer‟s first objective. One may nearly go as far as to
say that if something cannot be mapped, it is not geography, but that would be
slightly extreme. However, to map the phenomenon is one of the most valuable
aspects in the study of the phenomenon. The pattern described by the spatial
location of a phenomenon reveals a multitude of information about the phenomenon
(see “spatial pattern”). To explain the spatial distribution pattern adds to the
understanding of the phenomenon and often explains the cause-effect relationship.
From the question “where?”, a multitude of questions such as “why there?”, “why not
here?”, “why first here and later there?”, could flow and the answers to these
questions are extremely important in the study of anything on Earth. Geographers
are specifically equipped to find answers to these questions since they are trained
and experienced in spatial research techniques.
Ruimtelike verspreiding: Die patroon waarvolgens enige veranderlike, soos „n spesifieke
objek of toestand, geleë is. In meer algemene woorde is dit die antwoorde op vrae soos
“waar is hierdie goed?”, “waar het hierdie moorde plaasgevind?”, “waar is die poskantoor in
hierdie dorp?”, “waar in die wêreld kom die ekwatoriale oerwoude voor?”, “waar woon die
arm mense?”, ensovoorts. Die krities belangrike woord, is “waar”. Die eerste vraag wat
enige ware geograaf altyd behoort te vra, is “waar?”. Geografie is „n ruimtelike wetenskap
en is in sy diepste aard gemoeid met die patrone wat die ligging van verskynsels beskryf.
Geograwe teken kaarte om die ligging van verskynsels grafies aan te dui (te beskryf) en te
dokumenteer. Om die ruimtelike verspreiding van „n verskynsel grafies te beskryf – dit wil
sê, te karteer – is altyd „n geograaf se eerste oogmerk. „n Mens kan so ver gaan as om te sê
dat as iets nie gekarteer kan word nie, is dit nie geografie nie, maar dit sou darem té ekstreem
wees. Tog is die kartering van die voorkoms van „n verskynsel een van die waardevolste
aspekte van die bestudering van die verskynsel. Die patroon wat gevorm word deur die
ruimtelike voorkoms van „n verskynsel ontsluit „n magdom inligting oor die verskynsel (kyk
“spatial pattern”). Om die ruimtelike verspreidingspatroon te kan beskryf, dra grootliks
by tot die verklaring van die verskynsel en verduidelik dikwels die oorsaak-gevolg
verhouding. Uit die vraag “waar?”, vloei „n hele klomp vrae soos “hoekom hier?”, “hoekom
nie daar nie?”, “hoekom eers hier en later daar?” en die antwoorde op hierdie vrae is uiters
belangrik in die bestudering van enige verskynsel op Aarde. Geograwe is spesiaal toegerus
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om antwoorde op hierdie vrae te vind aangesien hulle opgelei is daarvoor en oor die kennis
en ervaring in ruimtelike navorsingstegnieke beskik.
Spatial economy: To make a living, or to enlarge their existing material wealth,
people engage in gainful activities, but these activities take place over space. The
people themselves might not necessarily travel long distances to do business, but
business transactions (economic activities) usually contain a spatial – or distance –
component and communication networks are intricately involved in these economic
activities. Since economic activities take place over space, they describe spatial
patterns (see “spatial distribution”, “spatial interaction” and “spacio-temporal [or
space-in-time] perspective”) and these are studied by economic geographers.
Economic activities in one specific area are, however, part of an economic network
that might involve a myriad of places on Earth. Especially in the current time, when
economic activities have become completely globalised and multi-national
corporations (MNCs) dominate all economic activity on Earth, spatiality is one of the
most important aspects of all economic activities. A simple example could perhaps
explain it better than a page of text. A farmer who plants cabbage in rural Limpopo
Province, needs a few plastic pipes to irrigate his cabbage plants. He uses his cell-
phone (designed in the USA, but made in Korea) and makes a call (via a cell-phone
service provider based in Johannesburg) to a local store in the nearest town and
orders the pipes he needs. The store owner uses his landline telephone and
contacts the international production company‟s call centre and speaks to someone
in Australia to obtain information about the availability and delivery of the pipes,
although the pipes are actually manufactured in Benoni, South Africa. Alternatively,
the store owner might use e-mail to obtain the information. The farmer uses his
vehicle (made in Japan, but assembled in a plant in the Eastern Cape) to drive to
town to collect his pipes. When the cabbages need to be harvested, Zimbabweans
from a nearby refugee settlement walk to his land to cut the cabbages. A contractor
(using a large lorry made in India) transports the cabbages to the market in Pretoria
where retailers (see “retail facilities”) buy it and sell it to consumers in numerous
shops all over Pretoria. Can you imagine how intricate the map of the spatial
distribution and interaction of this relatively simple economic activity is? Although
the regional economy of Limpopo Province is an agricultural one, it is connected to
an increasingly complex network that spans the whole world.
Ruimtelike ekonomie: Om „n lewe te maak of hulle bestaande materiële welvaart te
verhoog, neem mense deel aan winsgewende aktiwiteite, maar hierdie aktiwiteite vind oor
ruimte plaas. Die mense self hoef nie noodwendig lang afstande te beweeg nie, maar
saketransaksies (ekonomiese aktiwiteite) bevat gewoonlik „n afstands- of ruimtelike
komponent en kommunikasienetwerke is dig verweef in alle ekonomiese aktiwiteite.
Aangesien ekonomiese aktiwiteite oor ruimte plaasvind, beskryf hulle ruimtelike patrone wat
deur ekonomiese geograwe bestudeer word (kyk “spatial distribution”, “spatial interaction”
en “spacio-temporal [or space in time] perspective”). Ekonomiese aktiwiteite binne een
spesifieke gebied is egter deel van „n ekonomiese netwerk wat „n magdom plekke op Aarde
betrek. Deesdae is ekonomiese aktiwiteite byna heeltemal geglobaliseer en multi-nasionale
korporasies of maatskappye (MNK‟s of MNM‟s) domineer alle ekonomiese aktiwiteite op
Aarde, en ruimtelikheid is een van die belangrikste aspekte van alle ekonomiese aktiwiteite.
„n Eenvoudige voorbeeld sal dit moontlik beter verduidelik as bladsye vol teks. „n Boer wat
in landelike Limpopo-Provinsie kool plant, benodig „n paar plastiese pype om sy koolplante
nat te lei. Hy gebruik sy selfoon (wat in die VSA ontwerp is en in Korea gemaak is) en
kontak „n plaaslike winkel (deur middel van „n selfoondiensverskaffer wat in Johannesburg
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gesetel is) om sy pype te bestel. Die winkeleienaar gebruik sy landlyn-telefoon en kontak die
internasionale vervaardigingsmaatskappy se inbeldiens en praat met iemand in Australië om
inligting oor die beskikbaarheid en aflewering van die pype wat eintlik in Benoni, Suid-
Afrika gemaak word, te verkry. Alternatiewelik kan hy e-pos gebruik om die inligting te
verkry. Die boer gebruik sy voertuig (wat in Japan gemaak is, maar in die Oos-Kaap
gemonteer is) om sy pype in die naaste dorp te gaan haal. Wanneer die kool gepluk moet
word, stap „n klomp Zimbabwiese migrante vanaf „n nabygeleë vlugtelingnedersetting na die
plaas en sny die koolkoppe af. „n Kontrakteur met „n vragmotor (wat in Indië gemaak is)
neem die koolkoppe na die mark in Pretoria. Daar koop „n aantal kleinhandelaars (kyk
“retail facilities”) die kool en verkoop dit aan verbruikers in menige winkels regoor Pretoria.
Kan jy jou voorstel hoe ingewikkeld die ruimtelike verspreidings- en interaksiekaart van
hierdie relatief eenvoudige ekonomiese aktiwiteit is? Hoewel die streeksekonomie van
Limpopo Provinsie landboukundig van aard is, is dit verwikkel in „n toenemend komplekse
netwerk wat die hele wêreld betrek.
Spatial economic development: The growth and evolution of the economic
activities within an area or region and among areas and regions (see “spatial
economy”, “economical development” and “spatial economy”). As the world
economy is globalising, spatial interaction among economic entities is getting more
intricate and involved. Economic geographers study these spatial patterns (see
“spatial pattern”) to establish why certain areas and activities are growing while
others are shrinking. These patterns are, of course, not fixed and they change over
time. The spatial patterns disclose a lot of information about the cause and effects of
the developments. In certain areas or regions economic activity is blossoming, while
it is shrinking is others. These are the things that economic geographers study.
Often a simple map of the spatial interactions between areas and some economical
information could explain the entire development or lack of it. Of course, other
variables such as political stability and international agreements play important roles
in the development of economic interaction, but there might be a far more involved
cause-effect (or cause-response) relationship, and this often has a political nature.
Political and economic geography cannot really be separated and have to be
considered as one complex phenomenon.
Ruimtelike ekonomiese ontwikkeling: Die groei en evolusie van ekonomiese aktiwiteite
binne „n spesifieke gebied of streek asook tussen verskillende gebiede en streke (kyk “spatial
economy”, “economic development” en “spatial economy”). Namate die wêreldekonomie
globaliseer, raak die ruimtelike interaksie tussen ekonomiese entiteite meer ingewikkeld en
verwikkeld. Ekonomiese geograwe bestudeer hierdie ruimtelike patrone (kyk “spatial
pattern”) om vas te stel waarom sekere gebiede en aktiwiteite groei terwyl ander krimp. Die
ruimtelike patrone verklik baie inligting oor die oorsake en gevolge van ontwikkelings. In
sekere gebiede gedy ekonomiese ontwikkeling, maar in andere krimp dit. Dit is die
verskynsels en prosesse wat ekonomiese geograwe bestudeer. Dikwels kan „n enkele kaart
van die ruimtelike interaksies tussen gebiede te same metsekere ekonomiese inligting die hele
ontwikkeling, of gebrek daaraan, verduidelik. Ander veranderlikes, soos politiese stabiliteit
en internasionale ooreenkomste speel natuurlik „n reuse rol in die ontwikkeling van
ekonomiese verbintenisse, maar daar kasn „n baie meer ingewikkelde oorsaak-
gevolgverhouding wees en dit is dikwels polities van aard. Politieke en ekonomiese
ekonomie kan eintlik nie van mekaar geskei word nie en moet gesamentlik as „n komplekse
verskynsel beskou word.
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Spatial entity: A process, variable or phenomenon which occurs at a specific,

definable, describable place or point on the Earth‟s surface. We can plot it on a map
to describe its place of occurrence (see “locality”). A spatial entity could be an object
occurring at a certain point, but also a phenomenon occurring within a specific area
or even in different areas. It might, however, also be a process or activity that occurs
in a certain definable area (see “location”) that can be demarcated and mapped (see
“demarcation”). For geographers, the important aspect is that the locality of the
entity could be mapped.
Ruimtelike entiteit: „n Proses, veranderlike of verskynsel wat by „n spesifieke plek of punt
op die Aardoppervlak voorkom. Dit kan op „n kaart aangedui word om die ligging daarvan te
beskryf (kyk “location”). Dit kan „n verskynsel wees wat op „n sekere punt voorkom, of „n
verskynsel wat binne „n sekere gebied of „n paar gebiede voorkom. Dit kan egter ook „n
proses of aktiwiteit wees wat binne „n beskryfbare gebied wat afgebaken en gekarteer word,
voorkom (kyk “demarcation” en “location”). Die belangrike ding vir geograwe is, is dat die
voorkoms van die entiteit gekarteer kan word.

Spatial interaction: The permanent or temporary movement of people and/or goods

and/or information from one place (point) on the Earth‟s surface to another point.
Since the occurrence of people, conditions and phenomena vary over the Earth‟s
surface (see “spatial distribution”, “spatial variation” and “spatial economy”), people
have always interacted with people that are separated from them by space. The
volume of interaction over space has increased as technology has developed. A
hundred years ago, if took weeks by sea to get from London to Cape Town, today it
requires a few hours by air. Together with people, objects also move around.
Goods are transfered all over by means of communication networks such as roads,
railways, shipping routes, courier services, the airways and so on. The development
of the internet immeasurably added to spatial interaction on Earth. Enormous
volumes of information are transferred over space by means of the Internet. Despite
modern technology spatial interaction is still restricted by distance, and the further
things are apart the less interaction takes place between them. This is called
distance decay. And the gravity model – based on Newtonian physics that a
larger body exerts a strong gravitational attraction on a smaller body – is still as
much part of geographic theory as it has always been.
Ruimtelike interaksie: Die permanente of tydelike beweging van mense en/of goedere en/of
inligting vanaf een plek (punt) op die aardoppervlak na „n ander plek of punt. Aangesien die
voorkoms van mense, toestande en verskynsels oor die aardoppervlak varieer (kyk “spatial
distribution”, “spatial variation” en “spatial economy”), het mense altyd met ander mense
wat ruimtelik van hulle geskei was, kontak en interaksie gehad. Die volume ruimtelike
interaksie het voortdurend vermeerder namate tegnologie ontwikkel het. „n Honderd jaar
gelede het dit „n paar weke ter see geverg om van Londen na Kaapstad te reis; vandag verg
dit „n paar uur in „n vliegtuig. Saam met die mense, beweeg goedere van plek tot plek.
Goedere word vervoer met behulp van kommunikasienetwerke soos padnetwerke, spoorlyne,
skeepsroetes, koerierdienste, lugvaartroetes, ensomeer. Die ontwikkeling van die internet het
„n onmeetbare bydrae tot ruimtelike interaksie op Aarde gemaak. „n Enorme volume
inligting word met behulp van die Internet oor ruimte oorgedra. Ten spyte van moderne
tegnologie, word ruimtelike interaksie steeds deur afstand beïnvloed. Die interaksie tussen
plekke wat ver van mekaar geleë is, is steeds minder as dié tussen nabygeleë plekke. Dit is
wat ons afstandsverval noem. Die gravitasiemodel – gebaseer op Newton se fisika dat „n
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groter liggaam „n sterker aantrekkingskrag as „n kleiner liggaam uitoefen – is nog net so

belangrik in die teorie van geografie as wat dit altyd was.
Spatial interpolation: The generalisation of data found at a few points (places)
within an area as if it applies to the entire area. In ordinary terms it means that we
assume that what was found at a few points within an area, would be found
anywhere in the entire area. Hence conditions found at a few sample points are
ascribed to an entire area. In geography spatial interpolation is often necessary,
but geographers know that the exact same conditions do not necessarily apply to
every point in the relevant area. Every single point could, of course, not be sampled
or investigated, so geographers apply the method with the acknowledgement that
generalisation is fraught with dangers. Other scientists who are not as spatially
oriented as geographers, use spatial generalisation without the least hesitation. As a
research technique generalisation cannot be condemned, but researchers should
realise that they are making assumptions. Geographers use spatial interpolation all
the time, but form their training they know the idiographic principle (see
“geodiversity”) and are aware of the implications of intra-area spatial variability,
while other scientist do not and are often not even aware of this.
Ruimtelike interpolasie: Die veralgemening van data wat by enkele punte binne in „n
spesifieke gebied gevind is, en dit as beskrywend van die hele gebied te beskou. In
eenvoudige terme beteken dit dat dít wat op enkele punte gevind is, as tiperend van die
gebied as geheel beskou word en aan die hele gebied toegeskryf word. In geografie is
ruimtelike interpolasie dikwels noodsaaklik, maar geograwe weet dat presies dieselfde
toestande nie noodwendig vir elke punt binne die gebied geld nie. Elke enkele punt kan
natuurlik nie gemoniteer word nie, daarom gebruik geograwe die metode van ruimtelike
veralgemening met die volle wete dat daar gevare aan verbonde is. Ander wetenskaplikes
wat nie so ruimtelik ingestel is soos geograwe nie, gebruik dit voortdurend sonder enige
huiwering. As „n navorsingstegniek kan veralgemening nie verdoem word nie, maar
navorsers behoort te besef dat hulle aannames maak. Geograwe gebruik ruimtelike
veralgemening gedurig, maar vanweë hulle opleiding ken hulle die idiografiese beginsel
(kyk “geodiversity”) en is bewus van die implikasies van ruimtelike variasie binne elke
gebied, terwyl ander wetenskaplikes hoegenaamd nie daarvan bewus is nie.

Spatial pattern: The way objects or conditions or phenomena are distributed in in a

specific region or area on the Earth‟s surface. When geographers have plotted the
areas or the points (places) of occurrence, a certain pattern is immediately
recognisable to the trained eye. A graphic representation of a spatial distribution
pattern reveals a multitude of information about the subject being investigated. The
occurrences might be clustered together in one part of the study area, they might be
concentrated in a few specific locations within the area or might be randomly
distributed all over the entire area, or be arranged along a discernible line such as a
river, road or railwayline, and so forth. The spatial arrangement of a phenomenon is
never a mere coincidence; there are reasons why they occur in such a specific
arrangement. By studying the spatial pattern of the occurrence of a phenomenon,
geographers can glean an amazing amount of information about the object under
investigation. To a geographer, one map might say much more about the
phenomenon than many pages of text. In order to discern spatial patterns, maps are
geographers‟ most important tool. (See “spatial distribution”.)
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Ruimtelike patroon: Die wyse waarop die objekte, toestande of verskynsels in „n spesifieke
gebied of area op die aardoppervlak gerangskik is. Wanneer geograwe die areas of punte
(plekke) waar iets wat bestudeer word, voorkom op „n kaart geplot het, is daar onmiddellik „n
sekere patroon wat aan die geoefende oog duidelik word. „n Grafiese voorstelling van „n
ruimtelike verspreidingspatroon onthul dadelik „n magdom inligting oor die onderwerp wat
bestudeer word. Die verskynsel kan op een plek gekonsentreerd in „n sekere deel van die
studiegebied voorkom, of dit kan in „n paar lokaliteite binne die gebied voorkom, of dit kan
ewekansig verspreid deur die hele gebied voorkom, of selfs liniêr langs „n rivier, pad of
treinspoor voorkom, of op etlike ander opvallende maniere ruimtelik verspreid voorkom. Die
ruimtelike verspreiding van „n verskynsel is nooit „n blote toevalligheid nie; daar is altyd
redes waarom verskynsels voorkom dáár waar hulle voorkom. Deur die ruimtelike
verspreidingspatroon van die voorkoms van „n verskynsel te bestudeer, kan geograwe „n
verstommende hoeveelheid inligting oor die verskynsel wat ondersoek word, bekom. Vir „n
geograaf sê een kaart baie meer as bladsye geskrewe teks. Om ruimtelike patrone te ontleed,
gebruik geograwe kaarte en daarom is kaarte enige geograaf se vernaamste hulpmiddel. (Kyk
“spatial distribution”.)
Spatial queries: Legitimate inquiries about the spatiality of a specific variable. In a
nutshell, it is the type of question that geographers try to find answers for. We need
spatial data (see “spatial data”) and do spatial analysis in order to answer the
questions, but often it is impossible to collect spatial data on that specific variable.
Then we must use the spatial data of other variables that are related – causally or
otherwise – to the variable in question. If I wanted to erect an ice-cream booth in the
Cradle of Humankind world heritage site, I would have to apply for permission to do
so. My application has to state the exact location where I want to erect my booth.
Which point on the site would I choose? Remember that the site covers a number of
square kilometres. Which variables would be most important for both my application
and my business to succeed? Firstly, there are areas within the site where actual
research is in progress and visitors are not allowed to those areas. A map depicting
these areas is obviously required. Secondly, there are wilderness areas where
some visitors wander through, but do not really linger and small children cannot walk
that far, so few children are likely to visit these areas. These areas can now be
added to the map depicting the active research areas. Thirdly, there are the different
caves in the site and not all of them are equally popular. Some of the caves are
visited by an average of five visitors per week, while others are visited by an average
of 80 visitors per day. Over weekends, people even have to queue and await their
turn to enter, so an ice-cream would probably be most enjoyable while they wait. A
map depicting the numbers of visitors in the different areas of the site could be
drawn. And then there is the museum which is visited by just about every visitor to
the site and children enjoy all the activities of the exhibition so much that they spend
enough time there to be rather hungry when they leave. However, around the
museum there is a restriction zone where food and beverages are forbidden and the
same restriction applies at some of the more popular caves. Another map is
obviously needed. But neither the elderly nor the very young visitors could walk very
far to buy an ice-cream. So another map can be added to the pile. Then all the
spatial imperatives connected to museums and world heritage site status will
contribute to the growing pile of maps. Lastly, we have to bear in mind that the
entire site is riddled with dormant and active sinkholes which have also been
mapped. All of these masses of spatial data could be fed into a modern-day GIS
which would overlay all of these maps and provide me with a map indicating the
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optimum position for my ice-cream booth. At long last I have an answer to my

spatial query (but I doubt that I have enough money left to build it!).
Ruimtelike navraag: „n Geregverdigde vraag oor die ruimtelikheid van „n spesifieke
veranderlike. Kortom, dit is die tipe vraag wat geograwe voortdurend probeer antwoord.
Geograwe benodig ruimtelike data (kyk “spatial data”) en moet ruimtelike analises doen om
hierdie vrae te beantwoord, maar dikwels is dit onmoontlik om ruimtelike data oor die
spesifieke veranderlike waarin ons geïnteresseerd is in te win en dan moet ons die ruimtelike
data oor verwante veranderlikes gebruik, ongeag of hulle oorsaaklik of andersins verband hou
met die veranderlike wat ondersoek word. Gestel ek wil „n roomysstalletjie in die Wieg van
die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein oprig. Eers moet ek aansoek doen en toestemming verkry
om dit te doen. In my aansoek moet ek die presiese ligging van my stalletjie beskryf. Watter
punt op die terrein sou die mees geskikte ligging vir my stalletjie wees? Onthou dat die
terrein etlike vierkante kilometer beslaan. Watter veranderlikes sou die belangrikste wees vir
die sukses van sowel my aansoek as my besigheid? Eerstens, is daar gebiede binne die
terrein waar navorsing aktief voortgaan en besoeker word nie toegelaat tot hierdie gebiede
nie. „n Kaart waarop al hierdie gebiede aangedui is, is kennelik nodig. Tweedens, is daar
wildernisgebiede waar sekere besoekers in die natuur stap, maar hulle verwyl nie lang tye op
enige plek nie en die stapafstand is te lank vir bejaardes en klein kinders om af te lê,
gevolglik is daar nooit baie besoekers in daardie gedeeltes van die terrein nie. Hierdie
gebiede kan nou op die kaart van die aktiewe navorsingsgebiede aangedui word. Derdens, is
daar die verskillende grotte binne die terrein, maar hulle is nie almal ewe gewild by besoekers
nie. Sommige van die grotte ontvang gemiddeld net vyf besoekers per week, terwyl ander
grotte „n gemiddeld van 80 besoekers per dag ontvang. Oor naweke wag besoekers in „n tou
hulle beurt af om in die grot in te gaan, en „n roomys sal waarskynlik baie welkom wees
terwyl hulle wag. „n Kaart wat besoekersgetalle aan die onderskeie grotte toon, kan geteken
word. Verder is daar die museum wat deur byna elke besoeker aan die terrein besoek word
en kinders geniet die aktiwiteite van die uitstalling so baie dat hulle genoeg tyd daar
deurbring om honger te wees wanneer hulle die museum verlaat. Rondom die museum is
daar egter „n beperkingsone waar geen voedsel of drank toegelaat word nie en dieselfde
beperking geld ook by sekere van die meer gewilde grotte. Nog „n kaart word kennelik
benodig. Verder is daar die ruimtelike imperatiewe verbonde aan museums en
wêrelderfenisterreinstatus en dit sal nog kaarte tot die versameling byvoeg. Laastens, moet
ons onthou dat die hele terrein deurspek is met ou, gestabiliseerde sinkgate asook aktief-
groeiende sinkgate wat gekarteer is en tot ons pak kaarte gevoeg moet word. Al hierdie
ruimtelike data kan deesdae in „n GIS ingevoer word. Die rekenaarprogram sal die
verskillende kaarte se inligting kombineer en „n kaart saamstel wat die optimale ligging vir
my roomysstalletjie aandui. Uiteindelik het ek „n antwoord op my ruimtelike navraag (maar
ek twyfel of ek nog genoeg geld oor het om dit te bou!)
Spatial referencing: The locational description of every point on Earth. There is a
number of systems of locational description, but normally we use the ones most
commonly used, namely absolute location or relative location (see “location”). With
all the newer satellite techniques, computerised mapping techniques and
sophisticated geographical positioning systems available to us, spatial referencing
has become a very exact science. It has also entered the public sector in the form of
global poisoning systems (GPSs) which are today found in just about every car on
the road. There is, however, one fixed system of reference, namely the grid of
latitude and longitude and that is still the accepted and most accurate way of
describing the position of any point or object or person on Earth. New technology
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has simply given us new ways (like GPSs in cars) of using this system (see
“location”).
Ruimtelike verwysing: Die beskrywing van die lokaliteit van enige punt op Aarde. Daar is
„n aantal stelsels van liggingsbeskrywing, maar normaalweg gebruik ons daardie stelsels wat
algemeen gebruik word, naamlik absolute ligging en relatiewe ligging (kyk “location”). Met
al die nuwerwetse satelliettegnieke, rekenaarkarteringstegnieke en gesofistikeerde
geografiese posisioneringsstelsels (GPS‟e) wat vandag tot ons beskikking is, het ruimtelike
verwysing „n uiters presiese wetenskap geword. Dit het dit ook die openbare sektor deur
middel van globale posisioneringstelsels (GPS‟e) wat vandag in byna elke motor op die pad
gevind kan word, betree. Daar is egter steeds net een vaste verwysingstelsel, naamlik die
ruitnet van breedte- en lengtegrade en dit is steeds die aanvaarde, mees korrekte en
onbetwiste beskrywing van die ligging van enige punt op die Aarde. Nuwe tegnologie het
ons net nuwe, meer eenvoudige maniere (soos die GPS‟e in omtrent elke motor op die pad)
gegee om die internasionale erkende netwerk te gebruik (kyk “location”).
Spatial scales: The methods and degree to which an area is proportionally “shrank”
to a size that could be represented on a sheet of paper or a computer screen with
the least amount of distortion or loss of detail. We cannot make a map of the Earth
on a one-to-one (1:1) scale which would mean we need a sheet of paper as large as
the earth itself. So we had to device the technique of scaling so that a short distance
on our map represents a long distance on the Earth. On a small scale map one
centimetre might represent a thousand kilometres in reality (that is, on the Earth‟s
surface). On a large scale map one centimetre might represent a short distance like
a kilometre. The scale is chosen according to the purposes of the map. Engineers
habitually use large-scale maps, but maps of the entire globe will always have to use
small scales. Very little detail can be, of course, be given on a small scale map, but
large scale maps can convey detailed spatial information.
Ruimtelike skaal: Die metodes en graad waartoe „n gebied proporsioneel “gekrimp”
word na „n grootte waardeur dit met die minste distorsie en verlies van detail op „n vel papier
of „n rekenaarskerm voorgestel kan word. Ons kan nie „n kaart van die Aarde op „n skaal van
een-tot-een (1:1) maak nie want ons sal „n vel papier so groot as die Aarde benodig.
Gevolglik moes ons die tegniek van skaal ontwikkel om „n lang afstand op die Aarde deur „n
kort afstand op papier kan voorstel. Op „n kleinskaal-kaart kan een sentimeter „n duisend
kilometer van die realiteit (die aardoppervlak) voorstel. Op „n grootskaal-kaart kan een
sentimeter „n kort afstand soos „n kilometer voorstel. Ingenieurs gebruik gewoonlik
grootskaal-kaarte gebruik omdat baie detail daarop voorgestel kan word, terwyl min detail op
kleinskaal-kaarte voorgestel kan word. Die skaal wat gekies word, word volgens die
behoeftes van die gebruiker gekies.
Spatial variation: The occurrence of phenomena differs from place to place on the
Earth‟s surface, and places on Earth differ from one another. Simply put: different
things occur in different places, and certain things occur in some places, but not in
others. Geographers study the occurrence of phenomena to detect the patterns
according to which they occur. In order to detect the spatial variation patterns, maps
are drawn and the spatial locations of the phenomena being studied are indicated on
the maps. On these graphic representations, the spatial variation patterns are easily
identifiable. From such spatial variation patterns geographers can deduce a variety
of information, causal relationships might be detected and spatial interaction patterns
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(see “spatial distribution” and “spatial interaction”) might be explained. (See

“geodiversity”, “space-in-time perspective”, “spatial data” and “spatial pattern”.)
Ruimtelike variasie: Die voorkoms van verskynsels verskil van plek tot plek op die
aardoppervlak, en plekke op Aarde verskil van mekaar. Eenvoudig gestel: verskillende goed
kom op verskillende plekke voor, en sekere goed kom op sekere plekke voor, maar kom nie
op sekere ander plekke voor nie. Geograwe bestudeer die voorkoms van verskynsels om die
patrone waarvolgens hulle voorkom, vas te stel. Om die ruimtelike variasiepatrone maklik
raak te sien, word die liggings van die verskynsels op die kaarte aangedui. Op sulke grafiese
voorstellings is die ruimtelike voorkomspatrone maklik waarneembaar. Op grond van die
ruimtelike variasiepatrone kan geograwe „n verskeidenheid inligting bekom, en die
oorsaaklikheidverhoudings kan moontlik afgelei word, terwyl ruimtelike interaksiepatrone
(kyk “geodiversity”, “spatial distribution” en “spatial interaction”) ook onmiskenbaar
blootgelê kan word. (Kyk “space-in-time perspective”, “spatial data” en “spatial pattern”.)

Strategic environmental assessment (SEA): Concern for the environment has

become one of the prime drivers of decision-making at international, national and
local scale in our modern world (see “greening mainstream politics”). Therefore, the
environment has to be taken into consideration in all policies and large-scale
developments, plans and programmes (PPPs). (Note: Do not confuse the
abbreviation PPP used for policies, plans and programmes with PPP when it is used
for public-private partnerships. [See “public-private partnerships”.]) In fact, concern
for the environment should form the very basis of all PPPs. Just as economical and
socio-cultural considerations have to be taken into account in developmental policies
and programmes, the environment has to be considered. This is what is called
“triple bottomlining” and it means that a development policy should be economically,
socioculturally as well as environmentally sustainable, and it is today an unavoidable
imperative for all developmental planning and official permission to execute the
policies, plans and programmes. SEA is very wide in scope and it does not deal with
the finer details of any development project (such as the waste management in an
international heritage site), but it safe-guards the interests of the environment when
national economic strategies (such as the NEPAD strategy in South Africa) are
designed. SEA belongs to what is called “second generation” environmental
management and it has not yet attained universal usage even in the developed
countires, while it is hardly considered in the developing countries, including South
Africa. National and regional economic strategies and policies in South Africa
should provide for heritage sites, and such sites should be a basic component in all
development programmes. Planning for north-western Gauteng should be
constructed around the Cradle of Humankind world heritage site, and development
strategies and programmes in the northern part of Limpopo should be planned
around the Mapungubwe world heritage site. At the time of writing a large mining
project is threathening the very essence of the Mapungubwe site, and since South
Africa still does not have a tradition of SEA, some of these mining activities have
been permitted under the NEMA legislation (see “environmental management”) and
environmentalist as well as NGOs are experiencing a tough battle on behalf of the
human and natural heritage conserved in the region. It is an ironic situation,
because South Africa was the very first country in the world to enshrine
environmental concerns in its Act of Constitution, no 108 0f 1996, which implies that
SEA would form the basis of economic development of every kind. Perhaps
environmental management has now finally matured to a stage where SEA might
come to its right. The controversial coal mining north of the Soutpansberg Mountain
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in the Limpopo valley has now become a very serious threat to agriculture, the
Vhembe biosphere, certain traditional communities, a number of nature reserves and
resorts, and the water supplies in the region. A number of governmental
departments, local environmental conservation bodies, community-based
organisations, stakeholder groups, organised agriculture, traditional communities
and one coal-mining company are embroiled in an emotional dispute over mining
rights and activities in the region. It seems that only a comprehensive strategic
environmental assessment would be able to break to stalemate and a formal request
for such an assessment for the entire region has been submitted. This SEA would
be the first for South Africa. It is ironic that an SEA is being used to solve a thorny
issue, instead of having been done before the awarding of the mining rigths and
thereby all the ensuing events could have been prevented.
Strategiese omgewingsassessering/bepaling (SOB): Sedert besorgdheid oor die omgewing
een van die belangrikste dryfvere in besluitneming op internasionale, nasionale en plaaslike
vlak in ons moderne wêreld geword het (kyk “greening mainstream politics”), moet dit altyd
in ag geneem word in die formulering van beleide en grootskaalse ontwikkelings, -planne en
-programme (PPP‟s). (Let wel: Moet nie die afkorting PPP wat vir beleide, planne, en
programme gebruik word, verwar met PPP wat ook vir owerheids-privaat-vennootskappe
gebruik word nie [Kyk “public-private partnerships”.]) Inderwaarheid behoort
omgewingsbelang die basis van alle PPP‟s te vorm. Net soos ekonomiese en sosiokulturele
oorwegings in berekening gehou moet word in PPP‟s, behoort die omgewing in ag geneem te
word. Dit is wat ons “triple bottomlining” noem en dit beteken dat „n ontwikkelingsbeleid
ekonomies, sosiaal-kultureel asook omgewingsgewys volhoubaar moet wees. Dit is deesdae
onvermydelik om amptelike toestemming vir die uitvoering van enige ontwikkelingsbeleide,
strategieë en -programme te verkry sonder dat die omgewing ten volle in ag geneem is. SOB
is baie wyd in omvang en het niks met die fyner besonderhede van „n enkele
ontwikkelingsprojek (soos die afvalhantering in „n wêrelderfenisterrein) te make nie, maar dit
bewaak die belange van die omgewing wanneer nasionale ekonomiese strategieë ontwerp
word. SOB is deel van die sogenaamde “tweede generasie” omgewingsbestuur en dit het nog
nie eers in die ontwikkelde lande universele erkenning behaal nie, terwyl dit baie selde eers
oorweeg word in die ontwikkelende lande, insluitend Suid-Afrika. Nasionale en streeks-
ekonomiese strategieë, -beleide en -programme behoort vir erfenisterreine voorsiening te
maak, en sulke terreine behoort „n basis vir ontwikkeling in sulke gebiede te vorm.
Beplanning vir noord-wes Gauteng behoort rondom die Wieg van die Mensdom
wêrelderfenisterrein te sentreer en dit geld ook vir noord-wes Limpopo se Mapungubwe-
terrein. Ten tyde van hierdie skrywe bedreig sekere mynbouaktiwiteite die diepliggende
wese van die Mapungubwe-terrein, en sommige van hierdie aktiwiteite is wetmatig deur die
NEMA-wetgewing (kyk “environmental management”) goedgekeur. Dit beteken „n
opdraande stryd vir die omgewingsgesindes en NRO‟s wat daardie spesifieke mynbou-
aktiwiteite nou ter wille van die natuurlike en menslike erfenis wat daar bewaar word, beveg.
Suid-Afrika het nog nie „n tradisie van SOB nie, en dit is uiters ironies aangesien Suid-Afrika
die eerste land in die wêreld was wat die belange van die omgewing in sy Grondwet, no 108
van 1996, verskans het. Moontlik het omgewingsbestuur in Suid-Afrika nou volwassenheid
bereik en SOB kan tot sy reg kom. Die kontroversiële steenkoolmynbou noord van die
Soutpansberg in die Limpopo-vallei het nou „n baie ernstige bedreiging vir landbou, die
Vhembe-biosfeer, sekere tradisionale gemeenskappe, „n aantal natuurreservate en oorde, en
die watervoorrade vir die hele gebied geword. „n Aantal staatsdepartemente, lokale
bewaringsliggame, gemeenskapsorganisasies, belangegroepe, geörganiseerde landbou,
tradisionale gemeenskappe en een steenkoolmynmaatskappy is nou in „n emosionele dispuut
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oor mineraleregte en mynbou-aktiwiteite in die gebied gewikkel. Dit wil voorkom dat „n
omvattende SOB die dooie punt kan breek. Gevolglik is daar nou formeel aansoek gedoen
vir „n SOB van die hele gebied. Dit sal die eerste formele SOB in Suid-Afrika wees. Dit is
ironies dat‟n SOB gebruik gaan word om „n dispuut op te los in plaas daarvan dat so „n
assessering gedoen is voordat die mineraleregte en mynboutoestemmings toegestaan is,
aangesien dit die hele dispuut kon voorkom het.
Sustainability: The ability of a system to continue existing despite forces that might
extinguish it. In geography, environmental management and related sciences, the
term is mostly used in connection with the survival of ecosystems (see “ecosystem”)
threatened by natural or human-made (anthropogenic) changes. While natural
changes usually take place so slowly that the system might adapt to the new
circumstances, human activities take place too fast for the system to adapt and
consequently it collapses. In geography and environmental management it is hardly
possible to separate the concept of sustainability and that of development.
Sustainable development is the ultimate aim of environmental management (see
“sustainable development”).
Volhoubaarheid: Die vermoë van „n sisteem om voort te bestaan ten spyte van kragte wat
die sisteem kan vernietig. In geografie, omgewingsbestuur en verwante wetenskappe word
die term gewoonlik gebruik in verband met die voortbestaan van „n ekosisteem (kyk
“ecosystem”) wat deur natuurlike of mensgemaakte (antropogene) veranderings bedreig
word. Natuurlike veranderingsprosesse vind normaalweg stadig plaas en die sisteem het
genoeg tyd om by die veranderde omstandighede aan te pas. Menslike aktiwiteite vereis
egter vinnige aanpassings waartoe die natuur nie instaat is nie en gevolglik stort die
ekosisteme ineen. In geografie en omgewingsbestuur is dit byna onmoontlik om die konsep
van volhoubaarheid van dié van ontwikkeling te skei. Volhoubare ontwikkeling is die
grondliggende oogmerk van omgewingsbestuur (kyk “sustainable development”).

Sustainable development: Economic progress which meets the needs of the

present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their needs. This often used definition of sustainable development does not
recognise the fact that social, environmental and economic needs must be fully
integrated if sustainability is to be achieved. (See “development‟, “economic
development”, “economic growth, “environmental management” and “resources”.)
Volhoubare ontwikkeling: Ekonomiese vooruitgang wat die behoeftes van die huidige
geslag vervul, maar nie die vermoë van die toekomstige geslagte om húlle behoeftes te
bevredig, benadeel nie. Hierdie geykte definisie van volhoubare ontwikkeling maak nie
voorsiening daarvoor dat die sosiale, omgewings- en ekonomiese behoeftes ten volle
geïntegreer moet wees om ware volhoubaarheid te bereik nie. (Kyk “development”,
“economic development”, “economic growth”, “environmental management”, en
“resources”.)
Sustainable living: A way of living that meets the basic needs of the current society
in a just and equitable manner without compromising the ability of future generations
to do the same. The important thing is that needs, not greeds and averice, are
central to this way of life. Sustainable living requires an entire shift in the current
worldview of most societies on Earth. Some affluent societies will have to adopt a
lifestyle in which they enjoy life more by consuming less. A simpler life does not
necessarily mean a less satisfying one. Less affluent societies should be assisted to
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enjoy a more satisfying and easier life, without causing environmental degradation.
People should not need to exploit and degrade the environment to eke out a living. It
is perhaps wise to remember Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi‟s principle of
enoughness: “The Earth provides enough to satisfy every person‟s need, but not
every person‟s greed. When we take more than we need, we are simply taking from
each other, borrowing from the future, or destroying the environment and other
species”.
Volhoubare lewenstyl: „n Lewenstyl wat op „n regverdige en regmatige wyse in die basiese
behoeftes van die huidige samelewing voorsien sonder om die toekomstige geslagte se
vermoë om dieselfde te doen, in gevaar te stel. Die belangrike aspek is dat behoefte, nie
gulsigheid, gierigheid en hebsug nie, die kern van hierdie lewenstyl vorm. „n Volhoubare
lewenstyl vereis dat baie samelewings „n totaal ander lewensuitkyk sal moet aanneem.
Sekere welvarende samelewings sal „n lewenstyl wat hulle meer geniet terwyl hulle minder
verbruik, moet aanneem. „n Meer eenvoudige lewenstyl beteken glad nie „n minder
bevredigende een nie. Minder gegoede gemeenskappe moet ondersteun word om „n meer
menswaardige, bevredigende lewenstyl te geniet sonder om omgewingsdegradasie te
veroorsaak. Mense moet nie vanweë armoede verplig wees om die omgewing uit te buit en te
degradeer bloot om „n karige bestaan te maak nie. Dit is wys om Mahatma Mohandas
Gandhi se beginsel van genoegsaamheid (principle of enoughness) te onthou: “Die Aarde
voorsien genoeg om elke persoon se behoeftes te bevredig, maar nie genoeg om elke persoon
se hebsug te bevredig nie. Wanneer ons meer neem as wat ons nodig het, neem ons
eenvoudig „n andere se porsie, of leen dit by die toekoms, of vernietig die omgewing en ander
spesies.”
Temporal change: Variation over time. Geographers study the world from a
space-in-time or spacio-temporal perspective. (See “space-in-time perspective”.)
Verandering oor tyd: Variasie oor tyd. Geograwe bestudeer die wêreld vanuit „n tyd-
ruimtelike perspektief. (Kyk “space-in-time perspective”.)

Tertiary economic activities: See “dual economy” and “countries in transition”.

Tersiêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: Kyk “dual economy” en “countries in transition”.

Theory: Albert Einstein said “theories are the free creations of the human mind”.
This quote does not really tell us what a theory is, and it might come as a shock to
realise that nobody can satisfactorily define “theory”. Yet the development of theory
is at the heart of all explanation, and no observation, explanation or description is
ever theory-free. A theory is actually a system of statements which contribute to the
understanding of certain empirical observations. At its simplest a theory may be
described as a “language” for discussing the facts that a theory is intent on
explaining. Well-known scientific theories are those of plate tectonics, survival of the
fittest (see “natural selection”), extinction of species, evolution (see “evolution” and
“natural selection”), urban development, economic development and population
transition (see “development”). Geographical models are all anchored in theory.
Some theories are hypothetically verifiable through observation and experimentation,
others are not and therefore they are not hypotheses, but postulates which cannot
be verified. However, geographical theories can usually be verified by a lot of
empirical knowledge and they form the paradigms (think-and-do frameworks) for
geographical knowledge.
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Teorie: Albert Einstein het gesê “teorieë is die vrye skeppings van die menslike verstand”.
Hierdie aanhaling verklap nie eintlik wat „n teorie is nie en dit kan as „n skok kom dat
niemand nog die term “teorie” bevredigend kon definieer nie. Tog is die ontwikkeling van
teorie die kern van alle verduideliking, en geen waarneming en beskrywing is ooit teorie-vry
nie. „n Teorie is eintlik „n stelsel van stellings wat bydra tot die begrip van sekere empiriese
waarnemings. Die eenvoudigste definiëring van „n teorie is dat dit „n “taal” is waardeur
waargenome feite verduidelik kan word. Alom-bekende wetenskaplike teorieë is dié van
plaattektoniek, oorlewing van die sterkste (kyk “natural selection”), uitsterwing van spesies,
evolusie (kyk “evolution” en “natural selection”), stedelike ontwikkeling, ekonomiese
ontwikkeling en menslike bevolkingsveranderings (kyk “development”). Alle geografiese
modelle is in teorie veranker. Sekere teorieë is hipotese-verifieerbaar deur waarneming en
eksperimentering, terwyl andere nie toetsbaar is nie en as postulate bekend staan. Tog kan
geografiese teorieë gewoonlik deur empiriese kennis versterk word, en hulle vorm die
paradigmas (dink-en-doen-raamwerke) vir geografiese kennis.
Thematic mapping: A graphic representation that describes the spatial distribution
pattern (see “spatial distribution” and “spatial pattern”) of a specific object, condition,
phenomenon, problem or any other occurrence. The aim of a thematic map is to
describe the distribution of one specific variable; consequently it contains less
information about unrelated variables. The nature of the variable being mapped
determines whether dots, lines or patches would be used. If the theme being
mapped is the global distribution of active volcanoes, dots would be ideal. If the
theme is rainfall distribution, isolines (specifically isohyets which are lines that join
points receiving the same amount of rain) would be used on the map. Patches and
lines would be used on a thematic map of the national parks and conservation areas
in South Africa, with the patches representing the national parks (that is, the theme
of the map) and the lines representing the roads leading to those parks and areas
(the “patches”).
Tematiese kartering: „n Grafiese voorstelling wat die ruimtelike variasiepatroon (kyk
“spatial distribution” en “spatial pattern”) van „n spesifieke objek, toestand, verskynsel,
probleem of enige ander veranderlike beskryf. Die doel van „n tematiese kaart is om die
verspreiding van een spesifieke veranderlike te beskryf, gevolglik bevat dit minder inligting
oor enige onverwante veranderlikes. Die aard van die veranderlike wat gekarteer word,
bepaal of daar stippels, lyne of kolle (patches) gebruik moet word. Indien die veranderlike
wat gekarteer word, die globale verspreiding van aktiewe vulkane is, sal stippels die ideale
kaartteken wees. As die tema die verspreiding van reënval is, sal isolyne (isohiëte is lyne wat
punte wat eweveel reënval ontvang, verbind) gebruik word. Kolle en lyne sal gebruik word
op „n tematiese kaart van die nasionale parke en bewaringsgebiede in Suid-Afrika, met die
kolle wat die parke, dit wil sê die tema van die kaart, verteenwoordig of uitbeeld en die lyne
wat die paaie na hulle (die “kolle”) voorstel.

Topocadastral map: A map that contains all the general descriptive information
of a topographical map and the cadastral (or administrative) information (such as
farm, district, provincial and national boundaries) of a cadastral map is a
topocadastral map. This type of map is very commonly used by a wide variety of
scientists as well as the lay public. The famous 1:50 000 topocadastral map series
of South Africa is probably the most widely used official map series in the country.
These maps are extremely accurate, user-friendly, beautifully rendered and worthy
of praise. (See “topographic map” and “cadastral map”.)
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Topokadastrale kaart: „n Kaart wat al die algemene beskrywende inligting van „n

topografiese kaart asook die kadastrale (of administratiewe) inligting (soos plaas-, distriks-,
provinsiale en internasionale grense) van „n kadastrale kaart bevat, is „n topokadastrale kaart.
Hierdie tipe kaart word baie algemeen deur „n wye verskeidenheid wetenskaplikes asook die
leke publiek gebruik. Die befaamde 1:50 000 topokadastrale kaart-reeks van Suid-Afrika is
waarskynlik die mees algemeen gebruikte amptelike kaartreeks in die land. Hierdie kaarte is
baie akkuraat, gebruikersvriendelik, pragtig aangebied en prysenswaardig. (Kyk
“topographical map” en “cadastral map”.)
Topographical map: A map that describes a certain portion of the Earth‟s surface
very comprehensively and accurately. It could be called a general descriptive map
as it depicts the location of a wide variety of both natural and human-made features.
Topographic maps show mountains, coastlines, beaches, rivers, sand dunes,
vegetation, wetlands, rocky outcrops, hills, plains, river valleys, roads, railways,
aerodromes, landing strips, police stations, hotels, hospitals, schools, sports fields,
villages, cities, churches, footpaths, monuments, and any other features that could
be fitted on the map without limiting its usability by cluttering. The fact that these
maps show altitude by means of contourlines and spot heights vastly increases their
value. If we want to know what occurs in an area and where these things are
located we need a good topographic map. Topographical maps can be drawn to any
scale, but the larger the scale, the more detail information can be indicated on the
map. Most countries in the world publish official topographical map series on
generally used scales such as 1: 50 000 and 1: 125 000 and all of these maps are
very useful, although the topocadastral map series are used even more often (see
“topocadastral map”).
Topografiese kaart: „n Kaart wat „n gedeelte van die aaroppervlak omvattend en akkuraat
beskryf. Dit kan as „n algemene beskrywende kaart beskryf word aangesien dit die ligging
van „n wye verskeidenheid natuurlike asook mensgemaakte verskynsels op die aardoppervlak
voorstel. Topografiese kaarte toon berge, kuslyne, strande, sandduine, riviere, stroomvalleie,
heuwels, vlaktes, vleilande, plantegroei, rotsdagsome, paaie, spoorlyne, treinstasies,
lughawens, landingstroke, polisiekantore, herberge, kerke, skole, sportvelde, dorpe, stede,
voetpaaie, monumente, en enige ander verskynsels wat op die kaart ingepas kan word sonder
om „n warboel te skep. Die feit dat hierdie kaarte hoogtedata (hoogte bo seevlak) deur
middel van kontoerlyne en kolhoogtes aandui, dra baie by tot hulle waarde. Die akkuraatheid
van hierdie kaarte is verstommend hoog omdat hulle gebaseer is op presiese landmeting
hoewel lugfoto‟s en satellietbeelde ook gebruik word om akkuraatheid te verseker. Indien
ons wil weet wat in „n gebied voorkom en waar binne die gebied dit geleë is, het ons „n goeie
topografiese kaart nodig. Topografiese kaarte kan op enige skaal geteken word, maar hoe
groter die skaal, hoe meer besonderhede en inligting kan aangedui word. Die meeste lande in
die wêreld publiseer amptelike topografiese kaartreekse op algemeen gebruikte skale soos 1:
50 000 en 1: 125 000. Al hierdie kaarte is uiters bruikbaar, hoewel die topokadastrale
kaartreekse nóg meer bruikbaar is (kyk “topocadestral map”).

Topology: Describing the location of a place or a phenomenon without

considering distance, orientation or straightness. It is a very old technique as people
have always drawn topological maps to describe where certain farms, buildings,
rivers, bridges or sacred sites are located or even where a great treasure is buried!
A general leading an army in a war, will often draw a sketch map with a stick in the
sand to explain the attack strategy to his men, and if you quickly drew a sketch map
to guide a friend to your house, the general and you have both drawn topological
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maps. Topology was recognised as a formal scientific technique in the 1700s and
there are certain rules, basic ingredients, terms of transformation and even
mathematical relationships involved in the methodology of topology. A topological
map is not drawn to scale and neither the shapes nor directions nor the distances
are accurate, but one will be able to find the place you are looking for. Certain easily
seen or generally known landmarks feature prominently on a topological map,
although they might not even be indicated in their correct locations, and the
distances between them would not be indicated accurately. The military and the
tourism industry use topological maps all the time. From a tourist information booth
one can easily acquire a flyer or brochure about the Cradle of Humankind world
heritage site, and it will usually contain a topological map which would direct you to
the site and to the different places of interest within the site.
Topologie:„n Beskrywing van die ligging van „n plek of „n verskynsel sonder om die ware
afstand, oriëntasie of reglynigheid in ag te neem. Dit is „n oeroue tegniek want mense het
nog altyd topologiese kaarte geteken om te beskryf waar sekere plase, geboue, riviere, brûe,
en heilige plekke geleë is of selfs waar „n groot skat begrawe is! „n Generaal in bevel van „n
taakmag sal dikwels met „n stok „n kaart in die sand teken om die gevegstrategie aan sy
manskappe te verduidelik. Jy sal „n vinnige sketskaart teken om aan jou vriend te verduidelik
waar jou huis geleë is. Sowel die generaal as jy het in werklikheid topologiese kaarte
geteken. In die 1700‟s is topologie as „n formele wetenskaplike tegniek erken waarin daar
sekere reëls, fundamentele kenmerke en selfs wiskundige verhoudings betrokke is. „n
Topologiese kaart is nie volgens skaal geteken nie en nog die vorms, nog die rigtings en die
afstande is korrek, maar „n mens sal die plek wat jy soek, kan vind. Sekere, opvallende
landskapstrekke figureer duidelik op „n topologiese kaart, hoewel hulle nie noodwendig op
presies die regte lokaliteite geplaas is nie en die afstande tussen hulle nie noodwendig
skaalgewys korrek sal wees nie. Die militêre dienste en die toerismebedryf gebruik
voortdurend topologiese kaarte. By „n toeristestalletjie kan mens maklik „n voubiljet of „n
brosjure van die Wieg van die Mensdom wêrelderfenisterrein bekom en daarin sal „n
topologiese kaart wees wat jou na die terrein en die verskillende besienswaardighede in die
terrein kan lei.
Tourism resources: Natural and human-made sites, places, sights, facilities,
services, spectacles, events or any other entity that would attract visitors. It might
vary from nature reserves such as the Kruger National Park, to fantasy sites such as
Disneyland, to events like pop concerts such as Oppikoppi and festivals such as
Woodstock, to cultural heritage sites such as the Cradle of Humankind world
heritage site. All of the mentioned entities are tourist destinations (see “destination”),
but the visitors require services, such as accommodation, food, transport,
information, guidance, and hospitality which provide opportunities for other people to
make money from the tourists that are visiting the destinations. The people who
provide in the needs of the visitors are also tourism resources, albeit resources of a
human kind. Since many foreign visitors are fascinated by the South African
townships like Soweto and Gugulethu, these townships have become tourist
destinations, and the individuals or companies that provide tours to the townships as
well as the individuals who have established restaurants and bed-and-breakfast
accommodation in the townships as well as the facilities and services they provide,
are also tourism resources. The tourists themselves could be regarded as a
resource. (See “destination”, “carrying capacity”, “sustainability”, “sustainable
development”, “eco-lodges” and “environmental business”.)
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Toerismehulpbronne: Natuurlike asook mensgemaakte terreine, plekke,

besienswaardighede, fasiliteite, dienste, skouspelle, gebeurtenisse of enige ander entiteit wat
besoekers sal lok. Dit kan wissel van natuurreservate soos die Kruger Nasionale Park, tot
fantasie-terreine soos Disneyland, tot gebeurlikhede soos popkonserte soos Oppikoppi en –
feeste soos Woodstock, tot kulturele terreine soos die Wieg van die Mensdom
wêrelderfenisterrein. Al die genoemde entiteite is toeristebestemmings (kyk “destinations”),
maar die besoekers benodig dienste soos akkommodasie, voedsel, vervoer, inligting, gidse en
gasvryheid wat ander mense die geleentheid bied om geld te maak uit die toeriste deur middel
van dienslewering. Die mense wat die dienste lewer, is ook toerismehulpbronne, naamlik
menslike hulpbronne. Aangesien baie vreemde besoekers gefassineer is deur die Suid-
Afrikaanse townships soos Soweto en Gugulethu, het hierdie townships toeristebestemmings
geword, en die individue en firmas wat toere na die townships aanbied, mense wat retourante
en bed-en-ontbyt-akkommodasie in die townships bied, asook die fasiliteite wat hulle
daargestel het, is toerismehulpbronne. Die toeriste self kan ook as „n hulpbron beskou word.
(Kyk “destination”, “carrying capacity”, “sustainability”, “sustainable development”, “eco-
lodges” en “omgewingsondernemings”.)
Transport problems: Difficulties of people and goods to move or be moved from
point A to point B. Natural features such as long distances, mountain ranges and
water bodies cause transport problems which can largely be overcome with modern-
day technology. But a volcanic eruption could release volcanic dust that remains in
the atmosphere for days or weeks and jet-engined (turbo-prop) planes cannot fly in
such circumstances. A volcanic eruption in Iceland in 2012 caused the grounding of
all flights in Europe for days and caused an enormous amount of international
transport problems. A derailed train may affect regional transport for weeks. Every
day millions of people all over the world are faced with local transport problems in
the form of urban traffic jams. In South Africa, trains, busses and minibus taxis form
the backbone of local commuter transport in every city. Union actions, strikes and
price increases often cause transport problems that affect the entire economy and
commuting workers might lose days of work and pay. When truck-drivers strike,
many economies come to a halt.
Vervoerprobleme: Probleme wat mense het om hulleself of goedere vanaf punt A na punt B
te verskuif. Natuurlike landskapstrekke soos lang afstande, bergreekse en waterliggame skep
vervoerprobleme wat deesdae met behulp van moderne tegnologie meestal oorkom kan word.
Maar „n vulkaniese uitbarsting kan vulkaniese stof vrystel wat vir dae of weke in die
atmosfeer kan vertoef en spuitmotoraangedrewe vliegtuie kan nie daarin vlieg nie. „n
Vulkaanerupsie in Ysland in 2012 het internasionale lugverkeer vir weke ontwrig. „n
Ontspoorde trein kan streeksverkeer weke lank ontwrig. Plaaslike vervoerprobleme in die
vorm van verkeersknope word daagliks deur miljoene mense oral in die wêreld trotseer. In
Suid Afrika is treine, busse en minibustaxi‟s in alle stede die ruggraat van plaaslike
pendelvervoer. Die aksies van vakbonde, stakings en prysverhogings veroorsaak dikwels
vervoerprobleme wat die hele ekonomie beïnvloed en werkers wat moet pendel kan dae lank
nie by die werk kom nie en verbeur dus hulle lone. Wanneer trokdrywers staak, kom sekere
ekonomieë tot stilstand.

Turbidity: Reduced transparency of either the atmosphere or the water in a water

body, caused by absorption and scattering of light by suspended solid or liquid
particles. Turbidity is one of the standards routinely tested for by water utility
companies, and high turbidity can easily and cheaply be treated by the addition of
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certain harmless chemicals. High atmospheric turbidity cannot be treated and in

certain circumstances might cause delays in air traffic.
Troebelheid (turbiditeit): Verminderde deursigtigheid van die atmosfeer of die
water in „n waterliggaam. Dit word veroorsaak deur die verstrooiing van lig deur
gesuspendeerde soliede of vloeistofpartikels. Troebelheid is een van die
standaardeienskappe waarvoor watervoorsieners die water deurgaans moet toets.
„n Hoë troebelheid van water kan maklik en goedkoop deur die byvoeging van
sekere skadelose chemikalieë opgelos word. In die atmosfeer kan hoë turbiditeit
egter nie opgelos word nie en kan soms vertragings in lugverkeer veroorsaak.
Urban ecology: The interrelationships among the organic (living) and inorganic
(non-living) components within the confines of a city scape (see “ecology”). Since
there are so many things and living beings in a city, the interaction network is
extremely complex. It is difficult to imagine that there could be an interaction
between two buildings (call them A and B), but there is. One of them might interfere
with the access to the other; one might be the workplace of so many workers that
infrastructure cannot cope with the demand, hence employees working in building A
often arrive late because the public transport systems could not cope with the
number of employees that works in building B. In much the same way all the
human-made features in any city interact. In addition to that, the live beings in a city
(including humans as well as domestic and wild animals) also interact with one
another, and also with the physical features in the city. Ecology is a relational term
and a city is nothing other than an ecosystem (see “ecosystem”). The sustainability
of any ecosystem depends on feedback loops (see “feedback loop”). There are
numerous feedback loops in urban systems. Just as in natural ecosystems these
feedback loops are crucially important. Should they break down the entire urban
complex (or environment) will fall into disarray and chaos where only vice, crime and
corruption will thrive. (See “gentrification”.)
Stedelike ekologie: Die onderlinge verwantskappe tussen die organiese (lewende) en
anorganiese (nie-lewende) komponente binne die grense van „n stedelike sisteem (of stad).
Aangesien daar so baie mensgemaakte goedere en lewende wesens in „n stad is, is die
interaksienetwerk uiters kompleks (kyk “ecology”). Dis moeilik om te begryp dat daar
interaksie tussen twee geboue (noem hulle A en B) kan wees, maar daar is. Een van hulle
kan die toeganklikheid tot die ander een belemmer, of die werkers in gebou A kom dikwels
laat by die werk aan omdat daar so baie mense in gebou B werk dat die openbare
vervoerstelsel dit nie kan hanteer nie. Op „n soortgelyke wyse is daar interaksie tussen al die
mensgemaakte verskynsels binne „n stad. Benewens hierdie interaksies, is daar interaksies
tussen die onderskeie lewende wesens (insluitend mense, troeteldiere en wilde diere) in die
stad en ook tussen die lewende wesens en die nie-lewende komponente van die stad.
Ekologie is „n verhoudingsterm en „n stad is niks anders as „n ekosisteem nie (kyk
“ecosystem”). Die volhoubaarheid van enige ekosisteem word bepaal deur „n horde
terugvoerlusse (kyk “feedback loop”). Daar is tallose sulke lusse in enige stedelike sisteem.
Net soos in natuurlike ekosisteme, is die terugvoerlusse van die uiterste belang. Indien hulle
ineenstort, stort die hele stedelike sisteem ineen en chaos neem oor terwyl ontug, misdaad en
korrupsie gedy. (Kyk “gentrification”.)
Urbanisation: The process by which an increasing proportion of the total population
of a country lives in cities and large towns. Although people have always under
certain circumstances moved to live near neighbours and family, only 3% of the
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world population lived in urban areas in 1800. In 2000, nearly 50% of the people in
the world were urbanised, and this percentage is predicted to rise to 60% by 2025.
In the developed countries (see “developed countries”) roughly 50% of the
population have been urbanised since about 1950, but since then the percentage
has rapidly increased and even in the developing countries (see “developing
countries”) about half of the population are now urbanised. A thousand years ago,
security was perhaps the most important reason for moving to one of the cities which
were walled and provided safety against enemy raids and bands of marauders.
Since then economic reasons have become the most important reason for
urbanisation. Mining, industrial development and manufacturing created
employment and people leave the land to work in the cities where gainful
employment could be found. Simultaneous with urbanisation has been the growth of
large cities. While growth causes service provision, transport, accommodation,
crime and all sorts of other problems in the cities, the rural areas experience
problems because of shrinking population. Since the rural population is so small,
service provision becomes uneconomical and people have to commute to the cities
to find medical, educational, professional, commercial and other services. Too few
people to work the land results in decreasing food production in the developing
countries. In the industrialised developed countries, agricultural production does not
decrease because mechanical implements replace the farm labourers. Urbanisation
causes diverse problems for both the urban and the rural areas, but those are the
problems the world now has to face because large cities and depopulated urban
areas have come to stay.
Verstedeliking: Die proses waardeur „n toenemende gedeelte van die totale bevolking van „n
land in die stede en groot dorpe woon. Hoewel mense nog altyd in sekere omstandighede
naby bure of familie gaan woon het, het slegs 3% van die wêreldbevolking in 1800 in
stedelike gebiede gewoon. In 2000 was byna 50% van die mense in wêreld verstedelik, en
hierdie syfer sal waarskynlik in die volgende 10 tot 15 jaar na 60% vermeerder. In die
ontwikkelde lande (kyk “developed countries”) was ongeveer 50% van die bevolking in 1950
al verstedelik, maar sedertdien het die verstedelikingskoers versnel en selfs in die
ontwikkelende lande (kyk “developing countries”) is ongeveer die helfte van die bevolking
deesdae verstedelik. „n Duisend jaar gelede was sekuriteit waarskynlik die vernaamste rede
om na „n stad te verhuis want die stede was ommuur en het beskerming teen vyandige
strooptogte en plunderende bendes gebied. Sedertdien het ekonomiese redes die belangrikste
dryfveer vir verstedeliking geword. Mynbou, industriële ontwikkeling en die
vervaardigingsbedryf bied werksgeleenthede en mense verlaat die platteland om in die stede
betalende arbeid te soek. Gelyktydig met verstedeliking het groot stede groter gegroei, en
verstedeliking skep probleme vir sowel die stedelike as die landelike bevolking. Stedelike
wildgroei het dienslewerings-, vervoer-, behuisings-, misdaad- en allerlei ander probleme in
die stede geskep, maar in die landelike gebiede het die krimpende bevolking ook probleme
geskep. In die ontwikkelende lande is daar nou te min mense om die land behoorlik te
bewerk en die voedselproduksie daal. In die ontwikkelde lande verlaag landbouproduksie
egter nie omdat meganiese implemente handearbeid vervang. Aangesien die landelike
bevolking nou so klein is, is dienslewering onekonomies en die mense moet na die stede gaan
vir mediese, opvoedkundige, professionele en kommersiële dienste. Al hierdie probleme wat
uit verstedeliking gespruit het, is die realiteite van die wêreld waarin ons vandag leef.
Utilities: Anything useful or serviceable. In geography the term “utility” is mostly
used as a synonym for “service”. It is something that satisfies a human need, and
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could be anything from a bus, to a school, to clean water or safe shelter, or the
availability of a midwife. (See “services”.)
Geriewe: Enigiets bruikbaar of diensbaar. In geografie word die term meestal as „n
sinoniem vir “dienste” gebruik. Dit is iets wat „n menslike behoefte bevredig, en kan
enigiets van „n bus, tot „n skool, tot skoon water of veilige skuiling, of die
beskikbaarheid van „n vroedvrou wees. (Kyk “services”.)
Vulnerability: Something tangible or intangible that is fragile and could easily be
damaged. In geography the term is used in many different contexts. A political
grouping or an agreement could be vulnerable (eg Palestine and the EU); the supply
line of emergency food might be vulnerable (eg Southern Sudan and Somalia); a
starving population might be vulnerable (eg Darfur and Somalia); the stalactites in
any limestone cave are extremely vulnerable because of tourists exhaling CO 2 and
radiating heat; an entire ecosystem might be vulnerable (eg the entire Niger Delta
which is threatened by oil exploration); a city or country located in the floodplain of a
large river might be vulnerable (eg New Orleans and just about the entire
Bangladesh); an entire city built across a faultline is vulnerable (eg San Francisco
and Los Angeles); and every metre of land on the African continent is vulnerable to
erosion and irreversible degradation. In fact, the entire Earth and everything on it
are vulnerable. We tend to regard the natural as well as human-made environments
as strong and resilient, but when we realise how vulnerable they actually are, we
might view and treat them with more respect and care.
Kwesbaarheid: Iets tasbaars of ontasbaars wat broos en maklik beskadigbaar is. In geografie
word die term in baie verskillende kontekste gebruik. „n Politieke groepering of ooreenkoms
kan kwesbaar wees (bv Palestina en die EU); die roete vir noodvoedselvoorrade kan
kwesbaar wees (bv Suid-Soedan en Somalië); „n verhongerde bevolking is kwesbaar (bv
Darfur en Somalië); die stalaktiete in enige kalksteengrot is uiters kwesbaar as gevolg van
toeriste wat CO2 uitasem en hitte uitstraal; „n hele ekosisteem kan kwesbaar wees (bv die hele
Niger-delta wat deur olie-ontginning bedreig word); „n stad of „n land wat op die vloedvlakte
van „n groot rivier geleë is (bv New Orleans en feitlik die hele Bangladesh); „n hele stad wat
oor „n verskuiwingslyn in die aardkors geleë is (bv San Fransisco en Los Angeles); en elke
meter landgebied op die hele Afrika-kontinent is kwesbaar vir erosie en onomkeerbare
degradasie. Inderwaarheid is die hele Aarde en alles op haar kwesbaar. Ons is geneig om
natuurlike asook mensgemaakte omgewings as sterk en weerstandbiedend te beskou, maar
wanneer ons besef hoe kwesbaar hulle in werklikheid is, sal ons hulle dalk met meer respek
en sorg bejeën.
Valuation: See “economic valuation”.
Waardebepaling: Kyk “economic valuation”.

Waste management: The environmentally responsible discarding of any substance

that humankind has no use for anymore. Waste may be solid, liquid or gaseous. It
might be bulky, but harmless or small and highly toxic. It might require treatment like
incineration (see “incineration”). Years before environmental management became
a recognised field of study and integrated environmental management systems were
developed, various waste management systems were already used in different parts
of the world and humankind had attempted to manage waste disposal. Now it is a
specialised branch of environmental management. (See “environmental
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management” and “hazardous waste”). Always remember the most important

environmental rule is: “there is no away”.
Afvalbestuur: Die omgewingsverantwoordelike wegdoening van enigiets waarvoor mense
nie verdere gebruik het nie. Dit kan solied, vloeibaar of vlugtig (gas) wees. Dit kan groot,
maar skadeloos wees, maar ook klein en hoogs toksies (gevaarlik). Dit kan spesiale
behandeling soos verbranding vereis voor dit weggedoen kan word (kyk “incineration”).
Jare vóór omgewingsbestuur „n erkende studieveld geword het en geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuurstelsels ontwikkel is, was daar reeds „n verskeidenheid afvalbestuurstelsels
in verskeie plekke in die wêreld in gebruik. Vandag is dit „n spesialisasieveld van
omgewingsbestuur. (Kyk “environmental management” en “hazardous waste”.) En onthou
altyd dat die heel belangrikste omgewingsreël is dat niks ooit werklik weggedoen kan word
nie.
Waterlogging: A layer (bed) or layers of porous soil, regolith or substrate (rock) that
is completely saturated with water, which means that all the available interstitial
pores (spaces between the particles) are filled with water (see “aquifer”). This
material cannot absorb more water. Some materials, such as clayey and silty soils
are more likely to become oversaturated than highly porous sandy material.
Compression of sandy material would probably force some of the interstitial water
out of the mass of material, but that does not apply to clayey and silty material.
Waterlogging might be an exceedingly hazardous condition in regions where
landslides and mudflows (see “mass wasting”) are likely to occur as the addition of
more water may result in the collapse of the material. It might also be a costly and
frustrating condition for farmers who cannot work their land when it is waterlogged,
and any construction projects or building activities are forced into costly downtime.
However, waterlogging is the normal condition for wetlands like marshes and
swamps. Wildlife in wetland environments are adapted to these conditions, provided
the water is not polluted and contaminated by hazardous substances.
Waterversadiging: „n Laag of lae poreuse grond, regoliet of substratum (onderliggende
rots) wat ten volle waterversadig is, dit wil sê alle tussenkorrelruimtes is heeltemal met water
gevul (kyk “aquifer”). Hierdie materiaal kan nie enige verdere water absorbeer nie.
Sommige materiaal, soos kleierige of siltryke grond, is meer geneig tot waterversadiging as
poreuse materiaal soos sanderige grond. Druk (kompressie) sal moontlik „n bietjie van die
water uit diesanderige massa pers, wat nie die geval met kleie en slikke is nie.
Waterversadiging kan „n hoogs gevaarlike toestand wees in gebiede wat tot
grondverskuiwing en moddervloeiing (kyk “mass wasting”) geneig is omdat die toevoeging
van enige addisionele water tot massaverplasing van die materiaal kan lei. Boere kan ook
baie geldelike verliese en frustrasies ervaar wanneer waterversadiging hulle verhoed om hulle
landerye te bewerk. Dieselfde geld ook vir konstruksieprojekte en bou-aktiwiteite omdat
hulle vir tydperke geen vordering kan maak nie. Waterversadiging is egter die normale
toestand vir vleilande soos moerasse en vleie. Die natuurlewe in vleilande is by
waterversadiging aangepas en floreer daar tensy die water besoedel is of met gevaarlike
stowwe gekontamineer is.
Water quality: The characteristics of water that make it either potable (safe for
people to drink) or not potable, but suitable as drinking water for animals, or safe as
irrigation water, or water that should not be used before treatment. Water quality is
determined by the content of the water, that is, what impurities and other substances
are present in the water. Water supplied as drinking water to people in urban areas
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is routinely tested. Water testing is these days a very easy and quick chemical
analysis since easy testing procedures have been developed because they are used
so often and by so many laboratories. Certain tests can even be done in the field,
but their accuracy is not as high as proper testing in a well-equipped laboratory.
Drinking water must meet stringent standards. These standards stipulate that the
water must contain less than specific concentrations of certain chemical compounds,
and may not contain any harmful organic material of which Escherichia Coli or E.
coli is the most important. E. coli comes from faecal matter and causes potentially
fatal disease in human beings. Its presence always indicates that raw sewerage is
or was polluting the water supply. The standards for human drinking water are more
or less identical all over the world, but in certain countries the standards are less
stringently applied. Waste water from certain mining activities often contain
radioactivity or arsenic or other hazardous substances (see “hazardous waste”) and
may not be used for any purposes at all and have to be treated before being
released to the environment. This is currently a very high-profile issue in South
Africa since many mines are releasing hazardous waste water into the environment.
These mines have never been under the legal requirements of our current, stringent
environmental legislation and the mines‟ waste treatment practices are therefore
outdated and not in the interest of the environment or the people downstream of the
point where they release their waste water. It is a consolation that only water of the
very highest quality is used in the food industry and very specifically for the
manufacture of baby foods and formula milk. The ordinary drinking water supplied to
people in South African cities and towns, is of an excellent quality, but not good
enough to use for the manufacture of baby formula and needs further purification
before it might be used for that purpose.
Watergehalte:Die eienskappe van water wat dit drinkbaar (veilig vir mense om in te neem)
of ondrinkbaar maak. Laasgenoemde kategorie water mag wel geskik wees vir diere om te
drink, of as besproeiingswater gebruik te word, of moet eers behandel word voordat dit vir
enigiets gebruik mag word. Watergehalte word bepaal deur die inhoud van die water, dit wil
sê watter en hoeveel onsuiwerhede die water bevat. Water wat as drinkwater in stede en
dorpe voorsien word, word aan roetinetoetsing onderwerp. Watertoetsing is deesdae baie
maklik en vinnig omdat maklike toetsingstegnieke ontwikkel is omdat dit so dikwels en in so
baie laboratoriums gedoen word. Sekere toetse kan selfs in die veld gedoen word, maar hulle
is nie baie akkuraat nie en toetsing in „n goedtoegeruste labaratorium word steeds verkies.
Drinkwater moet standaarde van hoë-gehalte bevredig. Hierdie standaarde spesifiseer die
maksimum toelaatbare konsentrasies van spesifieke chemiese verbindings wat in die water
mag wees, asook dat dit geen skadelike organiese materiaal soos Escherichia Coli of E. coli
mag bevat nie. E. coli is afkomstig uit fekale materiaal en dit kan potensieel dodelike siektes
by mense veroorsaak terwyl dit geen gevaar vir diere inhou nie. Die aanwesigheid van E.
coli dui altyd daarop dat die water met rou rioolafval besoedel is of was. Die standaarde vir
menslike drinkwater is min of meer dieselfde dwarsoor die wêreld, maar in sekere lande word
dit nie streng afgedwing nie. Afvalwater van sekere mynboubedrywighede bevat
radioaktiewe stowwe en/of arseen en/of ander gevaarlike stowwe (kyk “hazardous waste”) en
mag nie vir enige doel aangewend word of in die omgewing vrygelaat word alvorens dit nie
behandel is nie. Dit is tans „n hoë-profiel vraagstuk in Suid-Afrika aangesien baie myne
gevaarlike afvalwater in die omgewing vrystel. Hierdie myne was nooit onderhewig aan die
wetlike vereistes van ons huidige, streng omgewingswetgewing nie en hulle afvalhantering is
gevolglik verouderd en neem nóg die omgewing nóg die mense stroomaf van die punt waar
afvalwater vrygelaat word, in ag. Dit is gerusstellend dat slegs water van die heel hoogste
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gehalte in die voedselindustrie en spesifiek vir die vervaardiging van babavoedsel en

formulemelk gebruik word. Die gewone drinkwater wat in Suid-Afrika se stede en dorpe
voorsien word, is van „n baie hoë gehalte, maar dit is nie goed genoeg om babaformule mee
te vervaardig nie en dit vereis verdere suiwering voordat dit daarvoor gebruik mag word.
Watershed: The boundary between two adjacent drainage basins (see “drainage basin”). It
is an imaginary line in the landscape that joins all the highest points between two drainage
basins. Rain that falls on the one side of the imaginary line flows in one direction, while that
which falls on the other side of the line flows in the other direction. Often it is extremely
difficult to see the watershed in the actual landscape, but gravity ensures that every drop of
precipitation that becomes runoff (overland flow) “knows” exactly in which direction to flow.
On a contour map a watershed can easily be indicated by joining the highest points to form a
line. Interpolation is used to establish the height between any two points or contour lines (see
“interpolation”).
Waterskeiding: Die grens tussen twee aangrensende dreineringskomme (kyk “drainage
basin”). In die landskap is dit „n denkbeeldige lyn wat al die hoogste punte tussen twee
dreineringskomme verbind. Reën wat aan die een kant van denkbeeldige lyn val, vloei in een
rigting, en water wat aan die ander kant van die lyn val, vloei in die ander rigting. Dikwels is
dit uiters moeilik om in die landskap self te sien, maar gravitasie verseker dat elke
waterdruppel presies sal “weet” na watter kant dit moet vloei. Op „n kontoerkaart kan „n
waterskeiding maklik ingeteken word deur die hoogste punte deur middel van „n lyn met
mekaar te verbind. Interpolasie word gebruik om vas te stel wat die hoogte tussen enige twee
punte of kontoerlyne is (kyk “interpolation”).

Weather: Patterns of atmospheric circulation, temperature, and precipitation at a

certain place over short time periods such as days and even hours. Nowadays short
term weather forecasting is so accurate that we can be informed of the expected
maximum and minimum temperatures for that specific day. The sunshine, rain or
snow that you can see out of the window at any moment is in fact the weather of that
place at that time. It differs from climate in that climate is a long-term atmospheric
condition. Climate is the average of reported weather conditions over a long period,
such as 20 or preferably 35 years. (See “climate”.)
Weer: Die atmosferiese sirkulasie-, temperatuur-, en neerslagpatrone by „n spesifieke plek
vir „n kort tydperk soos „n paar dae of selfs „n paar uur. Deesdae is korttermyn
weervoorspellings so akkuraat dat ons inligting oor die verwagte maksimun- en
minimumtemperature vir daardie spesifieke dag kan bekom. Die sonskyn, reënval, sneeu en
bewolktheid wat ons buite die venster kan sien, is die weer vir daardie plek en op daardie tyd.
Dit verskil van klimaat daarin dat klimaat „n langtermyn toestand is. Klimaat is die
gemiddeld van die gerapporteerde weertoestande oor „n lang termym soos 20 of verkieslik 35
jaar. (Kyk “climate”.)
Weathering: The chemical and/or mechanical breakdown of rocks and rock
fragments to smaller particles or dissolved material. (See “erosion”.) Weathering
takes place all over the world in all climates all the time. Mechanical weathering
(disintegration) does not change the chemical composition of the weathering
products so their chemical composition is still exactly the same as that of the rocks
from which the fragments have originated. Chemical weathering (decomposition)
involves chemical processes and the weathering products have different chemical
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compositions than the original rock. Weathering does not include the removal of the
weathering debris. (See “erosion”.)
Verwering: Die chemiese en/of meganiese verbrokkeling van gesteentes en
gesteentefragmente na kleiner brokstukke of na opgeloste stowwe in „n watermassa. (Kyk
“erosion”.) Verwering vind voortdurend oral op Aarde in alle klimate plaas. Meganiese
verwering (disintegrasie) sluit nie chemiese prosesse in nie en verander dus nie die chemiese
samestelling van die verweringsreste nie. Chemiese verwering (dekomposisie) sluit wel
chemiese prosesse in en die verweringsreste het dus „n ander chemiese samestelling as die
moedermateriaal. Verwering sluit nie die wegvoering van die verweringsreste in nie. (Kyk
“erosion”.)

Wetlands: Water dominated areas with poor drainage and soils that are water
saturated for the larger part of the year or all-year round. Wetlands are known by
many names: marshes, bogs, swamps, pans, vleis, floodplains and riverbanks up to
10 metres below the ten-year flood-mark. Wetlands support a specialised type of
vegetation like waterlilies and hyacinths, reeds, rush, bamboo, swamp grass and
watergrass. Wetlands play an extremely varied and important role in the
environment: it supports specific animals, fish, amphibians (frogs, toads), mammals
(otters and beavers), reptiles (crocodiles, iguanas, terrapins), insects, waterbirds and
birds that live on fish or breed in the specialised wetland environments. Wetlands
serve as sponges that delay runoff water, it replenishes groundwater resources, it
prevents flooding of cities and towns by delaying the floodwater of rivers, and it
purifies polluted water by filtering the water and some of the vegetation absorbs
some chemical substances. Human activities have already destroyed most of the
wetlands on earth. Crops like rice have been planted in them; they have been
drained for the cultivation of other crops; their water supplies have been cut off by
damwalls and irrigation canals and the wetlands have simply dried out; mines have
released hazardous waste water into wetlands and all the animals have either fled or
died, while the hazardous substances have seeped into the underground water
resources and have thus spread the pollution. Years ago environmentalists realised
that without wetlands the global ecosystem is at serious threat. The protection of the
few remaining ones and the rehabilitation of degraded wetlands has become a high-
profile international issue. At the Ramsar Convention in 1975 certain wetlands in all
parts of the world were declared as internationally important and enjoy special
protection. South Africa boasts quite a number of Ramsar sites, like the St Lucia
estuary, the Wakkerstroom wetlands, and Nylsvley near Modimolle. It is our
responsibility to protect not only the Ramsar wetlands but all other wetlands in the
country. Under the aegis of the National Department of Water Affairs, a special
organisation, called “Working for Wetlands” developed under the umbrella body
called “Working for Water”. It is a co-operation between the public and private
sectors, and has already made a laudable contribution to saving our most crucial
resource, namely water!
Vleilande: Water-gedomineerde gebiede met swak dreinering en gronde wat die grootste
gedeelte van die jaar waterversadig is. Etlike verskillende woorde word gebruik om vleilande
te beskryf: moerasse, vleie, panne, riviervalleie en rivieroewers tot 10 meter onder die
tienjaarvloedlyn. Vleilande onderhou‟n spesiale tipe plantegroei soos waterlelies, hiasinte,
riete, biesies, watergras en bamboese. Vleilande speel „n uiters belangrike rol in die
omgewing: hulle onderhou spesifieke diere, visse, amfibieë soos paddas, soogdiere soos
otters en bewers, reptiele soos krokodille, likkewane, en waterskilpaaie, insekte, watervoëls
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en voëls wat van vis leef of in die gespesialiseerde vleilandomgewings broei. Vleilande dien
as sponse wat oppervlak afvloei vertraag, die grondwatervoorraad aanvul, vloede voorkom
deur vloedwater te vertraag, en dit suiwer besoedelde water deur dit te filter en
gespesialiseerde waterplante plante absorbeer sekere chemiese stowwe. Menslike aktiwiteite
het reeds die meeste vleilande op Aarde verwoes of gedegradeer. Gewasse soos rys is in
hulle geplant, baie is gedreineer om ander gewasse daar te plant en die meeste het bloot
uitgedroog omdat hulle watertoevoer deur die bou van damwalle en besproeiingskanale
afgesny is. Myne het gevaarlike afvalwater in vleie ingepomp en die gevaarlike stowwe het
sodoende na die grondwater deurgesyfer en die besoedeling versprei. Jare gelede het die
omgewingskundiges besef dat die hele globale ekosisteem in gevaar is indien al die vleilande
verlore gaan. Die beskerming van die oorblywende klompie vleilande het „n hoë-profiel
internasionale omgewingsvraagstuk geword. By die Ramsar Konvensie in 1975 is sekere
vleilande oral in die wêreld as Ramsar-terreine verklaar en hulle geniet spesiale beskerming.
Suid-Afrika kan spog met „n hele aantal sulke vleilande, soos die St Lucia-estuarie, die
Wakkerstroom-vleilande, Nylsvley naby Modimolle, ensomeer. Dit is ons
verantwoordelikheid om nie net die Ramsar-vleilande nie, maar alle vleilande te beskerm.
Onder die beskerming van die Nasionale Departement van Wateraangeleenthede is „n
spesiale organisasie genaamd “Working for Wetlands” onder die breë sambreel van die
“Working for Water”-liggaam geskep. Dit is „n ko-operatiewe liggaam waarin die openbare
en die privaatsektore saamwerk, en dit het reeds prysenwaardige werk gedoen om ons mees
belangrike natuurlike hulpbron – water – te beskerm!
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APPENDIX A

CROSS REFERENCE LIST

LIST OF RELATED TERMS INCLUDED IN THIS GLOSSARY

Abrasion: see “erosion”

Absolute location: see “location”, “locality”, “geographic coordinate system”,
“spatial data”
Absolute population numbers: see “population pyramid”, “demographic data”,
“demographic statistics”, “raw data”,
Accelerated soil erosion: see “soil erosion”, “erosion”, “anthropogenic”, “erosion
gullies”, “tragedy of the commons”, “production potential”, “overgrazing”,
“carrying capacity”, “exploitation”, “desertification”, “food security”, “salinisation
(salinization)”, “environmental change”, “ecological footprint”
Accessibility: see “accessibility”
Accountability: see “accountability”, “Environmental Movement”, “environmental
legislation”,
Accreditation: see “accreditation”, “international conventions”
Acculturation: see “acculturation”, “demonstration effect”
Acid rain: see “acid rain”, “air pollution”, “weathering”
Adventure tourism: see “accessibility”, “adventure tourism”, “accountability”,
“carrying capacity”, “responsible tourism”, “nature tourism”, “ecotourism”
Aerial photography: see “aerial photography”, “remote sensing”
Agenda 21: see “international conventions”, “Earth Summit”, “international
conventions”, “international protocols”
Agglomeration economy: see “agglomeration economy”, “economy of scale”,
“advantage of scale”
Aggregation: see “aggregation”, “grouping”
Agricultural change: see “agricultural change”
Air pollution: see “air pollution”, “acid rain”, “climate change”
Albedo: see “albedo”
Alternative tourism: see “alternative tourism”, “destination”, “carrying capacity”,
“adventure tourism”, “responsible tourism”, “ecotourism”
Altitude (height above sea-level): see “isometric lines”
Angle of repose: see “mass movement”, “gravity displacement”
Animal rights: see “environmental movements”, “environmentalist”, “ecocentrism”,
“ecological footprint”, “Deep Ecology”, “environmental lobby”, “greening
mainstream politics”, “bunny hugger”
Annual growth rate: see “population growth”, “economic growth rate”, “per capita
income”, “per capita gross national product (GNP)”
Anthropogenic (caused by humans actions, human-made ): see “environmental
degradation”, “climate change”, “global warming”, “air pollution”
Anthropomorphism: see “anthropomorphism”, “ecocentrism”, “accountability”,
“paradigm”
Aquaculture: see “aquaculture”, “food security”
Aquifer: see “aquifer”, “drainage basin”, “food security”
Areal extent: see “ecological footprint”
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Asset base: see “responsible tourism”, “resource management”, “sustainability”,

“carrying capacity”
Attraction: see “attraction”, “refugee”, “destination”, “intervening opportunity”
Attribute data: see “attribute data”, “spatial distribution”, “demarcation”, “variable”
Attribute: see “environmental potential”, “attribute data”, “geodiversity”, “variable”
Attrition: see “erosion”
Authority: see “political instability”, “integrated environmental management
procedure”, “international convention”, “Agenda 21”
Avarice: see “sustainable living”, “sustainable lifestyle”, “principle of enoughness”,
“sustainability”
Azimuth: see “azimuth”, “geographical coordinate system”, “bearing”, “location”
Bearing: see “bearing”, “azimuth”, “geographical coordinate system”, “location”,
“magnetic declination”
Big Five (or The Big Five): see “destination image”, “destination”, “resource
management”, “conservation areas”
Biodiversity: see “biodiversity”, “extinction”, “natural selection”, “habitat
destruction”, “genetically manipulated organism (GMO)”, “Green Revolution”
Biome: see “biome”, “ecosystem”, “spatial variability”, “spatial distribution”
Biosphere: see “biosphere”, “ecosystem”, “spatial variability”
Biotechnology: see “biotechnology”, “extinction”, “ecosystem”, “genetically
manipulated organism (GMO)”
Border disputes: see “political instability”, “refugee”, “host community”,
“environmental degradation”, “devegetation”, “cross border reserves”, “nature
tourism”, “spatiality”, “spatial data”, “mapping”, “cadastral map”
Brandt line: see “global North”, “global South”, “developing countries”, “developed
countries”, “countries in transition”, “BRICS countries”
BRICS countries: see “countries in transition”, “developing countries”, “developed
countries”, “economic development”
Buffer zone: see “protected areas”, “resource management”, “environmental
management”
Bunny hugger: see “ecocentrism”, “environmentalist”, “environmental activist”,
“environmental pressure group”, “environmental lobby”
Cadastral: see “cadastral maps”, “demarcation”, “border disputes”
Calculated risk: see “risk assessment”
Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration: see “global warming”, “air pollution”,
“economic development”, “fossil fuel”, “climate variability”
Carbon footprint: see “international conventions”, “ecological footprint”,
“environmental degradation”, “international protocols”
Carbon quotas: see “international conventions”, “international protocols”
Carrying capacity: see “carrying capacity”, “biome”, “alternative tourism”, ”habitat
destruction”, “exploitation”, “sustainability”, “demarketing”, “responsible
tourism”
Cartesian coordinates: see “absolute location”, “location”, “geographic
coordinates”
Case specific protection: see “protected areas”, “environmental legislation”,
“accreditation”
Central business district (CBD): see “central business district”, “retail facilities”,
“urbanisation”, “refugees”, “gentrification”, “urban development models”,
“urban structural models”, “agglomeration”, “economy of scale”, “spatial
pattern”
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Channelization: see “channelization”, “erosion”, “drainage basin”

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): see “ozone”, “international conventions”,
“international environmental management initiatives”, “international protocols”
Choropleth map: see “choropleth maps”, “thematic map”, “cadastral map”,
“topocadastral map”, “spatial interpolation”, “interpolation”, “extrapolation”
Cites (CITES): see “international conventions”, “CITES”, “international
environmental management initiatives”, “international protocols”
Climate: see “weather”, “climate”, “climate variability”, “climate change”, “global
warming”, “anthropogenic”
Climate change: see “climate change”, “climate”, “climate variability”, “global
warming”
Climate variability: see “climate variability”, “climate change”, “global warming”,
“spatial distribution”, “temporal change (change over time)”, “anthropogenic”
Commodification: see “commodification”, “complementarity”, “resource
management”, “development”, “economic development”
Common factor: see “region”, “location”, “spatial distribution”, “mapping”, “variable”,
“attribute data”, “attribute”
Community involvement: see “community involvement”, “environmental
management”, “integrated environmental management procedure (GOBP)”,
“environmental movements”, “Agenda 21”, “international environmental
management initiatives”
Community: see “local community”, “sense of belonging”, “sense of place”,
“xenophobia”, “township”, “slum”
Competent authority: see “governance”, “accountability”, “permitting”, “integrated
environmental management procedure”, “environmental management”,
“international conventions”, “National Environmental Management Act
(NEMA)”, “integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”
Competent body: see “approval”, “environmental impact assessment”,
”environmental management”, “permitting”, “integrated environmental
management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental management plan (EMP)”,
“environmental auditing”, “environmental monitoring”, “accountable”, “political
instability”, “international environmental management initiatives”, ”accreditation”
Complementarity: see “complementarity”, “commodification”, “resource
management”, “destination”, “development”
Compound interest: see “multiplier effect”
Commuter traffic: see “transport problems”, “union action”, “labour union actions”,
“infrastructure”, “transport “
Conservation: see “resource management”, “environmental management”,
“international conventions”
Conservation area: “conservation areas”, “accreditation”, “accountable”, “region”
Conservation of matter and energy: see “recycling”, “incineration”, “physical laws”
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, No 108 of 1996: see
“accountability”, “environmental management”, “integrated environmental
management procedure (IEMP)”, “strategic environmental management procedure
(SEA)”, “environmental justice”
Consumerism: see “recycling”, “sustainable lifestyle”, “ethical code”, “utilitarianism”,
“environmental ethics”, “international environmental management initiatives”,
“international conventions”
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Consumption: see “consumerism”, “recycling”, “ethical code”, “sustainable

lifestyle”, “conservation”, “preservation”, “sustainability”, “international
conventions”, “environmental ethic”, “principle of enoughness”
Contour lines: see “isometric line”, “contour map”, “topographical map”
Core-periphery model: see “economic development”, “spatial development
models”, “industrial location”
Correlation diagram: see “feedback loop”, “correlation structure”
Cost: see “economic valuation”
Countries in transition (CITs): see “countries in transition”, “development”,
“developing countries”, “economic development”, “economic growth”, “BRICS
countries”
Cross section: see “profile drawing”, “isometric line”, “contour line”, “contour map”,
“topographic map”, “spot height”
Culture of consumerism: see “recycling”, “sustainable lifestyle”, “code of ethics”,
“utilitarianism”, “international environmental management initiatives”,
“international conventions”, “consume”
Culture of sustainability (“sustainable living”, “sustainable lifestyle”): see
“resource management”, “sustainable living”, “sustainability”, “environmental
ethics”, “culture of consumerism”, “principle of enoughness”, “greed”, “avarice”,
“food security”, “responsible tourism”
Data processing techniques: see “primary data”, “metadata”, “hipotesetoetsing”
Deep Ecology: see “ecocentrism”, “environmentalist”, “environmental activist”
Deforestation: see “deforestation”, “environmental degradation”, “desertification”,
“erosion”,
“drainage basin”, “devegetation”, “overgrazing”
Demarcation: see “demarcation”, “spatial distribution”, “regions”, “gouping”
Demarketing: see “demarketing”, “carrying capacity”, “destination”, “responsible
tourism”, “resource management”, “environmental management”, “alternative
tourism”
Demographic data: see “demographic data”, “demographic statistics”, “primary
data”, “meta data”, “population structure”, “population pyramid”, “dependency ratio”
Demonstration effect: see “demonstration effect”, “acculturation”,
Denudation: see “deforestation”, “erosion”, “environmental degradation”,
“weathering”, “accelerated soil erosion”, “soil erosion”
Dependency paradigm: see “dependency paradigm”, “demographic data”,
“development”, “developing countries”, “economic growth”, “countries in
transition”
Desertification: see “desertification”, “deforestation”, “environmental degradation”,
“over cultivation”, “overgrazing”, “devegetation”, “accelerated erosion”,
“exploitation”, “tragedy of the commons”
Destination image: see “destination image”, “destination”, “alternative tourism”,
“refugee”, “attraction”, “economic valuation”, “economic evaluasie”
Destination: see “destination”, “alternative tourism”, “adventure tourism”,
“demarketing”, “carrying capacity”, “responsible tourism”, “refugee”, “attraction”,
“intervening opportunity”
Devegetation (destruction of vegetation): see “deforestation”, “environmental
degradation”, “erosion”, “drainage basin”, “desertification”
Developing countries: see “development”, “countries in transition (CITs)”,
“economic growth”, “developing countries”, “global North”, “global South”, “human
development index (HDI)”, “spatial variation”, “BRICS countries”
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Development: see “development”, “developed countries”, “developing countries”,

“economic growth”, “human development index (HDI)”, “phases of economic
development”
Deviation from the normal climate: see “climate”, “climate change”, “climate
variability”, “global warming”
Disaggregation: see “aggregation”
Distance decay: see “intervening opportunity”, “spatial location”, “gravity model”,
“globalisation”, “Flat-World-paradigm”
Distortion: see “map projection”, “shape distortion”, “direction distortionr”
Drainage basin: see “drainage basin”, “watershed”, “channelization”, “demarcation”
Dual economy: see “dual economy”, “developed countries”, “developing countries”,
“countries in transition”, “quaternary economic activities”, “economic growth”,
“tertiary economic activities”, “phases of economic development”,
“development”, “economic development”, “primary economic development”,
“secondary economic activities”, “phases of economic development”
E. coli (Escherichia Coli): see “water quality”, “potable”, “drinking water”,
“hazardous chemical substances”, “pollution”, “harmful organisms”, “water
pollution”
Earth Summit: see “international conventions”, “polarisation”, “greening of
mainstream politics”, “international environmental management initiative”
Ecocentrism: see “ecocentrism”, “envirocentrism”, “environmentalist”, “ecological
citizenship”, “Environmental Movement”, “environmental ethics”, “ethical code”
Eco-lodges: see “eco-lodges”, “destination”, “alternative tourism”
Ecological citizenship: see “ecological citizenship”, “ecological footprint”,
“Industrial Revolution”, “ecological niche”, “environmental management”
Ecological footprint: see “ecology”, “eco-lodges”, “environmental degradation”,
“environmental management”, “carbon footprint”, “Industrial Revolution”
Ecological niche: see “ecological niche”, “ecology”, “ecosystem”
Ecological space: see “ecological footprint”, “environmental management”
Ecology: see “ecology”, “biome”, “urban ecology”
Economic dependency ratio: see “population pyramid”, “human development
index (HDI)”, “demographic data”, “population growth”
Economic development: see “economic development”, “development”, “developing
countries”, “dual economy”, “countries in transition”, “BRICS countries”,
“human development index (HDI)”
Economic growth: see “economic growth”, “development”, “developed countries”,
“countries in transition”, “developing countries”
Economic migrants: see “refugee”, “xenophobia”, “host community”
Economic valuation: see “economic valuation”, “destination image”,
“environmental degradation”
Economies of scale: see “agglomeration economy”, “aggregation”, “urban
structure”, “urban development”, “urban models”, ”urban structural development
models”, “urban growth”, “industrial location (area or region)”
Ecosystem: see “ecosystems”, “demarcation”, “feed-back loop”, “open system”
Eco-tourism: see “eco-lodges”, “ecological footprint”, “natural resources”,
Edaphic: see “ecology”
EE: see “environmental evaluation” (the same acronym is used for “environmental
education”)
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EIA: see “environmental impact assessment”, “environmental management”,

“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “NEMA”, “interested
and affected parties (IAPs)”
Electromagnetic spectrum: see “electromagnetic spectrum”, “short wave
radiation”, “long wave radiation”
Empirical testing: see “scientific hypothesis”, “hypothesis testing”, “hypothesis
verification”
Enculturation: see “acculturation”, “demonstration effect”
Enoughness: see “principle of enoughness”, “sustainable living”, “sustainable
lifestyle”, “environmental ethics”, “ethical code”, “the tragedy of the commons”
Envirocentric: see “anthropocentrism”, “ecocentrism”, “Deep Ecology”, “ethical
code”
Environment: see “environment”, “ecosystem”, “environmental management”,
“natural environment”, “human environment”, “human-altered environment”
Environmental activist: see “environmentalist”, “ecocentrism”, “environmental
hero”, “environmental martyr”, “ecological citizenship”, “environmental movements”
Environmental auditing: see “environmental auditing”, “environmental monitoring”,
“ecological footprint”, “environmental management plan (EMP)”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”
Environmental business: see “environmental business”, “eco-lodge”,
“commodification”, “intervening opportunity”, “alternative tourism”, “adventure
tourism”
Environmental champions: see “greening mainstream politics”, “environmentalist”,
“Environmental Movement”, “ecological citizenship”
Environmental change: see “environmental degradation”, “climate change”, “global
warming”, “accelerated soil erosion”, “erosion gullies”
Environmental damage: see “economic valuation”
Environmental decision-making: see “ISO 14000”, “international environmental
management initiatives”, “risk assessment”
Environmental degradation: see “environmental degradation”, “deforestation”,
“climate change”, “erosion”, “environmental management”, “global warming”,
“soil erosion”, “accelerated erosion”, “erosion gullies”, “desertification”,
“environmental potential”, “food security”
Environmental evaluation: see “environmental impact assessment (EIA)”,
“environmental evaluation”, “integrated environmental management initiatives”
Environmental hero: see “environmentalist”, “ecocentrism”, “ecological citizenship”,
“environmental activist”, “Deep Ecology”, “environmental ethics”
Environmental impact assessment (EIA): see “environmental impact
assessment”, “integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”,
“NEMA”, “interested and affected parties (IAPs)”
Environmental industry: see “environmental industry”, “environmental business”,
“commodification (resource creation)”, “eco-lodge”, “alternative tourism”,
“nature tourism”, “ecotourism”
Environmental justice: see “environmental justice”, “environmental resources”,
“exploitation”, “extinction”, “eco-lodges”, “environmental legislation”,
“environmental management”, “environmental ethics”, “ethical code”
Environmental legislation: see “ecological citizenship”, “environmental
management”, “National Environmental Management Act (NEMA)”,
“international conventions”
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Environmental lobby (environmental lobby groups): see “greening mainstream

politics”, “environmental lobby”, “environmental activism”, “green washing”
Environmental Management Act, No 107 of 1998, (NEMA or Nema): see
“accountability”, “environmental management”, “integrated environmental
management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental legislation”
Environmental management: see “environmental management”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental legislation”,
“environmental protection”, “NEMA”, “sustainability”, “sustainable
development”
Environmental management plan (EMP): see “integrated environmental
management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental management plan”, “National
Environmental Management Act, No 107 of 1998 (NEMA)”
Environmental martyr: see ”environmentalist”, “ecocentism”, “environmental
activism”, “environmental hero”, “environmental movements”, “bunny hugger”
Environmental monitoring: see “environmental monitoring”, “environmental
auditing”, “destination”, “environmental potential”, “environmental management”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental
management plan (EMP)”
Environmental Movement: see “Environmental Movement”, “ecological
citizenship”, “Industrial Revolution”, “ecological footprint”, “ecological niche”,
“environmental management”, “international conventions”, “environmental
resources”, “environmental lobby”, “greening mainstream politics”, “international
environmental management initiatives”, “green washing”, “Deep Ecology”
Environmental movements: see “environmental movements”, “polarisation”,
“environmental activism”, “environmental lobby”, “interested and affected
parties (IAPs)”, “interested groups”, “local community”
Environmental organisations: see “ecocentrism”, “environmental movements”,
“international conventions”, “environmental activism”, “environmental lobby”
Environmental performance: see “environmental auditing”, “ecological footprint”,
“environmental monitoring”, “environmental management plan (EMP)”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”
Environmental potential: see “environmental potential”, “environmental resources”,
“natural goods”, “commodification (the creation of resources)”, “carrying
capacity”,
“resource management”, “sustainability”
Environmental protection: see “accountability”, “environmental management”
“international conventions”, “integrated environmental management
procedure”
Environmental Protection Agency of the USA (EPA): “risk assessment”, “ISO
14000”
Environmental resource: see “environmental resources”, “economic valuation”,
“valuation”, “exploitation”, “resource depletion” ,“natural goods”,
“destination”, “commodification”, “environmental industry”, “environmental
business”, “resource management”, “sustainable use”
Environmentalist: see “ecocentrism”, “environmental activism”, “environmentalist”,
“bunny hugger”
Environmentally irresponsible: “responsible tourism”, “responsible tourism”,
“ethical code”, “environmental conservation”, “sustainability”, “responsible
development”, “accountability”, “accountable”, “principle of enoughness”,
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“sustainable lifestyle”, “environmental movements”, “ecocentrism”,

“environmental management”
EPA: see “environmental risk assessment”, “risk assessment”, “ISO 14000”
Equator: see “geographic coordinate system”
Equity: see “equity”, “environmental justice”, “environmental auditing”,
“environmental monitoring”, “interested and affected parties”, “environmental
management”, “interested and affected parties (IAPs)”, “environmental
legislation”
Erosion: see “erosion”, “channelization”, “mass wasting”, “weathering”, “accelerated
soil erosion”, “carrying capacity”, “denudation”, “environmental potential”,
“production potential”, “desertification”
Erosion gullies: see “soil erosion”, “accelerated erosion”, “environmental
degradation”, “environmental potential”
Escarp (escarpment): see “escarpment”, “escarp”, “destination”, “intervening
opportunity”
Estimation: see “spatial variability”, “extrapolation”, “interpolation”, “generalisation”
Ethical code: see “precautionary principle”, “sustainability”, “principle of
enoughness”
Eutrophication: see “eutrophication”, “ecology”, “ecosystem”, “wetland”,
“pollutants”, “water quality”, “potable (water)”, “drinking water”, “ISO 14000”,
“environmental legislation”
Evolution: see “ecological niche”, “ecology”, “natural selection”, “extinction”
“environmental change”, “climate change”, “species creation”, “variant
propagation”, “food security”
Exploitation: see “exploitation”, “tragedy of the commons”, “erosion”,
“environmental degradation”, “environmental resource”, “natural goods”
Exponential rate: see “multiplier effect”, “compound interest”, “xenophobia”
External migration: see “migration”, “xenophobia”
Extinction: see “extinction”, “environmental degradation”, “environmental change”,
“habitat fragmentation”, “habitat loss”, “climate change”, “evolution”, “natural
selection”, “survival of the fittest”, “Industrial Revolution”, “Red Data List”,
“anthropogenic”
Extrapolation: see “interpolation”, “geodiversity”, “spatial interpolation”,
“generalisation”, “estimation”
Fauna (animal life): see “animal life”, “fauna”, “ecosystem”, “environmental
change”, “extinction”, “habitat loss”, “habitat fragmentation”
Favela: see “local community”, “slum”, “township”, “sense of place”, “sense of
belonging”, “xenophobia”
Feedback loop: see “feedback loop”, “sustainability”, “ecosystem”, “sustainability”,
“ecosystem”, “open system”, “flow of energy and matter”
Fertility: see “fertility”, “demographic statistics”, “fertility rate”
Fertility rate: see “fertility”, “demographic statistics”, “demographical data”, “fertility
rate”, “population replacement rate”, “developed countries”, “developing countries”,
“infant mortality”, “population pyramid”
Field-work: see “primary data”, “meta data”, “observation”, “remote sensing”, “raw
data”, “spatial data”, “hypothesis verification”
Fixed assets: see “infrastructure”
Flat World paradigm: see “globalisation”, “paradigm”, “global interconnectivity”,
Flora (plant life): see “flora”, “fauna”, “ecosystem”, “environmental change”,
“extinction”, “habitat loss”, “habitat fragmentation”,
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Flow of matter and energy: see “ecosystem”, “open system”, “physical laws”
Food chain: see “ecosystem”
Food security: see “agricultural change”, “food security”, “spatial variability”,
“spatial distribution”, “climate change”, “Green Revolution”, “agricultural
change”, “political instability”, “agencies of the United Nations”, “propagation of
variants”, “genetically manipulated organisms (GMOs)”, “sustainability”,
“environmental management”, “sustainable lifestyle”, “principle of enoughness”
Foreign direct investment (FDI): see “political instability”, “globalisation”, “global
interconnectivity”, “green washing”, “international environmental management
initiatives”
Foreigner: see “host community”, “refugee”, “migrant”, “pull factors”, “push factors”
Forest decline: see “forest decline”, “deforestation”, “acid rain”, “air pollution”
“exploitation”, “environmental degradation”, “environmental change”,
“international environmental management initiative”, “Kyoto protocol”, “carbon
footprint”, “CO2”, “ecological footprint”, “signatories”, “international conventions”
Fossil fuel: see “fossil fuel”, “environmental resources”, “natural goods”, “natural
resources”, “exploitation”, “air pollution”, “acid rain”, “alternative resources”,
“natural resources”, “non-renewable resources”, “commodification”
Generalisation: see “aggregation”, “estimation”, “interpolation”, “extrapolation”,
“spatial variability”, “demarcation”, “mapping”, “variable”, “attribute”, “isoline”,
“choropleth map”
Genetic engineering: see “genetic engineering”, “genetically manipulated organism
(GMO)”, “environmental activist”, “Deep Ecology”, “environmental ethics”,
“environmental lobby”, “bunny hugger”, “ethical code”
Genetic identity: “genetically manipulated organism (GMO)”, “genetically altered”
organism”, “Deep Ecology”, “environmental ethics”, “environmental lobby‟
Genetically manipulated organism (GMO): see “genetically modified organism”
Genetically modified organism (GMO): see “genetically manipulated organism”,
“ecocentrism”, “environmentalist”, “environmental activist”, “food security”,
“ethical code”
Gentrification (revitalising): see “central business district (CBD)”
Geodiversity: see “geodiversity”, “spatio-temporal variability”, “spatial variation”,
“attribute”, “attribute data”, “location”, “demarcation”, “extrapolation”,
“interpolation”, “generalisation”, “estimation”, “idiographic principle”, “grouping”
Geographic coordinate system: see “geographic coordinate system”, “Cartesian
coordinates”, “location”, “absolute location”, “geographic positioning system
(GPS)”
Geographic north: see “bearing”
Geographic positioning system (GPS): see “bearing”, “location”, “positioning”,
“geographical coordinate system”
Geographical variable: see “demarcation”, “spatial distribution”, “attribute”,
“variable”, “attribute data”, “spatial variability”, “idiographic principle”, “grouping”,
“generalisation”, “interpolation”
Geopolitical spatial pattern: see “political instability”
Global environmental issues: see “international conventions”, “Agenda 21”,
“international environmental management initiatives”, “ISO 14000”
Global interconnectivity: see “globalisation”, “international conventions”, “multi-
national companies (MNCs)”, “ISO 14000”, “global North”, “global South”, “acid
rain”, “air pollution”, “nuclear energy”
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Global North: see “global North”, “spatial development”, “developed countries”,

“economic development”, “development”, “BRICS counties”, “human development
index (HDI)”, “countries in transition”
Global South: see “global North”, “spatial development”, “developing countries”,
“economic development”, “development”, “BRICS countries”, “human development
index (HDI)”, “countries in transition”
Global warming: see “global warming”, “air pollution”, “anthropogenic”, “climate
change”, “environmental degradation”, “international conventions”, “climate”,
“fossil fuel”, “alternative resources”, “environmentalist”, “ecocentrism”, “Industrial
Revolution”, “international environmental management initiatives”
Globalisation (globalization): see “globalisation”, “paradigm”, “global
interconnectivity”, “multi-national companies (MNCs)”, “Flat-World paradigm”
Governance (control and management): see “governance”, “accountability”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental
legislation”, “international conventions”, “international protocols”
Gravity model: see “spatial interaction”, “spatial economy”, “distance decay”,
“spatial patterns”, “spatial variation”, “agglomeration economy”
Greed: see “sustainable living”, “principle of enoughness”, “ethical code”,
“environmental ethics”, “Environmental Movement”, “sustainable lifestyle”,
“avarice”
Green issues: see “greening mainstream politics”, “international conventions”,
“international environmental management initiative”, “globalisation”, “global
interconnectivity”, “global warming”
Green (political) parties: see “greening mainstream politics”, “Green Party”
Green Revolution: see “agricultural change”, “food security”
Greenhouse gasses: see “global warming”, “climate change”, “air pollution”,
“international conventions”, “Industrial Revolution”
Greening mainstream politics: see “greening mainstream politics”, “Environmental
Movement”, “ecological citizenship”, “environmental movements”,
“ecocentrism”, “ecological footprint”, “green washing”, “environmental lobby
(lobbies)”
Greenwashing: see “greening mainstream politics”, “international convention”,
“international environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “international
environmental managing initiative”
Gross domestic product (GDP): see “development”, “economic growth”,
“developed countries”, “developing countries”, “countries in transition”, “BRICS
countries”
Gross national product (GNP): see “developing countries”, “developed countries”,
“development”, “countries in transition”, “economic growth”, “BRICS countries”
Groundwater: see “infiltration capacity”, “permeability”, “aquifer”, “porous underlying
rocks (strata, rock layers, rock beds)”
Grouping: see “aggregation”, “interpolation”, “generalisation”, “spatial research
techniques”, “common factor”
Gullies: see “soil erosion”, “accelerated soil erosion”, “overgrazing”, “overcultivation”
“environmental degradation”, “environmental protection”, “productive
capacity”, “environmental potential”, “desertification”
Habitat: see “ecology”, “biome” “extinction”, “habitat degradation”, “environmental
degradation”
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Habitat destruction: see “habitat destruction”, “extinction”, “habitat fragmentation”

“ecosystem”, “ecology”, “anthropogenic”, “erosion”, “climate change”,
“environmental degradation”, “habitat loss”
Habitat fragmentation: see “extinction”, “habitat degradation”, “environmental
degradation”
Habitat loss: see “extinction”, “habitat degradation”, “habitat destruction”, “habitat
fragmentation”, “climate change”, “anthropogenic”, “erosion”
“Hard” sciences: see “scientific hypothesis”, “meta data”, “hypothesis verification”,
“data processing techniques”
Hazardous chemicals: see “turbidity”, “hazardous waste”, “ISO 14000”
Hazardous waste: see “hazardous waste”, “incineration”, “landfill”, “international
conventions”, “ethical code”, “environmental activist”, “waste management”,
“ISO 14000”
Hierarchical diffusion: see “hierarchical diffusion”, “spatial distribution”
Host community: see “host community”, “ecosystem”, “refugee”, “migration”,
“xenophobia”, “UNHCR”, “United Nations High Commission for Refugees”,
“pull factors”, “push factors”
Human development index (HDI): see “development”, “economic development”,
“developing countries”, “population structure”, “demographic data”,
“dependency ratio”, “developed countries”, “countries in transition”,
“dependency ratio”, “population pyramid”, “population growth rate”
Human wellbeing: see “human development index (HDI)”, “dependency ratio”
Hydro-electricity: see “renewable energy”, “resources”, “renewable resources”
Hypothesis verification: see “scientific hypothesis”, “hard sciences”, “meta data”
IAP (IAPs): see “environmental impact assessment”, “interested and affected
parties”, “community involvement”, “integrated environmental management
procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental legislation”, “National Environmental
Management Act (NEMA)”
Idiographic principle: see “extrapolation”, “interpolation”, “generalisation”,
“uniqueness principle”, “spatial variation”, “spatiotemporal perspective”, “grouping”,
“variable”, “attribute”, “common factor”
IEMP: see “environmental impact assessment procedure”
Illegal trade in animal parts and products: see “economic valuation”, “Cites or
CITES”, “international conventions”, “environmental legislation”, “integrated
environmental management initiatives”, “environmental conservation”,
“international protocols”, “resource management”, “extinction”
Impermeable: see “aquifer”, “interstitial pores (spaces)”, “infiltration capacity”,
“groundwater”
Inaccessible: see “accessibility”
Incineration: see “incineration”, “hazardous waste”, “there is no away”, “waste
management”, “environmental legislation”, “physical laws”
Industrial development: see “global warming”, “Industrial Revolution”
Industrial location: see “agglomeration economy”, “gravity principle”
Industrial Revolution: see “climate change”, “ecological citizenship”, “ecological
footprint”, “air pollution”, “acid rain”, “global warming”, “Industrial Revolution”, “air
pollution”, “industrial development”, “economic development”, “development”,
“urbanisation”, “developed countries”, “developing countries”, “global North”,
“environmental destruction”, “environmental degradation”, “ecological
degradation”
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Infant mortality: see “population pyramid”, “demographic data”, “population growth

rate”, “demographic statistics”,
Infiltration capacity: see “infiltration capacity”, “aquifer”, “groundwater”
Informed guess: see “risk assessment”
Information: see “demographic data”, “attribute data”, “data processing
techniques”, “meta data”
Infrared rays: see “electromagnetic spectrum”, “long wave radiation”, “wave length”
Infrared remote sensing: see “electromagnetic spectrum”, “satellite imagery”,
“remote sensing”, “surveillance”
Infrastructure: see “infrastructure”, “Industrial Revolution”, “development”,
“transport problems”, “commuter transport”, “labour union actions”, “strikes”
Inorganic substances: see “ecosystem”, “ecology”
Inputs: see “drainage basin”, “open system”, “ecosystem”, “flow of energy and
matter”
Insolation: see “global warming”, “short wave radiation”, “electromagnetic
spectrum”, “solar energy”
Institutional caution: see “precautionary principle”, “green washing”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental
management”, “NEMA”, “environment legislation”
Integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP): see “environmental
legislation”, “National Environmental Management Act (NEMA)”,
“environmental impact assessment (EIA)”, “screening”, “impact
evaluation”, “environmental management plan (EMP)”
Intensity of ecological impact: see “ecological footprint”, “extent of ecological
impact”
Interconnectedness: see “globalisation”, “global interconnectivity”, “Flat-World
paradigm”, “multinational companies (MNCs)”
Interested and affected parties (IAPs): see “community involvement”,
“environmental management”, “environmental impact assessment (EIA)”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental
legislation”, “National Environmental Management Act (NEMA)”
Internal migration: see “migration”, “urbanisation”, “push factors”, “pull factors”,
“host community”
International Antarctic Treaty: see “conservation areas”, “international
conventions”, “protected areas”, “international environmental management
initiatives”, “international protocols”
International conventions: see “international conventions”, “world heritage site”,
“conservation”, “climate change”, “global warming”, “air pollution”, “extinction”,
“environmental activism”, “environmental equity”, “environmental lobbying”,
“environmental movements”, “environmentalist”, “environmental justice”,
“hazardous waste”, “international protocols”, “ISO 14000”
International environmental management initiatives: see “Environmental
Movement”, “ecological citizenship”, “environmental footprint”, “environmental
management”, “international conventions”, “international environmental
initiatives”, “international protocols”
International Law of the Sea: see “conservation areas”, “international
conventions”, “international conventions”, “international protocols”,
“international environmental management initiatives”
International Monitory Fund (IMF): see “political instability”, “global
interconnectivity”, “international environmental management initiatives”
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International protocols: see “international protocols”, “international conventions”,

“international environmental management initiatives”, “global
interconnectivity”, “globalisation”, “global environmental issues”, “global warming”
International Standards Organisation: see “ISO 14000”, “international
environmental management initiatives”, “environmental legislation”, “risk
assessment”
Interpolation: see “extrapolation”, “interpolation”, “geodiversity”, “spatial
interpolation”, “estimation”, “generalisation”, “variable”, “attribute data”
Intervening opportunity: see “intervening opportunity”, “destiny”,
“commodification”, “spatial location”, “gravity model”, “distance decay”
Invader: see “host community”, “refugee”, “migrant”, “xenophobia”, “political
instability”, “push factors”, “pull factor”
Irresponsible tourism: “responsible tourism”, “nature tourism”, “ecotourism”, “leave
nothing but your footprints”, “carrying capacity”
ISO 14000: see “ISO 14000”, “environmental management”, “environmental impact
assessment”, “risk assessment”
Isohyets: see “isometric line”
Isometric line (isoline): see “isometric line”, “spatial interpolation”, “interpolation”,
“spatial distribution”, “spatial location”
Isotherms: see “isometric line”
Key aspects of focus for environmental impact assessment: see “screening”,
“environmental impact assessment (EIA)”, “scoping”, “NEMA”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “stakeholders”
Kyoto Protocol: see “international conventions”, “carbon quota”, “carbon footprint”
Land use (or land-use): see “land-use”
Landfill: see “recycling”, “waste management”, “environmental legislation”, “physical
legislation”, “incineration”, “there is no away”
Landslide: see “mass movement”
Large-scale map: see “orthophoto map”
Laser beams: see “remote sensing”
Lat-Lo rule: see “geographic coordinate system”, “location”
“Leave nothing but your footprints”: see “responsible tourism”, “ecotourism”,
“nature tourism”, “ethical code”
Level of development: see “development”, “developing countries”, “countries in
transition”, “developed countries”, “BRICS countries”, “human development index
(HDI)”, global North, “global South”
Level of industrialisation: see “developing countries”, “developed countries”,
“countries in transition”, “economic growth”, “air pollution”, “climate change”, “global
warming”, “international conventions”, “phases of economic development”,
“industrial and manufacturing economies”, “global North”, “global South”,
“urbanisation”
Life expectancy: see “population pyramid”, “demographic data”, “human
development index (HDI)”
Lines of latitude (parallels): see “geographic coordinate system”, “map projection”,
“location”
Lines of longitude (meridians): see “geographic coordinate system”, “map
projection”, “location”
List of Activities: see “screening”
List of Environments: see “screening”
Loading: see “mass movement”, “gravity displacement”
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Local authority: see “metropolitan area”, “urban area”

Local community: see “local community”, “stakeholders”, “xenophobia”, “sense of
place”, “sense of belonging”, “township”, “slum”
Location: see “location”, “region”, “geographic coordinate system”
Longitudinal study: see “space-in-time perspective”
Long wave radiation: see “long wave radiation”, “electromagnetic spectrum”,
“global warming”, “air pollution”, “greenhouse gasses”
Macro environment: see “macro environment”, “meta data”, “generalisation”,
“estimation”
Magnetic declination: see “magnetic declination”, “bearing”
Magnetic north: see “bearing”
Main meridian (or Greenwich): see “geographic coordinate system”
Malnutrition: see “malnutrition”, “developed countries”, “developing countries”,
“morbidity”, “underfeeding”, “underfed”, “overfed”, “overfeeding”, “food security”,
“agencies of the United Nations”
Manufacturing and industrial economies: see “dual economies”, “phases of
economic development”, “economic development”
Map projection: see “map projection”, “geographic coordinate system”, “distortion”
Map: see “demarcation”, “spatial distribution”, “topographical map”, “topocadastral
map”, “thematic map”, “choropleth map”, “spatial data”, “geographical coordinates”,
“location”, “spatial pattern”, “mapable”, “spatial data”, “interpolation”,
“aggregation”
“Mapable”: see “spatial data”, “geographic coordinates”, “location”, “spatial
distribution”, “map”, “spatial distribution pattern”
Mapped (mapping): see “region”, “demarcation”, “location”, “spatial data”,
“mapable”
Market forces: see “economic valuation”
Mass movement (gravity displacement): see “mass movement”, “erosion”,
“environmental degradation”, “landslide”, “rock fall”, “soil creep”
Mass tourism: see “alternative tourism”, “adventure tourism”, “carrying capacity”,
“resource management”, “demarketing”
Meta data: see “meta data”, “primary data”, “hypothesis verification”
Metropolitan area: see “metropolitan area”, “local community”, “demarcation”,
“land-use”
Micro-habitat: see “ecology”, “habitat loss”
Migration: see “migration”, “refugee”, “urbanisation”, “xenophobia”, “host
community”, “demographic data”, “population pyramid”, “push factors”, “pull factors”
Mitigation: see “environmental management plan (EMP)”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “National Environmental
Management Act (NEMA)”
Models (geographic models): see “theory”, “paradigm”, “postulate”
Modernisation paradigm: see “modernisation paradigm”, “economic development”,
“paradigm”, “development”, “human development index (HDI)”, “economic
growth”, “developed countries”, “developing countries”, “countries in transition”,
“BRICS countries”, “population growth rate”, “correlation network”
Montreal Protocol (protocol): see “ozone”, “international conventions”,
“international protocols”, “international environmental management initiatives”
Montreal Accord (accord): see “Montreal protocol”
Morbidity: see “morbidity”, “meta data”, “primary data”, “demographic data”
Morbidity rate: see “morbidity”
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Morphometry: see “drainage basin”, “channelization”, “watershed”, “demarcation”,

“mapping”, “spatial distribution pattern”
Multinational Corporations (MNCs): see “political instability”, “globalisation”,
“economic development”, “global interconnectivity”
Multiplier effect: see “multiplier effect”, “agglomeration”, “feedback loop”, “urban
growth models”, “urban structure”, “urban structural development models”,
“development”, “urbanisation”
National Environmental Management Act, number 107 of 1998, (NEMA or
Nema): “community involvement”, “environmental management”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental legislation”,
“accountability”
Nature tourism: see “responsible tourism”, “carrying capacity”, “resource
management”, “alternative tourism”, “adventure tourism”, “ecotourism”
Natural goods: see “environmental resources”, “fossil fuel”, “natural resources”
Natural population increase: see “population growth”, “population pyramid”,
“fertility rate”
Natural regions: see “region”, “common factor”, “spatial variability”, “demarcation”,
“attribute data”, “geographical data”
Natural selection: see “natural selection”, “Industrial Revolution”, “extinction”,
“environmental change”, “survival of the fittest”, “evolution”, “species”
Needs: see “sustainable living”, “principle of enoughness”, “sustainable lifestyle”
Negative population growth rate: see “population growth”, “population structure”,
“population pyramid”, “migration”, “fertility rate”
No-go option: see “screening”, “NEMA”, “permitting”, “approval refused”
Non-renewable resources: see “resource management”, “resources”, “ natural
resources”, “alternative resources”, “resource base”
Non-hierarchical diffusion: see “hierarchical diffusion”
Nuclear accidents (accidents at nuclear power plants): see “nuclear energy”
Nuclear energy: see “alternative resources”, “fossil fuel”, “air pollution”, “natural
resources”, “perpetual resources”, “hazardous waste”, “alternative energy”,
“nuclear accidents”
Nuclear meltdown: see “nuclear energy”, “nuclear power plant accidents”, “radio-
active radiation”, “radio-active leakage”, “radio-active release”
Nuclear plant: see “nuclear energy”, “nuclear accidents”, “nuclear power plants”,
“radio- active radiation”, “radio-active fallout”, “hazardous waste”
Nutrient deficiency: see “malnutrition”, “under nutrition”, “morbidity”, “food security”
Oasis: see “salinisation”, “desertification”
Oblique airphotos: see “aerial photography”
Open system: see “drainage basin”, “channelization”, “watershed”, “ecosystem”,
“ecology”, “inputs”, “outputs”, “flow of energy and matter”, “sustainable system”
Organic components (of an ecosystem): see “ecology”, “inorganic components”
Organic substances: see “ecosystem”, “organic components of an ecosystem”
Orthophoto map: see “airphoto”, “contour map”, “isometric lines”, “interpolation”,
“topographical map”, “cadastral map”, “topocadastral map”, “contour lines”,
“spot heights”
Outputs: see “drainage basin”, “open system”, “flow of energy and matter”,
“ecosystem”
Overfed (overfeeding): see “malnutrition”, “morbidity”
Overgrazing: see “desertification”, “devegetation”, “deforestation”, “resource
management”, “environmental degradation”, “exploitation”, “resource
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management”, “carrying capacity”, “tragedy of the commons”, “production

potential”, “accelerated erosion”, “erosion gullies”, “overland flow”
Overland flow: see “drainage basin”, “channelization”, “watershed”, “sheet flow”,
“surface flow”, “soil erosion”
Ozone (O3): see “ozone”, “international convention”, “Montreal Accord”,
“international protocols”, “chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)”, “international
environmental management initiatives”
Paradigm: see “paradigm”, “anthropomorphism”, “theory”, “postulate”, “scientific
hypothesis”, “hypothesis verification”, “hypothesis testing”
Per capita (literally “per head” or “per person”): see “human development index
(HDI)”, “economic well-being”, “economic development”, “dependency ratio”,
“per capita income”, “per capita gross national product”
Per capita gross national product (GNP): see “development”, “economic growth”,
“human development index (HDI)”, “economic development”, “countries in
transition”, “developed countries”, “BRICS countries”
Per capita income: see “developing countries”, “development”, “economic growth”,
“human development index (HDI)”, “countries in transition”, “BRICS countries”
Permeable: see “aquifer”, “interstitial pores”, “interstitial spaces”, “infiltration
capacity”, “porous”, “groundwater”
Permitting: see “environmental auditing”, “environmental management plan (EMP)”,
“National Environmental Management Act, Number 107 of 1998 (NEMA)”,
“accountability”, “ecological footprint”, “approval from the competent body”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”
Phases of economic development: see “quaternary economic activities”, “primary
economic activities”, “secondary economic activities”, “tertiary economic
activities”, “quaternary economic activities”, “global North”, “global South”,
“developing countries”, “countries in transition”, “developed countries”, “BRICS
countries”
Physical accessibility: see “accessibility”
Physical components of an ecosystem: see “ecology”, “organic components of
an ecosystem”, “inorganic components of an ecosystem”, “ecosystem”
Physical laws: see “recycling”, “there is no away”, “conservation of energy and
matter”
Place: see “local community”, “sense of place”, “sense of belonging”, “interested
and affected parties (IAPs)”, “stakeholders”
Polar shift (or drift): see “magnetic declination”, “bearing”, “geographic positioning
system (GPS)”
Polarisation: see “polarisation”, “environmental lobbies”, “green washing”,
“greening of main stream politics”, “polarised power groups”, “environmental
activists”
Polarised power groups (lobbies): see “polarisation”, “environmental lobby”,
“environmental activists”, “environmentalist”, “environmental movements”,
“economic development”, “development”, “developed countries”, “developing
countries”, “BRICS countries”, “environmental justice”, “international conventions”
Political asylum: see “refugee”, “United Nations High Commission for Refugees
(UNHCR)”
Political instability: see “political instability”, “demarcation”, “xenophobia”, “host
communities”, “transboundary parks or reserves”, “positioning systems
(GPSs)”, “remote sensing”, “resolution”, “laser beams”, “refugee” , “xenophobia”,
“host community”, “xenophobia”, “host community”
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Pollutant: see “air pollution”, “acid rain”, “climate change”

Polluter must pay principle: see “environmental justice”, “environmental equity”,
“international environmental management initiatives”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “NEMA”
Population decline: see “population growth”
Population density: see “population density”
Population growth rate: see “population growth”
Population growth: see “population growth”, “population density”, “migration”,
“fertility”, “political instability”, “malnutrition”, “food security”
Population pyramid: see “population pyramid”, “demographic data”, “population
growth”, “population structure”
Population structure: see “population structure”, “demographic data”, “population
pyramid”, “human development index (HDI)”, “dependency ratio”
Population variables: see “population pyramid”, “demographic data”, “population
growth”, “human development index (HDI)”, “primary data”, “population size”
Pores (or interstices or interstitial pores): see “infiltration capacity”, “aquifer”,
“permeability”, “groundwater”
Postulate: see “scientific hypothesis”, “theory”
Potable: see “water quality”, “drinking water”, “ISO 14000”
Power groups: see “polarisation”, “environmental lobbies”, “environmental
movements”, “environmental activism”, “greening of main stream politics”
Precautionary principle: see “precautionary principle”, “environmental
management”, “integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”,
“international environmental management initiatives”, “sustainability”,
“sustainable development”, “environmental legislation”, “greening mainstream
politics”, “when in doubt, do an EIA”, “NEMA”, “risk assessment”, “environmental
ethics”, “ethical code”,
Predictive technique: see “risk assessment”, “environmental management”,
“environmental impact assessment”, “ISO 14000”
Preservation: see “resource management”, “environmental conservation”, “nature
management”
Price: see “economic valuation”
Primary data: see “primary data”, “meta data”, “demographic data”, “demographic
statistics”, “hypothesis testing”
Primary economic activities: see “dual economy”, “primary, secondary, tertiary
and quaternary economic activities”, “phases of economic development”,
Principle of enoughness: see “sustainable living”, “sustainable lifestyle”, “greed”,
“environmental ethic”, “ethical code”
Production potential (capacity): see “deforestation”, “devegetation”,
“environmental degradation”, “carrying capacity”, “overgrazing”, “over-use”,
“exploitation”, “soil erosion”, “accelerated erosion”
Profile drawing: see “profile drawing”, “isometric line”, “contour lines”, “contour
maps”, “topographical maps”, “spot height”, “cross-section drawing”
Projection of convenience: see “map projection”
Proportionality: see “spatial scales”, “map”, “large scale map”, “small scale map”
Proportional population numbers: see “population pyramid”
Protein deficiency: see “malnutrition”, “morbidity”, “underfeeding”,
“malnourishment”, “food security”
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Protected areas: see “protected areas”, “accreditation”, “world heritage site”,

“environmental legislation”, “accountability”, “region”, “international
conventions”, “environmental management”
Protection status: see “protected areas”, “protection status”, “accreditation”, “world
heritage site”, “resource management”
Public participation: see “public participation”, “integrated environmental
management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental management”, “National
Environmental Management Act (NEMA)”, “interested and affected parties
(IAPs)”, “stakeholders”
Public private participation (PPP): see “public private participation”, “interested
and affected parties (IAPs)”, “stakeholders”, “public participation”
Pull factors: see “migration”
Push factors: see “migration”, “refugee”
Qualitative data: see “meta data”
Quality of life: see “human development index (HDI)”, “economic development”
Quantitative data: see “meta data”, “scientific hypothesis”, “hypothesis verification”
Quaternary economic activities: see “dual economy”, “quaternary activities”
Radio-active fallout: see “nuclear energy”, “hazardous waste”, “nuclear accident”,
“international environmental management initiatives”, “nuclear energy plants”,
“radio- active waste products”, “radio-active radiation”
Radio-active substance release: see “nuclear energy”, “nuclear accident”, “radio-
active radiation”
Radio-active waste: see “nuclear energy”, “hazardous waste”, “nuclear plant
accidents”
Ramsar accreditation: see “accreditation”, “wetland”, “international conventions”,
“world heritage site”
Ramsar Convention: see “international conventions”, “wetlands”
Ratify: see “international conventions”
Raw data: see “primary data”, “meta data”
Recombinant DNA: see “genetic engineering”, “genetically manipulated organisms”
(GMOs)”, “ethical code”
Record of decisions (RoD): see “international conventions”, “National
Environmental Management Act, no 107 of 1998 (NEMA)”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “scoping”
Recycling: see “recycling”, “incineration”, “development”, “dual economy”,
“developing countries”, “countries in transition”, “secondary economic activities”,
“tertiary economic activities”, “quaternary economic activities”, “reuse”,
“reduce”, “physical laws”, “there is no away”
Red Data list: see “habitat destruction”, “habitat fragmentation”, “extinction”,
“anthropogenic”, “habitat loss”
Reduce: see “recycling”, “ethical code”, “consumerism”, “sustainable lifestyle”,
“principle of enoughness”
Reflection: see “albedo”, “insolation”, “wavelength”, “short wave solar radiation”
Refugee: see “refugee”, “host community”, “migration”, “xenophobia”, “United
Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)”, “political instability”
Region: see “region”, “location”, “demarcation”, “conservation areas”, “biome”,
“climatic region”, “natural region”, “industrial region”, “common factor”,
“attribute”, “variable”, “generalisation”, “spatial interpolation”, “grouping”,
“mapable”
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Regulation: see “environmental management”, “integrated environmental

management procedure”, “environmental legislation”, “National Environmental
Management Act (NEMA)”, “ISO 14000”, “risk assessment”
Rehabilitation: see “environmental valuation”, “economic valuation”, “economic
valuation of environmental damage”, “NEMA”, “environmental management”
Relative location: see “location”
Reliability of data: see “meta data”, “primary data”, “quality of data”
Remote observation: see “aerial photograph”, “remote sensing”, “satellite imagery”,
“infrared remote sensing”, “surveillance”, “secretive surveillance”, “high
altitude surveillance”
Remote sensing: see “remote sensing”, “aerial photography”, “air photos”, “satellite
imagery”, “wavelength”, “laser beams”
Renewable energy: see “renewable energy”, “nuclear energy”, “hazardous waste”,
“hydro- electricity”, “wind turbines”, “resource management”, “alternative
energy”, “perpetual energy”, “solar energy”, “sustainable lifestyle”, “principle of
enoughness”, “sustainable use”, “ethical code”
Renewable resources: “resource management”, “sustainable use”, “renewable
energy”
Resolution: see “aerial photography”, “air pollution”, “satellite imagery”, “remote
sensing”
Resource management: see “resource management”, “recycling”, “conservation”,
“preservation”, “reuse”, “reduce”, “recycle”, “sustainable use”, “principle of
enoughness”,“international conventions”, “environmental management”,
“consumerism”
Response-control principle: see “feedback loop”, “ecosystem”, “open system”,
“natural systems”, “flow of matter and energy”, “sustainability”, “self-sustaining”
Response-control reaction: see “feedback loop”, “ecosystem”
Responsible tourism: see “accessibility”, “responsible tourism”, “carrying capacity”,
“demarketing”, “adventure tourism”, “ecological footprint, “ecological
citizenship”, “environmental irresponsibility”, “resource management”, “resource
base”
Retail facilities: see “retail facilities”, “central business district (CBD)”,
“gentrification”, “urban structure development models”, “urban growth models”
Reuse: see “recycling”
Rill erosion: see “soil erosion”, “accelerated erosion”, “erosion gullies”,
“overgrazing”, “environmental degradation”, “denudation”
Risk assessment: see “risk assessment”, “ISO 14000”
Rock fall: see “mass movement”
Salinisation (salinization): see “salinization”, “desertification”, “production
potential”
Satellite imagery: see “air photo”, “aerial photography”, “satellite imagery”,
“wavelength”, “image processing techniques”, “resolution”, “remote sensing”
Scale: see “map”, “topographic map”, “large scale”, “small scale”
Scientific hypothesis: see “scientific hypothesis”, “hard sciences”, “hypothesis
testing”, “hypothesis verification”, “meta data”
Scoping: see “screening”, “terms of reference (ToR)”, “environmental impact
assessment (EIA)”, “integrated environmental management procedure”, “record of
decisions (RoD)”, “stakeholders”, “interested and affected parties (IAPs)”, “risk
assessment”, “ISO 1400”
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Screening: see “screening”, “environmental impact assessment”, “NEMA”,

“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “List of Activities”, “List
of Environments”, “when in doubt, do an EIA”
Secondary economic activities: see “dual economy”, “secondary economic
activities” “economic development”, “phases of economic development”,
“economic development”
Second generation environmental management: see “strategic environmental
assessment (SEA)”,
Secretive documentation: see “aerial photography”, “remote sensing”, “satellite
imagery”, “high altitude surveillance”
Self-sustaining: see “ecosystem”, “feedback loop”, “response-control reactions”,
“natural systems”, “open system”, “sustainability”
Sense of belonging: see “local community”, “sense of place”, “slum”, “township”,
“favela”, “migrant”, “refugee”, “xenophobia”
Sense of place: see “local community”, “sense of belonging”, “slum”, “township”,
“favela”, “xenophobia”, “refugee”
Sensor: see “remote sensing”, “satellite imagery”, “wavelength”, “resolution”,
“secretive documentation”, “surveillance”
Services: see “development”, “dual economy”, “economic development”, “countries
in transition”, “tertiary economic activities”, “quaternary economic activities”,
“services provision”, “refugee camps”, “urbanisation”, “migration”, “squatter
settlements”
Service provision: see “social services”, “services provision”, “refugee”, “slum”,
“squatter settlements”, “host community”, “UNHCR”
Shanty town: see “local community”, “slum”, “favela”, “urbanisation”
Sheet erosion: see “soil erosion”, “accelerated soil erosion”, “production potential”,
“overgrazing”, “environmental degradation”, “desertification”
Short wave radiation: see “electromagnetic spectrum”, “global warming”, “solar
radiation”, “insolation”
Signatory states: see “international conventions”
Slope of (land) surface: see “mass movement”
Slum: see “local community”, “services provision”, “sense of place”, “urbanisation”,
“migration”, “xenophobia”
Social services: see “social services”, “social services provision”, “slum”, “shanty
town”, “urbanisation”, “urban growth models”
Socio-cultural impacts: see “socio-cultural impacts”, “refugee”, “host community”,
“acculturation”, “enculturation”, “xenophobia”
Socio-economic accessibility: see “accessibility”, “social services”
“Soft” sciences: see “scientific hypothesis”
Soil creep: see “mass movement”
Soil erosion: see “erosion”, “accelerated soil erosion”, “denudation”, “production
potential”
Solar energy: see “renewable energy”, “short wave radiation”, “insolation”,
“alternative energy”, “fossil fuel”, “resource management”
Solar radiation: see “global warming”, “short wave radiation”, “renewable energy”
Sonar imagery: see “remote sensing”
Solution: see “erosion”, “weathering”
Sort: see “aggregation”, “grouping”, “common factor”, “attribute”, “variable”
South African Bureau of Standards (SABS): see “ISO 14000”
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South African Constitution, Act number 108 of 1996: “community involvement”,

“environmental management”, “Constitution of the Republic of South Africa”,
“environmental justice”, “environmental equity”
Space: see “local community”, “locality”, ”location”, “local environment”
Spatial interpolation: see “generalization”, “estimation”, “interpolation”,
“extrapolation”, “geodiversity”, “isolines”, “idiographic principle”, “spatial
variability”, “map”, “topographic map”, “contour line”, “contour map”, “variable”,
“attribute”, “common factor”, “spatial variation”, “variability”, “grouping”,
“aggregation”
Space-in-time perspective: see “spatial distribution”, “spatial pattern”, “variation
over time”
Spatial concept: see “ecosystem”, “environment”, “mapable”, “spatial distribution”,
“spatial variability”, “location”
Spatial data: see “spatial pattern”, “spatial distribution”, “geographical coordinate
system”, “topographic maps”, “cadastral map”, “topocadastral map”, “location”,
“spatio- temporal variation pattern”, “mapable”, “spatial research methods”,
“spatial interpolation”
Spatial distribution: see “location”, “spatial data”, “spatial distribution”, “geographic
coordinates”
Spatial economy: see “spatial distribution”, “spatial interaction”, “space-in-time
perspective”, “retail facilities”, “globalisation”, “multinational corporations
(MNMs)”
Spatial economic development: see “spatial economic development”, “spatial
economy”, “economic development”, “spatial pattern”, “political instability”,
“globalisation”, “global interconnectivity”, “multi-national corporations
(companies) (MNMs)”, “spatial economic development models”, “core-periphery
model”, “agglomeration”, “gravity model”
Spatial entity: see “locality”, “demarcation”, “map”, “mapping”, “mapable”
Spatial interaction: see “spatial distribution”, “spatial variation”, “spatial economy”,
“distance decay”, “infrastructure”, “globalisation”
Spatial interconnectivity: see “spatial economy”, “globalisation”, “spatial
distribution”, “global interconnectivity”, “multi-national corporations (MNMs)”, “Flat-
World paradigm”
Spatiality: see “spatial economy”, “spatial location”, “spatial distribution pattern”,
“spatio- temporal perspective”, “spatial variation”
Spatial pattern: see “isometric line”, “spatial pattern”, “spatial distribution”,
“location”, “spatial variability”, “spatial data”, “spatial distribution pattern”, “map”,
“mapable”
Spatial queries (inquiries): see “spatial queries”, “spatial questions”, “spatial data”,
“geographic information system (GIS)”, “geographic positioning system
(GPS)”, “geographic coordinates”, “spatial variability”, “spatial distribution”,
“spatial variation”, “location”, “spatial pattern”, “spatial referencing”, “spatio-
temporal variability”
Spatial research techniques: see “spatial distribution”, “spatial science”,
“interpolation”, “generalisation”, “common factor”, “map”, “mapping”, “spatial
variability”,
Spatial referencing: see “location”, “geographic coordinates”, “geographic
positioning system (GPS)”
Spatial scales: see “map”, “proportionality”, “large scale map”, “small scale map”
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Spatial science: see “spatial distribution”, “location”, “spatial pattern”, “map”,

“spatial queries”, “spatial research methods and techniques”
Spatial variation: see “spatial variation”, “spatial distribution”, “spatial interaction”,
“geodiversity”, “space-in-time perspective”, “spatial data”, “spatial pattern”,
“spatial variability”
Spatio-temporal variability: see “climate variability”, “space-and-time perspective”,
“spatial distribution”, “temporal variability”, “global warming”
Species creation: see “genetically manipulated organism (GMO)”, “evolution”,
“natural selection”
Species: see “biodiversity”, “extinction”, “natural selection”, “habitat destruction”
Spot heights: see “isometric line”, “altitude”
Squatter community: see “local community”
Statistical population: see “population density”
Strategic environmental assessment (SEA): see “greening of mainstream
politics”, “policies, plans and projects (PPP)”, “triple bottom line”, “sustainability”,
“environmental sustainability”, “economic sustainability”, “social sustainability”,
“environmental management”, “integrated environmental management
procedure (IEMP)”, “South African Act of Constitution, no 108 of 1996”,
“development”, “economic development”
Strike (union action): see “transport problems”, “commuter traffic”
Surveillance: see “observation”, “remote sensing”, “high altitude surveillance”, “air
photos”, “satellite imagery”, “secretive documentation”
Subsistence agriculture (existence): see “ecological citizenship”, “ecological
footprint”, “sustainability”, “sustainable lifestyle”, “self-sustaining”, “principle of
enoughness”, “self-sufficient”
Substrate: see “infiltration capacity”, “aquifer”, “groundwater”, “permeable”,
“impermeable”
Supply and demand: see “economic valuation”, “market forces”, “price”
Sustainability: see “ecosystem”, “sustainable development”, “environmental
management”, “environmental sustainability”, “economic sustainability”, “social
sustainability”, “triple bottom lining”, “environmental management”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “sustainable use”
Sustainable development: see “sustainability”, “economic development”,
“development”, “environmental legislation”, “environmental management”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental impact
assessment”, “resource management”, “economic growth”, “resources”
Sustainable living: see “sustainable living”, “principle of enoughness”, “sustainable
lifestyle”
Sustainable use: see “resource management”, “principle of enoughness”
Surveillance: see “aerial photography”, “remote sensing”, “secretive
documentation”, “satellite imagery”
Quaternary economic activities: see “quaternary economic activities”, “economic
development”, “development”, “dual economy”, “developing countries”,
“developed countries”, “countries in transition”, “BRICS countries”, “primary
economic activities”, “secondary economic activities”, “tertiary economic
activities”, “phases of economic development”
Thematic mapping: see “spatial distribution”, “spatial variation”, “spatial pattern”,
“variable”, “demarcation”, “dot map”, “isolines”, “spatial variability”, “map”
Temporal change: see “temporal change”, “space-in-time perspective”
Terms of reference (ToR): see “scoping”
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Terrestrial radiation: see “global warming”, “air pollution”

Tertiary economic activities: see “dual economy”, “economic development”,
“development”, “primary economic activities”, “secondary economic activities”,
“quaternary economic activities”, “countries in transition”, “developed
countries”, “developing countries”, “BRICS countries”, “phases of economic
development”
Thematic map: see “choropleth map”, “spatial distribution”, “spatial interpolation”,
“interpolation”, “extrapolation”, “topocadastral map”, “cadastral map”,
“attribute”, “common factor”, “variable”
Theory: see “theory”, “empirical testing”, “natural selection”, “extinction”, “evolution”,
“development”, “paradigm”, “hypothesis”, “postulate”, “hypothesis verification”
“There is no away”: see “incineration”, “waste disposal”, “physical laws”,
“conservation of matter and energy”
Topocadastral map: see “topocadastral map”, “topographical map”, “cadastral
map”, “demarcation”, “administrative information”
Topographical map: see “topographical map”, “contour map”, “isolines”, “spot
height”, “air photos”, “remote sensing”, “satellite images”, “scale”, “large scale”,
“small scale”, “topocadastral map”
Tourism resources: see “resource”, “resource management”, “commodification”,
“intervening opportunity”, “destination”, “carrying capacity”, “sustainability”,
“eco- lodges”, “environmental business”, “natural resources”, “cultural resources”,
“the Big Five”, “resource management”, “resource base”
Township: see “local community”, “slum”, “urbanisation”, “urban sprawl”,
“township”, “shanty town”, “favela”, “sense of belonging”, “sense of place”
Toxic waste: see “hazardous waste”, “incineration”, “environmental legislation”,
“waste management”, “landfill”, “there is no away”
Trade: see “retail facilities”
Traffic congestion: see “traffic problems”, “urbanisation”, “traffic jams”, “commuter
traffic”, “urbanisation”, “urban growth”, “urban sprawl”, “urban spatial development
models”
Tragedy of the commons: see “environmental resources”, “valuation”, “ecological
niche”, “exploitation”, “environmental degradation”, “ecological footprint”, “ecological
citizenship”, “ecocentrism”, “anthropogenic”, “environmentalist”, “erosion”,
“overgrazing”, “sustainable use”, “principle of enoughness”, “sustainability”
Trans-boundary reserves: see “ISO 14000”, “trans-border park”, “international
environmental management initiatives”, “commodification”, “resource
management”
Transport problems: see “transport problems”, “commuter traffic”, “traffic
congestion”, “urban sprawl”, “urbanisation”, “migration”, “trade union action”
Triatomic oxygen: see “ozone”, “international conventions”, “Montreal Accord”,
“CFCs”
Triple bottom lining: see “strategic environmental assessment (SEA)”,
“sustainability”, “environmental sustainability”, “economic sustainability”, “social
sustainability”
True to direction: see “map projection”
True to shape: see “map projection”
Turbidity: see “turbidity”, “pollution”, “hazardous chemicals”, “potable”, “drinking
water”
Ultra-violet rays: see “electromagnetic spectrum”, “short wave radiation”
Under-nourished: see “malnutrition”, “underfed”, “morbidity”, “protein deficiency”
 206

UNESCO: see “conservation areas”, “international conventions”, “world heritage

site”
Union action: see “transport problems”, “commuter transport”, “strike”
Uniqueness principle: see “extrapolation”, “interpolation”, “generalisation”, “spatial
variation”, “grouping”, “region”, “common factor”, “attribute”, “variable”,
“spatial variation pattern”, “space-in-time perspective”
United Nations Agencies: see “conservation areas”, “world heritage site”,
“UNESCO”, “Antarctic Treaty”, “International Law of the Sea”, “UNHCR”
United Nations Development Programme: see “human development index (HDI)”
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR): see “refugee”, “host
community”, “host country”
Uranium (U): see “nuclear energy”, “radio-activity”
Urban development: see “urbanisation”, “urban growth”, “urban structure”, “urban
structural development models”, “urban sprawl”
Urban ecology: see “urban ecology”, “ecology”, “feedback loop”, “gentrification”,
“urban decay”
Urbanisation: see “urbanisation”, “developed countries”, “developing countries”,
“countries in transition”, “urban growth”, “urban development”, “services”,
“infrastructure”, “push factors”, “pull factors”, “informal settlements”, “townships”,
“slums”, “shanty towns”, “squatter settlements”, “urban decay”
Urban rejuvenation: see “gentrification”
Urban revival: see “gentrification”
Urban sprawl: see “urbanisation”, “services”, “services provision”
Urban structural development models: see “urban development”, “urban growth”,
“urban structure”
Urban structure: see “central business district”, “urban development”, “urban
structural development models”
Utilitarianism: see “anthropocentrism”, “ecocentrism”, “ethical code”,
“environmental ethics”
Utilities: see “services”, “services provision”
Valuation: see “economic evaluation”
Value: see “economic valuation”, “cost”, “valuation of environmental damage”
Variable: see “attribute”, “attribute data”, “demarcation”, “spatial distribution”,
“geodiversity”, “common factor”, “spatial distribution”, “spatio-temporal
variability”
Variant creation: see “genetically manipulated organism (GMO)”, “variant
propagation”, “food security”, “species”, “Green Revolution”
Verification: see “scientific hypothesis”, “hypothesis verification”, “hard sciences”,
“meta data”, “quantitative data”, “qualitative data”, “hypothesis testing”
Visible spectrum: see “electromagnetic spectrum”
Visual representation techniques: see “demographic data”, “demographic
statistics”
Vulnerability: see “vulnerability”
Waste disposal: see “hazardous waste”, “incineration”, “environmental legislation”,
“landfill”, “waste management”, “there is no away”, “conservation of matter
and energy”, “physical laws”
Waste management: see “waste disposal”, “waste management”, “hazardous
waste”, “environmental management”, “incineration”, “there is no away”
Waste reduction: see “recycling”, “reuse”, “reduce”, “incineration”, “hazardous
waste”, “environmental legislation”, “waste management”
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Waterlogging: see “aquifer”, “interstitial pores”, “mass wasting”, “wetland”,

“environmental destruction”, “environmental degradation”, “water saturation”,
“pollution”
Water saturation: see “mass movement”, “wetland”, “aquifer”
Watershed: see “watershed”, “drainage basin”, “contour map”, “interpolation”,
“overland flow”, “mapping”
Water quality: see “water quality”, “E. coli (or E.coli)”, “water purification”, “potable”,
“drinking water”
Wave-length: see “remote sensing”, “global warming”, “greenhouse effect”
Weather: see “weather”, “climate”
Weathering: see “erosion”
Weathering debris: see “erosion”, “mass movement”
Well-being (human well-being): see “morbidity”, “per capita income”, “human
development index (HDI)”, “principle of enoughness”, “sustainable lifestyle”,
“self-sufficiency”, “avarice”
Wetland (wetlands): see “wetlands”, “ecology”, “ecosystem”, “waterlogging”,
“hazardous waste”, “eutrophication”, “ecology”, “ecosystem”, “international
conventions”, “Ramsar Convention”, “environmental degradation”, “ecological
degradation”
Wetlands of international importance: see “wetland”, “Ramsar Convention”,
“world heritage site”, “international environmental management initiatives”,
“international protocols”
“When in doubt, do an EIA”: see “screening”, “terms of reference”, “scoping”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”
Wind energy: see “renewable energy”, “alternative energy”
Willingness to accept (WTA): see “economic valuation”
Willingness to pay (WTP): see “economic valuation”
Working for Water (WfW): see “wetlands”, “natural resources”, “resource
management”
Working for Wetlands (WfW): see “wetlands”, “natural resources”, “resource
management”
World Bank (WB): see “political instability”, “environmental projects”,
“environmental equity”
World heritage site: see “accreditation”, “destination”, “environmental
management”, “conservation areas”, “UNESCO”, “resource management”,
“carrying capacity”
Xenophobia: see “host community”, “migrant”, “refugee”
 208

BYLAAG B

KRUISVERWYSINGSLYS

LYS VAN VERWANTE TERME WAT IN HIERDIE VERKLARENDE

WOORDELYS INGESLUIT IS

Aanloklikheid: kyk “aanloklikheid”, “vlugteling”, “bestemming”, “tussenkomende

geleentheid”
Aanspreeklikheid: kyk “aanspreeklikheid”
Aardeberaad: kyk “internasionale konvensies” , “polarisering”, “vergroening van
hoofstroompolitiek”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Aardstraling: kyk “aardverwarming”, “lugbesoedeling”
Aardverwarming: kyk “aardverwarming”, “lugbesoedeling”, “antropogeen”,
“klimaatsverandering”, “omgewingsdegradasie”, “internasionale konvensies”,
“klimaat”, “fossielbrandstof”, “alternatiewe hulpbronne”, “omgewingsgesinde”,
“ekosentrisme”, “Industriële Rewolusie”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Abrasie: kyk “erosie”
Absolute bevolkingsgetalle: kyk “bevolkingspiramiede”, “demografiese data”,
“demografiese statistieke”, “roudata”
Absolute ligging: kyk “ligging”, “lokaliteit”, “geografiese koördinasiesisteem”, “ruimtelike
data”
Afbakening: kyk “afbakening”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “streke”, “groepering”
Afhanklikheidsparadigma: kyk “afhanklikheidsparadigma”, “demografiese data”,
“ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “ekonomiese groei”,
“lande in oorgang”
Afstandswaarneming: kyk “lugfotografie”, “satellietbeelde”, “afstandwaarneming”,
“golflengte”
Afstandsverval: kyk “tussenkomende geleentheid”, “ruimtelike ligging”, “globalisering”,
“Plat-Wêreld-paradigma”
Afvalbestuur: kyk “afvalwegdoening”, “afvalbestuur”, “gevaarlike afval”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “verbranding”, “daar is geen ware wegdoening nie”
Afvalvermindering: kyk “verbranding”, “gevaarlike afval”, “omgewingswetgewing”,
“hersirkulering”
Afvalwegdoening (afvalhantering): kyk “gevaarlike afval”, “verbranding”,
“omgewingswetgewing”
Afwyking van die normale klimaat: kyk “klimaat”, “klimaatsverandering”,
“klimaatsveranderlikheid”, “aardverwarming”
Agenda 21: kyk “internasionale konvensies”, “Aardeberaad”
Agentskappe van die Verenigde Nasies: kyk “bewaringsgebiede”,
“wêrelderfenisterreine”, “UNESCO”
Agglomerasie-ekonomie: kyk “agglomerasie-ekonomie”, “voordele van skaal”, “ekonomie
van skaal”,
Aggregasie: kyk “aggregasie”, “groepering”
Akkreditasie: kyk “akkreditasie”, “internasionale konvensies”
Akkulturasie: kyk “akkulturasie”, “demonstrasie-effek”
Akwakultuur: kyk “akwakultuur”, “voedselsekuriteit”
Akwifeer: kyk “akwifeer”, “waterdraer”, “voedselsekuriteit”
Albedo: kyk “albedo”
Alternatiewe toerisme: kyk “alternatiewe toerisme”, “bestemming”, “dravermoë”,
“avontuurtoerisme”, “verantwoordelike toerisme”, “ekotoerisme”
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Anorganiese stowwe: kyk “ekosisteem”

Antropogene (mens-veroorsaakte, mensgemaakte): kyk “omgewingsdegradasie”,
“klimaatsverandering”, “aardverwarming”, “lugbesoedeling”
Antropomorfisme: kyk “antropomorfisme”, “ekosentrisme”, “aanspreeklikheid”, “paradigma”
Asimut: kyk “asimut”, “geografiese koördinasiesisteem”, “peiling”, “ligging”
Attribuut: kyk “omgewingspotensiaal”, “attribuutdata”, “geodiversiteit”, “veranderlike”
Attribuutdata: kyk “attribuutdata”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “afbakening”, “veranderlike”
Attrisie: kyk “erosie”
Avontuurtoerisme: kyk “toeganklikheid”, “avontuurtoerisme”, “aanspreeklikheid”,
“dravermoë”, “verantwoordelike toerisme”, “natuurtoerisme”, “ekotoerisme”
Beginsel van die besoedelaar moet betaal (besoedelaar-moet-betaal-beginsel): kyk
“omgewingsgeregtigheid”
Beginsel van genoegsaamheid: kyk “volhoubare lewenstyl”, “hebsug”, “volhoubaarheid”
Beheer en bestuur: kyk “beheer en bestuur”, “aanspreeklikheid”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure”, “omgewingswetgewing”, “internasionale konvensies”
Behoeftes: kyk “volhoubare lewenstyl”, “beginsel van genoegsaamheid”, “volhoubare
bestaan”
Behorendheidsgevoel: kyk “plaaslike gemeenskap”, “pleksin”, “favela”, “township”
Behoud van materie en energie: kyk “hersirkulering”, “verbranding”, “fisiese wette”
Bekragtig (onderteken, onderskryf): see “internasionale konvensies”, “ondertekenaars”,
“onderskrywende lande”
Belading: kyk “massaverplasing”, “swaartekragverplasing”
Belanghebbendes (of geïnteresseerde en geaffekteerde partye): kyk
“omgewingsimpakbepaling”, “geïnteresseerde en geaffekteerde partye” ,(die
Engelse akroniem “IAP” word dikwels gebruik), “gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP,
“IEMP”)”, “omgewingswetgewing”, “Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurswet (NEMA)”
Bereidheid om te aanvaar: kyk “ekonomiese waardebepaling”
Bereidheid om te betaal: kyk “ekonomiese waardebepaling”
Berekende risiko: kyk “risikobepaling”
Besoedelingstowwe: kyk “lugbesoedeling”, “suurreën”, “klimaatsverandering”
Bestemming: kyk “bestemming”, “alternatiewe toerisme”, “avontuurtoerisme”,
“teenbemarking”, “dravermoë”, “verantwoordelike toerisme”, “vlugteling”,
“aanloklikheid”, “tussenkomende geleentheid”
Bestemmingsbeeld: kyk “bestemmingsbeeld”, “bestemming”, “alternatiewe toerisme”,
“vlugteling”, “aanloklikheid”, “ekonomiese waardebepaling”, “ekonomiese evaluasie”
Betrokke outoriteit: kyk “beheer en bestuur”, “aanspreeklikheid”, “permittering”,
“geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP, “IEMP”)”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “internasionale konvensies”, “Nasionale
Omgewingsbestuurswet (Nema of NEMA)”, “NEMA”
Betroubaarheid van data: kyk “metadata”, “primêre data”, “veldwerk”
Bevolkingsdigtheid: kyk “bevolkingsdigtheid”
Bevolkingsgroei: kyk “bevolkingsgroei”, “bevolkingsdigtheid”, “migrasie”, “vrugbaarheid”,
“politieke onstabiliteit”, “wanvoeding”
Bevolkingsgroeikoers: kyk “bevolkingsgroei”
Bevolkingskwyning: kyk “bevolkingsgroei”
Bevolkingspiramiede: kyk “bevolkingspiramiede”, “demografiese data (demografiese
statistieke)”, “bevolkingsgroei”, “bevolkingstruktuur”, “afhanklikheidsindeks”
Bevolkingstruktuur: kyk “bevolkingstruktuur”, “demografiese data”, “bevolkingspiramiede”,
“afhanklikheidsindeks”
Bevolkingsveranderlikes: kyk “bevolkingspiramiede”, “demografiese data”,
“bevolkingsgroei”, “menslike ontwikkelingsindeks”, “afhanklikheidsindeks”
Bewaring: kyk “hulpbronbestuur”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “internasionale konvensies”,
Bewaringsgebied: kyk “bewaringsgebiede”, “akkreditering”, “aanspreeklikheid”, “streek”,
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“wêrelderfenisterrein”, “omgewingswetgewing”, “internasionale konvensies”,

“omgewingsbestuur”
Bewaringstatus: kyk “bewaarde gebiede”, “bewaringstatus”, “akkreditasie”,
“wêrelderfenisterrein”, “hulpbronbestuur”
Billikheid: kyk “billikheid”, “omgewingsgeregtigheid”, “omgewingsouditering”,
“omgewingsmonitering”, “geïnteresseerde en geaffekteerde partye”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “belanghebbendes”, “omgewingswetgewing”
Biodiversiteit: kyk “biodiversiteit”, “uitsterwing”, “uitwissing”, “natuurlike uitverkiesing”,
“habitatvernietiging”, “geneties-gemanipuleerde organisme”, “Groenrewolusie”
Bioom: kyk “bioom”, “ekosisteem”, “ruimtelike veranderlikheid”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”
Biosfeer: kyk “biosfeer”, “ekosisteem”, “ruimtelike veranderlikheid”
Biotegnologie: kyk “biotegnologie”, “uitsterwing”, “ekosisteem”, “geneties-gemanipuleerde
organisme”
Bladerosie: kyk “gronderosie”, “oorbenutting”, “produksievermoë”, “versnelde gronderosie”,
Blikkiesdorp (krotbuurt, “township”): kyk “plaaslike gemeenskap”, “gevoel van
behorendheid” (“behorendheidsgevoel”), “pleksin”, “dienstevoorsiening”
Brandt-lyn: kyk “globale Noorde”, “globale Suide”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “ontwikkelde
lande”, “lande in oorgang”, “BRICS-lande”
Breedtelyne: kyk “geografiese koördinaatsisteem”, “kaartprojeksie”, “ligging”
BRICS-lande: kyk “lande in oorgang”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “ontwikkelde lande”,
“ekonomiese ontwikkeling”
Bruto binnelandse produk (BBP): kyk “ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese groei”, “ontwikkelde
lande”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “lande in oorgang”, “BRICS-lande”
Bruto nasionale produk (BNP): kyk “ontwikkelende lande”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “lande in
oorgang”, “ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese groei”, “BRICS-lande”
Buffersone: kyk “bewaringsgebiede”, “hulpbronbestuur”, “omgewingsbestuur”
Bunny hugger (or tree hugger): kyk “ekosentrisme”, “omgewingsgesinde”,
“omgewingsaktivis”, “omgewingsdrukgroep”
Chlorofluorokoolstowwe (CFK’s): kyk “osoon”, “internasionale konvensies”,
“internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Choropleetkaart: kyk “choropleetkaart”, “tematiese kaart”, “kadastrale kaart”,
“topokadastrale kaart”, “ruimtelike interpolasie”, “interpolasie”, “ekstrapolasie”
CITES of Cites: kyk “internasionale konvensies”, “international environmental management
initiatives”
Data-proseseringstegnieke: kyk “primêre data”, “metadata”, “hipotesetoetsing”
De-aggreseer: kyk “aggregasie”
Demografiese data: kyk “demografiese data”, “demografiese statistieke”, “primêre data”,
“metadata”, “bevolkingstruktuur”, “bevolkingspiramied”, “afhanklikheidskoers”
Demonstrasie-effek: kyk “demonstrasie-effek”, “akkulturasie”
Denudasie: kyk “ontbossing”, “erosie”, “omgewingsdegradasie”, “verwering”, “versnelde
gronderosie”
Deurlaatbaar: kyk “akwifeer”, “waterdraer”
Dienstevoorsiening: kyk “maatskaplike dienste”, “sosiale dienstevoorsiening”,
“krotbuurtes”, “township”
Dienste: kyk “ontwikkeling”, “tweeledige ekonomie”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “lande in
oorgang”, “kwaternêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “tersiêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”
Diep-ekologie: kyk “ekosentrisme”, “omgewingsgesinde”, “omgewingsaktivis”
Diereregte: kyk “omgewingsbewegings”, “omgewingsgesinde”, “ekosentrisme”, “ekologiese
voetspoor”, “Diep-ekologie”, “omgewingsdrukgroep”, “vergroening van
hoofstroompolitiek”, “bunny hugger”
Distorsie: kyk “kaartprojeksie” , “verwringing”, “vormverwringing”, “rigtingsverwringing”
Dravermoë: kyk “dravermoë”, “bioom”, “alternatiewe toerisme”, “habitatvernietiging”,
“uitputting”, “volhoubaarheid”, “teenbemarking”, “verantwoordelike toerisme”
Dreineringskom: kyk “dreineringskom”, “waterskeiding”, “kanalisering”, “afbakening”
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Drieledige grondslag (drieledige volhoubaarheid): kyk “strategiese omgewingsbepaling

(SOB)”, die Engelse akroniem “SEA” word dikwels gebruik, “volhoubaarheid”,
“drieledige volhoubaarheid”, “omgewingsvolhoubaarheid”, “ekonomiese
volhoubaarheid”, “sosiale volhoubaarheid”
Drinkwater: “drinkbaar”, “water wat geskik is as menslike drinkwater”, “waterkwaliteit”,
“watergehalte”
Drukgroepe: kyk “magshebbendes”, “magshebbende drukgroepe”, “vergroeningspolitiek”,
“omgewingsgesinde”, “omgewingsaktivis”
Dwarssnit (profiel): kyk “profieltekening”
E. coli (Escherichia coli): kyk “waterkwaliteit”, “watergehalte”, “drinkbaar”, “gevaarlike
stowwe”, “besoedeling”, “waterbesoedeling”
Edafies: kyk “ekologie”
Ekoherberge: kyk “ekoherberge”, “bestemming”, “alternatiewe toerisme”
Ekologie: kyk “ekologie”, “bioom”, “stedelike ekologie”
Ekologiese burgerskap: kyk “ekologiese burgerskap”, “ekologiese voetspoor”, “Industriële
Rewolusie”, “ekologiese nis”, “omgewingsbestuur”
Ekologiese nis: kyk “ekologiese nis”, “ekologie”, “ekosisteem”
Ekologiese ruimte: kyk “ekologiese voetspoor”, “omgewingsbestuur”
Ekologiese voetspoor: kyk “ekologie”, “ekoherberge”, “omgewingsdegradasie”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “koolstofvoetspoor”
Ekonomie van skaal: kyk “agglomerasie-ekonomie”, “aggregasie”, “stedelike struktuur”,
“stedelike ontwikkeling”, “stedelike modelle”, “stedelike ontwikkelingsmodelle”,
“stedelike groei”, “industriële ligging (gebied)”
Ekonomiese afhanklikheidskoers: kyk “bevolkingspiramiede”, “menslike
ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI, maar die Engelse akroniem “HDI” word dikwels gebruik)”,
“demografiese data”, “bevolkingsgroei”
Ekonomiese groei: kyk “ekonomiese groei”, “ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkelende lande”,
“ontwikkelde lande“, “lande in oorgang”
Ekonomiese migrante: kyk “vlugteling”, “xenofobie”, “menslike gemeenskap”
Ekonomiese ontwikkeling: kyk “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkelende
lande”, “tweeledige ekonomie”, “lande in oorgang”, “BRICKS-lande”, “menslike
ontwikkelingsindeks”
Ekonomiese valuasie of ekonomiese waardebepaling: kyk “ekonomiese valuasie”,
“bestemmingsbeeld”, “omgewingsdegradasie”
Ekosentrisme: kyk “ekosentrisme”, “omgewingsentrisme”, “omgewingsgesinde”,
“ekologiese burgerskap”, “Omgewingsbeweging”
Ekosisteem: kyk “ekosisteem”, “afbakening”, “terugvoerlus”, “oop sisteem”
Ekotoerisme: kyk “ekoherberge”, “ekologiese voetspoor”, “natuurlike hulpbronne”
Eksponensiële koers: kyk “vermenigvuldigingseffek”, “saamgestelde rente”
Eksterne migrasie: kyk “migrasie”, “xenofobie”
Ekstrapolasie: kyk “interpolasie”, “geodiversiteit”, “ruimtelike interpolasie”, “veralgemening”,
“estimasie (skatting)”,
Elektromagnetiese spektrum: kyk “elektromagnetiese spektrum”, “kortgolfstraling”,
“langgolfstraling”
Empiriese toetsing: kyk “wetenskaplike hipotese”, “hipotesetoetsing”
Enkulturasie: kyk “akkulturasie”, “demonstrasie-effek”
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency van die VSA): kyk “omgewingsrisikobepaling”,
“risikobepaling”
Erosie: kyk “erosie”, “kanalisering”, “massaverplasing (swaartekragverplasing)”,
“verwering”, “versnelde gronderosie”, “dravermoë”, “denudasie”,
“omgewingspotensiaal”, “woestynvorming”, “produksiepotensiaal”
Erosieslote: kyk “gronderosie”, “versnelde gronderosie”, “omgewingsdegradasie”,
“omgewingspotensiaal”
Eskarp (eskarpement): kyk “eskarpement”, “bestemming”, “tussenkomende geleentheid”
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Estimasie (skatting): kyk “ruimtelike veranderlikheid”, “ekstrapolasie”, “interpolasie”,

“veralgemening”
Etiese kode: kyk “voorkomingsbeginsel”, “volhoubaarheid”, “beginsel van
genoegsaamheid”
Eutrofikasie: kyk “eutrofikasie”, “ekologie”, “ekosisteem”, “vleiland”, “besoedelingstowwe”,
“waterkwaliteit”, “drinkwater”, “ISO 14000”, “omgewingswetgewing”
Ewenaar: kyk “geografiese koördinaatsisteem”
Ewolusie: kyk “ekologiese nis”, “ekologie”, “natuurlike seleksie”, “uitsterwing”,
“omgewingsverandering”, “klimaatsverandering”, “spesieskepping”, “spesie”,
“variante”
Fases van ekonomiese ontwikkeling: kyk “primêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “sekondêre
ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “tersiêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “kwaternêre ekonomiese
aktiwiteite”, “globale Noorde”, “globale Suide”, “onwikkelende lande”, “lande in
oorgang”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “BRICS-lande”
Fauna(dierelewe): kyk “dierelewe”, “fauna”, “ekosisteem”, “omgewingsverandering”,
“uitsterwing”, “habitatverlies”, “habitatfragmentering”
Favela: kyk “plaaslike gemeenskap”, “krotbuurte”, “township”, “pleksin”, “gevoel van
behorendheid”, “xenofobie”
Fisiese komponente van „n ekosisteem: kyk “ekologie”, “ekosisteem”, “edafies”
Fisiese toeganklikheid: kyk “toeganklikheid”, “afstandsverval”
Fisiese wette: kyk “hersirkulering”, “daar is geen ware wegdoening”, “materie- en-
energievloei”, “ekosisteem”, “verbranding”
Flora (plantlewe): kyk “flora”, “fauna”, “ekosisteem”, “omgewingsverandering”, “uitsterwing”,
“habitatverlies”, “habitatfragmentering”
Fossielbrandstof: kyk “fossielbrandstof”, “omgewingshulpbronne”, “natuurgoedere”,
“oorbenutting”, “lugbesoedeling”, “suurreën”, “alternatiewe hulpbronne”, “natuurlike
hulpbronne”, “nie-hernubare hulpbronne”, “hulpbronskepping”
Gasheergemeenskap: kyk “gasheergemeenskap”, “ekosisteem”, “vlugteling”, “migrasie”,
“xenofobie”, “UNHCR”, “Verenigde Nasies se Hoë Kommissie vir Vlugtelinge”,
“trekfaktore”, “stootfaktore”
Geen toestemming of algehele verbod (“No-go option”): kyk “sifting”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)”,
“omgewingswetgewing”, “internasionale konvensies”
Geheime dokumentasie: kyk “lugfotografie”, “afstandswaarneming”, “satellietbeelde”,
“primêre data”, “data-proseseringstegnieke”
Geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP, “IEMP”): kyk
“omgewingswetgewing”, “Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurswet (Nema)”,
“omgewingsimpakbepaling (OIB) (maar “omgewingimpakanalise [OIA]” word dikwels
gebruik)”, “sifting”, “omvangbepaling”, “omgewingsbestuursplan (OBP)”
Gekarteer (kartering): kyk “streek”, “afbakening”, “ligging”, “ruimtelike data”, “karteerbaar”
Gemeenskap: kyk “plaaslike gemeenskap”, “gevoel van behorendheid”, “pleksin”,
“xenofobie”, “township”, “krotbuurte”
Gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid: kyk “gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid”, “omgewingsbestuuur”,
“geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuurprosedure (GOBP)”, “omgewingsbewegings”,
“Agenda 21”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Gemene faktor: kyk “streek”, “ligging”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “kartering”, “veranderlike”,
“attribuut-data”, “attribuut”
Genetiese identiteit: kyk “geneties-gemanipuleerde organismes (GMO)”, “geneties
gewysigde organisme”, “Diep-ekologie”, “omgewingsetiek”, “omgewingsdrukgroepe”
Genetiese ingeneurswese: kyk “genetiese ingenieurswese”, “geneties-gemanipuleerde
organisme”, “omgewingsaktivis”, “omgewingsdrukgroep”, “bunny hugger”,
“omgewingsetiek”, “etiese kode”
Geneties-gemanipuleerde organisme (GGO, [“GMO”]): kyk “geneties-gemanipuleerde
organisme”, (die Engelse akroniem “GMO” word dikwels gebruik)
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Geneties-gewysigde organismes (GGO‟s, [“GMOs”] ): kyk “geneties gemanipuleerde

organisme”, “ekosentrisme”, “omgewingsgesinde”, “omgewingsaktivis”,
“voedselsekuriteit”, “etiese kode”
Genoegsaamheid: kyk “beginsel van genoegsaamheid”, “volhoubare lewenstyl”,
“omgewingsetiek”, “etiese kode”, “die tragedie van die hulpbronne in algemene besit”
Geodiversiteit: kyk “geodiversiteit”, “tyd-ruimtelike veranderlikheid”,
“ruimtelike variasie”, “attribuut”, “attribuutdata”, “ligging”, “afbakening”,
“ekstrapolasie”, “interpolasie”, “veralgemening”, “skatting”, “idiografiese beginsel”,
“groepering”
Geografiese koördinaatsisteem: kyk “geografiese koördinaatsisteem”, “Kartesiese
koördinate”, “ligging”, “absolute ligging”, “geografiese posisioneringsisteem (GPS)”
Geografiese noord: kyk “peiling”
Geografiese posisioneringsisteem (GPS): kyk “peiling”, “ligging”, “posisionering”,
“geografiese koördinaatsisteem”
Geografiese veranderlike: kyk “afbakening”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “attribuut”,
“veranderlike”, “attribuutdata”, “ruimtelike veranderlikheid”, “idiografiese beginsel”,
“groepeer”, “veralgemening”, “interpolasie”
Geopolitiese ruimtelike patroon: kyk “politieke onstabiliteit”
Gepolariseerde drukgroepe: kyk “polarisering”, “polarisasie”, “omgewingsdrukgroepe”,
“omgewingsaktiviste”, “omgewingsgesinde”, “omgewingsbewegings”, “ekonomiese
ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “BRICS-
lande”, “omgewingsgeregtigheid”, “internasionale konvensies”, “Agenda 21”
Geriewe: kyk “dienste”, “dienstevoorsiening”, “toeganklikheid”, “krotbuurte”
Gesaghebbend: kyk “politieke onstabiliteit”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure”,
“internasionale konvensies”, “Agenda 21”
Gesaghebbende liggaam: kyk “goedkeuring”, “omgewingsimpakbepaling”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “permittering”, “toestemming”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP, [IEMP])”, “omgewingsbestuursplan
(OBP, [EMP])”, “omgewingsouditering”, “omgewingsmonitering”,
“omgewingswetgewing”, “aanspreeklikheid”, “politieke onstabilitiet”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “akkreditering”
Gevaarlike afval: kyk “gevaarlike afval”, “verbranding”, “stortingsterrein”, “internasionale
konvensies”, “etiese kode”, “omgewingsaktivis”, “afvalbestuur”, “ISO 14000”
Gevaarlike chemikalieë: kyk “troebelheid”, “gevaarlike afval”, “ISO 14000”
Geval-spesifieke bewaring: kyk “bewaringsgebiede”, “omgewingswetgewing”,
“akkreditasie”
Gevoel van behorendheid: kyk “behorendheidsgevoel”, “pleksin”, “krotbuurte”, “favela”,
“township”, “gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid”
Gierigheid: kyk “volhoubare lewenstyl”, “beginsel van genoegsaamheid”, “etiese kode”,
“omgewingsetiek”, “Omgewingsbeweging”
Giftige (gevaarlike) afval: kyk “gevaarlike afval”, “verbranding”, “omgewingswetgewing”,
“afvalbestuur”, “ISO 14000”, “stortingsterrein”
Globale interkonnektiwiteit: kyk “globalisering (of globalisasie)”, “internasionale
konvensies”, “multinasionale maatskappye”, “ISO 14000”, “globale Noorde”, “globale
Suide”, “suurreen”, “lugbesoedeling”, “kernenergie”
Globale Noorde: kyk “globale Noorde”, “ruimtelike ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkelde lande”,
“ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkeling”, “BRICS-lande”, “menslike
ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)”, “lande in oorgang”
Globale omgewingsvraagstukke: kyk “internasionale konvensies”, “Agenda 21”,
“internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “ISO 14000”
Globale Suide: kyk “globale Noorde”, “ruimtelike ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkelende lande”,
“ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkeling”, “BRICS-lande”, “mensike
ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)”, “lande in oorgang”
Globalisering (globalisasie): kyk “globalisering (globalisasie)”, “paradigma”, “globale
interkonnektiwiteit”, “multinasionale maatskappye”, “Plat-Wêreld-paradigma”
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GOBP: kyk “geïntegreerde omgewingsbepalingsprosedure” (die Engelse akroniem “IEMP”

word dikwels gebruik), “internasionale konvensies”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Golflengte: kyk “afstandswaarneming”, “aardverwarming”, “kweekhuiseffek”, “insolasie”,
“elektromagnetiese spektrum”
Gravitasiemodel: kyk “ruimtelike interaksie”, “ruimtelike ekonomie”, “afstandsverval”,
“ruimtelike patrone”, “ruimtelike variasie”, “agglomerasie-ekonomie”
Grensdispute: kyk “politieke onstabiliteit”, “vlugteling”, “gasheergemeenskap”,
“omgewingsdegradasie”, “ontbossing”, “oorgrensreservate”, “natuurtoerisme”,
“ruimtelikheid”, “ruimtelike data”, “karteer”, “kadastrale kaart”
Groeferosie: kyk “gronderosie”, “versnelde gronderosie”, “omgewingsdegradasie”,
“produksiepotensiaal”, “omgewingspotensiaal”, “woestynvorming”
Groen (politieke) partye: kyk “vergroening van hoofstroom politiek”, “vergroeningspolitiek”
Groen Rewolusie: kyk “landboukundige verandering”, “voedselsekuriteit”
Groen vraagstukke: kyk “vergroening van hoofstroom politiek”, “vergroeningspolitiek”,
“internasionele konvensies”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”,
“globalisasie”, “globale interkonnektiwiteit”, “aardverwarming”
Groensmering: kyk “vergroeningspolitiek”, “internasionele konvensies”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Groepering: kyk “aggregasie”, “interpolasie”, “veralgemening”, “ruimtelike
navorsingstegnieke”, “gemene faktor”
Grondbenutting (grondgebruik, bodembenutting): kyk “grondbenutting”
Gronderosie: kyk “erosie”, “versnelde erosie”, “produksiepotensiaal”, “voedselsekuriteit”,
“omgewingsdegradasie”, “woestynvorming”
Grondkruiping: kyk “massaverplasing”, “swaartekragverplasing”
Grondverskuiwing: kyk “massaverplasing”, “swaartekragverplasing”
Grondwater (of ondergrondse water): kyk “infiltrasiekapasitieit”, “deurlaatbaarheid”,
“akwifeer”, “waterdraer”
Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Nr 108 van 1996: kyk “aanspreeklikheid”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreede omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP, [
“IEMP”])”, “strategiese omgewingsbepaling (SOB, [of “SEA”] )”,
“omgewingsgeregtigheid”
Groot Vyf (of Die Groot Vyf): kyk “bestemmingsbeeld”, “bestemming”, “hulpbronbestuur”,
“bewaringsgebiede”
Grootskaalkaart: kyk “ortofotokaart”
Habitat: kyk “ekologie”, “bioom”, “uitsterwing”, “habitatdegradasie”, “omgewingsdegradasie”
Habitatfragmentering: kyk “uitsterwing”, “habitatdegradasie”, “omgewingsdegradasie”,
“habitatverlies”
Habitatverlies: kyk “uisterwing”, “habitatdegradasie”, “omgewingsdegradasie”,
“habitatvernietiging”, “habitatfragmentering”, “klimaatsverandering”, “antropogene”,
“erosie”
Habitatvernietiging (habitatverwoesting): kyk “habitatvernietiging”, “uitsterwing”,
“habitatfragmentering”, “ekosisteem”, “ekologie”, “antropogene”, “erosie”,
“klimaatsverandering”, “omgewingsdegradasie”, “habitatverlies”
Handel: kyk “kleinhandelfasiliteite”
“Harde” wetenskappe: kyk “wetenskaplike hipotese”, “metadata”, “hipoteseverifiëring”,
“data-prosesseringstegnieke”
Hebsug: kyk “volhoubare bestaan”, “volhoubare lewenstyl”, “beginsel van
genoegsaamheid”, “volhoubaarheid”
Hergebruik: kyk “hersirkulering”
Hergekonstrueerde DNA: kyk “genetiese ingenieurswese”, “geneties-gemanipuleerde
organisme”, “geneties-gewysigde organisme”
Hernubare energie: kyk “hernubare energie”, “kernenergie”, “gevaarlike afval”, “hidro-
elektrisiteit”, “windturbines”, “alternatiewe energie”, “sonenergie”, “hulpbronbestuur”
Hernubare hulpbronne: “hulpbronbestuur”, “volhoubare benutting”, “hernubare energie”
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Hernuwing: kyk “sentrale besigheidsdistrik (SBD)”, (die Engelse akroniem “CBD” word
dikwels gebruik)
Hersirkulering: kyk “hersirkulasie”, “verbranding”, “ontwikkeling”, “tweeledige ekonomie”,
“ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “lande in oorgang”,
“sekondêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “tersiêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “kwaternêre
ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “omvangsbepaling (“scoping”)”, “hergebruik”, “verminder”,
“fisiese wette”, “niks kan ooit werklik weggedoen word nie”
Hidro-elektrisiteit: kyk “hernubare energie”, “hernubare hulpbronne”
Hiërargiese diffusie: kyk “hiërargiese diffusie”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”
Hipotesetoetsing (hipoteseverifiëring): kyk “wetenskaplike hipotese”, “harde
wetenskappe”, “metadata”
Hoofmeridiaan (Greenwich-lyn): kyk “geografiese koördinaatsisteem”
Hoogte bo seevlak: kyk “isometriese lyne”
Hulpbronbasis: kyk “verantwoordelike toerisme”, “hulpbronbestuur”, “volhoubaarheid”,
“dravermoë”
Hulpbronbestuur: kyk “hulpbronbestuur”, “hersirkulering”, “bewaring”, “preservering”,
“hergebruik”, “verminder (afval)”, “volhoubare benutting”, “internasionale konvensies”,
“omgewingsbestuur”
Hulpbronskepping: kyk “hulpbronskepping”, “komplementariteit”, “hulpbronbestuur”,
“ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”
Idiografiese beginsel: kyk “ekstrapolasie”, “interpolasie”, “veralgemening”,
“uniekheidsbeginsel”, “ruimtelike variasie”, “tydruimtelike perspektief”, “groepering”,
“veranderlike”, “attribuut”, “gemene faktor”
Indringer: kyk “gasheergemeenskap”, “vlugteling”, “migrant”, “xenofobie”, “politieke
onstabiliteit”, “stootfaktore”, “trekfaktore”
Industriële en vervaardigingsekonomieë: kyk “tweeledige ekonomieë”, “fases van
ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”
Industriële ligging: kyk “agglomerasie-ekonomie”, “gravitasiemodel”
Industriële ontwikkeling: kyk “aardverwarming”, “Industriële Rewolusie”
Industriële Rewolusie: kyk “klimaatsverandering”, “ekologiese burgerskap”, “ekologiese
voetspoor”, “lugbesoedeling”, “suurreën”, “aardverwarming”, “Industriële Rewolusie”,
“industriële ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkeling”, “verstedeliking”,
“ontwikkelde lande”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “globale Noorde”, “globale Suide”
“omgewingsverwoesting”, “omgewingsdegradasie”, “ekologiese degradasie”
Infiltrasiekapasiteit (-vermoë): kyk “infiltrasiekapasiteit”, “akwifeer (waterdraer)”,
“grondwater”
Infrarooistrale: kyk “elektromagnetiese spektrum”, “langgolfstraling”, “golflengte”
Infraroooi afstandwaarneming: kyk “elektromagnetiese spektrum”, “afstandswaarneming”,
“satellietbeelde”
Infrastruktuur: kyk “infrastruktuur”, “Industriële Rewolusie”, “ontwikkeling”,
“vervoerprobleme”
Ingeligte raaiskoot: kyk “risikobepaling”
“Ingeval van twyfel, doen „n OIB”: kyk “sifting”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure”, “omgewingimpakbepaling (OIB)” maar die term
“omgewingsimpakanalise” en die Engelse akroniem “EIA” word dikwels gebruik,
“Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurswet (NEMA)”
Inligting: kyk “demografiese data”, “attribuutdata”, “data-proseseringstegnieke”, “metadata”
Insette: kyk “dreineringskomme”, “oop sisteem”, “energie- en materievloei”
Insolasie: kyk “aardverwarming”, “kortgolfstraling”, “elektromagnetiese spektrum”,
“sonenergie”
Institusionele versigtigheid: kyk “voorkomingsbeginsel”, “groensmering”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “NEMA”,
“omgewingswetgewing”
Intensiteit van ekologiese impak: kyk “ekologiese voetspoor”, “omvang van ekologiese
impak”
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Interkonnektiwiteit: kyk “globalisering”, “globale interkonnektiwiteit”, “Plat-Wêreld-

paradigma”, “multinasionale maatskappye”
Internasionale Antarktiese Verdrag: kyk “bewaringsgebiede”, “internasionale konvensies”,
“beskermde gebiede”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”,
“internasionale protokols”
Internasionale konvensies: kyk “internasionale konvensies”, “wêrelderfenisterreine”,
“bewaring”, “klimaatsverandering”, “aardverwarming”, “lugbesoedeling”, “uitsterwing”,
“omgewingsaktivisme”, “omgewingsdrukgroep”, “omgewingsgesinde”,
“omgewingsbewegings”, “omgewingsgeregtigheid”, “gevaarlike afval”,
“internasionale protokols (ooreenkomste)”, “ISO 14000”
Internasionale Monitêre Fonds (IMF): kyk “politieke onstabiliteit”, “globale
interkonnektiwiteit”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe: kyk “Omgewingsbeweging”, “ekologiese
burgerskap”, “omgewingsvoetspoor”, “ekologiese voetspoor”, “omgewingsbestuur”,
“internasionale konvensies”. “internasionale protokols”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Internasionale protokols: kyk “internasionale protokols”, “internasionale konvensies”,
“internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “globale interkonnektiwiteit”,
“globalisering”, “globale omgewingsvraagstukke”, “aardverwarming”
Internasionale Standaarde Organisasie: kyk “ISO 14000”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “omgewingswetgewing”, “risikobepaling
Internasionale Wet van die See: kyk “bewaringsgebiede”, “internasionale konvensies”,
“internasionale protokols” , “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Interne migrasie: kyk “migrasie”, “stootfaktore”, “trekfaktore”, “gasheergemeenskap”
Interpolasie: kyk “ekstrapolasie”, “interpolasie”, “geodiversiteit”, “ruimtelike interpolasie”,
“estimasie (skatting)”, “veralgemening”, “veranderlike”, “attribuut-data”
ISO 14000: kyk “ISO 14000”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “omgewingsimpakbepaling”, maar
“omgewingsimpakanalise (OIA)” word dikwels gebruik, “risikobepaling”
Isometriese lyn: kyk “isometriese lyn”, “ruimtelike interpolasie”, “interpolasie”, “ruimtelike
verspreiding”, “ruimtelike ligging”
Isoterme: kyk “isometriese lyn”
Jaarlikse groeikoers: kyk “bevolkingsgroei”, “ekonomiese groeikoers”, “per kapita
inkomste”, “per kapita bruto nasionale produk (BNP)”
Kaart: kyk “afbakening”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “topografiese kaart”, “topokadastrale
kaart”, “tematiese kaart”, “choropleetkaart”, “ruimtelike data”, “geografiese
koördinate”, “ligging”, “ruimtelike patroon”, “karteerbaar”, “ruimtelike data”,
“interpolasie”, “aggregasie”
Kaartprojeksie: kyk “kaatprojeksie”, “geografiese koördinaatsisteem”, “distorsie”
Kadastraal: kyk “kadastrale kaarte”, “afbakening”, “grensdispute”
Kanalisering: kyk “kanalisering”, “erosie”, “dreineringskom”
Karteerbaar: kyk “ruimtelike data”, “geografiese koördinate”, “ligging”, “ruimtelike
verspreiding”, “kaart”
Kartesiese koördinate: kyk “absolute ligging”, “ligging”, “geografiese koördinaatsisteem”
Kernaanleg: kyk “kernenergie”, “kernongelukke”, “kernkragaanlegte”, “radio-aktiewe
straling”, “radio-aktiewe uitskot”, “gevaarlike afval”
Kernaanlegsmelting: kyk “kernenergie”, “kern-ongelukke”, “radio-aktiewe straling”, “radio-
aktiewe vrystellings”
Kernenergie: kyk “alternatiewe hulpbronne”, “fossielbrandstof”, “lugbesoedeling”,
“natuurlike hulpbronne”, “onuitputbare hulpbronne”, “gevaarlike afval”, “alternatiewe
energie”, “kernenergie-ongelukke”
Kernongelukke (ongelukke by kernkragaanlegte): kyk “kernenergie”
Kern-randmodel: kyk “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “ruimtelike ontwikkelingsmodelle”,
“industriële ligging”
Kindersterftesyfer: kyk “bevolkingspiramiede”, “demografiese data”,
“bevolkingsgroeikoers”
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Kleinhandelfasiliteite: kyk “kleinhandelfasiliteite”, “sentrale besigheidsdistrik (SBD)”,

“hernuwing”, “stedelike ontwikkelingsmodelle”
Klimaat: kyk “weer”, “klimaat”, “klimaatsveranderlikheid”, “klimaatsverandering”,
“aardverwarming”, “antropogeen”
Klimaatsverandering: kyk “klimaatsverandering”, “klimaat”, “klimaatsveranderlikheid”,
“aardverwarming”
Klimaatveranderlikheid: kyk “klimaatsveranderlikheid”, “klimaatsverandering”,
“aardverwarming”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “temporale verandering (verandering oor
tyd)”
Kolhoogte: kyk “isometriese lyne”, “hoogte bo seevlak”
Komplementariteit: kyk “komplementariteit”, “hulpbronskepping”, “hulpbronbestuur”,
“bestemming”, “ontwikkeling”
Kontoerlyn: kyk “isometriese lyn”, “topografiese kaart”
Koolstofdioksiedkonsentrasie (CO2-konsentrasie): kyk “aardverwarming”,
“lugbesoedeling”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “fossielbrandstof”,
“klimaatsveranderlikheid”
Koolstofkwota: kyk “internasionale konvensies”, “internasionale protokols”
Koolstofvoetspoor: kyk “internasionale konvensies”, “ekologiese voetspoor”,
“omgewingsdegradasie”, “internasionale protokols”
Korrelasiediagram (korrelasiestruktuur): kyk “terugvoerlus”
Kortgolfstraling: kyk “elektromagnetiese spektrum”, “aardverwarming”, “sonstraling”,
“insolasie”
Koste: kyk “ekonomiese valuasie”, “ekonomiese waardebepaling”
Krotbuurt (blikkiesdorp, agterbuurt): kyk “plaaslike gemeenskap”, “township”, “favela”,
“pleksin”, “behorendheidsgevoel”
Kru-geboortekoers (kru natuurlike geboortekoers): kyk “bevolkingsgroei”
Kwalitatiewe data: kyk “metadata”
Kwantitatiewe data: kyk “metadata”, “wetenskaplike hipotese”, “hipoteseverifiëring”
Kwaternêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: kyk “kwaternêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”,
“ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkeling”, “tweeledige ekonomie”, “ontwikkelende
lande”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “lande in oorgang”, “BRICS-lande”, “primêre ekonomiese
aktiwiteite”, “sekondêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “tersiêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”
Kweekhuisgasse: kyk “aardverwarming”, “klimaatsverandering”, “lugbesoedeling”,
“internasionale konvensies”, “Industriële Rewolusie”
Kwesbaarheid: kyk “kwesbaarheid”
Kyoto-protokol: kyk “internasionale konvensies”, “koolstofkwota”, “koolstofvoetspoor”
“Laat niks anders as jou voetspore”: kyk “verantwoordelike toerisme”, “ekotoerisme”,
“natuurtoerisme”, “verantwoordelike toerisme”, “etiese kode”
Landboukundige verandering: kyk “landboukundige verandering”, “Groen Rewolusie”,
“voedselsekuriteit”
Lande in oorgang (LIO‟s of LiO‟s, [“CITs”]): kyk “lande in oorgang”, “ontwikkeling”,
“ontwikkelende lande”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese groei”, “BRICS-
lande”
Langgolfstraling: kyk “langgolfstraling”, “elektromagnetiese spektrum”, “aardverwarming”,
“lugbesoedeling”, “kweekhuisgasse”
Langtermynstudie: kyk “tydruimtelike perspektief”
Laserstrale: kyk “afstandswaarneming”
“Lat-Lo”-reël: kyk “geografiese koördinaatsisteem”, “ligging”
Lengtelyne (meridiane): kyk “geografiese koördinaatsisteem”, “kaartprojeksie”
Lewenskwalitiet: kyk “menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”
Lewensverwagting: kyk “bevolkingspiramiede”, “demografiese data”, “menslike
“ontwikelingsindeks”
Ligging: kyk “ligging”, “streek”, “geografiese koördinaatsisteem”
Lugbesoedeling: kyk “lugbesoedeling”, “suurreën”, “klimaatsverandering”,
“aardverwarming”, “antropogeen”
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Lugfotografie: kyk “lugfotografie”, “afstandswaarneming”

Lys van Aktiwiteite: kyk “sifting”
Lys van Omgewings: kyk “sifting”
Maatskaplike dienste (sosiale diente): kyk “sosiale dienste”, “diensteverskaffing”,
“dienstelewering”
Magnetiese deklinasie: kyk “magnetiese deklinasie”, “peiling”
Magnetiese noord: kyk “peiling”
Magshebbende drukgroepe: kyk “polarisasie”, “vergroening van hoofstroom politiek”,
“vergroeningspolitiek”, “omgewingsbewegings”
Makro-omgewings: kyk “makro-omgewing”, “metadata”, “veralgemening”, “skatting
(estimasie)”
Markkragte: kyk “ekonomiese waardebepaling”
Massatoerisme: kyk “alternatiewe toerisme”, “avontuurtoerisme”, “dravermoë”,
“hulpbronbestuur”, “teenbemarking”
Massaverplasing (swaartekragverplasing): kyk “massaverplasing”, “erosie”,
“omgewingsdegradasie”, “grondverskuiwing”, “rotsstorting”, “grondkruiping”
Materie- en energievloei: kyk “ekosisteem”
Menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI): kyk “ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”,
“ontwikkelende lande”, “bevolkingstruktuur”, “demografiese data”,
“afhanklikheidskoers”, “lande in oorgang”, “bevolkingspiramiede”,
“bevolkingsgroeikoers”, “lewensverwagting”
Menslike welstandsindeks, of menslike ontwikkelingsindeks: kyk “menslike
ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)”, “afhanklikheidskoers”
Metadata: kyk “metadata”, “primêre data”
Metropolitaanse gebied (stedelike gebied): kyk “metropolitaansegebied”, “plaaslike
gemeenskap”, “afbakening”, “grondbenutting”
Migrasie: kyk “migrasie”, “vlugteling”, “versedeliking”, “xenofobie”, “gasheergemeenskap”,
“demografiese data”, “bevolkingspiramiede”, “stootfaktore”, “trekfaktore”, “xenofobie”
Mikro-habitat: kyk “ekologie”, “habitatverlies”
Modelle (geografiese modelle): kyk “teorie”, “paradigma”, “postulaat”
Modernisasie paradigma: kyk “modernisasie paradigma”, “ekonomiese onwikkeling”,
“paradigma”, “ontwikkeling”, “menslike ontwikkelingsindeks”, “ekonomiese groei”,
“ontwikkelde lande”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “lande in oorgang”, “BRICS-lande”,
“bevolkingsgroeikoers”, “korrelasienetwerk”
Montreal-Protokol (-Akkoord): kyk “osoon”, “internasionale konvensies”, “internasionale
protokols”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Morbiditeit: kyk “morbiditeit”, “metadata”, “primêre data”, “demografiese data”
Morbiditeitskoers: kyk “morbiditeit” (koers van siektevoorkoms)
Morfometrie: kyk “dreineringskom”, “kanalisering”, “waterskeiding”, “afbakening”,
“kartering”, “ruimtelike verspreidingspatrone”
Multinasionale maatskappye (MNM‟s): kyk “politieke onstabiliteit”, “globalisering”,
“ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “globale interkonnektiwiteit”
Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurswet, nommer 107 van 1998, (NEMA of Nema):
“gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)”, “omgewingswetgewing”, “aanspreeklikheid”
Natuurgoedere: kyk “omgewingshulpbronne”, “fossielbrandstof”, “natuurlike goedere”
Natuurlike bevolkingsaanwas: kyk “bevolkingsgroei”, “bevolkingspiramiede”,
“fertiliteitskoers”
Natuurlike uitverkiesing (natuurlike seleksie): kyk “natuurlike uitverkiesing”, “Industriële
Rewolusie”, “uitsterwing”, “omgewingsverandering”, “oorlewing van die sterkstes”,
“ewolusie”, “spesie”
Natuurstreke: kyk “streek”, “gemene faktor”, “ruimtelike veranderlikheid”, “afbakening”,
“attribuutdata”, “geografiese data”
Natuurtoerisme: kyk “verantwoordelike toerisme”, “dravermoë”, “hulpbronbestuur”,
“alternatiewe toerisme”, “avontuurtoerisme”, “ekotoerisme”
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Negatiewe bevolkingsgroeikoers: kyk “bevolkingsgroei”, “bevolkingstruktuur”,

“bevolkingspiramiede”, “migrasie”, “fertiliteitskoers”
Nie-hernubare hulpbronne: kyk “hulpbronbestuur”, “hulpbronne”, “natuurlike hulpbronne”,
“alternatiewe hulpbronne”, “hulpbronbasis”
Nie-hiërargiese diffusie: kyk “hiërargiese diffusie”
Niks kan ooit werklik weggedoen word nie (“There is no away”): kyk “verbranding”,
“afvalverwydering (afvalwegdoening)”, “stortingsterrein”, “fisiese wette”,
“hersirkulering”, “afvalbestuur”
Oase: kyk “versouting”, “verbrakking”, “woestynvorming”
OE: kyk “omgewingsevaluasie (OE)”, die Engelse akroniem “EE” word dikwels gebruik,
maar dieselfde akroniem word vir omgewingsopvoeding gebruik
OIB: kyk “omgewingimpakbepaling (OIB)”, die Engelse akroniem “EIA” word dikwels
gebruik, “omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure
(GOBP)”, maar die Engelse akroniem “IEMP” word dikwels gebruik
Omgewing: kyk “omgewing”, “ekosisteem”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “natuurlike omgewing”,
“mensgemaakte omgewing”, “mensgewysigde omgewing”
Omgewingsaktivis: kyk “omgewingsgesinde”, “ekosentrisme”, “omgewingsheld”,
“omgewingsmartelaar”, “ekologiese burgerskap”, “omgewingsbewegings”
Omgewingsbeskermingsagentskap (die EPA van die VSA): kyk “risikobepaling”, “ISO
14000”
Omgewingsbesluitneming: kyk “ISO 14000”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “risikobepaling”
Omgewingsbestuur: kyk “omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)”, “omgewingswetgewing”,
“omgewingsbeskerming”, “NEMA”, “volhoubaarheid”, “volhoubare ontwikkeling”
Omgewingsbestuursplan (OBP): kyk “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursplan (GOBP)”,
“omgewingsbestuursplan”, “Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurswet, Nr 107 van 1998
(Nema)”
Omgewingsbestuurswet, Nr 107 van 1998, (NEMA of Nema): kyk “aanspreeklikheid”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)”,
“omgewingswetgewing”
Omgewingsbewaring: kyk “aanspreeklikheid”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “internasionale
konvensies”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)”
Omgewingsbeweging: kyk “Omgewingsbeweging”, “ekologiese burgerskap”, “Industriële
Rewolusie”, “ekologiese voetspoor”, “ekologiese nis”, “omgewingsbestuur”,
“internasionale konvensies”, “omgewingshulpbronne”, “internasionale
omgewingsdrukgroepe”, “vergroeningspolitiek”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “groensmering”, “Diepekologie”
Omgewingsbewegings: kyk “omgewingsbewegings”, “polarisasie”, “omgewingsaktivisme”,
“omgewingsdrukgroepe, “geïnteresseerdes en geaffekteerdes”, “AIPs”,
“belangegroepe”, “belanghebbendes”
Omgewingsdegradasie: kyk “omgewingsdegradasie”, “ontbossing”, “klimaatsverandering”,
“erosie”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “aardverwarming”, “gronderosie”, “versnelde
gronderosie”, “erosieslote”, “woestynvorming”, “omgewingspotensiaal”,
“voedselsekuriteit”
Omgewingsdrukgroepe: kyk “vergroeningspolitiek”, “vergroening van hoofstroompolitiek”,
“omgewingsdrukgroepe”, “omgewingsaktivisme”, “groensmering”
Omgewingsentrisme: kyk “antroposentrisme”, “ekosentrisme”, “Diepekologie”, “etiese
kode”
Omgewingsevaluasie: kyk “omgewingsimpakbepaling”, “omgewingsevaluasie”,
“geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure”
Omgewingsgeregtigheid: kyk “omgewingsgeregtigheid”, “omgewingshulpbronne”,
“uitsterwing”, “uitwissing”, “uitputting”, “ekoherberg”, “omgewingswetgewing”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “omgewingsetiek”, “etiese kode”
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Omgewingsgesinde: kyk “ekosentrisme”, “omgewingsaktivisme”, “omgewingsgesinde”,

“bunny hugger”
Omgewingsheld: kyk “omgewingsgesinde”, “ekosentrisme”, “ekologiese burgerskap”,
“omgewingsaktivis”, “Diepekologie”, “omgewingsetiek”
Omgewingshulpbronne: kyk “omgewingshulpbronne”, “ekonomiese valuasie
(waardebepaling)”, “waardebepaling”, “uitputting (of uitbuiting)”, “natuurgoedere”,
“bestemming”, “hulpbronskepping”, “omgewingindustrie”,
“omgewingsondernemings”, “hulpbronbestuur”, “volhoubare benutting”
Omgewingsimpakbepaling (OIB): kyk “omgewingsimpakbepaling”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)”, die Engelse akronieme “IEA” en “IEMP”
word dikwels gebruik, “NEMA”, “belanghebbendes”
Omgewingsindustrie: kyk “omgewingsindustrie”, “omgewingsonderneming”,
“hulpbronskepping”, “ekoherberg”, “alternatiewe toerisme”, “natuurtoerisme”,
“ekotoerisme”
Omgewingskade: kyk “ekonomiese waardebepaling”, “ekonomiese valuasie”
Omgewingsmartelaar: kyk “omgewinsgesinde”, “ekosentrisme”, “omgewingsaktivisme”,
“omgewingsheld”, “omgewingsbewegings”, “bunny hugger (tree hugger)”
Omgewingsmonitering: kyk “omgewingsmonitering”, “omgewingsouditering”,
“bestemming”, “omgewingspotensiaal”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure”, “omgewingsbestuursplan (OBP, [EMP])”
Omgewingsonderneming: kyk “omgewingsonderneming”, “ekoherberg”,
“hulpbronskepping”, “tussenkomende geleentheid”, “alternatiewe toerisme”,
“avontuurtoerisme”
Omgewingsonverantwoordelik: “verantwoordelike toerisme”, “etiese kode”,
“omgewingsbewaring”, “volhoubaarheid”, “volhoubare ontwikkeling”,
“aanspreeklikheid”, “beginsel van genoegsaamheid”, “volhoubare lewenstyl”,
“omgewingsbewegings”, “ekosentrisme”, “omgewingsbestuur”
Omgewingsorganisasies: kyk “ekosentrisme”, “omgewingsbewegings”, “internasionale
konvensies”, “omgewingsaktivisme”, “omgewingsdrukgroepe”
Omgewingsouditering: kyk “omgewingsouditering”, “omgewingsmonitering”, “ekologiese
voetspoor”, “omgewingsbestuursplan (OBP) , die Engelse akroniem “EMP” word
dikwels gebruik, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)”
Omgewingspotensiaal: kyk “omgewingspotensiaal”, “omgewingshulpbronne”, “natuurlike
goedere (natuurlike hulpbronne)”, “hulpbronskepping”, “dravermoë”,
“hulpbronbestuur”, “volhoubaarheid”
Omgewingsprestasie: kyk “omgewingsouditering”, “ekologiese voetspoor”,
“omgewingsmonitering”, “omgewingsbestuursplan (OBP)”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure”
Omgewingsvegter: kyk “vergroening van hoofstroompolitiek”, “omgewingsgesinde”,
“Omgewingsbeweging”, “ekologiese burgerskap”, “omgewingsaktivis”,
“omgewingsheld”
Omgewingsverandering: kyk “omgewingsdegradasie”, “klimaatsverandering”,
“aardverwarming”, “versnelde gronderosie”, “erosieslote”, “woestynvorming”,
“produksiepotensiaal”, “antropogeen”
Omgewingswetgewing: kyk “ekologiese burgerskap”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “Nasionale
Omgewingsbestuurswet (Nema)”, “internasionale konvensies”
Omvangbepaling: kyk “sifting”, “omgewingsimpakbepaling (OIB)”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure”, “belanghebbendes”, “omvang van impak”, “intensiteit
van impak”, “risikobepaling”, “ISO 14000”
Ondervoeding: kyk “ondervoeding”, “wanvoeding”, “morbiditeit”, “voedselsekuriteit”
Ondeurlaatbaar: kyk “waterdraer”, “akwifeer”, “infiltrasievermoë (infiltrasiekapasiteit)”,
“grondwater”
Ontbossing (plantegroeivernietiging): kyk “ontbossing”, “omgewingsdegradasie”,
“erosie”, “dreineringskom”, “verwoestyning”, “woestynvorming”, “desertifikasie”
Ontoeganklik: kyk “toeganklikheid”
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Ontwikkelende lande: kyk “ontwikkeling”, “lande in oorgang (“CITs”)”, “ekonomiese groei”,

“ontwikkelende lande”, “globale Noorde”, “globale Suide”, “menslike
ontwikkelingsindeks”, “ruimtelike variasie”, “BRICS-lande”
Ontwikkeling: kyk “ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “ekonomiese
groei”, “menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)”, “fases van ekonomiese ontwikkeling”
Ontwikkelingsvlak: kyk “ontwikkeling”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “lande in oorgang”,
“ontwikkelde lande”, “BRICS-lande”, “menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)”, “globale
Noorde”, “globale Suide”
Onverantwoordelike toerisme: “verantwoordelike toerisme”, “natuurtoerisme”,
“ekotoerisme”, “laat niks behalwe jou voetspore”, “dravermoë”
Onwettige handel in dierorgane en –produkte: kyk “ekonomiese waardebepaling”,
“Cites” of “CITES”, “internasionale konvensies”, “omgewingswetgewing”,
“omgewingsbewaring”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”,
“internasionale protokols”, “hulpbronbestuur”, “uitsterwing”
Oop sisteem: kyk “dreineringskom”, “kanalisering”, “waterskeiding”, “ekosisteem”, “energie-
en-materie-vloei”, “insette”, “volhoubaarheid”
Oorbenutting (uitputting, uitbuiting): kyk “oorbenutting”, “tragedie van algemene besit”,
“erosie”, “omgewingsdegradasie”, “omgewingshulpbron”, “natuurgoedere of
natuurlike goedere”, “hebsug”, “gierigheid”, “uitsterwing”, “habitatvernietiging”,
“habitatfragmentering”, “woestynvorming”
Oorbeweiding: kyk “verwoestyning”, “woestynvorming”, “ontwikkeling”, “ontbossing”,
“hulpbronbestuur”, “omgewingsdegradasie”, “uitsterwing”, “dravermoë”,
“plantegroeivernietiging”
Oorgrensreservate: kyk “ISO 14000”, “vergroeningspolitiek”, “politieke onstabiliteit”,
“natuurtoerisme”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Oorlandvloei: kyk “dreineringskom”, “kanalisering”, “waterskeiding”
Oorvoed (oorvoeding): kyk “wanvoeding”, “morbiditeit”, “voedselsekuriteit”, “ondervoeding”
Openbare deelname: kyk “openbare deelname”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “Nasionale
Omgewingsbestuurswet (Nema)”, “belanghebbendes (geïnteresseerde en
geaffekteerde partye” (die Engelse akroniem “IAPs” word dikwels gebruik)
Openbare-private deelname (publieke-private deelname): kyk “publieke-private
deelname”, “geïnteresseerde en geaffekteerde partye”, “openbare deelname”
Oplossing: kyk “erosie”, “verwering”
Oppervlakhelling (skuinste): kyk “massaverplasing”
Oppervlakuitbreiding (oppervlakte): kyk “ekologiese voetspoor”
Organiese komponente (van „n ekosisteem): kyk “ekologie”, “ekosisteem”
Organiese stowwe: kyk “ekosisteem”, “ekologie”
Ortofotokaart: kyk “lugfoto”, “kontoerkaart”, “isometriese lyne”, “interpolasie”,
“topografiese kaart”, “kadastrale kaart”, “topokadastrale kaart”, “kontoerlyne”,
“kolhoogtes”
Osoon (O3): kyk “osoon”, “internasionale konvensies”, “Montreal-akkoord (-protokol)”,
“internasionale protokols”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Paradigma: kyk “paradigma”, “antropomorfisme”, “teorie”, “postulaat”, “wetenskaplike
hipotese”, “hipoteseverifiëring”, “hipotesetoetsing”
Peiling: kyk “peiling”, “asimut”, “geografiese koördinaatsisteem”, “ligging”, “magnetiese
deklinasie”
Pendelverkeer: kyk “verkeersprobleme”, “vakunie-aksie”, “vakbond-aksie”, “infrastruktuur”
Per kapita (letterlik: per kop): kyk “menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)”, “ekonomiese
welstand”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “afhanklikheidskoers”, “per kapita inkomste”,
“per kapita bruto nasionale produk”
Per kapita bruto nasionale produk (BNP): kyk “ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese groei”,
“menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “lande in
oorgang”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “BRICS-lande”
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Per kapita inkomste: kyk “ontwikkelende lande”, “ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese groei”,

“menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)”, “lande in oorgang”, “BRICS-lande”
Permitering (toestemming of goedkeuring): kyk “omgewingsouditering”,
“omgewingsbestuursplan (EMP)”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure
(GOBP)”, “aanspreeklikheid”, “ekologiese voetspoor”, “toestemming deur die
gesaghebbende liggaam”, “Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurswet, No
107 van 1998 (NEMA)”
Plaaslike gemeenskap: kyk “plaaslike gemeenskap”, “belanghebbers”, “xenofobie”,
“pleksin”, “behorendheidsgevoel”, “townships”, “krotbuurte”
Plaaslike owerheid: kyk “metropolitaanse gebied”, “stedelike gebied”
Plakkersgemeenskap: kyk “plaaslike gemeenskap”
Plat-Wêreld-paradigma: kyk “globalisasie”, “paradigma”, “globale interkonnektiwiteit”
Plek: kyk “plaaslike gemeenskap”, “pleksin”, “gevoel van behorendheid”
Pleksin: kyk “plaaslike gemeenskap”, “plek”
Polarisasie (polarisering): kyk “polarisasie”, “omgewingsdrukgroepe”, “groensmering”,
“vergroeningspolitiek”
Politieke onstabilitiet: kyk “politieke onstabiliteit”, “afbakening”, “xenofobie” (of
“vreemdelingvrees”), “gasheergemeenskappe”, “oorgrensreservate of –parke”
“posisioneringsisteem (GPS)”, “afstandswaarneming”, “resolusie”, “laserstrale”
Pooldrywing: kyk “magnetiese deklinasie”, “peiling”, “positioneringsisteem (GPS)”
Porieë (of tussenkorrelruimtes): kyk “infiltrasiekapasiteit”, “akwifeer”, “grondwater”
Postulaat: kyk “wetenskaplike hipotese”, “teorie”, “hipotesetoetsing”, “metadata”
Preservering: kyk “hulpbronbestuur”, “omgewingsbewaring”, “natuurbestuur”
Primêre data: kyk “primêre data”, “metadata”, “demografiese data”, “demografiese
statistieke”, “hipotesetoetsing”
Primêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: kyk “tweeledige ekonomie”, “primêre, sekondêre, tersiêre
en kwaternêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “fases van ekonomiese ontwikkeling”
Produksiepotensiaal (-kapasiteit of -vermoë): kyk “ontbossing”, “plantegroeivernietiging”,
“oorbeweiding”, “uitputting”, “oorbenutting”, “omgewingsdegradering”, “dravermoë”,
“gronderosie”, “versnelde gronderosie”
Profieltekening: kyk “profieltekening”, “isometriese lyn”, “kontoerlyne”, “kontoerkaarte”,
“topografiese kaarte”, “kolhoogte”
Projeksie van gerief: kyk “kaartprojeksie”
Proporsionaliteit: kyk “ruimtelike skale”, “kaart”, “grootskaalkaart”, “kleinskaalkaart”
Proporsionele bevolkingsgetalle: kyk “bevolkingspiramiede”
Proteïentekort: kyk “wanvoeding”, “morbiditeit”, “ondervoeding”, “voedselsekuriteit”
Prys: kyk “ekonomiese waardebepaling”, “ekonomiese valuasie”
Radio-aktiewe afval: kyk “kernenergie”, “gevaarlike afval”, “gevaarlike uitskot”,
“internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “kernkragongelukke”, “radio-aktiewe
straling”
Radio-aktiwiteit wat vrygestel word (vrystelling van radio-aktiewe stowwe): kyk
“kernenergie”, “kernkragongelukke”, “radio-aktiewe afval”
Radio-aktiewe uitstraling: kyk “kernenergie”
Ramsar- akkreditasie: kyk “akkreditasie”, “vleilande”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “internasionale konvensies”, “internasionale protokols”
Ramsar-konvensie: kyk “internasionale konvensies”, “vleilande”
Refleksie: kyk “albedo”
Regulasie: kyk “omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure”,
“omgewingswetgewing”, “Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurswet (Nema)”, “ISO 14000”,
“risikobepaling”
Rehabilitasie: kyk “omgewingsvaluasie”, “ekonomiese waardebepaling”, “ekonomiese
valuasie van omgewingsdegradasie”, “NEMA”, “omgewingsbestuur”,
“omgewingsbestuursplan (OBP)”
Rekord van besluite (RvB), (die engelse akroniem “RoD” word dikwels gebruik): kyk
“internasionale konvensies”, “Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurswet, Nommer 107 van
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1998 (NEMA)”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP),”

“omvangsbepaling (“scoping”)”
Relatiewe ligging: kyk “ligging”
Resolusie: kyk “lugfotografie”, “lugbesoedeling”, “satellietbeelde”, “afstandswaarneming”
Respons-kontrole beginsel: kyk “terugvoerlus”, “ekosisteem”
Respons-kontrole reaksie: kyk “terugvoerlus”, “ekosisteem”
Rigtingsgetrou: kyk “kaartprojeksie”
Risikobepaling: kyk “risikobepaling”, “ISO 14000”
Rooi Data-lys: kyk “habitatvernietiging”, “habitatfragmentering”, “uitsterwing”, “antropogene
habitatverlies”, “uitsterwing”
Rotsstorting: kyk “massaverplasing”, “erosie”
Roudata: kyk “primêre data”, “onverwerkte data”, “metadata”, “data-prosesseringstegnieke”
Ruimte: kyk “plaaslike gemeenskap”, “lokaliteit”, “ligging”, “plaaslike omgewing”
Ruimtelike data: kyk “ruimtelike patroon”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “geografiese
koördinaatsisteem”, “topografiese kaarte”, “kadastrale kaart”, “topokadastrale kaart”,
“ligging”, “tyd-ruimtelike variasiepatroon”, “karteerbaar”
Ruimtelike ekonomie: kyk “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “ruimtelike interaksie”, “tyd-ruimtelike
perspektief”, “kleinhandelfasiliteite”, “globalisering”, “multinasionale maatskappye
(MNM‟s)”
Ruimtelike ekonomiese ontwikkeling: kyk “ruimtelike ekonomiese ontwikkeling”,
“ruimtelike ekonomie”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”, “ruimtelike patroon”, “politieke
onstabiliteit”, “globalisering”, “globale interkonnektiwiteit”, “multinasionale
maatskappye (MNM‟s)”, “ruimtelike ekonomiese ontwikkelingsmodelle”, “kern-
randmodel”, “agglomerasie”, “gravitasiemodel”
Ruimtelike entiteit: kyk “ligging”, “afbakening”, “kaart”, “kartering”, “karteerbaar”
Ruimtelike interaksie: kyk “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “ruimtelike variasie”, “ruimtelike
ekonomie”, “afstandsverval”, “infrastruktuur”, “globalisasie”
Ruimtelike interkonnektiwiteit: kyk “ruimtelike ekonomie”, “globalisering”, “ruimtelike
verspreiding”, “globale interkonnektiwitiet”, “multinasionale maatskappye”, “Plat-
Wêreld-paradigma”
Ruimtelike interpolasie: kyk “veralgemening”, “estimasie (skatting)”, “interpolasie”,
“ekstrapolasie”, “geodiversiteit”, “isolyne”, “idiografiese beginsel”, “ruimtelike
veranderlike”, “kaart”, “topografiese kaart”, “kontoerkaart”, “kontoerlyn”,
“veranderlike”, “attribuut”, “gemene faktor”, “ruimtelike variasie”, “veranderlikheid”,
“groepering”, “aggregasie”
Ruimtelike konsep: kyk “ekosisteem”, “omgewing”, “karteerbaar”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”,
“ruimtelike veranderlikheid”, “ligging”
Ruimtelike navorsingstegnieke: kyk “rumtelike verspreiding”, “interpolasie”,
“veralgemening”, “gemene faktor”, “kaart”, “kartering”, “ruimtelike wetenskap”
Ruimtelike patroon: kyk “isometriese lyn”, “ruimtelike patroon”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”,
“ligging”, “ruimtelike veranderlikheid”, “ruimtelike data”, “ruimtelike
verspreidingspatroon”, “kaart”, “karteerbaar”
Ruimtelike skale: kyk “kaart”, “verhoudingsgewys”, “grootskaalkaart”, “kleinskaalkaart”
Ruimtelike variasie: kyk “ruimtelike variasie”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “ruimtelike
interaksie”, “geodiversiteit”, “tydruimtelike perspektief”, “ruimtelike data”, “ruimtelike
patroon”, “ruimtelike veranderlikheid”
Ruimtelike verspreiding: kyk “ligging”, “ruimtelike data”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”,
“geografiese koördinate”
Ruimtelike verwysing: kyk “ligging”, “geografiese koördinate”, “geografiese
posisioneringsisteem (GPS)”
Ruimtelike vrae (navrae): kyk “ruimtelike navrae (ruimtelike vrae)”, “ruimtelike data”,
geografiese inligtingsisteem (GIS)”, “geografiese informasiesisteme (GPS)”,
“geografiese koördinate”, “ruimtelike veranderlikheid”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”,
“ruimtelike variasie”, “ligging”, “ruimtelike patroon”, “ruimtelike verwysing”, “tyd-
ruimtelike veranderlikheid”
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Ruimtelike wetenskap: kyk “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “ligging”, “ruimtelike patroon”, “kaart”,

“omgewing”, “ekosisteem”
Ruimtelikheid: kyk “ruimtelike ekonomie”, “ruimtelike ligging”, “ruimtelike
verspreidingspatroon”, “tydruimtelike perspektief”, “ruimtelike variasie”
Rushoek: kyk “massaveplasing”, “swaartekragverplasing”
Saamgestelde rente: kyk “vermenigvuldigingseffek”
“Sagte” wetenskappe: kyk “wetenskaplike hipotese”, “harde wetenskappe”, “metadata”
Satellietbeelde: kyk “lugfoto”, “lugfotografie”, “infrarooisatellietbeelde”, “laserstrale”,
“resolusie”, “dataprosseringstegnieke”, “afstandswaarneming”
Sekondêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: kyk “tweeledige ekonomie”, “sekondêre ekonomiese
aktiwiteite”, “ekonomies ontwikkeling”, “fases van ekonomiese ontwikkeling”
Selfonderhoudend: kyk “ekosisteem”, “terugvoerlus”, “beginsel van genoegsaamheid”,
“volhoubaarheid”, “hebsug”, “etiese kode”, “volhoubare lewenstyl”
Semiformele en informele stedelike woonbuurtes in Suid-Afrika (“townships”): kyk
“plaaslike gemeenskappe”
Sensor: kyk “afstandswaarneming”, “satellietbeelde”, “golflengte”
Sentrale besigheidsdistrik (SBD): kyk “sentrale besigheidsdistrik”, “kleinhandelfasiliteite”,
“verstedeliking", “vlugtelinge”, “hernuwing”, “stedelike ontwikkelingsmodelle”,
“stedelike struktuurmodelle”, “agglomerasie”, “ekonomie van skaal”, “ruimtelike
patroon”
Sifting: kyk “sifting”, “omgewingsimpakbepaling”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsprosedure”,
“NEMA”, “lys van aktiwiteite”, “lys van omgewings”
Sigbare spektrum: kyk “elektromagnetiese spektrum”
Skaal: kyk “kaart”, “topografiese kaart”, “groot skaal”, “klein skaal”
Skuinslugfoto‟s: kyk “lugfoto‟s”
Sleutelaspekte vir fokus in „n omgewingsimpakbepaling: kyk “sifting”,
“omgewingsimpakbepaling (OIB)”, “omvangbepaling”, “NEMA”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure”, “belanghebbendes”
Sonarbeelde: kyk “afstandswaarneming”
Sonenergie: kyk “hernubare energie”, “golflengte”, “insolasie”
Sonstraling (solêre radiasie): “aardverwarming”, “kortgolfstraling”, “hernubare energie”,
“golflengte”, “insolasie”
Sorteer: kyk “aggregasie”, “groepeer”, “veralgemening”, “veranderlike”, “attribuut”
Sosio-ekonomiese toeganklikheid: kyk “toeganklikheid”, “maatskaplike dienste”,
“dienstelewering”
Sosio-kulturele impakte: kyk “sosio-kulturele impakte”, “vlugteling”, “xenofobie”,
“gasheergemeenskap”, “akkulturasie”, “enkulturasie”, “demonstrasie-effek”
Spesie: kyk “biodiversiteit”, “uitsterwing”, “natuurlike seleksie”, “habitatvernietiging”
Spesieskepping: kyk “geneties gemanipuleerde organisme”, “ewolusie”, “natuurlike
seleksie”
Staking (vakbond-aksie of vakunie-aksie): kyk “vervoerprobleme”, “pendelverkeer”
Statistiese populasie: kyk “bevolkingsdigtheid”
Stedelike ekologie: kyk “stedelike ekologie”, “ekologie”, “terugvoerlus”, “hernuwing”,
“stedelike verval”, “industriële ligging”
Stedelike herlewing: kyk “hernuwing”, “sentrale besigheidsdistrik”
Stedelike ontwikkeling: kyk “verstedeliking”, “stedelike groei”, “stedelike struktuur”,
“stedelike strukturele ontwikkelingsmodelle”
Stedelike strukturele ontwikkelingsmodelle: kyk “stedelike ontwikkeling”, “stedelike
groei”, “stedelike struktuur”
Stedelike struktuur: kyk “sentrale besigheidsdistrik”, “stedelike ontwikkeling”
Stedelike verjonging (herlewing, hernuwing): kyk “hernuwing”, “stedelike hernuwing”,
“sentrale besigheidsdistrik (SBD)”
Stedelike wildgroei: kyk “verstedliking”, “dienste”, “diensteverskaffing (dienstelewering)”
Stootfaktore: kyk “migrasie”, “vlugteling”
Stortingsterrein: kyk “hersirkulering”, “fisiese wette”, “daar is geen ware wegdoening”
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Strategiese omgewingsassessering (SOB), (maar die Engelse akroniem “SEA” word

dikwels gebruik): kyk “vergroening van hoofstroom politiek”, “beleide, planne en projekte”,
“drieledige basisvlak”, “volhoubaarheid”, “omgewingsvolhoubaarheid”, “ekonomiese
volhoubaarheid”, “sosiale volhoubaarheid”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)”, “Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet, nr 108 van
1996”, “ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”
Streek: kyk “streek”, “ligging”, “afbakening”, “bewaringsgebiede”, “bioom”, “klimaatstreek”,
“natuurstreek”, “industriële streek”, “gemene faktor”, “attribuut”, “veranderlike”,
“veralgemening”, “ruimtelike interpolasie”, “karteerbaar”
Substratum: kyk “infiltrasiekapasiteit”, “akwifeer”
Suid-Afrikaanse Buro vir Standaarde (SABS): kyk “ISO 14000”
Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet, nommer 108 van 1996: kyk “gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid”,
“omgewingsbestuur”, “Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika”,
“belanghebbendes”, “omgewingsbeskerming”
Waarneming: kyk “waarneming”, “geheime dokumentering”, “afstandwaarneming”, “primêre
data”, “roudata”
Suurreën: kyk “suurreën”, “lugbesoedeling”, “verwering”
Teenbemarking: kyk “teenbemarking”, “dravermoë”, “bestemming”, “verantwoordelike
toerisme”, “hulpbronbestuur”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “alternatiewe toerisme”
Tematiese kaart: kyk “choropleetkaart”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “ruimtelike interpolasie”,
“interpolasie”, “ekstrapolasie”, “topokadastrale kaart”, “kadastrale kaart”
Tematiese kartering: kyk “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “ruimtelike variasie”, “ruimtelike
patroon”, “veranderlike”, “afbakening”, “stippelkaart”, “isolyne”, “ruimtelike
veranderliking”, “kaart”
Teorie: kyk “teorie”, “empiriese toetsing”, “natuurlike uitverkiesing (natuurlike seleksie)”,
“uitsterwing”, “ewolusie”, “ontwikkeling”, “paradigma”, “hipotese”, “postulaat”,
“hipoteseverifiëring”, “wette”, “harde wetenskappe”, “sagte wetenskappe”
Terme van Verwysing (TvV): kyk “omvangbepaling”, “NEMA”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursprosedure”
Tersiêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: kyk “tweeledige ekonomie”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”,
“ontwikkeling”, “primêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “sekondêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”,
“kwaternêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “lande in oorgang”, “ontwikkelde lande”,
“ontwikkelende lande”, “BRICS-lande”, “fases van ekonomiese ontwikkeling”
Terugvoerlus: kyk “terugvoerlus”, “volhoubaarheid”, “ekosisteem”, “oop sisteem”, “energie-
en-materievloei”
Toeganklikheid: kyk “toeganklikheid”
Toerismehulpbronne: kyk “hulpbronne”, “hulpbronbestuur”, “hulpbronskepping”,
“tussenkomende geleentheid”, “bestemming”, “dravermoë”, “volhoubaarheid”, “eko-
herberge”, “omgewingsondernemings”, “natuurlike hulpbronne”, “kulturele
hulpbronne”
Topografiese kaart: kyk “topografiese kaart”, “kontoerkaart”, “isolyne”, “kolhoogte”,
“lugfoto‟s”, “aftandswaarneming”, “satellietbeelde”, “skaal”, “groot skaal”, “klein
skaal”, “topokadastrale kaart”
Topokadastrale kaart: kyk ”topokadastrale kaart”, “topografiese kaart”, “kadastrale kaart”,
“afbakening”
Tragedie van hulpbronne in algemene besit: kyk “ongewingshulpbronne”,
“waardebepaling”, “ekologiese nis”, “uisterwing”, “omgewingsdegradasie”,
“ekologiese voetspoor”, “ekologiese burgerskap”, “ekosentrisme”, “antropogene”,
“omgewingsgesinde”, “erosie”, “omgewingsetiek”, “etiese kode”, “uitputting”,
“uitbuiting”, “oorbenutting”, “produksievermoë”, “dravermoë”, “aanspreeklikheid”,
“woestynvorming”
Trekfaktore: kyk “migrasie”
Tri-atomiese suurstof (O3): kyk “osoon”
Troebelheid: kyk “troebelheid”, “besoedeling”, “gevaarlike chemikalieë”,
“drinkwaterstandaarde”, “drinkbaar”
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Tussenkomende geleentheid: see “tussenkomende geleentheid”, “bestemming”,

“hulpbronskepping”, “ruimtelike ligging”, “gravitasiemodel”, “afstandsverval”
Tweede generasie omgewingsbestuur: kyk “strategiese omgewingsassessering (SOA)”
Tweeledige ekonomie: kyk “tweeledige ekonomie”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “lande in
oorgang”, “primêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “sekondêre aktiwiteite”, “tersiêre
aktiwiteite”, “kwaternêre aktiwiteite”, “ekonomiese aktiwiteite”, “ekonomiese
ontwikkeling”, “ekonomiese groei”
Tyd-ruimtelike perspektief: kyk “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “ruimtelike patroon”, “variasie oor
tyd”
Tydruimtelike varanderlikheid: kyk “klimaatsveranderlikheid”, “tydruimtelike perspektief”,
“ruimtelike verspreiding”, “veranderlikheid oor tyd”, “aardverwarming”
Uitsette: kyk “dreineringskom”, “oop sisteem”, “ekosisteem”, “energie-en-materievloei”
Uitsterwing: kyk “uitsterwing”, “omgewingsdegradasaie”, “omgewingsverandering”,
“habitatfragmentering”, “habitatverlies”, “klimaatsverandering”, “ewolusie”,
“natuurlike seleksie”, “oorlewing van die sterkstes”, “Industriële Rewolusie”, “Rooi
Data-lys”, “antropogeen”
Ultra-violetstrale: kyk “elektromagnetiese spektrum”, “kortgolfstraling”
UNESCO: kyk “bewaringsgebiede”, “internasionale konvensies”, “wêrelderfenisterrein”
Uniekheidsbeginsel: kyk “ekstrapolasie”, “interpolasie”, “veralgemening”, “ruimtelike
variasie”, “groepering”, “streek”, “attribuut”, “veranderlike”, “ruimtelike
variasiepatrone”, “tydruimtelike perspektief”
Uraan (U): kyk “kernenergie”, “radio-aktiwiteit”
Utilitêrianisme (utilisme): kyk “antroposentrisme”, “ekosentrisme”, “etiese kode”,
“omgewingsetiek”
Vakunie- of vakbondaksie: kyk “vervoerprobleme”, “pendelvervoer”, “staking”
Variantskepping: kyk “geneties-gemanipuleerde organisme”, “hergekonstrueerde DNA”,
“Groen Rewolusie”, “voedselsekuriteit”
Vaste bates: kyk “infrastruktuur”
Veldwerk: kyk “primêre data”, “metadata”, “waarneming”, “roudata”, “ruimtelike data”,
“hipoteseverifiëring”
Veralgemening: kyk “aggregasie”, “estimasie (skatting)”, “interpolasie”, “ekstrapolasie”,
“ruimtelike veranderlikheid”, “afbakening”, “kartering”, “veranderlike”, “attribuut”,
“isolyne”, “choropleetkaarte”
Verandering oor tyd: kyk “verandering oor tyd”, “tydruimtelike perspektief”
Veranderlike: kyk “attribuut”, “attribuutdata”, “afbakening”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”,
“geodiversiteit”, “primêre data”, “demografiese statistieke”
Verantwoordelike toerisme: kyk “toeganklikheid”, “verantwoordelike toerisme”,
“dravermoë”, “teenbemarking”, “avontuurtoerisme”, “ekologiese voetspoor”,
“ekologiese burgerskap”, “omgewingsonverantwoordelik”, “ekotoerisme”,
“natuurtoerisme”, “omgewingsetiek”, “etiese kode”, “laat niks behalwe jou
voetspore”
Verbonde lande (ondertekenaars): kyk “internasionale konvensies”
Verbranding: kyk “verbranding”, “gevaarlike afval”, “omgewingswetgewing”, “afvalbestuur”,
“daar is geen ware wegdoening”, “fisiese wette”
Verbruikerskultuur: kyk “hersirkulering”, “volhoubare lewenstyl”, “etiese kode”,
“utilitêrianisme”, “omgewingsetiek”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”,
“internasionale konvensies”, “verbruiking”
Verbruiking: kyk “hersirkulering”, “verbruikerskultuur”
Verenigde Nasies Hoë Kommissie vir Vlugtelinge (UNHCR): kyk “vlugtelinge”,
“gasheergemeenskap”, “politieke onstabiliteit”
Verenigde Nasies Ontwikkelingsprogram: kyk “menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI)”
Vergroening van hoofstroom politiek: kyk “vergroening van hoofstroom politiek”,
“vergroeningspolitiek”, “groensmering”, “omgewingsdrukgroepe”
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“Omgewingsbeweging”, “ekologiese burgerskap”, “omgewingsbewegings”,

“ekosentrisme”, “ekologiese voetspoor”
Verifikasie: kyk “wetenskaplike hipotese”, “hipoteseverifiëring”
Verkeersdrukte (verkeersknope): kyk “verkeersprobleme”, “vervoerprobleme”,
“verstedeliking”, “stedelike wildgroei”
Vermenigvuldigingseffek: kyk “vermenigvuldigingseffek”, “agglomerasie”, “terugvoerlus”,
“stedelike groeimodelle”, “stedelike struktuur”, “stedelike strukturele
ontwikkelingsmodelle”, “ontwikkeling”, “verstedeliking”, “stedelike wildgroei”
Verminder (verminder die volume afval geproduseer): kyk “hersirkulering”,
“afvalbestuur”, “hergebruik”
Versagting (die Anglisisme “mitigasie” word soms gebruik): kyk
“omgewingsbestuursplan (OBP)”, “geïntegreerde omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Versnelde erosie: kyk “gronderosie”, “erosie”, “antropogeen”, “erosieslote”,
“produksievermoë”, “oorbeweiding”, “dravermoë”, “uitputting”, “tragedie van
hulpbronne in algemene besit”, “woestynvorming”, “voedselsekuriteit”, “verbrakking”,
“omgewingsverandering”, “ekologiese voetspoor”
Versouting (verbrakking): kyk “versouting”, “verbrakking”
Verstedeliking: kyk “verstedeliking”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “lande in
oorgang”, “stedelike groei”, “stedelike ontwikkeling”, “dienste”, “infrastruktuur”,
“stootfaktore”, “trekfaktore”, “informele nedersettings”, “lae-inkomste stedelike
buurtes (townships)”, “krotbuurtes”, “blikkiesdorpe”, “stedelike verval”
Vervoerprobleme: kyk “vervoerprobleme”, “pendelvervoer”
Verwering: kyk “erosie”
Verweringspuin: kyk “erosie”, “massaverplasing”
Verwoestyning, woestynvorming, desertifikasie: kyk “verwoestyning”, “ontbossing”,
“omgewingsdegradasie”, “oorbenutting”, “oorbeweiding”, “plantegroeivernietiging”,
“versnelde erosie”
Visuele voorstellingstegnieke: kyk “demografiese data”, “demografiese statistieke”,
“bevolkingpiramiede”, “kartering”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “ruimtelike patrone”,
“afbakening”, “kaart”, “projeksie”, “skaal”, “choropleetkaarte”, “topografiese kaarte”
Vlak van industrialisasie: kyk “ontwikkelende lande”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “lande in
oorgang”, “ekonomiese groei”, “lugbesoedeling”, “klimaatsverandering”,
“aardverwarming”, “internasionale konvensies”, “fases van ekonomiese ontwikkeling”,
“industriële en vervaardigingsekonomieë”, “globale Noorde”, “globale Suide”,
“verstedeliking”
Vleiland (vleilande): kyk “vleilande”, “ekologie”, “ekosisteem”, “waterversadiging”,
“gevaarlike afval”, “eutrofikasie”, “ekologie”, “internasionale konvensies”, “Ramsar-
konvensie”, “omgewingsdegradasie”, “ekologiese degradasie”, “akkreditasie
(Ramsar), “vleilande van intenasionale belang”
Vleilande van internasionale belang: kyk “vleilande”, “Ramsar-konvensie”
Vlugteling: kyk “vlugteling”, “gasheergemeenskap”, “migrasie”, “xenofobie”, “Verenigde
Nasies se Hoë Kommissie vir vlugteling (UNHCR)”, “politieke onstabiliteit”
Voedingstoftekort: kyk “wanvoeding”, “ondervoeding”, “morbiditeit”, “voedselsekuriteit”
Voedselketting: kyk “ekosisteem”
Voedselsekuriteit: kyk “landboukundige veranderinge”, “voedselsekuriteit”, “ruimtelike
veranderlikheid”, “ruimtelike verspreiding”, “klimaatsverandering”, “Groen Rewolusie”,
“landboukundige verandering”, “politieke onstabiliteit”, “agentskappe van die
Verenigde Nasies”, “variantskepping”, “geneties-gemanipuleerde organismes”,
“volhoubaarheid”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “volhoubare lewenstyl”, “beginsel van
genoegsaamheid”
Volhoubaarheid: kyk “ekosisteem”, “volhoubare ontwikkeling”, “omgewingsbestuur”,
“omgewingsvolhoubaarheid”, “ekonomiese volhoubaarheid”, “sosiale
volhoubaarheid”, “drieledige basisvlak”, “drieledige volhoubaarheid”, “etiese kode”,
“volhoubare lewenstyl”, “internasionale omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
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Volhoubaarheidskultuur (volhoubare bestaan, volhoubare lewenstyl): kyk

“hulpbronbestuur”, “volhoubare lewenstyl”, “volhoubaarheid”, “omgewingsetiek”,
“verbruikerskultuur”, “beginsel van genoegsaamheid”, “hebsug”, “gierigheid”,
“voedselsekuriteit”, “verantwoordelike toerisme”
Volhoubare benutting: kyk “hulpbronbestuur”, “volhoubaarheid”, “dravermoë”,
“voedselsekuriteit”, “beginsel van genoegsaamheid”
Volhoubare landbou (volhoubare lewenstyl): kyk “ekologiese burgerskap”, “ekologiese
voetspoor”, “tragedie van die hulpbronne in algemene besit”, “voedselsekuriteit”,
“beginsel van genoegsaamheid”, “dravermoë”, “ekologiese voetspoor”,
“omgewingsetiek”
Volhoubare lewenstyl: kyk “volhoubare lewenstyl”, “beginsel van genoegsaamheid”,
“ekologiese voetspoor”, “etiese kode”, “volhoubare landbou”,
“volhoubaarheidskultuur”, “verbruikerskultuur”, “volhoubare benutting”
Volhoubare ontwikkeling: kyk “volhoubaarheid”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”,
“ontwikkeling”, “omgewingswetgewing”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP)”, “omgewingsimpakbepaling”,
“hulpbronbestuur“, “ekonomiese groei”, “hulpbronne”
Voorkomingsbeginsel: kyk “voorkomingsbeginsel”, “omgewingsbestuur”, “geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure”, “volhoubaarheid”, “volhoubare ontwikkeling,”
“omgewingswetgewing”, “vergroening van hoofstroom politiek”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “wanneer daar twyfel is, doen „n OIB”, “NEMA”,
“risikobepaling”, “omgewingsetiek”, “etiese kode”, “geïnteregreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP, [IEMP])”
Voorspellingstegniek: kyk “risikobepaling”, “omgewingsbestuur”,
“omgewingsimpakbepaling”, “ISO 14000”
Vormgetrou: kyk “kaartprojeksie”
Vraag en aanbod: kyk “ekonomiese waardebepaling (ekonomiese valuasie)”, “markkragte”,
“prys”
Vreemde direkte belegging (VDB) (of investering)(FDI): kyk “politieke onstabiliteit”,
“globalisering”, “globale interkonnektiwiteit”, “groensmering”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”
Vreemdeling: kyk “gasheergemeenskap”, “vlugteling”, “migrant”, “trekfaktore”, “stootfaktore”
Vrugbaarheid: kyk “vrugbaarheid”, “demografiese statistieke”, “fertiliteitskoers”
Vrugbaarheidskoers: kyk “vrugbaarheid”, “demografiese statistieke”, “demografiese data”,
“fertiliteiskoers”, “(bevolking-) vervangingskoers”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “ontwikkelende
lande”, “kindersterftekoers”, “bevolkingspiramiede”
Waarde: kyk “ekonomiese waardebepaling”, “ekonomiese valuasie”, “koste”,
“omgewingsbeskadiging”
Waardebepaling: kyk “ekonomiese waardebepaling”, “ekonomiese valuasie”
Waarneming (dokumentering): kyk “lugfotografie”, “afstandswaarneming”, “geheime
dokumentering”, “satellietbeelde”, “roudata”, “dataprosesseringstegnieke”
Wanvoeding: kyk “wanvoeding”, “ontwikkelde lande”, “ontwikkelende lande”, “morbiditeit”,
“ondervoeding”, “oorvoeding”, “voedselsekuriteit”, “agentskappe van die Verenigde
Nasies”
Waterdraer (akwifeer): kyk “waterdraer”, “dreineringskom”, “infiltrasiekapasiteit”,
“infiltrasiekoers”, “akwifeer”, “substratum”, “tussenkorrelruimes”
Waterkwaliteit (watergehalte): kyk “waterkwaliteit”, “E. coli”, “watersuiwering”, “drinkbaar”,
“drinkwater (standaarde)”, “ISO 14000”, “troebelheid”
Waterskeiding: kyk “waterskeiding”, “dreineringskom”, “kontoerkaart”, “interpolasie”,
“oorlandvloei”, “oppervlakvloei”, “afbakening”, “karteerbaar”, “ruimtelike patron”
Waterversadiging: kyk “akwifeer”, “tussenkorrelruimtes”, “massaverplasing”, “vleiland”,
“omgewingsverwoesting”, ”omgewingsdegradasie”, “waterversadiging”,
“besoedeling”, “massaverplasing”
Weer: kyk “weer”, “klimaat”
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Welstand (menslike welstand): kyk “morbiditeit”, “lewenskwalteit”, “per kapita inkomste”,

“menslike ontwikkelingsindeks”, “globale Noorde”, “globale Suide”, “Brandt-lyn”
Wêreldbank (WB): kyk “politieke onstabiliteit”, “ekonomiese ontwikkeling”,
“omgewingsprojekte”, “omgewingsbillikheid”, “omgewingsgeregtigheid”
Wêrelderfenisterrein: kyk “akkreditasie”, “bestemming”, “omgewingsbestuur”,
“bewaringsgebiede”, “UNESCO”, “akkreditering”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “omgewingsbepaling”
Wetenskaplike hipotese: kyk “wetenskaplikes hipotese”, “hipotesetoetsing”,
“hipoteseverifiëring”, “harde wetenskappe”
Windenergie: kyk “hernubare energie”, “alternatiewe energie”
“Working for Water (WfW)”: kyk “vleilande”, “natuurlike hulpbronne”, “hulpbronbestuur”
“Working for Wetlands (WfW)”: kyk “vleilande”, “natuurlike hulpbronne”, “hulpbronne”,
“Ramsar-protokol”, “Ramsar-akkreditasie”, “omgewingsrehabilitasie”
Woudkwyning: kyk “woudkwyning”, “ontbossing”, “suurreën”, “lugbesoedeling”,
“oorbenutting”, “omgewingsdegradasie”, “omgewingsverandering”, “internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe”, “Kyoto-akkoord”, “koolstofvoetspoor”, “CO2”,
“ekologiese voetspoor”, “verbonde lande”, “internasionale konvensies”
Xenofobie: kyk “gasheergemeenskap”, “migrant”, “vlugteling”
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APPENDIX C / BYLAAG C

LIST OF ENGLISH AND AFRIKAANS TERMS IN THIS GLOSSARY

This list was specifically compiled for the use of the students who
study through the medium of Afrikaans. But those students who
study through the medium of English might also benefit from the
list since all the terms in the glossary are listed alphabetically and
an indication is given of the headings under which every term is
explained, defined or used within context. The list should be used
in conjunction with the Glossary of terms and the lists of cross
references (Appendices A and B).

The English terms are set in italics and alphabetically arranged.

The Afrikaans terms are printed in red and are set in ordinary
Roman format.
____________________________________________

ENGELS-AFRIKAANSE LYS VAN TERME IN HIERDIE

VERKLARENDE WOORDELYS

Hierdie lys is spesifiek opgestel vir die gebruik van studente wat
deur die medium van Afrikaans studeer, en dit kan saam met die
Verklarende Woordelys en die kruisverwysingslyste (Bylae A en B)
gebruik word.

Die Engelse terme is in skuinsdruk en alfabeties gerangskik. Die

Afrikaanse terme is in gewone druk en in rooi letters, maar
uiteraard nie alfabeties gerangskik nie. Met behulp van hierdie lys
kan jy maklik die Afrikaanse sinonieme van die terme in „n Engelse
teks vind.
___________________________________________
Abrasion / Abrasie: see “erosion”
Absolute location / Absolute ligging: see “location”, “geographical coordinate system”
Absolute population numbers / Absolute bevolkingsgetalle: see “population pyramid”,
“population structure”, “population growth”, “demographic statistics”
Accelerated soil erosion / Versnelde gronderosie: see “soil erosion”, “erosion”,
“environmental degradation”, “overgrazing”
Accessibility / Toeganklikheid: see “accessibility”
Accountability / Aanspreeklikheid: see “accountability”
Accreditation / Akkreditasie: see “accreditation”
Acculturation / Akkulturasie: see “acculturation”
Acid rain / Suurreën: see “acid rain”, “air pollution”, “weathering”
Adventure tourism / Avontuurtoerisme: see “accessibility”, “adventure tourism”,
“accountability”, “carrying capacity”
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Aerial photography / Lugfotografie: see “aerial photography”, “remote sensing”

Agenda 21 / Agenda 21: see “international conventions”
Agglomeration economy / Agglomerasie-ekonomie: see “agglomeration economy”
Aggregation / Aggregasie: see “aggregation”
Agricultural change / Landboukundige verandering: see “agricultural change”
Air pollution / Lugbesoedeling: see “air pollution”, “acid rain”, “climate change”
Albedo / Albedo: see “albedo”
Alternative tourism / Alternatiewe toerisme: see “alternative tourism”, “destination”,
“carrying capacity”, “adventure tourism”
Altitude (height above sea-level) / Hoogte bo seevlak: see “isometric lines”
Angle of repose / Rushoek: see “mass movement”
Animal rights / Diereregte: see “environmental movements”, “environmentalist”,
“ecocentrism”, “ecological footprint”, “Deep Ecology”, “environmental lobby”,
“greening mainstream politics”, “bunny hugger”
Annual growth rate / Jaarlikse groeikoers: see “population growth”
Anthropogenic / Antropogeen: see “environmental degradation”, “climate change”, “global
warming”
Anthropomorphism / Antropomorfisme: see “anthropomorphism”, “ecocentrism”,
“accountability”, “paradigm”
Aquaculture / Akwakultuur: see “aquaculture”, “food security”
Aquifer / Akwifeer (waterdraer): see “aquifer”, “drainage basin”
Areal extent / Ruimtelike omvang: see “ecological footprint”
Asset base / Hulpbronbasis: see “responsible tourism”, “resource management”
Attraction / Aanloklikheid: see “attraction”, “refugee”, “destination”
Attribute data / Attribuutdata: see “attribute data”, “spatial distribution”, “demarcation”
Attribute / Attribuut: see “environmental potential”, “attribute data”, “geodiversity”
Attrition / Attrisie: see “erosion”
Authority / Owerheid: see “political instability”, “integrated environmental management
procedure”, “competent authority”
Avarice / Hebsug: see “sustainable living”
Azimuth / Asimut: see “azimuth”, “geographical coordinate system”, “bearing”, “location”
Bearing / Peiling: see “bearing”, “azimuth”, “geographical coordinate system”, “location”
Big Five (or The Big Five) / Groot Vyf (of Die Groot Vyf): see “destination image”,
“destination”, “resource management”, “conservation areas”
Biodiversity / Biodiverisiteit: see “biodiversity”, “extinction”, “natural selection”, “habitat
destruction”
Biome / Bioom: see “biome”, “ecosystem”
Biosphere / Biosfeer: see “biosphere”, “ecosystem”
Biotechnology / Biotegnologie: see “biotechnology”, “extinction”, “ecosystem”
Border dispute / Grensdispuut: see “political instability”, “transboundary reserves”
Brandt line / Brandt-lyn : see “global North”, “global South”
BRICS (or BRICS countries) / BRICS (of BRICS-lande) : see “countries in transition”,
“developing countries”, “developed countries”
Buffer zone / Buffersone: see “protected areas”
Bunny hugger / “Bunny hugger”: see “ecocentrism”, “environmentalist”
Cadastral / Kadastraal: see “cadastral maps”, “demarcation”
Calculated risk / Berekende risiko: see “risk assessment”
Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration / Koolstofdioksiedkonsentrasie (CO2-
konsentrasie): see “global warming”, “air pollution”, “economic development”,
“fossil fuel”, “climate variability”
Carbon footprint / Koolstofvoetspoor: see “international conventions”, “global warming”
Carbon quota / Koolstofkwota: see “international conventions”, “Kyoto Convention”
Carrying capacity / Dravermoë: see “carrying capacity”, “biomes”, “alternative tourism”,
“habitat destruction”, “exploitation”, “sustainability”, “demarketing”
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Cartesian coordinates / Kartesiese koördinate : see “absolute location”, “location”,

“geographic coordinates”
Case specific protection / Geval-spesifieke bewaring : see “protected areas”,
“environmental legislation”
Central business district (CBD) / Sentrale besigheidsdistrik (SBD): see “central
business district”, “retail facilities”, “urbanisation”, “refugees”, “gentrification”
Channelization / Kanalisering: see “channelization”, “erosion”, “drainage basin”
Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) / Chloroflourokoolstowwe (CFKs): see “ozone”
Choropleth map / Choropleetkaart: see “choropleth maps”, “thematic map”, “cadastral
map”, “topocadastral map”, “spatial interpolation”, “interpolation”, “extrapolation”
Cites (CITES) / Cites (CITES): see “international conventions”
Climate change / Klimaatsverandering: see “climate change”, “climate”, “climate
variability”, “global warming”
Climate variability / Klimaatsveranderklikheid: see “climate variability”, “climate change”,
“global warming”, “spatial distribution”, “temporal change”
Climate / Klimaat: see “weather”, “climate”, “climate variability”, “climate change”, “global
warming”, “anthropogenic”
Commodification / Hulpbronskepping: see “commodification”, “complementarity”,
“resource management”, “development”
Common factor / Gemene faktor: see “region”, “location”, “attribute”, “variable”
Community involvement / Gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid: see “community involvement”,
“environmental management”
Community / Gemeenskap: see “local community”, “sense of belonging”
Competent authority / Bevoegde owerheid (of bemagtigde owerheid of
gesaghebbende owerheid): see “governance”, “accountability”, “permitting”,
“environmental management”, “international conventions”, “National Environmental
Management Act (NEMA)”, “integrated environmental management procedure
(IEMP)”
Competent body / Bemagtide liggaam: see “approval”, “environmental impact
assessment”, “environmental management”, “permitting”, “integrated
environmental management procedure”, “environmental management plan”,
“environmental auditing”, “environmental monitoring”, “accountable”, “authority”
Complementarity / Komplementering: see “complementarity”, “commodification”,
“resource management”, “destination”, “development”
Compound interest / Saamgestelde rente: see “multiplier effect”
Commuter traffic / Pendelverkeer: see “transport problems”, “union action”
Conservation / Bewaring: see “resource management”
Conservation area / Bewaringsgebied: see “conservation areas”, “accreditation”,
“accountable”, “region”
Conservation of matter and energy / Behoud van materie en energie: see “recycling”,
“incineration”, “physical laws”
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, No 108 of 1996 / Grondwet van die
Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Nr 108 van 1996: see “accountability”, “environmental
management”, “integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “strategic
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”
Consumerism / Verbruikersleefstyl: see “recycling”
Contour lines / Kontoerlyne: see “isometric line”
Core-periphery model / Kern-randmodel: see “economic development”
Correlation diagram (correlation structure) / Korrelasiesdiagram (korrelasiestruktuur):
see “feedback loop”
Cost / Koste (prys): see “economic valuation”
Countries in transition (CITs) / Lande in oorgang (LIO): see “countries in transition”,
“development”, “developing countries”, “economic development”, “economic growth”
Cross section / Dwarssnit: see “profile drawing”
Crude birth rate / Kru-geboortekoers: see “population growth”
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Culture of consumerism / Verbruikerskultuur): see “recycling”

Culture of sustainability (or “sustainable living”) / Volhoubaarheidskultuur (of
volhoubare bestaan): see “resource management”, “sustainable living”
Data processing techniques / Dataverwerkingstegnieke: see “primary data”
Deep Ecology / Diep Ekologie: see “ecocentrism”, “environmentalist”, “environmental
activist”
Deforestation / Ontbossing (of plantegroeivernietiging): see “deforestation”,
“environmental degradation”, “desertification”
Demarcation / Afbakening: see “demarcation”, “spatial distribution”, “regions”
Demarketing / Teenbemarking: see “demarketing”, “carrying capacity”, “destination”,
“responsible tourism”, “resource management”, “environmental management”,
“alternative tourism”
Demographic data / Demografiese data: see “demographic data”
Demonstration effect / Demonstrasie-effek: see “demonstration effect”, “acculturation”
Denudation / Denudasie: see “deforestation”, “erosion”, “environmental degradation”,
“weathering”
Dependency paradigm / Afhanklikheidsparadigma: see “dependency paradigm”,
“demographic data”, “development”, “developing countries”, “economic growth”,
“countries in transition”
Desertification / Desertifikasie (of woestynvorming): see “desertification”,
“deforestation”, “environmental degradation”
Destination image / Bestemmingsbeeld: see “destination image”, “destination”,
“alternative tourism”, “refugees”, “attraction”, “economic valuation”
Destination / Bestemming: see “destination”, “alternative tourism”, “adventure tourism”,
“demarketing”, “carrying capacity”, “responsible tourism”, “refugee”, “attraction”
Devegetation / Ontbossing (of vernietiging van plantegroei): see “deforestation”,
“environmental degradation”, “erosion”, “drainage basin”
Developing countries / Ontwikkelende lande: see “development”, “countries in transition”,
“economic growth”, “developed countries”
Development / Ontwikkeling: see “development”, “developed countries”, “developing
countries”, “economic growth”, “human development index(HDI)”
Deviation from the normal climate / Afwyking van die heersende klimaat: see “climate”,
“climate change”, “climate variability”, “global warming”
Disaggregation / De-aggregasie: see “aggregation”, “grouping”, “attribute”, “variable”
Distance decay / Afstandsverval: see “intervening opportunity”, “spatial location”
Distortion / Verwringing: see “map projection”
Drainage basin / Dreineringskom: see “drainage basin”, “watershed”, “channelization”
Dual economy / Tweeledige ekonomie: see “dual economy”, “developed countries”,
“developing countries”, “countries in transition”, “quaternary activities”, “economic
growth”
E. coli (Escherichia Coli) / E. coli (Escherichia Coli): see “water quality”, “potable”,
“hazardous substances”, “pollution”
Earth Summit / Aardeberaad: see “international conventions”, “polarisation”, “greening of
mainstream politics”
Ecocentrism / Ekosentrisme: see “ecocentrism”, “envirocentrism”, “environmentalist”,
“ecological citizenship”, “Environmental Movement”
Eco-lodges / Ekoherberge: see “eco-lodges”, “destination”, “alternative tourism”
Ecological citizenship / Ekologiese burgerskap: see “ecological citizenship”, “ecological
footprint”, “industrial revolution”, “ecological niche”, “environmental management”
Ecological footprint / Ekologiese voetspoor: see “ecology”, “eco-lodges”, “environmental
degradation”, “environmental management”
Ecological niche / Ekologiese nis: see “ecological niche”, “ecology”
Ecological space / Ekologiese ruimte: see “ecological footprint”
Ecology / Ekologie: see “ecology”, “biome”
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Economic dependency ratio / Ekonomiese afhanklikheidskoers: see “population

pyramid”, “human development index(HDI)”, “demographic data”
Economic development / Ekonomiese ontwikkeling: see “economic development”,
“development”, “developing countries”, “dual economy”, “countries in transition”
Economic growth / Ekonomiese groei: see “economic growth”, “development”,
“developed countries”, “countries in transition”, “developing countries”
Economic migrants /Ekonomiese migrante: see “refugee”, “xenophobia”, “host
community”
Economic valuation / Ekonomiese waardebepaling: see “economic valuation”,
“destination image”
Economies of scale / Ekonomieë van skaal: see “agglomeration economy”,
“aggregation”, “urban structure”, “urban development”, “urban models”
Ecosystem / Ekosisteem: see “ecosystems”, “demarcation”, “habitat loss”, “habitat
fragmentation”, “extinction”, “environmental degradation”
Eco-tourism / Ekotoerisme: see “eco-lodges”, “ecological footprint”, “leave nothing but
your footprints”, “alternative tourism”, “responsible tourism”
Edaphic / Edafies: see “ecology”
EE / OE: see “environmental evaluation”, “environmental auditing”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental management”
EIA / OIB: see “environmental impact assessment”, “environmental management”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “screening”
Electromagnetic spectrum / Elektromagnetiese spektrum: see “electromagnetic
spectrum”, “wave-length”, “insolation”, “global warming”
Empirical testing / Empiriese toetsing: see “scientific hypothesis”
Enculturation / Enkulturasie: see “acculturation”
Enoughness / Genoegsaamheid: see “principle of enoughness”, “sustainable living”,
“greed”, “exploitation”, “ecocentrism”
Envirocentric / Omgewingsentries: see “anthropocentrism”, “ecocentrism”,
Environment / Omgewing: see “environment”, “ecosystem”, “environmental management”
Environmental activist / Omgewingsaktivis: see “environmentalist”, “ecocentrism”,
“environmental hero (martyr)”, “ecological citizenship”, “environmental movements”
Environmental auditing / Omgewingsouditering: see “environmental auditing”,
“environmental monitoring”, “ecological footprint”, “environmental management plan
(EMP)”, “integrated environmental management procedure”
Environmental business / Omgewingsonderneming: see “environmental business”,
“eco-lodge”
Environmental champion / Omgewingskampvegter: see “greening mainstream politics”,
“environmentalist”, “Environmental Movement”, “ecological citizenship”,
“environmental organisations”, “environmental movements”
Environmental change / Omgewingsverandering: see “environmental degradation”,
“climate change”, “global warming”, “accelerated soil erosion”, “erosion gullies”
Environmental damage / Omgewingskade (omgewingbeskadiging): see “economic
valuation”, “economic valuation”, “cost”
Environmental decision-making / Omgewingsbesluitneming: see “ISO 14000”
Environmental degradation / Omgewingsbeskadiging (omgewingsdegradasie,
omgewingsagteruitgang): see “environmental degradation”, “deforestation”,
“climate change”, “erosion”, “environmental management”, “global warming”, “soil
erosion”, “accelerated erosion”, “erosion gullies”
Environmental evaluation / Omgewingsevaluasie: see “environmental impact
assessment”
Environmental hero / Omgewingsheld: see “environmentalist”, “ecocentrism”, “ecological
citizenship”, “environmental champion”, “environmental activist”, “greening of
mainstream policies”
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Environmental impact assessment (EIA) / Omgewingsimpakbepaling: see

“environmental impact assessment”, “integrated environmental management
procedure (IEMP)”
Environmental industry / Omgewingsindustrie: see “environmental business”, “resource
creation”, “eco-lodge”, “environmental business”, “commodification”, “alternative
tourism”, “ecotourism”, “destination”, “carrying capacity”
Environmental justice / Omgewingsgeregtigheid: see “environmental justice”,
“environmental resources”, “exploitation”, “eco-lodges”, “environmental legislation”
Environmental legislation / Omgewingswetgewing: see “ecological citizenship”,
“environmental management”, “National Environmental Management Act (NEMA)”,
“international conventions”
Environmental lobby (environmental lobby groups) / Omgewingsdrukgroepe: see
“greening mainstream politics”, “environmentalist”, “ecological citizenship”,
“environmental hero”
Environmental Management Act, No 107 of 1998, (NEMA or Nema) / Nasionale
Omgewingsbestuurswet, Nr 107 van 1998, (Nema of NEMA): see
“accountability”, “environmental management”, “integrated environmental
management procedure (IEM)”, “environmental legislation”, “Constitution of the
Republic of South Africa, number 108 of 1996”
Environmental management / Omgewingsbestuur: see “environmental management”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”
Environmental management plan (EMP) / Omgewingsbestuursplan (EMP): see
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental
management plan”, “National Environmental Management Act, No 107 of 1998
(NEMA)”
Environmental martyr / Omgewingsmartelaar: see “environmentalist”, “ecocentism”,
“environmental activism”, “environmental hero”, “environmental movements”
Environmental monitoring / Omgewingsmonitering: see “environmental monitoring”,
“environmental auditing”, “destination”, “environmental potential”, “environmental
management”, “integrated environmental management procedure”
Environmental Movement / Omgewingsbeweging: see “ecological citizenship”, “Industrial
Revolution”, “ecological footprint”, “ecological niche”, “environmental management”,
“international conventions”, “environmental resources”
Environmental movements / Omgewingsbewegings (omgewingsliggame,
omgewingsorganisasies): see “environmental movements”, “polarisation”
Environmental organisations / Omgewingsorganisasies: see “ecocentrism”,
“environmental movements”, “international conventions”
Environmental performance / Omgewingsprestasie: see “environmental auditing”,
“ecological footprint”, “environmental monitoring”, “environmental management plan”
Environmental potential / Omgewingspotensiaal: see “environmental potential”,
“environmental resources”, “natural goods”, “commodification”, “carrying capacity”
Environmental protection / Omgewingsbeskerming: see “accountability”, “environmental
management”, “international conventions”, “integrated environmental management
procedure”
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) / Omgewingsbewaringsagentskap (EPA), (of
“Environmental Potential Agency” van die VSA): “risk assessment”
Environmental resource / Omgewingshulpbron: see “environmental resources”,
“economic valuation”, “valuation”, “exploitation”, “natural goods”, “destination”
Environmentalist / Omgewingsgesinde: see “ecocentrism”, “environmental activism”,
“environmentalist”
Environmentally irresponsible / Omgewingsonverantwoordelik: “responsible tourism”
EPA / EPA: see “environmental risk assessment”, “risk assessment”
Equator / Ewenaar: see “geographic coordinate system”
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Equity / Billikheid: see “equity”, “environmental justice”, “environmental auditing”,

“environmental monitoring”, “interested and affected parties”, “environmental
management”, “environmental legislation”
Erosion / Erosie: see “erosion”, “channelization”, “mass wasting”, “weathering”
Erosion gullies / Erosieslote: see “soil erosion”, “environmental degradation”, “accelerated
erosion”
Escarpment(Escarp) / Eskarpement(Eskarp): see “escarpment”, “destination”,
“intervening opportunity”
Estimation / Skatting: see “spatial variability”, “extrapolation”, “interpolation”,
“generalisation”
Ethical code / Etiese kode: see “precautionary principle”
Eutrophication / Eutrofikasie: see “eutrophication”, “ecology”, “ecosystem”, “wetland”
Evolution / Evolusie: see “ecological niche”, “ecology”, “natural selection”, “extinction”
“environmental change”
Exploitation / Oorbenutting: see “exploitation”, “tragedy of the commons”, “erosion”,
“environmental degradation”, “environmental resource”, “natural goods”
Exponential rate / Eksponensionele koers: see “multiplier effect”
External migration / Uitwaartse migrasie: see “migration”, “host community”, “refugee”,
“xenophobia”
Extinction / Uitsterwing: see “extinction”, “environmental degradation”, “environmental
change”, “habitat fragmentation”
Extrapolation / Ekstrapolasie: see “interpolation”, “geodiversity”, “spatial interpolation”
Fauna(Animal life) / Dierelewe (of fauna): see “fauna”, “ecosystem”, “environmental
change”, “extinction”, “habitat loss”, “habitat fragmentation”
Favela / favela (of krotbuurt): see “local community”, “urbanisation”, “sense of place”,
“alternative tourism”, “urban development”, “urban structural models”
Feedback loop / Terugvoerlus: see “feedback loop”, “ecosystem”, “open system”
Fertility / Vrugbaarheid: see “fertility”, “demographic statistics”, “population growth”
Fertility rate / Fertiliteitskoers: see “fertility”, “demographic statistics”, “population growth”,
“development”, “dependency ratio”, “human development index (HDI)”
Field-work / Veldwerk: see “primary data”, “meta data”
Fixed assets / Vaste bates: see “infrastructure”
Flat World paradigm / Plat-Wêreld-paradigma: see “globalisation”, “paradigm”
Flora / Plantelewe (flora): see “flora”, “fauna”, “ecosystem”, “environmental change”,
“extinction”, “habitat loss”, “habitat fragmentation”
Flow of matter and energy / Energie- en materievloei: see “ecosystem”, “open system”,
“feedback loop”
Food chain / Voedselketting: see “ecosystem”, “biome”
Food security / Voedselsekuriteit: see “agricultural change”, “food security”, “spatial
variability”, “spatial distribution”
Foreign direct investment (FDI) / Direkte buitelandse belegging (DBB, FDI): see
“political instability”, “globalisation”
Foreigner / Vreemdeling: see “host community”, “refugee”, “migrant”
Forest decline / Woudkwyning: see “forest decline”, “deforestation”, “acid rain”, “air
pollution”, “exploitation”, “environmental degradation”, “environmental change”
Fossil fuel / Fossielbrandstof: see “fossil fuel”, “environmental resources”, “natural
goods”, “exploitation”, “air pollution”, “acid rain”, “alternative resources”, “natural
resources”, “non-renewable resources”, “commodification”
Generalisation / Veralgemening: see “aggregation”, “estimation”, “interpolation”,
“extrapolation”, “spatial variability”
Genetic engineering / Genetiese ingenieurswese (manipulasie): see “genetic
engineering”, “genetically manipulated organism”, “environmental activist”
Genetic identity / Genetiese identiteit: “genetically manipulated organism”
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Genetically modified organism (GMO) / Geneties gewysigde organisme (GGO): see

“genetically manipulated organism”, “ecocentrism”, “environmentalist”,
“environmental activist”, “food security”
Genetically manipulated organism (GMO) / Geneties gemanipuleerde organisme
(GGO): see “genetically modified organism”
Gentrification / Hernuwing: see “central business district”, “urban structural models”
Geodiversity / Geodiversiteit: see “geodiversity”, “spatio-temporal variability”, “spatial
variation”, “attribute”, “attribute data”, “location”, “demarcation”, “extrapolation”,
“interpolation”, “generalisation”, “estimation”, “idiographic principle”, “variable”,
“spatial variability”, “idiographic principle”
Geographic coordinate system / Geografiese koördinaatsisteem: see “geographic
coordinate system”,“cartesian coordinates”, “location”, “absolute location”,
“geographic positioning system (GPS)”
Geographic north / Geografiese noord: see “bearing”
Geographic positioning system (GPS) / Geografiese posisioneringsisteem: see
“bearing”, “location”, “geographic coordinate system”
Geographical variable / Geografiese veranderlike: see “demarcation”, “spatial
distribution”, “attribute”, “idiographic principle”, “spatial variability”, “geodiversity”
Geopolitical spatial pattern / Geopolitiese ruimtelike patroon: see “political instability”
Global environmental issues / Globale omgewingsvraagstukke: see “international
conventions”, “environmental lobby”
Global interconnectivity / Globale interkonnektiwiteit: see “globalisation”, “international
conventions”, “Flat-World paradigm”
Global North / Globale Noorde: see “global North”, “spatial development”, “developed
countries”, “economic development”, “development”, “BRICS countries”, “human
development index (HDI)”, “countries in transition”
Global South / Globale Suide: see “global North”, “spatial development”, “developing
countries”, “economic development”, “development”, “BRICS countries”, “human
development index (HDI)”, “countries in transition”
Global warming / Aardverwarming: see “global warming”, “air pollution”, “anthropogenic”,
“climate change”, “environmental degradation”, “international conventions”, “climate”,
“fossil fuel”, “alternative resources”, “environmentalist”, “ecocentrism”, “Industrial
Revolution”
Globalisation (globalization) / Globalisering: see “globalisation”, “paradigm”,
“Multinational corporations (MNCs)”
Governance / Bestuur en beheer: see “governance”, “accountability”, “integrated
environmental management procedure”, “competent authority”
Gravity model / Gravitasiemodel: see “spatial interaction”, “spatial economy”, “distance
decay”, “intervening opportunities”
Greed / Gierigheid: see “sustainable living”, “principle of enoughness”, “sustainability”
Green issues / Groen-vraagstukke: see “greening mainstream politics”, “environmental
lobby”, “international conventions”
Green parties / Groen politieke partye (groenpartye): see “greening mainstream politics”
Green Revolution / Groen Revolusie: see “agricultural change”, “food security”,
“genetically modified organisms”
Greenhouse gasses / Kweekhuisgasse: see “global warming”, “climate change”, “air
pollution”, “international conventions”, “Industrial Revolution”
Greening mainstream plitics / Vergroeningspolitiek: see “greening mainstream politics”,
“Environmental Movement”, “ecological citizenship”, “environmental movements”,
“ecocentrism”, “ecological footprint”, “green issues”
Greenwashing / groensmering: see “greening mainstream politics”, “environmental
movements”
Gross domestic product (GDP) / Bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) of bruto geografiese
produk (BGP): see “development”, “economic growth”, “developed countries”,
“developing countries”, “countries in transition”
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Gross national product (GNP) / Bruto nasionale produk (BNP): see “developing
countries”, “developed countries”, “development”, “countries in transition”, “economic
growth”
Groundwater / Grondwater (of ondergrondse water): see “infiltration capacity”
Grouping / Groepeer (groepering): see “aggregation”, “geodiversity”
Gullies / Erosieslote: see “soil erosion”, “environmental degradation”
Habitat / Habitat: see “ecology”, “biome” “extinction”, “habitat degradation”, “environmental
degradation”
Habitat destruction / Habitatvernieting (habitatverwoesting): see “habitat destruction”,
“extinction”, “habitat fragmentation”, “ecosystem”, “ecology”,“anthropogenic”,
“erosion”, “climate change”, “environmental degradation”
Habitat fragmentation / habitatfragmentering: see “extinction”, “habitat degradation”,
“environmental degradation”, “habitat loss”
Habitat loss / Habitatverlies: see “extinction”, “habitat degradation”, “environmental
degradation”, “habitat destruction”, “habitat fragmentation”, “climate change”,
“anthropogenic”, “erosion”
“Hard” sciences / “Harde” wetenskappe: see “scientific hypothesis”
Hazardous chemicals / Gevaarlike chemikalieë (gevaarlike stowwe): see “turbidity”,
“hazardous waste”, “environmental legislation”
Hazardous waste / Gevaarlike afval: see “hazardous waste”, “incineration”, “landfill”,
“environmental legislation”, “Environmental Management Act, number 107 of 1998”
Hierarchical diffusion / Hiërargiese diffusie: see “hierarchical diffusion”, “spatial
distribution”, “spatial variation”
Host community / Gasheergemeenskap: see “host community”, “ecosystem”, “refugee”,
“migration”, “xenophobia”
Human development index (HDI) / Menslike ontwikkelingsindeks (MOI): see
“development”, “economic development”, “developing countries”, “population
structure”, “demographic data”, “dependency ratio”, “developed countries”, “countries
in transition”, “demographic data”, “dependency ratio”, “population pyramid”,
“population growth rate”
Human wellbeing / Menslike welstand: see “human development index (HDI)”,
“dependency ratio”, “economic development”, “development”
Hydro-electricity / Hidroëlektrisiteit: see “renewable energy”, “resources”, “alternative
resources”, “alternative energy”
Hypothesis verification / Hipoteseverifiëring: see “scientific hypothesis”
IAP (IAPs) / Belanghebbende persone/partye: see “environmental impact assessment”,
“interested and affected parties”, “local communities”, “sense of place”, “sense of
belonging”, “environmental management”, “bunny huggers”
Idiographic principle / Idiografiese beginsel: see “extrapolation”, “interpolation”,
“generalisation”, “uniqueness principle”, “grouping”
IEMP / GOBP: see “environmental impact assessment procedure”
Illegal trade in animal parts and products / Onwettige handel in dierlike organe en
produkte: see “economic valuation”, “Cites”, “international conventions”,
“environmental legislation”
Impermeable / Ondeurlaatbaar: see “aquifer”
Inaccessible / Ontoeganklik: see “accessibility”
Incineration / Verbranding: see “incineration”, “hazardous waste”, “environmental
legislation”
Industrial development / Industriële ontwikkeling: see “global warming”, “Industrial
Revolution”, “development”, “modernisation paradigm”
Industrial location / Industriële ligging: see “agglomeration economy”, “urban structural
models”
Industrial Revolution / Industriële Revolusie: see “climate change”, “ecological
citizenship”, “ecological footprint”, “air pollution”, “acid rain”, “global warming”
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“Industrial Revolution”, “industrial development”, “economic development”,

“development”, “urbanisation”, “developed countries”, “developing countries”, “global
North”, “environmental destruction”, “environmental degradation”, “ecological
degradation”
Infant mortality / Suigelingsterftesyfer (kindersterftesyfer): see “population pyramid”,
“demographic data”, “population growth”, “human development index (HDI)”,
“population pyramid”, “
Infiltration capacity / Infiltrasiekapasiteit: see “infiltration capacity”, “aquifer”
Informed guess / Ingeligte raaiskoot: see “risk assessment”
Information / Inligting: see “demographic data”, “attribute data”, “demographic statistics”
Infrared rays / Infrarooistrale (infrarooi-strale): see “electromagnetic spectrum”
Infrared remote sensing / Infrarooi afstandswaarneming: see “electromagnetic
spectrum”, “remote sensing”, “satellite imagery”
Infrastructure / Infrastruktuur: see “infrastructure”, “Industrial Revolution”, “development”
Inorganic substances / Anorganiese stowwe: see “ecosystem”
Inputs / Insette: see “drainage basin”, “ecosystem”, “open system”
Insolation / Insolasie: see “global warming”, “short wave radiation”, “electromagnetic
spectrum”
Institutional caution / Institusionele versigtigheid: see “precautionary principle”
Integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP) / Geïntegreerde
omgewingsbestuursprosedure (GOBP): see “environmental legislation”, “National
Environmental Management Act (NEMA)”, “environmental impact assessment”
Intensity of ecological impact / Intensiteit van ekologiese impak: see “ecological
footprint”
Interconnectedness / Onderlinge verwantskappe (verwikkeldheid): see “globalisation”,
“Flat-World paradigm”
Interested and affected parties (IAPs) / Belanghebbendes (geïntresseerde en
geaffekteerde partye): see “community involvement”, “environmental
management”, “environmental impact assessment”, “Integrated environmental
management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental legislation”, “National
Environmental Management Act (NEMA)”
Internal migration / Interne migrasie: see “migration”, “host communities”
International Antarctic Treaty / Internasionale Antarktiese Verdrag: see “conservation
areas”, “international conventions”, “protected areas”
International conventions / Internasionale konvensies: see “international conventions”,
“world heritage site”, “conservation”, “climate change”, “global warming”, “air
pollution”, “extinction”, “environmental activism”, “environmental lobbying”,
“environmental movements”, “environmentalist”, “environmental justice”, “hazardous
waste”, “international protocols”
International environmental management initiatives / Internasionale
omgewingsbestuursinisiatiewe: see “Environmental Movement”, “ecological
citizenship”, “environmental footprint”, “environmental management”, “international
conventions”, “international protocols”
International Law of the Sea / Internasionale Wet van die See: see “conservation areas”,
“international conventions”, “agencies of the United Nations”
International Monitory Fund (IMF) / Internasionale Monetêre Fonds (IMF): see “political
instability”, “international environmental management initiatives”
International protocols / Internasionale protokols: see “international protocols”,
“international conventions”, “CITES”
International Standards Organisation / Internasionale Standaarde Organisasie: see
“ISO 14000”,
Interpolation / Interpolasie: see “extrapolation”, “interpolation”, “geodiversity”, “spatial
interpolation”, “estimation”, “generalisation”, “informed guess”
Intervening opportunity / Tussenkomende geleentheid: see “intervening opportunity”,
“destiny”, “commodification”, “spatial location”, “distance decay”
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Invader / Indringer: see “host community”, “refugee”, “migrant”, “xenophobia”

Irresponsible tourism / Onverantwoordelike toerisme: see “responsible tourism”,
“carrying capacity”, “leave nothing but your footprints”
ISO 14000 / ISO 14000: see “ISO 14000”, “environmental management”, “environmental
impact assessment”
Isohyet / Isohiët: see “isometric line”
Isometric line (isoline) / Isometriese lyn (isolyn): see “isometric line”, “spatial
interpolation”, “interpolation”, “spatial distribution”, “spatial location”, “contour lines”,
“topographical map”
Isotherm / Isoterm: see “isometric line”
Key aspects of focus for environmental impact assessment / Sleutelaspekte waarop „n
omgewingsimpakbepaling moet fokus: see “screening”, “extent of impact”,
“intensity of impact”
Kyoto Protocol / Kyoto-protokol: see “international conventions”
Land use (or land-use) / Grondbenutting (bodembenutting): see “land-use”, “production
capacity”, “exploitation”, “accelerated erosion”
Landfill / Afvalstortingsterrein: see “recycling”, “there is no away”
Landslide / Grondverskuiwing: see “mass movement”, “loading”
Large-scale map / Grootskaalkaart: see “orthophoto map”
Laser beams / Laserstrale: see “remote sensing”
Lat-Lo rule / Lat-Lo-reël: see “geographic coordinate system”
“Leave nothing but your footprints” / “Laat niks behalwe voetspore”: see “responsible
tourism”, “ecotourism”, “nature tourism”
Level of development / Ontwikkelingsvlak: see “development”, “developing countries”,
“countries in transition”, “developed countries”
Level of industrialisation / Vlak van industrialisasie: see “developing countries”,
“developed countries”, “countries in transition”, “economic growth”, “air pollution”,
“climate change”, “global warming”, “international conventions”, “Industrial
Revolution”
Life expectancy / Lewensverwagting: see “population pyramid”, “demographic data”,
“human development index (HDI)”
Lines of latitude (parallels) / Breedtelyne: see “geographic coordinate system”, “map
projection”, “location”, “spatial distribution”
Lines of longitude (meridians) / Lengtelyne (meridian): see “geographic coordinate
system”, “map projection”, “location”, “spatial distribution”
List of Activities / Lys van Aktiwiteite: see “screening”
List of Environments / Lys van Omgewings : see “screening”
Loading / Belading: see “mass movement”, “landslide”, “rock fall”, “soil creep”
Local authority / Plaaslike owerheid: see “metropolitan area”, “local community”, “favela”,
“sense of belonging”, “sense of place”, “townships (South Africa)”
Local community / Plaaslike gemeenskap: see “local community”
Location / Ligging: see “location”, “region”, “spatial distribution”, “geographical coordinate
system”
Longitudinal study / Langtermynstudie: see “space-in-time perspective”
Long wave radiation (long-wave radiation) / Langgolfstraling: see “electromagnetic
spectrum”, “global warming”, “air pollution”, “greenhouse gasses”, “long wave
radiation”
Macro environment / Makro-omgewing: see “macro environment”, “meta data”,
“generalisation”, “estimation”
Magnetic declination / Magnetiese deklinasie: see “magnetic declination”, “bearing”,
“polar drift (shift)”, “geographic coordinate system’
Magnetic north / Magnetiese noord: see “bearing”, “geographic coordinate system”,
“magnetic declination”
Main meridian (or Greenwich) / Hoof-meridiaan (Greenwich-lyn): see “geographic
coordinate system”, “lines of latitude”
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Malnutrition / Wanvoeding: see “malnutrition”, “developed countries”, “developing

countries”, “food security”, “morbidity”, “human development index (HDI)”
Manufacturing and industrial economies / Vervaardigings- en industriële ekonomieë:
see “dual economies”, “Industrial Revolution”, “economic development”, “global
North”, “global South”
Map projection / Kaartprojeksie: see “map projection”, “geographic coordinate system”
Map / Kaart: see “demarcation”, “spatial distribution”, “topographical map”, “topocadastral
map”, “thematic map”, “choropleth map”, “spatial data”, “geographical coordinates”,
“location”, “map projection”
“Mapable” / Karteerbaar: see “spatial data”, “geographic coordinates”, “location”, “spatial
distribution”, “spatial variability”, “geodiversity”, “generalisation”, “aggregation”
Mapped (mapping) / Gekarteer (karteer, kartering): see “region”, “demarcation”,
“location”, “spatial data”, “surveillance”, “remote sensing”, “airphotos”
Market forces / Markkragte: see “economic valuation”
Mass movement (gravity displacement) / Swaartekragverplasing (massaverplasing):
see “mass movement”, “erosion”, “environmental degradation”, “landslide”, “rock fall”,
“soil creep”, “waterlogging”
Mass tourism / Massatoerisme: see “alternative tourism”, “adventure tourism”,
“ecotourism”, “destination”, “destination image”
Meta data / Metadata: see “meta data”, “primary data”, “field-work”
Metropolitan area / Metropolitaanse gebied: see “metropolitan area”, “local community”,
“demarcation”, “land-use”
Micro-habitat / Mikro-habitat: see “ecology”, “habitat”, “ecosystem”
Migration / Migrasie: see “migration”, “refugee”, “urbanisation”, “xenophobia”, “host
community”, “demographic data”, “population pyramid”, “push factors”, “pull factor”
Mitigation / Versagting: see “environmental management plan”, “integrated environmental
management procedure (IEMP)”
Models (geographic models) / Modelle (geografiese modelle): see “theory”, “paradigm”,
“postulate”, “urban development models”, “urban growth models”
Modernisation paradigm / Modernisasie paradigma: see “modernisation paradigm”,
“economic development”, “paradigm”, “development”, “human development
index (HDI)”, “economic growth”, “developed countries”, “developing countries”,
“countries in transition”, “BRICS countries”, “population growth rate”, “correlation
network”
Montreal Protocol (Accord) / Montreal-protokol (Montreal-konvensie): see “ozone”,
“international conventions”
Morbidity / Morbiditeit (siektevoorkoms): see “morbidity”, “meta data”, “primary data”,
“demographic data”, “malnutrition”, “overfeeding”
Morbidity rate / Morbiditeiteskoers: see “morbidity”
Morphometry / Morfometrie: see “drainage basin”, “channelization”, “watershed”, “spatial
data”, “spatial distribution”
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) / Multinasionale maatskappye (MNM‟s): see
“political instability”, “globalisation”, “economic development”
Multiplier effect / Vermenigvuldigingseffek: see “multiplier effect”, “agglomeration”,
“feedback loop”, “urban growth models”, “urban structure”, “urban structural
development models”, “development”, “urbanisation”
National Environmental Management Act, number 107 of 1998, (NEMA or Nema) /
Nasionale Omgewingsbestuurswet, nommer 107 van 1998, (NEMA of Nema):
“community involvement”, “environmental management”, “integrated environmental
management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental legislation”, “accountability”
Nature tourism / Natuurtoerisme: see “responsible tourism”, “ecotourism”, “leave nothing
but your footprints”, “carrying capacity”
Natural goods / Natuurgoedere (natuurbates): see “environmental resources”, “fossil
fuel”, “natural resources”, “resources”, “tragedy of the commons”
Natural population increase / Natuurlike bevolkingsaanwas: see “population growth”
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Natural regions / Natuurstreke (natuurlike streke): see “region”, “biomes”, “spatial

variability”
Natural selection / Natuurlike uitverkiesing (natuurlike seleksie): see “natural
selection”, “Industrial Revolution”, “extinction”, “environmental change”
Needs / Behoeftes: see “sustainable living”, “greed”, “tragedy of the commons”, “principle
of enoughness”
Negative population growth rate / Negatiewe bevolkingsgroeikoers: see “population
growth”, “demographic statistics”, “population pyramid”
No-go option / Verbod op uitvoering (geen toestemming): see “screening”, “National
Environmental Management Act, no 107 of 1998 (NEMA)”, “integrated environmental
management procedure (IEMP)”, “community involvement”, “IAPs”, “competent
authority”
Non-renewable resources / Nie-hernubare hulpbronne: see “resource management”,
“exploitation”
Non-hierarchical diffusion/ Nie-hiërargiese diffusie: see “hierarchical diffusion”
Nuclear accidents / Kernenergie-ongelukke: see “nuclear energy”, “radio-active fallout”,
“radio-active waste”
Nuclear energy / Kernenergie: see “alternative resources”, “fossil fuel”, “air pollution”,
“natural resources”, “perpetual resources”, “hazardous waste”, “alternative energy”
Nuclear meltdown / Smelting: see “nuclear energy”, “radio-active fallout”, “nuclear
accidents”
Nuclear plant / Kernaanleg: see “nuclear energy”
Nutrient deficiency / Voedingstoftekorte: see “malnutrition”, “morbidity”, “food security”
Oasis / Oase: see “salinisation”, “environmental degradation”, “desertification”
Oblique airphotos / Skuinslugfoto‟s: see “aerial photography”
Open system / Oop sisteem: see “drainage basin”, “channelization”, “watershed”,
“ecosystem”
Organic components (of an ecosystem) / Organiese komponente (van „n ekosisteem):
see “ecology”, “habitat”, “ecosystem”
Organic substances / Organiese stowwe: see “ecosystem”, “habitat”, “ecology”
Orthophoto map / Ortofotokaart: see “airphoto”, “contour map”, “isometric lines”,
“interpolation”, “topographical map”, “cadastral map”, “topocadastral map”, “contour
lines”, “spot heights”, “geographical coordinate system”
Outputs / Uitsette: see “drainage basin”, “open system”, “ecosystem”
Overfed (overfeeding) / Oorvoede (oorvoeding): see “malnutrition”, “morbidity”
Overgrazing / Oorbeweiding: see “desertification”, “devegetation”, “deforestation”,
“resource management”, “environmental degradation”, “exploitation”, “carrying
capacity”, “tragedy of the commons”
Overland flow / Oorlandvloei (bladvloei): see “drainage basin”, “channelization”,
“watershed”
Ozone (O3) / Osoon (O3): see “ozone”, “international convention”
Paradigm / Paradigma: see “paradigm”, “anthropomorphism”, “Flat-World paradigm”
Per capita gross national product (GNP) / Per kapita bruto nasionale produk: see
“development”, “economic growth”, “human development index (HDI)”, “economic
development”, “countries in transition”, “developed countries”, “BRICS countries”
Per capita income / Per kapita inkomste: see “developing countries”, “development”,
“economic growth”, “human development index(HDI)”, “countries in transition”
Per capita / Per kapita (per persoon, letterlik per “kop”): see “human development
index(HDI)”, “economic well-being”, “economic development”, “dependency ratio”
Permeable / Deurlaatbaar: see “aquifer”
Permitting / Permitering (toestemming): see “environmental auditing”, “environmental
management plan (EMP)”, “accountability”, “ecological footprint”, “approval from the
competent body”, “integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”,
“environmental impact assessment”, “competent authority”
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Phases of economic development / Fases van ekonomiese ontwikkeling: see

“quaternary economic activities”, “primary economic activities”, “secondary economic
activities”, “tertiary economic activities”, “quaternary economic activities”, “developing
countries”, “countries in transition”, “developed countries”
Physical accessibility / Fisiese toeganklikheid (bereikbaarheid): see “accessibility”
Physical components of an ecosystem / Fisiese kompenente van „n ekosisteem: see
“ecology”, “ecosystem”, “biomes”, “habitat”
Physical laws / Fisiese wette: see “recycling”, “there is no away”
Place / Plek: see “local community”, “sense of place”, “sense of belonging”
Polar shift (or drift) / Pooldrywing (poolverskuiwing): see “magnetic declination”,
“bearing”, “geographic positioning system (GPS)”, “geographical coordinate system”
Polarisation / Polarisasie: see “polarisation”
Polarised power groups (lobbies) / Gepolariseerde drukgroepe: see “polarisation”,
“environmental lobby”, “environmental activists”, “environmentalist”, “environmental
movements”, “economic development”, “development”, “developed countries”,
“developing countries”, “BRICS countries”, “environmental justice”, “international
conventions”
Political asylum / Politieke assiel: see “refugee”, “United Nations High Commission for
Refugees”, “xenophobia”, “host community”
Political instability / Politieke onstabiliteit: see “political instability”, “demarcation”,
“foreign direct investment”,
Pollutant / Besoedingstowwe (besoedelaar, besoedelstowwe): see “air pollution”, “acid
rain”, “climate change”, “potable water (drinking water)”
Polluter must pay principle / Die besoedelaar moet betaal: see “environmental justice”,
“environmental legislation”, “international conventions”, “international environmental
management initiatives”
Population decline / Bevolkingskwyning: see “population growth”
Population density / Bevolkingsdigtheid: see “population density”, “spatial variability”
Population growth rate / Bevolkingsgroeikoers: see “population growth”
Population growth / Bevolkingsgroei: see “population growth”, “population density”,
“migration”, “fertility”, “political instability”, “malnutrition”
Population pyramid / Bevolkingspiramiede: see “population pyramid”, “demographic
data”, “population growth”, “population structure”
Population structure / Bevolkingstruktuur: see “population structure”, “demographic
data”, “population pyramid”, “demographic statistics”
Population variables / Bevolkingsveranderlikes: see “population pyramid”, “demographic
data”, “population growth”, “human development index (HDI)”
Pores (or interstices or interstitial pores) / Tussenkorrelruimtes (porieë): see
“infiltration capacity”, “aquifer”
Postulate / Postulaat: see “scientific hypothesis”, “meta data”
Potable / Drinkbaar (drinkwater): see “water quality”, “drinking water”
Power groups / Magsgroepe: see “polarisation”, “environmental lobbies”, “environmental
movements”
Precautionary principle / Voorkomingsbeginsel: see “precautionary principle”,
“environmental management”, “integrated environmental management procedure”,
“sustainability”, “sustainable development”, “environmental legislation”, “greening
mainstream politics”
Predictive technique / Voorspellingstegniek: see “risk assessment”, “environmental
management”, “environmental impact assessment”, “strategic environmental
assessment”, “integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”
Preservation / Preservering (bewaring sonder benutting en/of verandering): see
“resource management”
Price / Prys (koste, finansieel of andersinds): see “economic valuation”
Primary data / Primêre data: see “primary data”, “meta data” “field-work”
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Primary economic activities / Primêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: see “dual economy”,

“quaternary activities”
Principle of enoughness / Beginsel van genoegsaamheid: see “sustainable living”,
“greed”, “ethical code”, “consumerist lifestyle”
Production capacity / Produksievermoë: see “deforestation”, “environmental
degradation”, “carrying capacity”, “food security”, “tragedy of the commons”
Profile drawing / Profieltekening (dwarssnittekening): see “profile drawing”, “isometric
line”, “contour lines”, “contour maps”, “topographical maps”, “spot height”
Projection of convenience / Gerieflikheidsprojeksie: see “map projection”
Proportionality / Verhoudingsgewys (proporsionaliteit): see “spatial scales”, “map”,
“large scale map”, “small scale map”
Proportional population numbers / Proporsionele bevolkingsgestalle: see “population
pyramid”
Protein deficiency / Proteiëntekort: see “malnutrition”, “morbidity”
Protected areas / Bewaringsgebiede: see “protected areas”, “world heritage site”,
“environmental legislation”, “preservation”, “international conventions”
Protection status / Bewaringstatus: see “protected areas”, “ Agencies of the United
Nations”, “world heritage site”, “international conventions”
Public participation / Openbare deelname: see “public participation”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “environmental management”,
“National Environmental Management Act (NEMA)”, “interested and affected parties
(IAPs)”, “environmental movements (organisations)”, “environmental lobbies”
Public private participation (PPP) / Openbare- private samewerking of deelname: see
“public private participation”, “interested and affected parties (IAPs)”, “resource
management”, “world heritage sites”, “environmental lobbies”
Pull factors / Trekfaktore: see “migration”, “host communities”, “xenophobia”
Push factors / Stootfaktore: see “migration”, “refugee”, “host communities”, “xenophobia”
Qualitative data / Kwalitatiewe data: see “meta data”, “field-work”, “scientific hypothesis”
Quality of life / Lewenskwaliteit: see “human development index (HDI)”, “economic
development”, “principle of enoughness”, “sense of place”, “sense of belonging”,
“local community”, “per capita income”, “per capita gross national product”, “per
capita gross domestic product”, “political instability”, “greed”, “needs”
Quantitative data / Kwantitatiewe data: see “meta data”, “demographic statistics”, “quality
of life”, “field-work”
Quaternary economic activities / Kwaternêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: see “dual
economy”, “quaternary activities”, “quaternary economic activities”, “economic
development”, “development”, “dual economy”, “developing countries”, “developed
countries”, “countries in transition”, “BRICS countries”, “primary economic activities”,
“secondary economic activities”, “tertiary economic activities”, “phases of economic
development”
Radio-active fallout / Radio-aktiewe vrystelling: see “nuclear energy”,“alternative
energy”, “alternative resources”, “nuclear accidents”, “International Monetary Fund”,
“World Bank”
Radio-active substance release / Vrylating van radio-aktiewe stowwe: see “nuclear
energy”, “nuclear accidents”, “radio-active fallout”, “environmental lobby (nuclear
lobby and anti-nuclear lobby)”
Radio-active waste / Radio-aktiewe afval (radio-aktiewe uitskot): see “nuclear energy”,
“hazardous waste”
Ramsar accreditation / Ramsar-akkreditasie: see “accreditation”, “wetland”, “international
conventions”, “world heritage site”, “signatory countries”
Ramsar Convention / Ramsar-konvensie: see “international conventions”, “wetlands”
Ratify / Onderteken (onderskryf): see “international conventions”, “signatories”, “signatory
countries”
Raw data / Onverwerkte data (rou data): see “primary data”, “meta data”, “field-work”,
“demographic statistics”, “demographic data”, “scientific hypothesis”
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Recombinant DNA / Hergekombineerde DNA: see “genetic engineering”, “genetically

modified organisms (GMO)”, “genetically manipulated organism”, “environmental
lobby”
Record of decisions (RoD) / Rekord van besluite (RvB): see “international conventions”,
“National Environmental Management Act, no 107 of 1998 (NEMA)”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “scoping”, “key aspects for
environmental impact assessment”, “intensity of impact”, “extent of impact”
Recycling / Hersirkulering: see “recycling”, “incineration”, “development”, “dual economy”,
“developing countries”, “countries in transition”, “secondary economic activities”,
“tertiary economic activities”, “quaternary economic activities”, “reuse”, “reduce”,
“physical laws”, “there is no away”
Red Data list / Rooidata-lys: see “habitat destruction”, “habitat fragmentation”, “extinction”,
“anthropogenic”,
Reduce / Verminder: see “recycling”
Reflection / Refleksie: see “albedo”
Refugee / Vlugteling: see “refugee”, “host community”, “migration”, “xenophobia”, “push
factors”, “political instability”
Region / Streek: see “region”, “location”, “demarcation”, “conservation areas”,
“generalisation”, “grouping”, “spatial variability”, “attribute”, “variable”, “climate”,
“biomes”, “interpolation”
Regulation / Regulasie: see “environmental management”, “integrated environmental
management procedure”, “environmental legislation”, “National Environmental
Management Act, no 107 of 1998”, “competent authority”, “conservation areas”,
“international conventions”, “ISO 14000”
Rehabilitation / Rehabilitasie: see “environmental valuation”, “environmental degradation”,
“competent authority”, “environmental management plan (EMP)”, “environmental
monitoring”, “environmental auditing”
Relative location / Relatiewe ligging: see “location”, “spatial distribution”, “agglomeration”,
“aggregation”, “urban structural development models”, “urban growth”, “industrial
location”, “intervening opportunities”
Reliability of data / Betroubaarheid van data: see “meta data”, “primary data”, “field-work”
Remote observation / Afstandswaarneming: see “aerial photograph”, “remote sensing”,
“surveillance”
Remote sensing / Afstandswaarneming: see “remote sensing”, “remote observation”,
“aerial photography”, “air photos”, “satellite imagery”, “wavelength”
Renewable energy / Hernubare energie: see “renewable energy”, “nuclear energy”,
“hazardous waste”, “hydro-electricity”, “wind turbines”, “resource management”,
“radio-active fallout”, “nuclear accidents”, “radio-active radiation”
Renewable resources / Hernubare hulpbronne: “resource management”, “sustainable
use”, “sustainability lifestyle”
Resolution / Resolusie: see “aerial photography”, “air pollution”, “satellite imagery”,
“remote sensing”, “surveillance”
Resource management / Hulpbronbestuur: see “resource management”, “recycling”,
“conservation”, “preservation”, “reuse”, “reduce”, “recycle”, “sustainable use”,
“international conventions”, “environmental management”
Response-control principle / Responskontrolebeginsel: see “feedback loop”,
“ecosystem”, “open system”, “natural selection”, “evolution”
Response-control reaction / Responskontrolereaksie: see “feedback loop”, “ecosystem”,
“response-control principle”
Responsible tourism / Verantwoordelike toerisme: see “accessibility”, “responsible
tourism”, “carrying capacity”, “demarketing”, “adventure tourism”, “ecological
footprint”, “ecological citizenship”, “environmental irresponsibility”, “leave nothing
but your footprints”, “ecotourism”, “nature tourism”
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Retail facilities / Kleinhandelfasiliteite: see “retail facilities”, “central business district

(CBD)”, “gentrification”, “urban growth models”, “infrastructure”, “urban structural
models”
Reuse / Hergebruik: see “recycling”
Rill erosion / Groeferosie: see “soil erosion”, “accelerated erosion”, “production capacity”,
“overgrazing”, “over-cultivation”, “the tragedy of the commons”, “exploitation”
Risk assessment / Risiko-bepaling: see “risk assessment”, “predictive technique”,
“environmental management”, “environmental impact assessment (EIA)”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “triple bottom-lining”, “triple
sustainability”
Rock fall / Rotsstorting: see “mass movement”
Salinisation (salinization) / Versouting (verbrakking): see “salinization”, “environmental
degradation”, “desertification”
Satellite imagery / Satellietbeelde: see “air photo”, “aerial photography”, “remote sensing”,
“satellite imagery”, “infra-red satellite imagery”, “surveillance”
Scale / Skaal: see “map”, “topographic map”, “large scale”, “small scale”, “orthophoto map”,
“contour line”
Scientific hypothesis / Wetenskaplike hipotese: see “scientific hypothesis”, “meta data”,
“quantitative data”, “qualitative data”, “hard sciences”, “soft sciences”, “hypothesis
verification”
Scoping / Omvangbepaling: see “screening”, “environmental impact assessment (EIA)”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “key aspects for focus in
an environmental impact assessment”, “predictive technique”, “National
Environmental Management Act, no 107 of 1998 (NEMA)”
Screening / Sifting: see “screening”, “environmental impact assessment”, “integrated
environmental procedure”, “List of Activities”, “List of Environments”, “competent
authority”
Secondary economic activities / Sekondêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: see “dual
economy”, “secondary economic activities”, “economic development”
Second generation environmental management / Tweede generasie
omgewingsbestuur: see “strategic environmental assessment (SEA)”
Secretive documentation / Geheime dokumentering: see “aerial photography”, “remote
sensing”, “satellite imagery”, “surveillance”
Self-sustaining / Selfonderhoudend: see “ecosystem”, “feedback loop”, “sustainability”,
“subsistence lifestyle”, “ecosystem”
Sense of belonging / Gevoel van behorendheid: see “local community”, “sense of place”
Sense of place / Pleksin: see “local community”, “sense of belonging”, “favela”
Sensor / Sensor: see “remote sensing”, “satellite imagery”, “wavelength”, “electromagnetic
spectrum”
Services / Dienste: see “development”, “dual economy”, “economic development”,
“countries in transition”, “tertiary economic activities”, “quaternary economic
activities”, “developing countries”, “service provision”
Service provision / Diensteverskaffing: see “social services”, “services”, “tertiary
economic activities”, “quaternary economic activities”
Shanty town / Blikkiesdorp (krotbuurt): see “slum”, “local community”, “favela”, “township
(South Africa)”, “urbanisation”, “migration”, “sense of belonging”, “sense of place”
Sheet erosion / Bladerosie: see “soil erosion”, “accelerated erosion”, “production
capacity”, “environmental degradation”, “desertification”, “devegetation”,
“deforestation”, “overgrazing”, “carrying capacity”, “exploitation”, “tragedy of the
commons”
Short wave radiation / Kortgolfstraling: see “electromagnetic spectrum”, “global
warming”, “solar radiation”, “insolation”
Signatory states / Verbonde lande: see “international conventions”, “ratify”, “international
environmental management initiatives”, “agencies of the United Nations”
Slope of (land) surface / Helling van landoppervlak (skuinste): see “mass movement”
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Slum / Krotbuurt: see “local community”, “shanty town”, “favela”, “townships”

Social services / Sosiale dienste: see “social services”, “services”, “service provision”
Socio-cultural impacts /Sosio-kulturele impakte: see “socio-cultural impacts”, “refugee”,
“host community”, “acculturation”, “enculturation”, “xenophobia”
Socio-economic accessibility / Sosio-ekonomiese toeganklikheid: see “accessibility”,
“social services”, “service provision”
“Soft” sciences / “Sagte” wetenskappe: see “scientific hypothesis”, “hard sciences”,
“hypothesis verification”, “meta data”
Soil creep / Grondkruiping: see “mass movement”, “slope of land surface’
Soil erosion / Gronderosie: see “erosion”, “accelerated soil erosion”, “production capacity”,
“exploitation”, “environmental degradation”, “desertification”, “international (global)
environmental issues”
Solar energy / Sonenergie: see “renewable energy”, “short wave radiation”, “insolation”,
“alternative resources”
Solar radiation / Sonstraling: see “global warming”, “short wave radiation”, “renewable
energy”, “solar energy”
Sonar imagery / Sonar-beelde: see “remote sensing”
Solution / Oplossing: see “erosion”, “weathering”, “salinization”
Sort / Sortering: see “aggregation”, “grouping”, “generalisation”
South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) / Suid-Afrikaanse Buro vir Standaarde:
see “ISO 14000”, “regulation”, “international environmental management initiatives”,
“National Environmental Management Act, no 107 of 1998”
South African Constitution, Act number 108 of 1996 / Suid-Afrikaanse Konstitusie,
Wet nommer 108 van 1996: see “community involvement”, “environmental
management”, “Constitution of the Republic of South Africa”
Space / Ruimte: see “local community”, “place”, “location”, “mapable”, “map”
Spatial interpolation / Ruimtelike interpolasie: see “generalisation”, “estimation”,
“interpolation”, “extrapolation”, “geodiversity”, “isolines”, “idiographic principle”,
“spatial variability”
Space-in-time perspective / Tydruimtelike perspektief: see “spatial distribution”, “spatial
distribution pattern”, “temporal change”, “spatial variability”, “spatial interpolation”,
“spatial science”, “spatiality”, “spatial queries”, “spatial entity”, “mapable”, “spatial
data”
Spatial concept / Ruimtelike konsep: see “ecosystem”, “environment”
Spatial data / Ruimtelike data: see “spatial pattern”, “spatial distribution”, “geographical
coordinate system”, “topographic maps”, “cadastral map”, “topocadastral map”,
“location”, “space-in-time perspective”, “spatial data”, “location”, “spatial queries”
Spatial distribution / Ruimtelike verspreiding: see “location”, “spatial data”, “spatial
distribution”, “geographic coordinates”
Spatial economy / Ruimtelike ekonomie: see “spatial distribution”, “spatial interaction”,
“space-in-time perspective”, “retail facilities”, “globalisation”, “multinational
corporations”
Spatial economic development / Ruimtelike ekonomiese ontwikkeling: see “spatial
economic development”, “spatial economy”, “economic development”, “spatial
distribution pattern”, “spatial interconnectivity”, “spatial interaction”
Spatial entity / Ruimtelike entiteit: see “locality”, “demarcation”, “map”, “mapping”,
“mapable”
Spatial interaction / Ruimtelike interaksie: see “spatial distribution”, “spatial variation”,
“spatial economy”, “distance decay”, “infrastructure”, “globalisation”
Spatial interconnectivity / Ruimtelike interkonnektiwiteit: see “spatial economy”,
“globalisation”, “spatial distribution”
Spatiality / Ruimtelikheid: see “spatial economy”, “spatial variability”, “attribute”, “spatial
data”
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Spatial pattern / Ruimtelike patroon: see “isometric line”, “spatial pattern”, “spatial
distribution”, “location”, “spatial variability”, “spatial data”, “spatial distribution pattern”,
“map”
Spatial queries / Ruimtelike navrae (ruimtelike vrae): see “spatial queries”, “spatial data”,
“geographic information system (GIS)”, “geographic coordinates”, “spatial variability”,
“spatial distribution”, “spatial variation”, “location”, “spatial pattern”, “spatial
referencing”, “spatio-temporal variability”
Spatial research techniques / Ruimtelike navorsingstegnieke: see “spatial distribution”,
“spatial data”, “spatial interpolation”, “mapping (map)”, “extrapolation”,
“generalisation”, “grouping”, “aggregation”, “estimation”, “spatial distribution pattern”,
“field-work”, “interpolation”, “remote sensing”, “aerial photography”
Spatial referencing / Ruimtelike verwysing: see “location”, “geographic coordinates”,
“geographic positioning systems (GPS)”, “map”
Spatial scales /Ruimtelike skale: see “map”, “proportionality”, “small scale map”, “large
scale map”
Spatial science / Ruimtelike wetenskap: see “spatial distribution”, “location”, “spatial
pattern”, “map”, “spatial data”, “spatial interpolation”, “extrapolation”, “space-in-time
perspective”, “spatio-temporal variation”
Spatial variation / Ruimtelike variasie: see “spatial variation”, “spatial distribution”, “spatial
interaction”, “geodiversity”, “space-in-time perspective”, “spatial data”, “spatial
pattern”, “spatial variability”
Spatio-temporal variability / Tydruimtelike veranderlikheid: see “climate variability”,
“space-and-time perspective”, “spatial distribution”, “temporal variability”, “global
warming”
Species creation / Spesieskepping: see “genetically manipulated organism”, “genetically
modified organism (GMO)”, “evolution”, “natural selection”, “environmental change”
Species / Spesie (meervoud: spesies): see “biodiversity”, “extinction”, “natural selection”,
“habitat destruction”, “genetically manipulated organisms (GMOs)”, “ecosystem”,
“biodiversity”, “biomes”, “geodiversity”
Spot heights / Kolhoogtes: see “isometric line”, “topographical map”, “orthophoto map”,
“contour lines”
Squatter community / Plakkergemeenskap: see “local community”, “urbanisation”, “slum”,
“favela”, “township”, “sense of belonging”, “sense of place”, “alternative tourism”,
“service provision”
Statistical population / Statistiese populasie: see “population density”, “meta data”
Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) / Strategiese omgewingsbepaling (SOB):
see “greening of mainstream politics”, “policies, plans and projects (PPP)”, “triple
bottom-lining”, “sustainability”, “environmental sustainability”, “economic
sustainability”, “social sustainability”, “environmental management”, “integrated
environmental management procedure (IEMP)”, “South African Act of Constitution,
no 108 of 1996”, “development”, “economic development”
Strike (union action) / Staking (vakunie- of vakbond-aksie): see “transport problems”,
“commuter traffic”, “traffic congestion (jams)”
Subsistence agriculture (subsistence existence) / Bestaanslandbou
(bestaansboerdery, bestaansekonomie): see “ecological citizenship”, “ecological
footprint”, “self-sustaining”, “sustainable lifestyle”, “feedback loop”, “agricultural
change”
Substrate / Substratum (substrata): see “infiltration capacity”, “aquifer”
Supply and demand / Vraag en aanbod: see “economic valuation”, “triple-bottom-line”,
“environmental business”
Sustainability / Volhoubaarheid: see “ecosystem”, “sustainable development”,
“environmental management”, “environmental sustainability”, “economic
sustainability”, “social sustainability”, “triple-bottom-line”
Sustainable development / Volhoubare ontwikkeling: see “sustainability”, “economic
development”, “development”, “environmental legislation”, “environmental
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management”, “integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”,

“environmental impact assessment (EIA)”, “resource management”, “economic
growth”, “resources”, “alternative resources”
Sustainable living / Volhoubare lewenstyl: see “sustainable living”, “principle of
enoughness”, “greed”, “resource management”, “environmental management”,
“tragedy of the commons”, “sustainable use”’
Sustainable use / Volhoubare gebruik: see “resource management”, “sustainable living”,
“exploitation”, “principle of enoughness”
Surveillance / Waarneming (“dophou”, dokumenteer): see “remote sensing”, “aerial
photography”, “secretive documentation”, “satellite imagery”, “electromagnetic
spectrum”, “infrared remote sensing”
Temporal change / Verandering oor tyd: see “temporal change”, “space-in-time
perspective”, “evolution”
Terms of reference (ToR) / Terme van verwysing: see “scoping”, “key aspects for focus
in environmental impact assessment”, “extent of impact”, “intensity of impact”,
“integrated environmental management procedure (IEMP)”
Terrestrial radiation / Aardstraling: see “global warming”, “air pollution”, “wavelength”,
“long wave radiation”
Tertiary economic activities / Tersiêre ekonomiese aktiwiteite: see “dual economy”,
“economic development”, “development”, “primary economic activities”, “secondary
economic activities”, “quaternary economic activities”, “countries in transition”,
“developed countries”, “developing countries”, “BRICS countries”
Thematic map / Tematiese kaart: see “choropleth map”, “spatial distribution”, “spatial
interpolation”, “interpolation”, “extrapolation”, “topocadastral map”, “cadastral map”
“spatial variation”, “spatial pattern”, “variable”, “demarcation”, “dot map”, “isolines”,
“spatial variability”, “map”, “grouping”, “aggregation”
Theory / Teorie: see “theory”, “empirical testing”, “natural selection”, “extinction”,
“evolution”, “development”, “paradigm”, “scientific hypothesis”, “postulate”
“There is no away” / Niks kan ooit werklik weggedoen word nie: see “incineration”,
“waste disposal”, “physical laws”, “recycling”
Topocadastral map / Topokadestrale kaart: see “topocadastral map”, “topographical
map”, “cadastral map”, “demarcation”, “contour line”
Topographical map / Topografiese kaart: see “topographical map”, “contour map”,
“isolines”, “spot height”, “air photos”, “remote sensing”, “satellite images”, “scale”,
“large scale”, “small scale”, “topocadastral map”, “interpolation”, “spatial interpolation”
Tourism resources / Toerismehulpbronne: see “resource”, “resource management”,
“commodification”, “intervening opportunity”, “destination”, “carrying capacity”,
“sustainability”, “eco-lodges”, “environmental business”, “natural resources”, “cultural
resources”, “adventure tourism”, “alternative tourism”, “nature tourism”
Township / Semi- en informele stedelike buurte: see “local community”, “sense of place”,
“sense of belonging”, “favela”, “urbanisation”, “slum”, “migrant”, “refugee”, “services
provision”
Toxic waste / Toksiese afval: see “hazardous waste”, “incineration”, “environmental
legislation”
Trade / Handel (handeldryf): see “retail facilities”
Traffic congestion (traffic jams) / Verkeersdruk (vervoerprobleme, verkeersknope):
see “transport problems”, “urbanisation”, “traffic congestion”
Tragedy of the commons / Tragedie van hulpbronne in algemene besit: see
“environmental resources”, “valuation”, “ecological niche”, “exploitation”,
“environmental degradation”, “ecological footprint”, “ecological citizenship”,
“ecocentrism”, “anthropogenic”, “environmentalist”, “erosion”
Trans-boundary reserves / Oorgrensparke: see “ISO 14000”
Transport problems / Vervoerprobleme: see “transport problems”, “traffic congestion”,
“union action”, “striking”, “commuter traffic”
Triatomic oxygen / Tri-atomiese suurstof: see “ozone (O3)”, “international conventions”
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Triple bottom-line (triple sustainability) / Drieledige volhoubaarheid: see “strategic

environmental assessment (SEA)”, “sustainability”, “environmental sustainability”,
“economic sustainability”, “social sustainability”
True to direction / Rigtingsgetrou: see “map projection”, “distortion”
True to shape / Vormgetrou: see “map projection”, “distortion”
Turbidity / Troebelheid (turbidity): see “turbidity”, “pollution”, “hazardous chemicals”,
“potable”, “drinking water”, “water quality”
Ultra-violet rays / Ultravioletstrale: see “electromagnetic spectrum”, “wave-length”,
“electromagnetic spectrum”, “short wave radiation”
Under-nourished / Ondervoeding: see “malnutrition”, “food security”, “morbidity”, “political
instability”
UNESCO / UNESCO: see “conservation areas”, “international conventions”, “world heritage
site”, “United Nations Agencies”
Union action / Vakunie-aksie (vakbond-aksie): see “transport problems”, “commuter
transport”, “strike”, “commuter traffic”, “development”
Uniqueness principle / Uniekheidsbeginsel: see “extrapolation”, “interpolation”,
“generalisation”, “idiographic principle”, “spatial variability”, “spatio-temporal
variability”
United Nations Agencies / Agentskappe van die Verenigde Nasies: see “conservation
areas”, “world heritage site”, “UNESCO”, “United Nations Agencies”, “refugee”
United Nations Development Programme / Verenigde Nasies Ontwikkelingsprogram:
see “human development index (HDI)”, “United Nations Agencies”, “economic
development”, “development”
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) / Verenigde Nasies Hoë
Kommissie vir Vlugtelinge: see “refugee”, “host communities”, “United Nations
Agencies”
Uranium (U) / Uraan (U): see “nuclear energy”, “radio-active radiation”, “nuclear accidents”
Urban development / Stedelike ontwikkeling: see “urbanisation”, “urban growth”, “urban
structure”, “urban structural development models”, “industrial location”, “retail
facilities”
Urban ecology / Stedelike ekologie: see “urban ecology”, “ecology”, “feedback loop”,
“gentrification”, “urban decay”, “urban development”, “urban structural development
models”
Urbanisation / Verstedeliking: see “urbanisation”, “developed countries”, “developing
countries”, “countries in transition”, “urban growth”, “urban development”, “services”,
“infrastructure”, “push factors”, “pull factors”, “informal settlements”, “townships”,
“slums”, “shanty towns”, “squatter settlements”, “urban decay”, “refugee”, “host
community”
Urban rejuvenation / Stedelike verjonging (stedelike herlewing): see “gentrification”,
“urban structure”, “urban development”, “urban structural development models”
Urban revival / Stedelike herlewing: see “gentrification”, “urban structure”
Urban sprawl / Stedelike wildgroei: see “urbanisation”, “services provision”, “urban
structure development models”, “slum”, “retail facilities”, “urban structure”
Urban structural development models / Stedelike struktuur-ontwikkelingsmodelle:
see “urban development”, “urban growth”, “urban structure”, “urban sprawl”
Urban structure / Stedelike struktuur: see “central business district”, “urban
development”, “urban structural development models”
Utilitarianism / Utilitarisme (nuttigheidleer, nuttigheidsetiek): see “anthropocentrism”,
“ecocentrism”, “Deep Ecology”, “environmental ethics”
Utilities / Nuttighede (bruikbaarhede): see “services”, “ecocentrism”, “natural resources”,
“resource management”, “services provision”
Valuation / Waardebepaling (valuasie): see “economic evaluation”
Value / Waarde: see “economic valuation”, “cost”, “environmental damage”
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Variable / Veranderlike: see “attribute”, “attribute data”, “demarcation”, “spatial distribution”,

“geodiversity”, “biodiversity”, “generalisation”, “grouping”, “aggregation”, “idiographic
principle”
Variant creation / Variantteling of -kweking: see “genetically manipulated organism”,
“natural selection”, “evolution”
Verification / Verifiëring (verifikasie, hipotesetoesing): see “scientific hypothesis”
Visible spectrum / Sigbare spektrum: see “electromagnetic spectrum”
Visual representation techniques / Visuele voorstellingstegnieke: see “demographic
data”, “map (mapping)”, “demographic statistics”, “attribute”, “variability”
Vulnerability / Kwesbaarheid: see “vulnerability”
Waste disposal Afvalwegdoening (-hantering): see “hazardous waste”, “incineration”,
“environmental legislation”, “there is no away”, “nuclear fallout”
Waste management / Afvalbestuur: see “waste disposal”, “waste management”,
“hazardous waste”, “environmental management”, “incineration”, “there is no away”,
“physical laws”, “environmental legislation”
Waste reduction / Afvalvermindering: see “incineration”, “hazardous waste”,
“environmental legislation”, “recycling”
Waterlogging / Waterversadiging: see “aquifer”, “interstitial pores”, “mass wasting”,
“wetland”, “environmental destruction”, “environmental degradation”, “water
saturation”, “pollution”
Water saturation / Waterversadiging: see “mass movement”, “wetland”, “aquifer”
Watershed / Waterskeiding: see “watershed”, “drainage basin”, “contour map”,
“interpolation”, “overland flow”, “slope of the surface”
Water quality / Watergehalte: see “water quality”, “E. coli”, “water purification”, “potable”,
“drinking water”
Wave-length / Golflengte: see “remote sensing”, “global warming”, “greenhouse effect”,
“electromagnetic spectrum”, “long wave length”, “short wave length”, “insolation”,
“terrestrial radiation”
Weather / Weer: see “weather”, “climate”, “spatial variability”, “geodiversity”, “location”,
“global warming”, “biomes”, “ecosystem”, “place”
Weathering / Verwering: see “erosion”, “geodiversity”, “pollution”, “environmental change”,
“climate change”
Weathering debris / Verweringsreste (-puin): see “erosion”, “mass movement”, “slope of
the surface”, “soil creep”, “rock fall”, “landslides”
Wellbeing (human well-being) / Welstand: see “morbidity”, “human development
index(HDI)”, “development”, “per capita income”, “services”, “sense of place”, “sense
of belonging”
Wetland (wetlands) / Vleilande: see “wetlands”, “ecology”, “ecosystem”, “waterlogging”,
“hazardous waste”, “eutrophication”, “international conventions”, “Ramsar
Convention”, “environmental degradation”, “ecological degradation”, “climate
change”, “channelization”, “drainage basin”
Wetlands of international importance / Vleilande van internasionale belang: see
“wetland”, “Ramsar Convention”, “international conventions”, “international
environmental management initiatives”, “world heritage site”, “accreditation”
“When in doubt, do an EIA” / In geval van onsekerheid, doen „n OIB: see “screening”,
“integrated environmental management procedure”
Wind energy / Wind-energie: see “renewable energy”, “alternative resources”
Willingness to accept (WTA) / Bereidheid om te aanvaar: see “economic valuation”
Willingness to pay (WTP) / Bereidheid om te betaal: see “economic valuation”
Working for Water / “Working for Water”: see “wetlands”, “natural resources”, “resource
management”
Working for Wetlands / “Working for Wetlands”: see “wetlands”, “natural resources”,
“resource management”
World Bank (WB) / Wêreldbank: see “political instability”, “development”, “globalisation”,
“spatial interconnectivity”, “International Monetary Fund”
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World heritage site / Wêrelderfenisterrein: see “accreditation”, “destination”,

“environmental management”, “conservation areas”
Xenophobia / Xenofobie (vreemdelingevrees of –haat): see “host community”,
“migrant”, “refugee”, “political instability”, “squatter settlements”