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What
What is
is aa GSM
GSM Technology :: Archite
Its
Its Applications
Applications
Digital cellular technology like GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) is use
data as well as voice services. This concept was implemented at Bell Laboratories us
system in 1970. As the name suggests, it is the standardization group name that was
year1982 to make a general European mobile telephone standard. This technology ow
the market share of the digital cellular subscriber around the world. This technology w
using digital technology. At present, GSM technology supports above 1 billion mobile
the world in the above 210 countries. This technology provides voice and data service
to complex. This article discusses an overview of GSM technology.

What is GSM Technology?

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GSM is a mobile communication modem; it stands for global system for mobile com
The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is a widely used mo
system in the world. GSM is an open and digital cellular technology used for trans
and data services operate at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, and 1900MHz frequen

GSM technology was developed as a digital system using the time division multi
technique for communication purposes. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data,
through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own particular
system has the ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.

GSM Modem

There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as macro, micro, pico, and umb
varies as per the implementation domain. There are five different cell sizes in a G
micro, pico, and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to
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environment.

The time division multiple access (TDMA) technique relies on assigning different tim
on the same frequency. It can easily adapt to data transmission and voice communic
64kbps to 120Mbps of data rate.

GSM Technology Architecture

The main elements in the GSM architecture include the following.

The Architecture of GSM Technology

Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS)

Base-Station Subsystem (BSS)
The mobile station (MS)
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 Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

In GSM system architecture, it includes different elements, which are frequently known
system/network. Here, it is basically a data network including a variety of units to prov
control as well as interfacing of the entire mobile network system. The core network in
elements which are discussed below.

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

The Mobile Switching Centre or MSC is the key element in the core network region of
architecture. This mobile services switching center works like a standard switching no
otherwise PSTN, however, it also gives extra functionality to allow the mobile user nec
supported like authentication, registration, inter-MSC handovers call location & routing
phone subscriber.

And, it also provides an edge toward the public switched telephone network so that th
be connected from the network of the mobile to a phone to a landline. Interfaces to ot
switching center server are provided to allow mobile calls to be made to mobiles over

Home Location Register (HLR)

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This HLR database includes the information regarding the administrative like every su
previous identified location. Like this, the GSM network is capable to connect the calls
station for the mobile switch. Once an operator turns ON his/her phone, and then the
through the network so that it is probable to decide which base transceiver station is c
that incoming calls can be connected properly.

Even once the mobile is switched on, but not active then it again registers to make su
network is responsive to its most recent location. There is one HLR for each network, e
be dispersed across a variety of sub-centers for operational causes.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The VLR includes preferred information that is received from the HLR network to allow
services for the separate subscriber. The visitor location register can be executed like
however, it is usually realized like an essential element of the MSC, before an individua
is finished quicker & more convenient.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

The EIR (Equipment Identity Register) is the unit that makes a decision whether speci
may be permitted over the network. Every mobile gear includes a number identified lik
International Mobile Equipment Identity.
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So, this IMEI number is fixed within the mobile equipment & is verified through the net
registration. It mainly depends on the information that is held within the EIR, and the m
be assigned one of 3 conditions which allowed over the network, barred access, othe
case its problems.

Authentication Centre (AuC)

The AuC (authentication center) is a protected file that includes the secret key in the S
The AuC is mainly used for verification & for coding on the radio channel.

Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC)

The GMSC/ Gateway Mobile Switching Centre is the end to which a ME finishing call i
connected without any information about the MS’s place. The GMSC obtains the Mobi
Number (MSRN) from the MSISDN based on HLR & connecting the call toward the ex
The “MSC” division of the name GMSC is confusing as the gateway process does not
toward an MSC.

SMS Gateway (SMS-G)

The SMS gateway or SMS-G is used jointly to explain two SMS-Gateways in the GSM
gateways control messages which are directed in dissimilar ways.

The Short Message Service Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (SMS-GMSC) is used f
which are being transmitted to an ME. The Short Message Service Inter-Working Mobi
(SMS-IWMSC) is used for short messages created through a mobile network. The mai
GMSC is related to GMSC, but the SMS-IWMSC offers a permanent access end to the

These units were the major ones that are used in the network of GSM technology. The
located, however frequently the overall middle network was transmitted around the co
network was situated. In case of malfunction, it will give some flexibility.
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Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
It acts as an interface between the mobile station and the network subsystem. It cons
Transceiver Station which contains the radio transceivers and handles the protocols fo
with mobiles. It also consists of the Base Station Controller which controls the Base Tra
and acts as an interface between the mobile station and mobile switching center.

The network subsystem provides the basic network connection to the mobile stations.
the Network Subsystem is the Mobile Service Switching Centre which provides acces
networks like ISDN, PSTN, etc. It also consists of the Home Location Register and the
Register which provides the call routing and roaming capabilities of GSM.

It also contains the Equipment Identity Register which maintains an account of all the
wherein each mobile is identified by its own IMEI number. IMEI stands for Internationa
Identity.

The BSS or Base Station Subsystem section of the second generation GSM network a
basically connected with the mobiles over the network. This subsystem includes two e
discussed below.

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

The BTS (Base Transceiver Station) which is utilized within a GSM network includes th
their related antennas to transmit, receive & directly converse through the mobiles. Th
important element for every cell and it converses with the mobiles & the interface amo
identified like the Um interface with related protocols.

Base Station Controller (BSC)

The BSC (base station controller) is used to form the next phase reverse into the GSM
controller is used to control a collection of base transceiver stations & it is frequently c
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one of the transceiver stations within the group. This controller manages the resources
different items like handover in the collection of BTSs, assigns channels. It converses
Transceiver Stations over Abis interface.

The subsystem element in the base station of the GSM network uses the radio allowab
allow a number of operators to right to use the system concurrently. Every channel sup
operators by allowing a base station to include different channels; a huge number of o
accommodated through every base station.

These are located carefully through the provider of the network to allow whole area co
can be enclosed with a base station that is often being called a cell. Because it is not
the signals from overlapping into the nearby cells and channels which are used in sin
utilized in the next.

Mobile Station

It is the mobile phone which consists of the transceiver, the display, and the processo
by a SIM card operating over the network.

The MS (Mobile stations) or ME (mobile equipment) are most generally identified throu
mobile phones which are the part of a GSM mobile communications n/w that the oper
operates. At present, their dimension has reduced radically whereas the functionality
increased. And one more benefit is that the time among charges has drastically enlarg
different elements to the mobile phone, though the two essential elements are the hard

The hardware includes the major elements of the mobile phone like the case, display,
electronics utilized to produce the signal & process the data receiver to be broadcast
The mobile station includes a number called the IMEI. This can be set up on the mobi
manufacturing & it cannot be modified.
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It is accessed by the network during registration to check whether the equipment has
stolen.

The SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card includes the data which gives the user ide
network. And also, it includes different information like a number called the IMSI (Inter
Subscriber Identity). When this IMSI is used in the SIM card, the mobile user could sim
mobiles by moving the SIM from one mobile to another.

So mobile changing is easy without changing the same mobile number means that pe
frequently improve, thus making a further income stream for the providers of network &
enhance the total financial victory of GSM.

Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS)

The operation support subsystem (OSS) is a part of the complete GSM network archit
connected to the NSS & the BSC components. This OSS is mainly used to control the
BSS traffic load. It should be noted down that when the number of BS enhances throu
population scaling then some of the preservation tasks are moved to the base transce
the ownership cost of the system can be reduced.

The GSM network architecture of 2G mainly follows a logical technique of operation. T

as compared with present architectures of mobile phone network which utilize softwar
allow extremely supple operation. But the architecture of 2G GSM will demonstrate the
operational fundamental functions that are required & how they arranged together. Wh
is digital, then the network is a data network.

Features of GSM Module

The features of the GSM module include the following.

Improved spectrum efficiency

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 International roaming
Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN)
Support for new services.
SIM phonebook management
Fixed dialing number (FDN)
Real-time clock with alarm management
High-quality speech
Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
Short message service (SMS)

The security strategies standardized for the GSM system make it the most secure
standard currently accessible. Although the confidentiality of a call and secrecy of th
just ensured on the radio channel, this is a major step in achieving end-to-end securit

GSM Modem
A GSM modem is a device that can be either a mobile phone or a modem device
make a computer or any other processor communicate over a network. A GSM mo
card to be operated and operates over a network range subscribed by the network
connected to a computer through serial, USB, or Bluetooth connection.

A GSM modem can also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable
to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. GSM modem is usually p
mobile phone. The GSM modem has a wide range of applications in transaction term
management, security applications, weather stations, and GPRS mode remote data lo

Working of GSM Module

From the below circuit, a GSM modem duly interfaced to the MC through the level sh
SIM card mounted GSM modem upon receiving digit command by SMS from any ce
data to the MC through serial communication. While the program is executed, the GS
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the command ‘STOP’ to develop an output at the MC, the contact point of which are
ignition switch.

The command so sent by the user is based on an intimation received by him throug
‘ALERT’ a programmed message only if the input is driven low. The complete operati
a 16×2 LCD display.

33PF 19
→XTALI 20 40 P0.0/ADO 39
38
GND VCC P0.1/AD1

11.0592MHZ
37

CRYSTAL
18 P0.2/AD2 36
+5V XTAL2 P0.3/AD3
P0.4/AD4 35
4 33PF
P0.5/AD5
P0.6/AD6
34
33
RST P0.7/AD7 32
⾔

8051SERIESMC

1999입0008
21
RESET P2.0/A8
P2.1/A9 22
P2.2/A10 23
29 PSEN P2.3/A11 24
30 25
31 ALE P2.4/A12 26
10K EA P2.5/A13
27
P2.6/A14
P2.71A15 28
1UF 1UF
10
P1.0 P3.0/RXD 11
C1+ C1- +5V P1.1 P3.1/TXD
P1.2 P3.2/INTO
11
THIN THOUTO14 P1.3
12dRIOUT RIIN
13
P1.4
10 -T2IN
90ROUT TROUTD
R2IN
: P1.5
P1.6
P3.5/T1
P3.6/WR
P1.7 P3.7/RD 17
16 MAX232 VS+ 2
VS-
6 AT89C51

EDGEFXKITS
-1

C2+ C2-
1UF

6
DB9-CONNECTOR

+5V 1UF 2

3
8 8 GSMMODEM
lola

4
9
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CONN-D9F

GMS Modem Circuit

GSM Technology Applications

The applications of GSM technology include the following.

Intelligent GSM Technology for Automation and Security

These days, the GSM mobile terminal has become one of the items that are constan
our wallet/purse, keys or watch, the GSM mobile terminal provides us a commun
enables us to communicate with the world. The requirement for a person to be
anyone at any time is very appealing.
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This project, as the name says the project is based on GSM network technology for
from sender to receiver. SMS sending and receiving is used for ubiquitous access
allowing breach control at home. The system proposes two sub-systems. The
subsystem enables the user to control home appliances remotely and the security al
automatic security monitoring.

The system is capable enough to instruct users via SMS from a specific cell num
condition of the home appliance according to the user’s needs and requirements. Th
that of security alert which is achieved in a way that on the detection of intrusion
automatic generation of SMS thus alerting the user against security risk.

GSM technology will allow communication anywhere, anytime, and with anyo
architecture of GSM employing intelligent networking principles, and its ideology,
development of GSM is the first step towards a true personal communication s
standardization to ensure compatibility.

GSM Applications in Medical Services

Consider Two Situations like the following

A person is critically injured or has fallen ill and needs to be immediately taken c
person accompanying him has is a mobile phone.
A patient is discharged from the hospital and thinks of taking rest at his home, but
hospital for regular checkups. He may have a mobile phone and also some med
like health monitoring devices.

In both situations, the only way which can provide a solution is by using the mo
system. In other words, using communication technologies any situation like the ab
just by transmitting the patient details through the communication network and
processing them at the receiver section-either a the healthcare center or at the doctor
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The doctor simply monitors the patient details and gives back the instructions to t
case)so that he can at least take some precautions before finally reaching the hos
case monitors the test results of the patient and in case of any abnormalities, tak
further treatment.

This whole situation is the telemedicine services. The telemedicine system can be u
three ways.

Using Video conferencing, where patients sitting at one place can have direct
health care providers and accordingly carry on the curing process.
By using health monitoring sensors that keep updating about the health of the pati
guide the health care providers to carry on the treatment.
By transmitting the acquired medical data and transmit the acquired data f
processing.

For the above three ways, a wireless communication technique is used. Medical se
ways of getting access to stored resources. These can be medical databases o
devices that can help recover and monitor patient health. Different access opti
network, through medium-throughput media and narrowband through GSM.

The advantages of GSM technology in the telemedicine system include the following.

It is more cost-effective.
GSM receivers are widely available- mobile phones and GSM modems
It has a high data transfer speed.

Basic Telemedicine System

A basic telemedicine System consists of 4 modules:

The Patient Unit: It collects information from the patient, sends it as an analog sig
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 the digital signal, controls the data flow, and transmits the data. It basically consist
sensors like heartbeat sensor, blood pressure monitor, skin temperature monitor, sp
which outputs an electrical signal and sends these signals to the processor
Microcontroller or a PC) for further processing of the signals and then transmits t
wireless communication network.
Communication Network: It is used for data security and data transmission. The
used which uses mobile stations, base substations, and network systems. The mo
of the basic mobile access point or the mobile phone and links the mobile ph
network for communication.
Receiver Unit/Server Side: It is basically a healthcare system where a GSM mode
receives and decodes the signals and sends them to the presentation unit.
Presentation Unit: It is basically the processor that converts the data received
format and stores them so that the doctors can regularly monitor it and any feedba
can be sent via SMS from the GSM modem.

A Simple Telemedicine System

A Basic Telemedicine system can be shown in a simplified way. It consists of two un

unit and the receiver unit. The transmitter unit transmits the sensor input and the re
this input to carry on further processing.

Given below is an example of a simple telemedicine system to monitor the heart rat
accordingly process the data.

Telemedicine System Transmitter using GSM

Technology
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At the transmitter unit, the heartbeat sensor (which consists of a light-emitting source
is modulated as it passes through human blood) converts the obtained data from th
converts them to electrical pulses. The microcontroller receives these pulses and
calculate the heartbeat rate and sends this calculated data to the health care u
modem. The GSM modem is interfaced with the Microcontroller using a Max 232 IC.

Telemedicine System Receiver using GSM Technology

At the receiving unit, the GSM modem receives the data and feeds it to the
Microcontroller accordingly analyzes the received data with the data from the PC and
the LCD. The patient monitoring can be done based on the result displayed on the dis
staff so that the required treatment procedure can be started.

Practical Examples of GSM Technology in Medical

In practice, GSM technology is used in the following fields.

AT&T Vitality GlowCaps

These are pills bottles that simply gives a reminder to a patient to take his/her medicin
timer that is set for the patient’s pill-taking time and at that time sets the cap to illumina
buzzer and then calls the patient’s mobile phone using the GSM technology. A record
opening of the bottle.

Mobisante Mobius SP1 Ultrasound System

It consists of a mobile ultrasound probe plugged into a smartphone and transmits the
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ultrasound imaging to any remote place through GSM.

Dexcom Seven Plus Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) System

This is used for monitoring the blood glucose levels of the patients and transmitting th
consists of a sensor placed beneath the skin which continuously monitors the blood g
transmits them to the receiver( a cell phone) at frequent intervals.

Future Scope of GSM in Medical Services

In accordance with a recent survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers for the GSM Associa

body that represents nearly 800 of the world’s mobile operators in 219 countries, GSM
will become a part of the healthcare system by 2017, creating a global market of 23 b

Now among all these, GSM technology is the most widely used option owing to its imm
improved spectrum efficiency, and low cost of implementation.

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