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ESTIMATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM PEATLAND IN

INDONESIA: AN ANNUAL TIME SERIES ANALYSIS USING INCAS FRAMEWORK

Conference Paper · August 2016

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 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THEME 1 INVENTORY, BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION & FUNCTIONS 3

OF PEATLANDS

1.1 Peat Characteristics 4

1.2 Geochemistry, Hydrochemistry & Hydrology of Peatland 49

1.3 Peatland Remote Sensing, Aerial & Satellite Imagery 85

1.4 Peatland Conservation & Management 117

1.5 Peatland Biodiversity 154

1.6 Conservation of Peatland Forest & Wildlife 222

THEME 2 PEATLANDS & ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT 251

2.1 Peatland Carbon Balance, Stocks, Storage & Losses 252

2.2 GHG Emission from Natural & Managed Peatlands 281

2.3 Peat Forest­Wildfire­Impacts on Environment & Society 364

THEME 3 PEATLANDS AFTER-USE, RESTORATION & REHABILITATION 407

OF EX- PRODUCTION PEATLANDS

3.1 Restoration of Boreal, Temperate & Tropical Peatlands 408

3.2 Rewetting & Re­Vegetation Techniques ­

THEME 4 PEAT USE, PEATLANDS TECHNOLOGY & AGROTECHNOLOGY 424

4.1 Peat Use, Peatland Technology & Agro­Technology 425

1
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THEME 5 RESPONSIBLE UTILIZATION & MANAGEMENT OF PEATLANDS 439

5.1 Agriculture & Forest Plantations on Peatland 440

5.2 Peatland Forestry ­

5.3 Peatland Management: Legislations, Regulations & Policies ­

THEME 6 CULTURAL,EDUCATIONAL,MEDICINAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC 523

ASPECTS OF PEATLANDS, PEAT & SAPROPEL

6.1 Cultural & Socio­economic Aspects of Peatland 524

6.2 Peatland & Local People 539

THEME 7 SPECIAL SESSION 560

7.1 Soft Soil Engineering ­

7.2 Peat for Horticulture & Energy 561

7.3 Publically Managed Peatland Carbon Storage, Ecosystem Services, & ­

Management
7.4 Tropical Peatland Biodiversity & Conservation In Southeast Asia 586

7.5 Peatland Restoration: The Way Forward ­

7.6 Asia Flux ­

2
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

THEME 1
INVENTORY, BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION
& FUNCTIONS OF PEATLANDS

3
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

1.1: PEAT CHARACTERISTICS

A­107 Accumulation Rate of Tropical Peat Soils Under Different Types of Forest... 6
Faustina E. Sangok, Yuki Sugiura, Nagamitsu Maie, Lulie Melling, and
Akira Watanabe

A­100 Cellulose Oxygen Isotopes of Peat as a Tool of Paleoclimate 10

Reconstruction; Applications in Rishiri and Borneo Peats…………………..
Masanobu Yamamot, Osamu Seki, Takafumi Kikuchi, Ryoma Hayashi,
Abdullah Sulaiman, Hasrizal Shaari and Lulie Melling

A­166 Change of Physical and Chemical Properties of Peat after Fire in Drained 12
Tropical Peat Swamp Forest………………………………………………….
Y. Sulistiyanto, O.Umar and Jaya A. Lendraand R.Umbing

A­106 Characterization of Organic Carbon Compounds of Tropical Peat From 13

Various Land Management Types……………………………………………
Mari Könönen, Jyrki Jauhiainen, Raija Laiho, Peter Spetz, Kitso Kusin,
Suwido Limin and Harri Vasander

A­116 Diversity in the Physicochemical Properties of Tropical Peat In Sarawak, 17

Malaysia……………………………………………………………………...
Norika Kato, Nagamitsu Maie, Lulie Melling, Sonoko D. Bellingrath-
Kimura, Haruo Tanaka, Masahiro Maeda, Zulhilmy Abdullah Mohd and
Akira Watanabe

A­381 Gauging Differences between Blanket and Raised Bogs using Legacy Data.. 21
Stephen James Chapman

A­032 Long­Term Disturbance Dynamics and Resilience of Tropical Peat Swamp 24

Forests………………………………………………………………………
Lydia E.S. Cole , Shonil A. Bhagwat and Katherine J. Willis

A­244 Mineral Variation Across An Esturine Raised Bog In Wales……………….. 25

Fred M. Slater

A­026 Properties of Peat Humic Substances ……………………………………….. 26

Maris Klavins

A­426 Responses of Peat Carbon at Different Depths to Simulated Warming and 31

Oxidization…………………………………………………………………...
Liangfeng Liu and Huai Chen

A­211 Soil Physical Properties of Tropical Peatland at Three Different Types of 35

Land Use in Kubu Raya District of West Kalimantan, Indonesia……………
Mateus Aba, Urai Edi Suryadi and Sutarman Gafur

4
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

1.1: PEAT CHARACTERISTICS

A­232 Subsidence Rate of Drained Peat in Sumatra and Kalimantan Islands, 40

Indonesia……………………………………………………………………...
Maswar and F. Agus

A­433 Temporal Changes of Selected Physico­chemical Properties Of Tropical 41

Peat Under Managed Oil Palm Plantation……………………………………
Zulhilmy Abdullah, Nur Azima and Lulie Melling

A­283 The Role of Peat Layer on Nutrient and Metal Concentrations on Peatland 46
With a Substratum of Sulphidic Materials …………………………………..
Arifin Fahmi and Siti Nurzakiah

5
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

1.2: GEOCHEMISTRY, HYDROCHEMISTRY & HYDROLOGY

A­312 Comparison of Chemical Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Matter in 50

River Water Flowing through Peatlands in Sarawak, Malaysia and Eastern
Hokkaido, Japan……………………………………………………………….
Kiyoshi Tsutsuki, Emi Yoshida, Akira Watanabe, Nagamitsu Maie, and Lulie
Melling

A­382 Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) in Peat Water Suggests Limit to 54

Decomposition………………………………………………………………...
Muhammad Nuriman, Gunawan Djajakirana, Darmawan and Gusti Z.
Anshari

A­263 Dynamics and Distribution of Peat Water Macro Nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg 58
and S) in Oil Palm Plantation based on Season, Peat Thickness, Chanel
Distance and Plant Age………………………………………………………..
Heru Bagus Pulunggono, Syaiful Anwar, Budi Mulyanto, and Supiandi
Sabiham

A­399 Hydrological Changes of Fens Sites in the Course of Soil Development…….. 62

Uwe Schindler, Lothar Müller and Axel Behrendt

A­465 Hydrological Monitoring at Peat Swamp Forest, Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, 68
Johor, Malaysia for Forest Conservation……………………………………...
Siti Aisah Shamsuddin, Ibrahim Hasim, Mohd Muflif Mohd Rodzi and Hafizi
Mohd Jaafar

A­229 Hydrophobicity of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Fen Peatlands ……………. 73

Barbara Kalisz and Andrzej Łachacz

A­117 Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Dissolved Organic Matter 77

Composition in the Groundwater of Tropical Peat Under Oil Palm Plantation
Management…………………………………………………………………...
Nagamitsu Maie, Lulie Melling, Sonoko D. Bellingrath-Kimura, Kosuke
Ikeya, Eikichi Shima, Hajime Tanji, Zulhilmy Abdullah Mohd and Akira
Watanabe

A­290 The Export of Old DOC Fuels Efflux of Old Carbon Dioxide from Disturbed 81
Tropical Peat Drainage Systems in Malaysia………………………………….
Susan Waldron, Leena Vihermaa, Stephanie Evers, Mark Garnett, Jason
Newton and Rory Padfield

A­385 The Role of Local Water Conditions in Distribution of Raised Bogs in 82

Mountainous Areas: Case Study of the Polish Carpathian Mountains………..
Adam Lajczak

49
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

1.3: PEATLAND REMOTE SENSING, AERIAL & SATELLITE IMAGERY

A­392 Assessment of Tropical Peatland Map in West Kalimantan, Indonesia….. 86

Kazuyo Hirose, Tomomi Takeda, Gusti Anshari, Muhammad Nuriman,
Tesuo Tanimoto, Ronny Christianto, Shigeru Takahara, Hiroshi Kobayashi,
and Gun Gun Hidayat

A­159 GIS­Peatland Mapping Based on Discontinuous Data ­ The Example of 91

Northern Jutland (Denmark)………………………………………………….
Cosima Tegetmeyer, Alexandra Barthelmes, Mette Risager and Hans
Joosten

A­143 Global Peatland Database @ Greifswald Mire Centre ­ Integration, 92

Evaluation and Generation of Geospatial Data……………………………..
Alexandra Barthelmes, Cosima Tegetmeyer, Franziska Tanneberger, Reni
Barthelmes, Stephan Busse and Hans Joosten

A­318 Historical Development of Industrial Scale Oil Palm Over Peatland in Riau 97
and West Kalimantan Provinces, Indonesia…………………………………
Syaiful Anwar, Syed Aziz Ur Rehman, Untung Sudadi, Bandung Sahari and
Supiandi Sabiham

A­146 Identification of Tropical Peat Forest Vegetation Using Spectroradiometer 102

and Hyperspectral Imagery in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia…………….
Hendrik Segah, Freddy Wijaya, Laju Gandharum and Hiroshi Tani

A­413 Remote Sensing Imagery in Tropical Peatland Mapping: A Review……….. 107

Chloe Brown, Doreen Boyd, Sofie Sjögersten and Paul Aplin

A­444 Tropical Peatlands Characterization using Temporal PALSAR/PALSAR­2 112

Mosaic Data: A Case Study in Siak Regency, Riau, Indonesia…………….
Dandy Aditya Novresiandi and Ryota Nagasawa

85
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

1.4: PEATLAND CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT

A­272 25 Years of Tropical Peatland Research: A Review…………………….. 118

John O. Rieley

A­411 A Field Study of the Tripa Peat Swamps………………………………… 123

G. Usher, M.G. Nowak and I. Singleton

A­141 Location, Extent And Drainage Status Of Peatlands And Organic Soils In 128
East Africa…………………………………………………………………
Reni Barthelmes, Alexandra Barthelmes, René Dommain and Hans
Joosten

A­464 Forest Management in the Peat Swamp Forests of Sarawak……………… 133

Abdul Rani Jaili

A­436 Montane Peatlands Conservation: An Insight on Nutrient Characteristics 138

and Carbon Dating…….………………………………………………….
Jeyanny Vijayanathan, Wan Rasidah Wan Abdul Kadir, Ahmad Husni,
Mohd. Hanif and Suhaimi Wan Chik

A­195 Quantification and Valuation of Ecosystem Services to Optimize 141

Sustainable Re­Use for Low­Productive Drained Peatlands……………..
Anne Tolvanen and Miia Parviainen

A­224 Regional Approach to Peatland Conservation in Southeast Asia…………. 145

Faizal Parish, S.Y. Lew and Noor Azura Ahmad

A­285 Sustainable Wetlands Adaptation and Mitigation Program (SWAMP)….. 148

R.K. Kolka and D. Murdiyarso

A­064 Trophic Status of the Mires in Changbai Mountains, Northeast China)….. 149
Na Xu, Yanmin Dong, Hongyan Zhao, Shasha Liu, Hongkai Li, Ming
Wang, Yiwen Cao, Shengzhong Wang, Xianmin Meng

117
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

1.5: PEATLAND BIODIVERSITY

A­189 Assessing the Diversity of Viruses in Soils Obtained from Limestone 156
Caves…………………………………………………………………….
Hasina Mkwata, Lee Tung Tan and Peter Morin Nissom

A­346 Assessment of Microbial Diversity in an Undisturbed Tropical Peat­ 161

Draining River Using 16S rRNA Pyrosequencing, With a Particular
Focus on Methanotrophs and Methanogens ………………………….
N. Denis, D. Müller, T. Warneke, A. Mujahid, D. Tan and M. Müller

A­431 Biocontrol Assessment of Actinobacteria from Tropical Peatland against 162

Ganoderma Spp…………………………………………………………
Frazer Midot, Sharon Yu Ling Lau and Lulie Melling

A­437 Carabid Beetle and Ant Assemblages in the Western Balkans Peat Bog 168
Andreja Brigić, Jelena Bujan, Antun Alegro, Ivančica Ternjej and
Mladen Kerovec

A­430 Characterization of Nitrous Oxide Emitters from Tropical Peatlands of 173

Sarawak………………………………………………………………….
Sharon Yu Ling Lau, Frazer Midot, Yasuyuki Hashidoko and Lulie
Melling

A­323 Combined Assessment of Archaeal and Bacterial Communities in Soil 180

Samples from Hornsund, Spitsbergen using Illumina Mi­Seq…………..
Sia, Edwin, Denis, Nastassia, Mujahid, Aazani, Zhang, Jing, Alias, Siti
Aisyah, Ali, Siti Hafizah, Samah, Azizan Abu and Mueller, Moritz

A­302 Eukaryotic Biodiversity Under Oil Palm on Peat at Sarawak Determined 181
Using 454 Next Generation Sequencing……………………………….
Siti Ramlah Ahmad Ali, Mohd Noor Mat Isa, Mohd Shawal Thakib
Maidin, Sakinah Safari, Nur Aziemah Abu Ghani, Hassriana Sapri,
Sharifah Azura Syed Ibrahim and Norman Kamarudin

A­091 Fungi of Interest Isolated from Loagan Bunut National Park, Miri, 187
Sarawak………………………………………………………………………….
Jamilah Hassan, Elaine Remi, Chia Hwa Chuan and Noreha Mahidi

A­458 Microsatellite Marker Inferred Genetic Diversity of Ganoderma 192

Boninense in Tropical Peatland, Sarawak……………………………….
Wei Chee Wong, Hung Jiat Tung, Kah King Tan, Mei Lieng Lo and
Sharon Yu Ling Lau

A­300 Molecular Assessment of Culturable Bacteria in Sarawak’s Deep Peat 198

Forest Converted to Oil Palm Plantation…………………………………
Mohd Shawal Thakib Maidin , Sakinah Safari, Sharifah Azura Syed
Ibrahim, Shamsilawani Ahamed Bakeri and Siti Ramlah Ahmad Ali

154
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

1.5: PEATLAND BIODIVERSITY

A­299 Prokaryotic Diversity Study in Different Oil Palm Development Site 203
Using PCR­DGGE Assessment in Sarawak…………………………….
Mohd Shawal Thakib Maidin, Nur Aziemah Ab Ghani, Sakinah Safari,
Shamsilawani Ahmed Bakeri and Siti Ramlah Ahmad Ali

A­424 Soil Microbial Communities and Associated GHG emissions at Different 207
Land Use Types in Malaysian peatlands: An Implication on Climate
Change……………………………………………………………………
Selvakumar Dhandapani, Sofie Sjogersten, Stephanie Evers and Karl
Ritz

A­337 Study of Functional Microbes Population in Peat Soil Treated with Two 211
Pesticides…………………………………………………………………………
Syaiful Anwar, Maipa Dia Pati, Rahayu Widyastuti and Dadang

A­088 Study of Peat Soil Microbial Communities of Loagan Bunut National 217
Park……………………………………………………………………….
Barbara Ngikoh, Hii Mei Mei and Ng Lee Tze

155
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

1.6: CONSERVATION OF PEATLAND FOREST & WILDLIFE

A­214 Allometric Relations of the Trees in the Tropical Peat Swamp Forests of 223
Sarawak: Influence of Hollow Stems on Tree Biomass……………….
Yukako Monda, Yoshiyuki Kiyono, Lulie Melling, Christopher Damian
and Auldry Chaddy

A­340 Biodiversity and its Distribution, Kampar Peninsular, Riau Province 227
Indonesia………………………………………………………………….
Petrus Gunarso and Anthony Greer

A­186 Birds In Peat Swamp Forest of the Maludam National Park, Sarawak. 228
Bettycopa Amit, Andrew Alek Tuen, Khalid Haron and Mohd Haniff
Harun

A­439 Efforts to Conserve Gonystylus bancanus (Ramin) in the Peat Swamp 231
Forests of Gunung Mulu National Park…………………………………
Aurelia Dulce Chung, Mohizah Mohamad and Runi Sylvester Pungga

A­450 Ground­dwelling Mammals And Birds in a Peat Swamp Forest In 235

Sumatra and the Impact of Industrial Tree Plantation……………………
Hiromitsu Samejima, Motoko S. Fujita, Ahmad Muhammad, Jason Hon
and Gono Semiadi

A­343 MyCITES: A Database for Gonystyslus bancanus……………………… 236

Siti Yasmin Yaakub, Mohd Azahari Faidi, Abd Rahman Kassim and
Muhamad Afizzul bin Misman

A­035 Population Mapping of Gibbons in Kalimantan, Indonesia: Correlates of 241

Gibbon Density and Vegetation Across the Species Range……………
Susan M. Cheyne, Bernat Ripoll Capilla and Mark E. Harrison

A­042 Trees Composition of Ulu Sebuyau National Park, Sarawak……………. 245

Malcom Demies, Jacqualine Henry, Ling Chea Yiing, Sundai Silang and
Julaihi Abdullah

222
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

THEME 2
PEATLANDS & ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

251
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

2.1: PEATLAND CARBON BALANCE, STOCKS, STORAGE & LOSSES

A­070 A Preliminary Assessment of Carbon Storage and Productivity of Peat 253

Swamp Forest in Katingan, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia……………..
Meli Fitriani Saragi , Sigit Deni Sasmito and Daniel Murdiyarso

A­023 Age and Carbon Accumulation Rate in Selected Peatlands and Marsh of 256
Ancient Ice Caps Along a Mountain Range on the Eastern Tibetan
Plateau………………………………………………………………………
Dan Zhu, Huai Chen and Ning Wu

A­443 Collecting Original Data on Atmospheric Carbon Balance from a Forested 260
Landscape – Riau, Indonesia……………………………………………….
Chandrashekhar Deshmukh, Anthony Greer, John Bathgate

A­418 Effects of Experimental Climate Warming on C Sink Function in a 261

Temperate Peatland………………………………………………………..
F. Laggoun-Defarge, A. Buttler, F. Delarue, D. Epron, A.J. Francez, D.
Gilbert, V.E. J. Jassey, L. Grasset, C. Guimbaud, A. Huguet and E.A.D.
Mitchell

A­234 Estimation of Organic Carbon Flux from Two Streams in Tropical Peat 262
Swamp Forest of Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia……………………
Haiki Mart Yupi, Takashi Inoue, John Bathgate and Rosef Putra

A­397 Potential Carbon Stores in New Guinea Peatlands………………………. 267

Geoffrey Hope

A­209 Soil Carbon Dynamics as the Impact of Change in Tropical Peatland Uses 270
in West Kalimantan, Indonesia……………………………………………
Rossie Wiedya Nusantara, Sudarmadji, Tjut S. Djohan and Eko Haryono

A­282 Soil Carbon Stock and Peat Organic Properties in Fresh Water Swampland 276
Siti Nurzakiah, Nur Wakhid and Haris Syahbuddin

252
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

2.2: GHG EMISSION FROM NATURAL & MANAGED PEATLANDS

A­089 Biochar Amendment to Improve Soil Fertility and Reduce CO2 Emissions in 283
Tropical Peatsoil……………………………………………………………….
Eni Maftu’ah, Herman Subagio and Dedi Nursyamsi

A­052 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Cultivated Peat Soil Cropped with Bio­ 289
Energy Crops, A RECARE Project……………………………………………
Kerstin Berglund and Örjan Berglund

A­038 CO2 Emissions from Cultivated Peat Soil with Sand Addition, a CAOS 292
Project…………………………………………………………………………
Kerstin Berglund and Örjan Berglund

A­090 CO2 Emissions from Ground Surface of Oil Palm Plantation in Sarawak, 296
Malaysia………………………………………………………………………
Yosuke Okimoto, Takashi Hirano, Ryuichi Hirata , Lulie Melling, Yoshiyuki
Ishii, Frankie Kiew and Wong Guan Xhuan

A­218 CO2 Fluxes from Secondary Forest, Oil Palms, Aloe vera, and Shrub Peatland 300
on Drained Tropical Peat………………………………………………………
Randi Adi Candra, Evi Gusmayanti and Gusti Anshari

A­208 Effect of Acid Mine Drainage on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Peat Soils 305
in South Kalimantan ………………………………………………………….
Abdul Hadi and Bahtiar Rifai

A­086 Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Peatland in Indonesia: An 308

Annual Time Series Analysis using INCAS Framework……………………..
Haruni Krisnawati, Rinaldi Imanuddin, Wahyu Catur Adinugroho and Silver
Hutabarat

A­459 Field Challenges of Eddy Covariance Measurement in Tropical Peat Swamp 315
Ecosystems in Sarawak, Malaysia ­ The TPRL Experience….……………..
Edward Baran Aeries, Wong Guan Xhuan, Joseph Wenceslaus Waili, Lo Kim
San, Ryuichi Hirata and Lulie Melling

A­345 Measuring CO2 Flux over Oil Palm Agro­System: Spectral Analysis and 319
Correction Application…….……….…….……….….……….…….………….
Bram Hadiwijaya , Bayu Septiwibowo, and Jean-Pierre Caliman

A­400 Measuring Emissions of CO2 and CH4 from the Soil using the Li­Cor Li­ 324
8100A Together with the LGR UGGA…….……….…….……….…….……
Richard L. Garcia, Jason Hupp and Liukang Xu

A­110 Methane Emissions from Stem Surface of Melaleuca cajuputi Trees in a Peat 328
Swamp Area in Southern Thailand…….……….…….……….…….………
Mariko Norisada, Takashi Yamanoshita, Pisoot Vijarnsorn and Katsumi
Kojima

281
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

2.2: GHG EMISSION FROM NATURAL & MANAGED PEATLANDS

A­020 Partitioning Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Dissolved Organic Carbon 332
Leaching of a Tropical Peat Cultivated with Pineapple at Saratok,
Malaysia………………………………………………………………………..
Liza Nuriati, Lim Kim Choo and Osumanu Haruna Ahmed

A­188 Spatial Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Budget in a Dwarf Bamboo (Sasa) 337
Invaded Wetland Ecosystem in Central Hokkaido, Japan…….………………
Fumiaki Takakai, Akane Kagemoto, Osamu Nagata, Masayuki Takada and
Ryusuke Hatano

A­265 The Effect of Pesticides Application on Phenolic Acid Changes and CO2 And 342
CH4 Production of Peat Soil…….……….…….…….…….……….…………
Syaiful Anwar, Dadang and Fuzi Suciati

A­216 The Relation between Water Contents and CO2 Fluxes from Drained Tropical 348
Peats…….……….…….……….…….……….…….…….…….……….……..
Randi Adi Candra, Evi Gusmayanti and Gusti Anshari

A­039 Tropical Peat GHG Emissions from Oil Palm Plantation Microsites under 353
Compression….…….……….…….……….…….…….…….……….…….…
Samuel, Marshall K. and Evers, Stephanie

A­267 Utilization of Ameliorants and the Effect on GHG Emissions in Peatlands for 358
Corn…….……….…….……….…….……….…….……….…….……….…..
Eni Maftuah and Dedi Nursyamsi

282
 15TH INTERNATIONAL PEAT CONGRESS 2016

Abstract No: A­086

ESTIMATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM PEATLAND IN INDONESIA:

AN ANNUAL TIME SERIES ANALYSIS USING INCAS FRAMEWORK
Haruni Krisnawati1,2*, Rinaldi Imanuddin1,2, Wahyu Catur Adinugroho1,2 and Silver Hutabarat2
1
Research, Development and Innovation Agency – Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Indonesia
2
INCAS (Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System) Team, Indonesia

*Corresponding author: h.krisnawati@yahoo.co.id

SUMMARY

Forest and land use sectors have been considered as a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions. However, estimates of their total contribution have always been uncertain. The Indonesian National
Carbon Accounting System (INCAS) has been developed to better account for these net emissions, including GHG
emissions from peatland fire and biological oxidation. This paper reported the estimated annual GHG emissions
resulting from both biological oxidation and peat fires in Indonesia for the period 2001 to 2012 and its contribution
to the total net GHG emissions from forests and peatland in Indonesia during the analysis period. The GHG
emissions from Indonesia’s peatlands were estimated using a Tier 2 methodology, incorporating spatial and non­
spatial data inputs. Annual changes in the area of drained peatland were estimated using the Land Cover Change
Analysis outputs and land management information. Annual areas of peatland burnt and the frequency of fires were
estimated using MODIS hotspot data, corrected by Landsat and LiDAR burn scar data. Total annual GHG emissions
for 2001–2012 were estimated by multiplying the area affected by drainage and fires by activity specific emission
factors derived from the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Update, supplemented by peat fire data from studies in Indonesia.
Results indicated that significant annual variations in GHG emissions from peat fires occurred across Indonesia
throughout 2001–2012. High emissions from peat fires in 2002 and 2006 contributed significantly to the elevated
emissions from peatlands in those years. A greenhouse gas emission from the biological oxidation of peatlands was
the largest single source of emissions. This reflects the large areas of peatlands cleared and subsequently drained in
the years prior to the analysis period.

Keywords: INCAS, peatland, greenhouse gas emission, fire

INTRODUCTION

Forest and land use sectors, including peatlands, have been considered as a significant contributor to global
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This sector has been reported to be the most dominant source of GHG emissions
in Indonesia (Indonesia’s Second National Communication), contributing to more than 60% of the total GHG
emissions (State Ministry of Environment, 2010). This might be a function of Indonesia having one of the largest
areas of forests with huge amount of carbon, coupled with high rates of deforestation, forest degradation and large
areas of degraded peatlands.
The area of peatlands in Indonesia are estimated to be around 14.9 million ha (Ritung et al., 2011),
spreading across large islands of Sumatra (40%), Kalimantan (34%) and Papua (26%). This ecosystem has been
decreasing rapidly over the past few decades (Miettinen et al., 2012). The condition of this peatlands remains
degraded for a period of time before reverting to forest or being converted to plantations or cropland. Most of this
degraded peatland is drained, although the degree may not be the same as plantations or croplands at the same
landscape (Hooijer et al., 2014). Study by Hooijer et al. (2010) has shown that the degraded peatland and drainage
cause the GHG emissions with the emission rates vary depending on management conditions, including the depth of
peat water table. Over the last two decades, the peatland use change due to clearing or conversion to plantation or
cropland, and the drainage which leads to biological oxidation, has contributed to degradation and loss of this
ecosystem, which resulted in increased GHG emissions (Page et al., 2002). This condition becomes worse with the
incidence of fires on peatland.
There are an increasing number of studies that provide information on carbon loss estimates on peatland,
whether from biological oxidation or fire (e.g. Page et al., 2002; Hooijer et al., 2010; Konecny et al., 2016).
However, the estimates of resulted emissions and their contribution to the total GHG emissions have always been
uncertain. Understanding the source and size of historical emissions is critical to planning efficient and effective
emissions mitigation intervention, as well as assessing the potential impact of alternative land management options
on future emissions. The Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS) has been developed to better
account for these emissions. The system has been designed to help meet the future measurement, reporting and

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verification (MRV) requirements for the land­based sectors, including peatland.

The objective of this study was to estimate the annual GHG emissions from Indonesia’s peatlands resulting
from biological oxidation and peat fires for the period 2001 to 2012 based on the approach developed under INCAS
framework. The contribution of GHG emissions from peatland to the total net GHG emissions from forests and
peatland in Indonesia during the analysis period is also discussed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Analysis conducted here showing a national level account of annual GHG emissions from peatland in
Indonesia from the period 2001 to 2012. The emissions from peat biological oxidation and peat fires across
Indonesia’s peatlands were estimated using a Tier 2 methodology of the INCAS framework, incorporating spatial
and non­spatial data inputs (Figure 1). The spatial data were collated from existing sources available across
government agencies, e.g. land cover map (Ministry of Environment and Forestry), peat map (Ministry of
Agriculture), annual land cover change (LAPAN), with the exception of the burnt area map that was produced under
INCAS.

Figure 1: Overview of INCAS peat GHG emissions estimation approach

Annual areas of peatland burnt during the period 2001 to 2012 were estimated based on annual burnt area
estimates using MODIS hotspot data, corrected using Landsat and LiDAR burn scar data following the method of
Ballhorn et al. (2014). The annual corrected burned area estimates were then used to derive fire frequency and the
area extent of each fire frequency (1 to 10) for the period between 2000 and 2012. The procedures are described in
Krisnawati et al. (2015a) as follows: (i) First fires were assumed to occur in the year of forest clearing where
clearing and fire were observed on the same area; (ii) Second and third/subsequent fires were defined from the same
dataset by tracking the annual burnt area throughout the analysis period on non­forest land. It was assumed that fire
within forest that remained as forest would not have ignited peat soils.
Annual changes in the area of drained peatland were estimated using the Land Cover Change Analysis
outputs (LAPAN, 2014) and land management information. The annual area of natural forest cleared on peat land
during the period of analysis was determined based on the deforestation areas occurring on peat soil. Areas where
no change in the broad type of land management occurred during the period were assigned a constant area for all
years. These included areas of peatland deforested prior to 2000 and areas of secondary natural forest on peatland
that were assumed to be drained (Krisnawati et al., 2015a). The allocation area subject to peat biological oxidation
represents the cumulative peat land area affected by biological oxidation in each year which includes the area of
peat lands disturbed in the period when the disturbance event occurs plus the areas of peat land disturbed in the
previous years which continue to contribute to ongoing emissions.
Total annual GHG emissions were estimated by multiplying the area affected by drainage and fire by an
activity specific emission factor (EF). In addition, direct emissions from drained organic soils were also accounted
for to cover all relevant gases. Separate EFs were used for peat biological oxidation, direct N2O and CH4 emissions
from drained organic soils, and peat fires. EFs from peat biological oxidation, N2O and CH4 were derived from the

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2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventory on Wetlands (IPCC, 2014), for which
most of the figures were generated from studies in Indonesia. EFs from peat fires were adopted from the studies in
Indonesia reported by Page et al. (2014) which used the information on depth of burn for the first and subsequent
fires, peat bulk density and carbon content values, but adapted to meet international reporting requirements
following the approach described in Equation 2.8 IPCC (2014) (Table 1). These emission factors have been
considered to be more representative of normal fire conditions than the emission factors presented in the IPCC 2013
(Hooijer et al., 2014; Konecny et al., 2016).
Equation 2.8 (IPCC, 2014)

Annual CO2­C and Non­CO2 Emission from Organic Soil Fire

Lfire = A x MB x Cf x Gef x 10­3

Where :

Lfire = amount of CO2 or non­ CO2 emissions, e.g. CH4 from fire, tonnes

A = total area burnt annually, ha

MB = mass of fuel available for combustion, t ha­1

Cf = combustion factor, dimensionless

Gef = emission factor for each gas, g kg­1 dry matter burnt

Mass of fuel available for combustion = area (m2) * burn depth (m) * bulk density (t m–3)

Table 1: Input parameters and CO2­C, CO and CH4 emissions per ha for organic soil fire.
Third/subsequent
Peat fire EF calculation First fire Second fire
fires
Burn depth (cm) 18 11 4
Area (ha) 1 1 1
Bulk density (g cm­3) 0.121 0.121 0.121
Combustion factor 1 1 1
EF CO2­C (g kg­1) 464 464 464
EF CO (g kg­1) 210 210 210
EF CH4 (g kg­1) 21 21 21
Mass of fuel available for combustion (t dm ha­1) 217.8 133.1 48.4
CO emissions (t CO ha­1) 45.7 28.0 10.2
CH4 emissions (t CH4 ha­1) 4.6 2.8 1.0
CO2­C emissions (t C ha­1) 101.1 61.8 22.5
CO­C emissions (t C ha­1) 19.6 12.0 4.4
CH4­C emissions (t C ha­1) 3.4 2.1 0.8
Total C emissions (t C ha­1) 124.1 75.8 27.6
Source of CO2­C, CO and CH4 emission factors: Table 2.7 (IPCC, 2014)
Source of burn depth, bulk density and combustion factor: Page et al. (2014)

RESULTS

Figure 2 presents peat burn areas and fire frequency generated for the entire country, differentiated into
areas with single frequency of fire, and areas with repeated fires. The annual estimates of GHG emissions resulted
from peat fires in Indonesia for the period 2001 to 2012 is presented in Figure 3, which includes CO2 emissions and
non­CO2 emissions (CH4).

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Figure 2: Peat fires In Indonesia during the period 2001­2012

Annual GHG emissions from peat fires varied substantially during the period 2001 to 2012. Riau, Central
Kalimantan and South Sumatra are the three provinces in Indonesia with highest incidence of peat fires throughout
the analysis period (Figure 2).
200
Millions

180
160
Emissions (tCO2-eq)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Year

CO2 CH4

Figure 3: Annual estimates of GHG emissions from peat fires in Indonesia for the period 2001 to 2012

Figure 4 presents the annual estimates of GHG emissions from peat biological oxidation in Indonesia for
the period 2001 to 2012. This figure also includes direct N2O, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and CH4 emissions
from disturbed peatland.

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400

Millions
350

Emissions (tCO2-eq)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012
Year

C02 N2O CH4 DOC

Figure 4: Annual estimates of GHG emissions from peat biological oxidation in Indonesia for the period 2001 to 2012

DISCUSSION

Annual emissions from peatlands in Indonesia (estimated from peat biological oxidation and fires) were
395 Mt CO2­e on average during the analysis period (2001­2012), peaking in year 2006 with 502 Mt CO2­e.
Greenhouse gas emissions from disturbed peatland gradually increase from about 307 Mt CO2­e in 2001 to about
335 Mt CO2­e in 2012. The high peatland GHG emissions were resulted from the large areas of peatlands that were
cleared and subsequently drained in the years prior to the analysis period, hence making these areas highly
susceptible to oxidation. The drained peatland also creates fire­prone condition during the dry season which
increases high GHG emissions.
Annual GHG emissions from peat fires in Indonesia varied substantially during the period 2001 to 2012.
The highest occurrence of peat fires was found in 2002 and 2006 that account for 180 Mt CO2­e and 183 Mt CO2­e,
respectively; while the lowest occurrence was found in 2010 that accounts for 15 Mt CO2­e. High emissions from
peat fires in 2002 and 2006 contributed significantly to the elevated emissions from peatlands in those years. Riau,
Central Kalimantan and South Sumatra are three provinces in Indonesia with high incidence of peat fires throughout
the years, which contributed to more than 70% of the total GHG emissions from peat fires in Indonesia.
Greenhouse gas emissions from the biological oxidation of peatlands were generally the largest source of
emissions (Krisnawati et al., 2015b). This reflects the large areas of peatlands cleared and subsequently drained in
the years prior to the analysis period. The high peatland GHG emissions contributed to more than one third of the
total net GHG emissions from forests and peatland estimated in Indonesia during the analysis period.

CONCLUSION

Results of analysis presented in this paper showing a national level account of annual GHG emissions from
peatland in Indonesia from the period 2001 to 2012. This peatland GHG emissions estimation will be improved in
the future using a higher Tier method similar to the current forest component that has been applied under INCAS
framework. Additional analysis should be undertaken to improve the spatial accuracy of data about historical fire
areas and fire intensity. Similarly, data on management activities on peatland throughout Indonesia and their
impacts on peat carbon stocks need to be improved. These can be used to update input data and the estimates of
GHG emissions. The capability built into the INCAS framework allows for dynamic input of data, enabling GHG
emissions estimates generated with greater certainty.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This study was part of the Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS) within the Ministry of
Environment and Forestry, under phase one of the INCAS program. Support for the program was provided by
Australian Government through a partnership with the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) and
previoulsy through Indonesia–Australia Forest Carbon Partnership (IAFCP).

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