2303101 General Biology

Unit 5: Diversity of Life

Assoc. Prof. Chirasak Sutcharit, Ph.D.

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University

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Simplified Cladogram of Life
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Kingdoms and Domain of Life

Classification Systems Cladogram

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 Kingdom Monera
Bacteria Archaea
Cell type Prokaryotic Prokaryotic

Cell wall Peptidoglycan Polysaccharides or pure protein

Habitats Live ‘everywhere’ Live in extreme environments

(salt lakes, hot springs, swamps)
Example 1. Bacteria 1. Halophilic (salt lover)
2. Cyanobacteria (blue green 2. Thermophilic (high temp. lover)
algae) 3. Methanogens (methane
producer)
Some facts Most are decomposer; Biochemically, closely related to
Several species causes diseases eukaryotes;

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 Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryotica
• Complexity and diversity of
protist make them difficult to
classify.

Structural diversity
• Unicellular species
• With subcellular organelles
performing essential
biological functions such as
contractile vacuoles
• Multicellular species

Functional diversity
• Photoautotroph  producer & give O2
• Heterotroph
• Mixotroph

Ecological importance: planktons in ocean; pathogens 6

• Plant-like Protists
• Autotroph
• Photosynthetic
• Example: Diatom, Algae

Spirogyra
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• Fungus-like Protists
• Heterotroph
• Extra-cellular digestion
• Example: slime mold
• No cell wall
• Having flagellated cells
at some time in life cycle

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• Animal-like Protists
• Heterotroph
• Take food by ingestion (predator)
• Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium

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 Kingdom Fungi
• Multicellular eukaryotes (except yeasts)
• Body composed of hyphae; cell walls
chitin
• All are heterotrophs, with extra-cellular
digestion
• Excess food is stored as glycogen as in
animals

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• Each group of fungi are differentiated by life cycle
and type of structure they use to produce spores. 11
 Kingdom Plantae
• Multicellular eukaryotes

• Photosynthetic; store excess carbohydrates as

starch
• Cell walls  Cellulose
• Plants are thought to have evolved from freshwater
green algae.
• Plants are adapted to live on land.

Chara

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Adaptation to Land
• Waxy cuticle (to prevent water loss)
• Stomata (to allow gas exchange)
• Vascular system
• Embryo protection
• Development of seed
• Dominant diploid generation (2n)

Stomata

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 Phylogeny and Classification of Plants

flowers, double fertilization, endosperm, fruit

common ancestor

seeds Flowering plants

Seed
megaphylls
Gymnosperms

Vascular
vascular
tissue
Ferns and allies

Seedless
apical
growth microphylls

Lycophytes

embryo
protection Mosses

Nonvascular
Bryophytes
Hornworts
common
green Liverworts
algal
ancestor
Charophytes

550 500 450 400 350 300 250

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PRESENT
Million Years Ago (MYA)
2303101 General Biology
Unit 5: Diversity of Life

Assoc. Prof. Chirasak Sutcharit, Ph.D.

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University

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 Kingdom Animalia
• Most scientist agree that the animal
kingdom is monophyletic.
• Ancestor was most likely a colonial
flagellated protists that lived over
700 mya in Precambrian era.
• This protists are related to
choanoflagellates.
• Modern choanoflagellates are tiny,
stalked organisms inhabiting
shallow ponds, lakes, and marine
environments.
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• Hypothesis for origin of animals
from a flagellated protist
suggests a colony of identical
cells evolved into a hollow
sphere.
• Specialization to create two or
more layers of cells  tissues

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 Animal phylogeny
• First branch splits
Parazoa (no true
tissue) from the
Eumetazoa (with
true tissue)
• Parazoans: Porifera,
represent an early
branch of the
animal kingdom

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 Phylum Porifera
• Sponges represent lineage closest to the
colonial choanoflagellates.
• Suspension feeders; height 1- 200 cm
• Sessile, mostly marine; ~100 fresh water
species
• No tissue, nerves, and muscles
• Spicules: choanocyte, amoebocyte,
porocyte
• Water drawn through the pores ‘ostia’
into central cavity ‘spongocoel’, and
flows out through a larger opening
‘osculum’.
• Flagellated choanocytes, or collar cells,
line the spongocoel create a flow of
water through the sponge, and trap
food with their collars. 6
 Classification
• Calcarea: CaCO3 spicules;
all 3 types of sponge
structures

• Hexactinellida: deep sea

sp., 6-rayed siliceous spicule;
syconoid and leuconoid

• Demospongiae: 95% of all

sponge sp., siliceous or
spongin spicule; leconoid;
some are freshwater

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Hexactinellida Demospongiae

Euplectella aspergillum 8
Symmetry - Radiata
Eumetazoans are divided
into two groups:

Radiata with 2 germ

layers: Cnidaria and
Ctenophora
• Ectoderm: cover
surface or nervous
system
• Endoderm: digestive
tract

Bilateria: bilateral
symmetry
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 Phylum Cnidaria
• Cnidarians (hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone, coral) have
a relatively simple body.
• More than 9,000 species; mostly marine
• Radial symmetry; diploblastic
• Nematocyst and cnidocyte
• Gastrovascular cavity, extracellular digestion, nerve
net
• Sexual and asexual reproduction (budding)
• Sessile polyps: adhere to substratum by aboral, and
extend their tentacles, waiting for prey
• Floating medusa: flattened, mouth-down versions
of polyps, move passively or contacting their bell-
shaped bodies
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Classification: 3 major classes

Hydrozoa Scyphozoa Anthozoa

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Scyphozoa

Hydrozoa

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Anthozoa Scyphozoa

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Symmetry - Bilateria
• 3 germ layers
• 3rd layer lies between
endoderm and ectoderm
‘Mesoderm’ muscles
and organs other than
digestive tube
• Two different
developmental patterns:
• Protostomes
• Deuterostome

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 Lophotrochozoa
Generally possess a LOPHOPHORE [tentacle
bearing arm which contains within it an
extension of the coelomic cavity] or a
TROCHOPHORE larva [free-swimming oval or
pyramidal ciliated larva with a band of cilia
around the body].

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 Phylum Brachiopoda
• ~330 spp., mostly marine
• Length: 1 mm to 9 cm
• Attached by stalk, resemble
clams but shell halves dorsal &
ventral
• Coelomate, lophophore
• Suspension-feeders, U-shaped
digestive tract

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 Trochozoa
• Trochophore larva: free-swimming
larva with two bands of cilia around
the middle used for gathering food
and swimming
• Trochophore larva, found in annelids
and molluscs, link them in evolution.
• Include: Nemertea, Mollusca,
Sipuncula Platyhelminthes and
Annelida, etc.

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 Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Over 20,000 spp.; marine, freshwater and damp
terrestrial
• Body flat and thin; microscopic to 20 m
• Acoelomate, bilaterian, triploblastic
• Incomplete digestive tract
• Circulation and gas exchange by diffusion
• Free living or parasitism
• Reproductive organs nearly fill the body
• Flatworms have gastrovascular cavity with one
opening (tapeworms lack digestive system; absorb
nutrients through body surface)
• Turbellaria, Monogenia, Trematoda (trematode,
flukes), Cestoidea (tape worm)
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Class Turbellaria
• Planarians movement: cilia,
mucus film
• Pair of eyespots to detect light
• Asexual reproduction:
regeneration
• Sexual reproduction:
hermaphrodites, cross-
fertilization
• Free living; marine, freshwater,
terrestrial, predator, scavenger

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Class Trematoda
• Trematodes (fluke), 2
suckers, parasitize wide
range of hosts, have
complex life cycles with
sexual and asexual stages
• Require invertebrate
intermediate host for larvae
develop before infecting
the final vertebrate hosts
• Fluke Schistosoma infects
200 million people.

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Class Cestoidea
• Tapeworm, parasite of vertebrates,
with one or more intermediate host
• Suckers and hooks on the scolex, Taenia saginatus
(Beef Tape Worm)
anchor the worm in digestive tract
• Absorb food particles from hosts
• Long series of proglottids, sacs of
sex organs lie posterior to the
scolex

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 Phylum Annelida
• All annelids have ‘little rings’; marine, freshwater
and terrestrial
• More than 12,000 spp.; from 1 mm to 3 m
• Complete digestive tract with crop and gizzard
• Closed circulatory system
• Gas exchange by diffusion through skin
• Dioecious or monoecious
• A ring of nerves around the pharynx connects to a
subpharyngeal ganglion
• Cross-fertilizing, hermaphrodites with special organ
‘clitellum’ eggs stored in cocoon
• Asexual reproduction by fragmentation followed
by regeneration
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Classification
• Oligochaeta (earth
worm) Reduces head;
no parapodia, with
setae, scavenger
• Polychaeta (marine
segmented worm) Well
developed head, with
parapodia with setae,
tube dwelling or free
living, scavenger
• Hirudinea (leeches)
flatten shaped, setae
absent, with 2 suckers,
parasite or predator
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(Struck et al. 2011. Nature 471: 95–98)
Class Polycheata Class Oligochaeta
• “many setae”, parapodia
function in locomotion
• Each parapodium has several
chitinous setae
• Mostly marine, craw on
seafloors or in tubes that make
by mixing mucus with sand,
broken shells, brightly colored
• Carnivores, scavengers

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Class Hirudinea
• Majority of ‘leech’ live
in freshwater or
terrestrial
• Size: from 1-30 cm long
• Feed on other invert.,
some blood-sucking
• Leech secretes hirudin,
‘an anticoagulant’,
allowing them to suck
as much blood as it
can.

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 Phylum Mollusca
• More than 70,000 spp. Phylogeny of Mollusca
• CaCO3 shell or pearl (some
species)
• Complete digestive tract;
radula
• Open circulatory system
(exceptCephalopod)
• Gas exchange: gills, lungs or
mantle
• Monoecious or dioecious
• Larva: Trochophore larva /
Veliger larva
• Gastropoda (shell, snail, slug),
Bivalvia (clam, mussel),
Cephalopoda (octopus, squid)
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Class Gastropoda

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Class Bivalvia

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Class Cephalopoda

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Ecdysozoa
• Ecdysozoans: better
known as the "molting
clade" - the animal
phyla with a cuticle
which is molted (shed
their cuticle as they
grow)
• Included Arthropoda,
Nematoda, and some
other minor phyla

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 Phylum Nematoda
• Roundworms found in aquatic habitats, moist
tissues of plants and animal
• Over 25,000 spp.; from 1 mm to > 1 m long;
parasites or free-living
• Triploblastic, pseudocoelomate, complete
digestive tract
• Sex separated; internal fertilization
• Parasitize animals: pinworms and hookworms
parasitize humans; agricultural pests important
• Phasmida: common helminthes
parasite in human, with sensory
pouches (phasmids) and free living
• Aphasmida: lacking phasmids,
mostly free living
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Hookworms
• Ancylostoma duodenale
& Necator americanus
• Small nematodes
(1-1.5 cm)
• Mouth with hook
(Ancylostoma) or
mouth with plates
(Necator)

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 Phylum Arthropoda
• Largest diversity in the Kingdom Animalia
• Grow by molting (ecdysis) and estimated at 1018 individuals
• Well-developed sense organs, eyes, olfactory, antennae
• Molecular systematics supports evidence from fossil and
anatomy that arthropods diverged into four main lineages.

• Chelicerates, arthropod that

lack mandible
• Mandibulates, arthropod that
has mandible (myriapod,
(Rota-Stabelli , et al., Proc. R. Soc., B 2010) hexapod, crustacean) 33
 Evolution of Arthropods
Diversity and success of are largely due to:
• Segmentation: allows high Four Subphyla:-
degree of specialization of – Subphylum Trilobita
body regions. Groups of – Subphylum Cheliceriformes
segments are modified for • Class Merostamata
different functions. • Class Arachnida
• Exoskeleton: made up of – Subphylum Myriapoda
chitin; protects the animals • Class Chilopoda
and provides sites for • Class Diplopoda
muscle attachment. – Subphylum Crustacea
– Subphylum Hexapoda

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Class Merostamata Subphylum Trilobita
• Horseshoe crab, only 4 • Trilobites, the earliest arthropods,
species survive were common in shallow seas of
Paleozoic, but extinct in Permian
(250 mya).
• Body divided into 3 lobes; distinct
head, thorax, abdomen

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Class Arachnida
• Modern chelicerates:
scorpions, spiders, ticks,
mites
• 4 pairs of legs
• Respiration by gill, trachea
or book lung
• Excretion by malpighian
tubule
• No true metamorphosis
• Abdomen distinct from
cephalothorax

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Class Diplopoda
• Sub-cylindrical body, head
with short antennae
• Short leg, with two pairs of
legs to a somite
Class Chilopoda
• Dorsoventrally flat,
• Each somite with one pair of
leg
• 1 pair of long antennae
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Subphylum Crustacea
• Cephalothorax usually
with carapes; head with 2
pairs of antennae
• Contained about 10
Classes; Malacostraca,
largest diversity (30,000
species)
• Differ from insects, but
resemble millipedes and
centipedes, in having
legs on their abdomen
and thorax
• crabs, lobsters, shrimps,
mantis shrimp, isopod,
ostracods, copepods,
barnacles …..etc.

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Subphylum Hexapoda: Insecta
• Largest group of arthropods
by far ~1 million species
• Body with:
–Head: with a pair of
antennae and elaborate
mouthparts
–Thorax: 3 segments, each
with a pair of legs; wings
are attached
–Abdomen: up to 12
segments
• Thorax with 2 pairs of wings
(sometime one)
• Three pairs of jointed legs, a
pair of atennae, mouthparts
modified for different food
habits
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Symmetry - Bilateria
• Two different
developmental patterns:
• Protostomes
• Deuterostome

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 Phylum Echinodermata
• More than 13,000 spp. Classification
• Larva-bilateral; adult-radial
(not truly radial in anatomy -
2nd adaptation for sessile)
• Eucoelomate; deuterostomia
• Tube feet, water vascular
system (hydraulic canals for
locomotion, feeding, etc.)
• Calcareous endoskeleton
(Ossicle)
• Dioecious and external
fertilization
• Sessile, or slow-moving
(Janies, 2001. Can.J.Zool.
41 97)
Class Crinoidea
• Most primitive; fossilized 500 mya
• Attached to substratum by stalks
• 5 arms branching at base,
madreporite and pedicellaria
absent
• Crawl using flexible arms and
used for suspension-feeding
• Tube feet are tentacle-like

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Class Asteroidea
• With five arms or more,
radiated from central disk
• Tube feet with sucker
• Arm not sharply marked
off from central disc
• Ambulacral grooves open
• Power to regenerate or
even re-grow
Class Ophiuroidea
• Central disk distinct; long
flexible arms moved by
serpentine lashing
• Tube feet lack suckers
• Ambulacral grooves
closed with ossicles
• Mostly suspension-feeders,
some are scavenger or
predator
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Class Echinoidea Class Holothuroidea
• Sea urchins and sand • Sea cucumbers, lack spines,
dollars have no arms endoskeleton, arm, and with
• Body globular or disc- elongate shaped
shaped • 5 rows of tube feet
• Movement by tube feet or • Tube feet with sucker
pivoting their spines • Circumoral tentacles
• Mouth with jaw-like (modified tube feet)
structures • Suspension or deposit
feeding

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 Phylum Chordata
• Chordates vary widely in appearance, all share the
presence of four characters
– Notochord
– Dorsal hollow nerve cord
– Pharyngeal slits
– Muscular, postanal tail

(Philippe et al., 2011. Nature, 470: 255–259)

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Subphylum Urochordata
• Tunicates: sessile marine
animals adhere to rocks
• Colonial or solitary
• Animal encased of ‘tunic’ a
cellulose-like carbohydrate
• Suspension-feeders; food
trapped by mucous
• Pharyngeal slits remain in
adult
Subphylum Cephalochordata
• Lancelets: the 4
characteristics persist in adult
stage
• Buried in sand, suspension
feeder
• Respiration occurs on surface
• Swimming mechanism
resembles to fishes
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Subphylum Vertebrata

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Superclass Agnatha Class Chondrichthyes
(Jawless Fishes)
• Sharks & rays
• Well-developed jaws
Myxini (hagfish)
and paired fins
• Most primitive living
• Cartilaginous skeleton is
“vertebrates”; lack vertebrae
a derived characteristic
• Diverged 530 mya, Cambrian
• Predator and
suspension feeder
Cephalaspidomorphi (lamprey)
• Ectoparasite or suspension-
feeding
• Marine and freshwater

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 Class Osteichthyes
• Lateral line system: detects
changes in water pressure
• Operculum: covers gills
• Swim bladder: regulation
of buoyancy
• Skin covered with bony
scales
• Most familiar species is the
ray-finned fishes.
― Fins are supported by
long flexible rays.
― Fins may be modified for
maneuvering, defense,
and other functions.

Mahidolia mystacina (Valenciennes, 1837) 49

Lungfishes
• Some lungfishes can burrow
into the mud and aestivate
• Ancestor of amphibians and
all other tetrapods was
probably a lungfish from the
Devonian, a period when
these fishes were dominant
predators
Lobe-finned fishes
• Many lobe-fins were large,
bottom dwellers that may
have used their muscular fins
to “walk” along the bottom.
• Most Devonian coelocanths
were probably freshwater
with lungs, but others
entered the seas during their
evolution, including
Latimeria.
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Class Amphibia
• Direct descendants of fishes; first vertebrate to walk on
land
• Lungs: provide a more efficient respiration than gill
• “two lives”, metamorphosis
• Past 25 years, amphibians rapidly
decline: by pathogen and
environmental degradation • Anura: compact tailless
body; large head fused
to the trunk; rear limbs
specialized for jumping
• Urodela: slender body
long tail and limbs set out
at right angles to body
• Apoda: tropical group
with snakelike body; no
limbs; little or no tail;
internal fertilization51
 Class Reptilia
• Squamata: lizards & snakes; with
or with out leg
• Chelonia: without teeth; ancient
armored reptiles with shell of
bony plates to which vertebrae
and ribs are fused
• Crocodilia: advances reptiles
with 4 chambers heart; socket
teeth closely related to birds
• Dry skin covered body to
prevents water loss
• Leg arrangement to better
• Amniotic egg: support body weight
Chorion: allows O2 entry;
Amnion: fluid-filled cavity;
Yolk sac: provides food;
Allantois: excretes waste 52
Class Aves
• Evolved from small bipedal
dinosaurs about 150 mya;
about 8,600 sp. exist today
• Retains many reptilian
characteristics
• Distinguishing characters :
feathers (derived from
scales); flight skeleton • Oldest bird lived about 150 mya,
during late Jurassic.
• Archeopteryx has clawed forelimbs,
teeth, long tail.
• Most diverse in early Cretaceous

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Class Mammalia
• Large brains than other, capable of learning
• Endothermy: allows colonization of severe
environments. Made possible by efficient blood
circulation, and efficient breathing (diaphragm)
• Placenta: brings the
bloodstream of mother
and fetus into close
contact
• Teeth: specialized for
different feeding types,
and there diet
determined by its teeth

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• Monotremes: Eggs laying
mammals, reptile-like egg
contains yolk to nourish
embryo
• Marsupials: born very
early in development and
complete the embryonic
development within a
maternal pouch,
‘marsupium’
• Placentals: nourish
embryo throughout the
entire development and
placenta forms from both
fetal and maternal tissue
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