Theories of

Intelligences

Lecturer: Saira Farooq

Spearman’s Two Factor Theory

Developed in 1904 by an English Psychologist, Charles Spearman.

He proposed that intellectual abilities were comprised of two factor: one
general ability or common ability known as G Factor and the other a
group of specific abilities known as S Factor.
 Spearman’s Two Factor Theory

G S
CHARACTERISTICS OF G FACTOR: CHARACTERISTICS OF S FACTOR:

 It is universal inborn ability.  It is learned and acquired in the

 It is general mental energy. environment.
 It is constant.  It varies from activity to activity in the
 It is used in every activity of life. same individual.
 Individuals differ in the amount of “S”
ability.
Theory of Primary Mental Abilities by
Thurston
Thurston identified seven factors as the “Primary Mental Ability”
revealed by intelligence tests.

1. Verbal comprehension
2. Word Fluency
3. Numerical skills
4. Spatial visualization
5. Memory
6. Perceptual skills
7. Reasoning
 Hierarchical Model Of Intelligence
Arthur Jenson proposed a hierarchical model of intelligence. He said that abilities
operate (function) at two level.

Level I Level II

Associative Learning Cognitive Competence

Associative learning is when the output is Cognitive competence is higher order

similar to input. thinking skills.
 Guilford’s Model of Intellect
 In 1961, Guilford chooses to describe
intelligence as a cube to emphasize what
he seen as the three basic dimensions of
human capability.

 These are contents, operations and

products, which are comparable to the
cube’s height, width and depth.
 Guilford’s Model of Intellect

Operation Content Product

Cognition Figural Unit

Memory Auditory Classes

Evaluation Symbolic Relation

Divergent Semantic System

Convergent Behavioral Transformation

Implications
 Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Strenberg proposes that there are three main types of intelligence named
as analytical, creative and practical.

Analytic Intelligence Problem solving skill

Creative Intelligence Ability to deal with new situation

Practical Inelligence Ability to accomplish everyday task

 CATTELL’S INTELLEGENCE THEORY
Cattell an American psychologist (1971), theorized that there are two types of
intelligence.
Fluid intelligence
Fluid intelligence involves being
able to think and reason abstractly
and solve problems. This ability is
considered independent of learning,
experience, and education.
Fluid intelligence tends to decline
during late adulthood.
Crystallized intelligence
Crystallized intelligence is based upon
facts and rooted in experiences. As we
age and accumulate new knowledge and
understanding, crystallized intelligence
becomes stronger.
Crystallized intelligence involves
learning, knowledge, and skills that are
acquired over a lifetime.
CATTELL’S INTELLEGENCE THEORY
THANKS