INTRODUCTION

Among the large number of vegetables crops Bhindi or okra (Abelmoschus

esculentus (L.) Moench) is an important vegetable crop, owes its origin to
Ethiopia from where it prolifated into Arabia down the Nile Valley and was
introduced into Europe by Moor and further into Luisiana during the early l 700's
by the French colonista. India is also considered its native place as various
ancestral wild forms are met with here (Yawalkar, 1965). It belongs to the family
malvaceae. It is grown in an average of 0.39 million hectare with an average
production and productivity of 3.24 million tonnes and 9.9 tonnes per hectare
respectively (Anonymous, 2004). Okra grows successfully both in plains and
hills. It can be raised throughout the year in. one part or the other in our country.
Early spring and the autumn are the main cropping seasons in South India and in
the central and northern plains usually. summer and the rainy season crops are
raised. The crop is highly susceptible to frost and thrives during warm wet
climate. Being a very short duration crop, it is an important vegetable both for
kitchen gardens and commercial cultivation. Green and immature fruits are
consumed in various ways, processed into curries, stews and soups. Besides the
matured fruits and stems are used in paper industry and purifying cane juice for
gur making (Chauhan, 1972). Okra is said to be very useful in curing diabetes.
chronic dysentery and genito urinary disorder. Its ripe seed are roasted and used
as a substitute for coffee in Turkey (Mchata. 1959). Additional use of vegetables
in human diet may be rich nutritive value of foods as they are highly. nutritive. It
is good source of Vitamins A, B and C, protein and minerals. Singh et al. (1974)
analysed fruits and reported 6.60 to 10.40 per cent crude fibre. 84.60 to 90.50 per
cent edible portion, 14.40 to 18.60 percent protein and 8.20 to 9.16 per cent ash
of the total dry weight. Among minerals Ca ranged between 99 to 198. P 34.40 to
56.00 and Fe 0.80 to 2.40 mg per 100 g of edible portion. The Okra is an often-
cross-pollinated crop where natural cross pollination occurs to the extent of 8.7
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to 9.61 per cent (Purewal and Randhawa, 1947, Chaudhary and Anthoni, 1970).
The crop offers several features which have a great value to the breeders in
achieving quick genetic results. Among them, erect growing habit, short life-span,
large flowers and Monadelphous and epipetalous nature of stamens besides
adoptability to wide range of climatic conditions are quite useful. It produces a
large number of seeds per fruit which may be either crossed or salted and forms
the primary asset to the breeders for making improvement. In order to achieve the
above goal the breeder needs various genetic information’s with regard to
different selections parameters viz., genetic variability, heritability, genetic
advance, correlation and path coefficient analysis as well as the genetic
divergence and stability parameters to help the breeder in making effective
selection in a breeding programme. Genetic variability present in a population is
primary importance for any successful selection breeding programme. Greater the
variability in crop plants provides an opportunity for selecting desirable types.
Heritability which indicates the transmissibility of the character from parent to
offspring is a suitable measure for assessing the magnitude of genetic portion of
total variability and aid to make improvement in crop by selection for various
characters. However, heritability does not alone give true picture of genetic
improvement by selection. It is essential to study the extent of heritability along
with genetic advance. To give a better insight or the ancillary characters- for better
selection correlation and path coefficient analysis arc an important bio-metrical
tools which are being effectively used in different crops. leading to selection of
superior genotypes. Therefore, for a rational approach for the improvement of
yield, it is imperative to have information’s on the association between different
yield components and their relative contribution to yield. A knowledge of such
relationships is essential for the simultaneous improvement of yield and its
components. In this context the correlation studies assume special importance as
it revealed about the genetic associations of different characters with yield. But
correlation does not disclose the cause-and-effect relationship for different
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characters, It is therefore, partitioned into direct and indirect effects separately by
adopting the procedure of path coefficient analysis proposed by Wright (1921).
D2 - statistic provides a powerful tool for measuring the degree of divergence
among groups and also for selecting parents for hybridization in breeding cross
pollinated crops. Such a study is expected to be useful not only for the choice of
the parents for hybridization but also to serve as an index affecting selection. The
stability analysis gives an idea of the, buffering capacity of the population under
study. The low magnitude of genotype environmental interaction indicates
consistent performance of a population over variable environments. In other
words, the stability refers to the suitability of a variety for general cultivation over
a wide range of environments. Akotkar et al., (2010) stated that high values of
GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance (% of mean) observed for number of
fruiting nodes, number of ridges per fruit and plant height indicated that these
characters might be controlled by additive genes. Saifulla and Rabbani (2009)
stated GCV and the PCV were very close in most of the characters which
indicated less environmental influence on the expression of those characters.
Moreover, they observed the high heritability estimates along with considerable
genetic advance. Whereas, Magar and Madrap (2009) stated that phenotypic co-
efficient of variability was higher than the genotypic ones. The magnitudinal
difference between PCV and GCV estimate was maximum for node at which first
flower appear and number of fruits per plant suggesting influence of environment
on these traits. Co-efficient of variation is useful in the assessment of genetic
variability for the particular character. Heritability denotes the proportion of
phenotypic variation due to genotypes and thus help the breeders to select the
elite variety for a character. Genetic advance denotes the improvement in the
mean genotypic values of selected families over base population and thus helps
the breeder to select the progenies in the earlier generation itself (Singh and
Narayanan,1993). The relative magnitude of the correlation of different
characters with yield will be optimal for any successful selection programme.
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Path analysis separates the coefficient of correlation into indicators of direct and
indirect results, thereby offering an interpretation of each character's direct and
indirect contribution to yield. Therefore, the present investigation ''Studies on
Genetic Parameters in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench.)'' was
undertaken together the genetic information’s on the following aspects:

I. To determine the extent of variability among genotypes.

II. To estimate the heritability and genetic advance for the traits under
study.
III. To estimate the genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient among
yield and its components.
IV. To determine the components of genetic correlation into direct and
indirect effect.
V. To estimate genetic diversity among the genotypes.

Thus, the information’s gathered on genetic architecture of the attributes related

to fruit yield and productivity would be of great utility in planning an efficient
breeding programme for the improvement of okra in order to develop promising
genotypes.

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 REVIEW OF LITRATURE
The main goal of most of the plant breeding programme is to increase the
yielding ability of the crop plants, after thorough understanding of the magnitude
of genetic variability, divergence and character association.
Adequate information of genetics for various traits is essential in vegetable
improvement programme for attaining anticipated results. Through the success of
vegetable breeding depends upon the magnitude of variability existing in the
germplasm, improvement is possible on the basis of heritable variation.
It is necessary to understand the genetic architecture of various characters
of importance and inter relationship among them. The literature pertaining to
genetic variability (GV), phenotypic variance (PV)genotypic coefficient of
variation (GCV), phenotypic co efficient of variation (PCV), heritability (broad
sense), genetic advance (GA), inter relationship between fruit yield and its
component traits, direct and indirect effects of various traits towards fruit yield in
okra. The literature pertaining to the various aspects of the present study has been
reviewed under the following heads:
2.1 Genetic Variability
2.2 Heritability and genetic advance
2.3 Correlation Coefficient Analysis
2.4 Path Coefficient Analysis
2.5 Genetic Divergence

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2.1 Genetic Variability:
It is a known fact that genotypes within the species exhibit variation in
different metric traits and components of yield. The genetic variation can only be
useful for crop improvement with the help of partitioning variances. Plant
breeders are able to determine the relative importance of genetic and
environmental variances.
Hazra and Basu (2000) revealed that there was a wide range of variations
for plant height, leaves per plant, nodes per plant, days to first flower , fruit
weight, fruits per plant, seeds per fruit ,fruit yield per plant, moderate variations
for primary branches per plant and fruit length and lesser variations for node at
first flower and ridges per fruit . Primary branches per plant, which showed a
moderate range of variation, recorded the highest genotypic coefficient of
variation. However, plant height, leaves per plant, fruit weight, fruits per plant,
seeds per fruit, and fruit yield per plant recorded a moderate and days to first
flowers. Among the F1 hybrids, PK x Arka Abhay showed high seed yield per
plant , number of seeds per capsule, 100 seed weight and capsule weight (20.20g).
Gandhi et al. (2001) estimate that the characters like number of branches
per plant, dry fruit yield per plant and height at first fruit set showed high
genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation
(PCV). High magnitude differences between GCV and PCV were observed by
characters like number of branches per plant and seed yield per plant indicating
the role of environment in the expression of characters.
Dhankar and Dhankar (2002) reported that the fruit yield, number of
fruits per plant and plant height showed high to moderate heritability in both the
years. The genetic advance was found medium to low for all traits which indicates
that there is limited scope for improvement through selection procedures.
Hamed et al. (2003) recorded the highest number of days to first flower
and number of nodes of first flower. Gold coast had the highest number of pods
per main stem, plant height and yield per plant. MNH 1999 had the highest
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number of branches per plant, number of early pods per plant and total number
of pods per plant.
Verma et al. (2004) reported that the highly significant differences
between genotypes were recorded for all the characters. Higher fruit yield was
observed in JAE-12 followed by JAE-4 whereas, lowest fruit yield was noted in
JAE-15. Maximum range of mean value was observed for yield per plant and
minimum for branches per plant. High degree of variability was observed for
branches per plant and yield per plant. High estimate of heritability and genetic
advance were observed for seeds per fruit and plant height.
Singh and Singh (2006) noted that the considerable amount of genetic
variation was exhibited by number of branches per plant, fruit yield per plant,
tapering length, plant height and fruit length. The closer magnitude of genotypic
and phenotypic coefficients of variation indicated that a greater magnitude was
played by genotype rather than environment.
Jindal et al. (2009) study revealed that the mean squares for genotypes
were highly significant for all the characters indicating presence of genetic
variability among the genotypes.
Kumar and Salimath (2010) studied the phenotypic and genotypic
coefficients of variation, heritability and genetic advance in three double crosses
and four single crosses 𝐹𝐹2 population of okra. The analysis of variance highly
significant differences for the populations all showed for the characters. The
phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were moderate to high for all
the characters except days to first flowering, stem diameter (in double cross), fruit
length and 100 seed weight.
Nagreet al. (2011) reported that the highest genotypic coefficient of
variation as well as phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for leaf area
followed by number of nodes per plant, length of fruit, number of leaves per plant,
yield per plant, and internodal length.

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 Nwangburuka et al. (2012) reported high genotypic coefficient of
variability in traits such as plant height (26.2), fresh pod length (23.9), fresh pod
width (23.9), mature pod length (28.6), branching per plant (29.3) and pod weight
per plant (33.9).
Duggi et al. (2013) found high magnitude of heritability coupled with high
genetic advance for the characters viz., plant height, yield per plant, number of
fruits per plant, number of primary branches, fruit weight and fruit length
suggested the scope for improvement of these characters through selection. High
heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance for days to 50% flowering
and fruit girth revealed that direct selection has limited scope for further
improving these traits.
Yonas et al. (2014) revealed that analysis of variance showed significant
differences among the accessions for all quantitative characters. The phenotypic
and genotypic coefficients of variation also showed the presence of variability
among the accessions for the majority of the character. High heritability (96.76
and coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean were recorded for
internodes length and plant height, respectively.
Hallur (2015) evaluated four biparental and 𝐹𝐹2, 𝐹𝐹3 populations of okra
to ascertain genetic parameters of variability for growth and yield parameters.
PCV was higher than GCV for all the characters studied. Among the progenies,
less difference between GCV and PCV was observed for plant height, number of
branches, number of fruits, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, fruit yield per
plant and seed yield per plant suggesting the major contribution of genetic
variability towards the total variance, indicating ample scope for improvement
for all the indicating the predominance of additive gene components. Thus, there
is an ample scope for improving the character through direct selection.
Kerure et al. (2017) estimate genotypic coefficients of variation (GCV),
phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV), from data collected on fifty-two okra
genotypes. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the
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genotypes for different morphological characters. High GCV and PCV were
observed for yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit,
whereas moderate GCV and PCV were observed for average fruit weight.
Kumar et al. (2018) Genetic variability analysis on sixty-eight genotypes
of okra (pooled data analysis) revealed high magnitude of genetic variability for
the traits viz., pod yield and plant height under study. High magnitude of
genotypic coefficient of variation for number of pod yield and plant height
indicated high degree of genetic variability offering great scope for selection of
these characters.
Rambabu et al. (2019) estimated the genetic variability in 20 diverse okra
germplasm accessions. The variability parameters like mean, range of variation,
genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability in broad sense,
genetic advance and genetic advance as percentage of mean were estimated for
18 different characters. The values of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV)
were higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the characters
indicating the influence of environmental factors.
Ranga AD, et al. (2021) Variability parameters indicated high GCV and
PCV values for the number of fruits per plant, yield per plant and 100 seed weight
and the narrow differences between GCV and PCV determine that traits under
study had negligible environmental influence. The first four principal
components (PC1 to PC4) gave eigenvalues > 1 and cumulatively expressed
84.28 per cent of the total variation. Cluster analysis suggested that the
hybridization of cluster I with cluster II will be favourable for developing
varieties under multiple environmental conditions in India. Therefore, these
quantitative traits in these clusters can be selected to enhance yield potential as
they will be beneficial in developing promising varieties under diverse climatic
conditions throughout India.
Shwetha A, et al. (2022). The experiment was laid out in randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with two replications during late-rabi season
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2019. The analysis of variance revealed that genotypes differed significantly
(p=0.05) for all the parameters studied. High values of genotypic coefficient of
variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), and high
estimates of heritability coupled with greater genetic advance were recorded for
the traits like number of leaves per plant at 60 and 90 DAS, number of branches
per plant at 60 and 90 DAS, pod diameter, average pod weight, total yield per
plant, total yield per plot and total yield per hectare, indicating the existence of
wider genetic variability for these traits in the germplasm under study.
2.2. Heritability and genetic advance
The concept of heritability is important to determine whether phenotypic
differences among various individuals are due to genetic changes or due to the
effects of environmental factors. Heritability indicates the possibility and extent
of improvement which can be brought through selection. It is useful measure for
considering the ratio of genetic variance to the total variance and is generally
represented in percentage.
Broad sense heritability is an excellent index for studying the
transmissibility of traits. Genetic advance or genetic gain is still a more useful
estimate. It is an improvement in genotypic value of the new population over base
population. The genetic gain depends upon.
2.2.1 The amount of the differences among different individual in the base
population.
2.2.2 The magnitude of the masking effect of environment and interaction
component of genetic diversity.
2.2.3 The intensity of selection (Comstock and Robinson, 1952).
The genetic gain is the product of heritability and selection differential
expressed in term of phenotypic standard deviation of the characters. Heritability
and genetic advance both are the component of direct selection. It is necessary to
utilize heritability estimate in the conjunction with selection differential, which

10
would indicate the expected genetic gain. The available literatures on genetic
advance and heritability in okra have been reviewed as under.
Dhall et al. (2001) reported high heritability and genetic advance for fruit
length, plant height, number of fruits per plant and virus incidence in okra.
Verma et al. (2004) observed high heritability and genetic advance for
seeds per fruit and plant height.
Singh and Singh (2006) reported high heritability and genetic advance for
first fruiting node, number of branches per plant, tapering length and fruit yield
per plant were under additive gene effects.
Naidu et al. (2007) recorded high heritability and genetic advance for
number of nodes to first flower, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per
fruit and fruit yield per plant. These characters were governed by additive gene
action.
Sengupta and Verma (2009) estimated high heritability coupled with high
genetic advance for yield per plant, days to first picking, days to 50 per cent
flowering, fruits per plant and flowering nodes per plant, which indicated the
involvement of additive gene action for these traits.
Chaukhande et al. (2011) revealed that character viz., plant height
exhibited high heritability (broad sense) percentage. Highest genetic advance was
recorded for yellow vein mosaic virus while lowest for fruit diameter.
Shaikh et al. (2013) studied the heritability and genetic advance as per cent
of mean among the twenty-five genotypes of okra. A significant difference among
genotypes were observed for all the characters under study. Plant height (cm),
number of seeds per fruit, and number of fruits per plant recorded high heritability
coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean which indicates that
selection could be effective for improvement in these characters.
Patel et al. (2014) studied the heritability and genetic advance in thirty
genotypes of okra. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance in per cent
of mean for traits like fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per plot suggesting the
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preponderance of additive genes. It also indicated higher response for selection
of high yielding genotypes as these characters are governed by additive gene
actions.
Mishra et al. (2015) evaluated thirty-three genotypes including four
national check varieties of okra with the objective of improving yield through
selection. The presence of moderate to high heritability coupled with moderate
genetic advance for fruit weight, days to 50% flowering, fruits per plant as well
as fruit yield per plant indicated their possibility of improvement with simple
selection procedure in okra.
Kerure et al. (2017) noted high heritability coupled with high GAM for
almost all the characters, except days to 50% flowering and days to 80 % maturity
which shows low heritability with low GAM. The yield per plant, plant height
and number of seeds per fruit showed high genetic advance and will be helpful
that helped in effective and reliable selection through these characters for crop
improvement.
Melaku AB, et al. (2020) The field experiment was conducted at Dire
Dawa in 2016 using 25 okra genotypes (14 were indigenous collections and 11
exotic varieties) in 5x5 triple lattice design. Data were collected on 9 and 29
qualitative and quantitative traits, respectively. The phenotypic and genetic
coefficients of variations ranged from 7 to 35.27 and 5.69 to 33.31%, respectively.
Heritability in broad sense ranged from 36.4% (days to maturity) to 99.3% (leaf
width) while the genetic advance as percent of mean ranged from 7.7 (days to
emergence) to 65.15% (tender fruits mucilage content), respectively.
Nanditha, et al. (2023) to study the variability, heritability and genetic
advance for different morphological and agronomic traits. Analysis of variance
revealed significant variability among the genotypes of okra for all character’s
studied. Genetic variability revealed that a lot of variation among the genotypes.
In general, the lowest difference in phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of

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variation indicated lowest environmental influence in controlling the expression
of the traits.
2.3 Correlation Coefficient Analysis
The study of correlation coefficient between various economic traits of
crop plant is very important to display the degree of union between characters. In
plant breeding programme, these studies have important.
Hazare and Basu (2000) reported that fruit yield per plant was
significantly and positively associated with plant height, whereas days to first
flowering showed negative association with number of fruits per plant.
Gandhi et al. (2002) noted that the dry fruit yield was highly and
significantly dependent on the number of nodes per plant, inter nodal length,
number of fruits per plant and yield per plant.
Nimbalkar et al. (2002) observed that the dry fruit yield exhibited positive
and significant correlation with number of days to maturity, plant height, seed
yield per plant and number of fruits per plant, Seed yield recording the highest
correlation (r=0.667) with dry fruit yield. Regression studies showed that seed
yield per plant contributed 62.8% genetic variability to the total 71.1% variability
of the cultivars examined.
Bendale et al. (2003) reported that the pod length, pod weight, plant height,
nodes per plant and number of pods per plant were positively correlated with the
yield.
Patro and Ravishankar (2004) observed that fruit yield per plant have
significant and positive correlation with number of branches per plant, fruit length
and fruit weight. Significant negative correlation of fruit yield per plant was
recorded with plant height and number of days taken to first pod setting.
Bhalekar et al. (2005) found that fruit length, internodal length, number of
fruits per plant and number of branches per plant had positive and strong
correlation with fruit yield.

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 Choudhary (2006) reported that the yield per plant showed positively
significant association with number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, length of fruit,
number of seeds per fruit, plant height, fruiting span, fruit girth and number of
branches per plant.
Verma et al., (2007) reported that yield per plant exhibited positive and
significant correlation with fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit length, and fruit
girth. Negative correlation was found in 100 seed weight, days to 50%flowering
and days to first flowering with yield per plant.
Ali et al. (2008) reported that the correlation coefficients were estimated
among parents, 𝐹1 hybrids and 𝐹2 population separately at genotypic and
phenotypic correlation coefficients. The correlation coefficients were consistently
significant and positive in all the three population between fruit yield per plant
and number of fruits per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. The
consistency was also observed in 𝐹𝐹1 and𝐹𝐹2 generations between fruit yield per
plant and plant height at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Fruit yield per
plant showed significant and positive correlation between length of fruit and
width of fruit at genotypic level in both 𝐹𝐹1 and 𝐹𝐹2generations.
Nagre et al. (2011) noted positively and significantly with number of nodes
per plant, number of fruits per plant, length of fruit, weight of fruit, leaf area,
chlorophyll content of leaves plant height and number of primary branches per
plant with yield/plant. The characters like number of leaves per plant, number of
lobes per leaf, inter nodal length, node at which first fruit appears and ascorbic
acid content of fruits exhibited positive, however non-significant correlation with
yield per plant. The characters diameter of fruit was negatively and significantly
correlated with yield per plant. Number of ridges per fruit also showed negative
but non-significant correlation with yield per plant.
Yonas et al. (2014) found that correlation study between various
quantitative characters highlighted significant association among characters.
Fruit yield was positive and highly significant genotypic correlation with fruit
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length (r=0.74), average fruit weight (r=0.62), fruit diameter (r=0.61), seed per
pod (r=0.56), hundred seed weight (r=0.68) and number of pods per plant
(r=0.66).
Ahamed et al. (2015) revealed that the highest range of variation was
recorded in average fruit weight, followed by yield per plant. The highest GCV
and PCV were recorded for fruit yield per plant while both were lowest for days
to maturity.
Khajuria et al., (2016) reported in sixty selected genotypes of okra
estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were higher than
genotypic coefficient of variation for all the characters. The results show variation
in all genotypes and characters. The seed yield per plant and number of fruits per
plant showed high genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability & genetic
advance which indicates that selection of these characters will show a positive
response in improvement.
Thulasiram et al. (2017) worked out the correlation on thirty genotypes of
okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). The genotypic and phenotypic correlation
indicated that yield per plant was significantly associated with plant height,
number of leaves per plant, number of lobes per leaves, number of primary
branches per plant, number of nodes per plant and number of fruits per plant.
Syfullah et al. (2018) observed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient
of variation for primary branches and fruit yield per plant. High heritability
coupled with high genetic advance in percent of mean in number of plant height,
no. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per plant, seed per fruit and primary branches
suggested that these characters would be considered for varietal selection. The
correlation studies revealed that fruit yield per plant showed significant positive
correlation with no. of average fruit weight, number of fruits per, plant height and
significantly negative correlation with seed per fruit at genotypic and phenotypic
level which can be considered for selection of a good variety.

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 Raval et al. (2019) studied correlation coefficient and path analysis using
parents (female VRO - 6 and male AOL - 09 - 02), their F1 and F2 generations.
Observations were recorded on thirteen yield and its contributing characters.
Among them, fruit yield/plant exhibited positive and highly significant
correlation with number of fruits/plants, plant height at final harvest, fruit
weight, number of branches/plants, fruit girth, number of seeds/fruits, internodal
length, and 100 seed weight.
B., V., and Lal, G. M. (2023). Thirteen characteristics were observed and
recorded, which includes: days to first flowering, days to 50% flowering, length
of mature fruit (cm), diameter of fruit (cm), average fruit weight (gm),
internodal length (cm), number of nodes on the main stem, number of primary
branches, plant height (cm), number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per
fruit, seed index (gm), and fruit yield per plant (gm). Azad Bhindi-1 exhibited
the highest mean performance in terms of fruit yield per plant among all the
genotypes. The PCV values were consistently higher than the corresponding
GCV values for all traits, indicating the influence of environmental factors on
trait expression. Fruit yield per plant and number of primary branches displayed
the highest GCV and PCV values. The number of primary branches exhibited
both high heritability and genetic advance. The correlation analysis revealed a
positive and significant association between number of fruits per plant and fruit
yield per plant at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels. The traits with the
highest positive direct effects on fruit yield per plant were obsereved for
average fruit weight and plant height, as determined through genotypic and
phenotypic path analysis.

2.4 Path Analysis

The technique of path coefficient was originally developed by Wright
(1921). He defined the path coefficient technique as the ratio of the standard

16
deviation of the effect to the total standard deviation where all causes are constant,
except that one in question. Dewey and Lu (1959) employed the path coefficient
in crested wheat grass to establish the relative importance of seed size, fertility
and plant size as the determinants of seed yield.
Dhall et al. (2000) reported that path coefficient analyses in 48 advanced
generation lines of okra were conducted. Significant differences among
genotypes were observed for all the characters evaluated, except for virus
incidence. Path analysis revealed that the marketable yield per plant, number of
fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit length and plant height had the highest direct
effect on the total yield, indicating that emphasis should be given on such
characters to improve the yield potential.
Sarkar et al. (2004) investigated that path coefficient analysis with
partitioning of phenotypic correlation revealed that number of fruits per plant and
fruit weight had positive and high direct effect on fruit yield, indicating their
importance as reliable selection criteria for improvement of yield in okra.
Mehta et al. (2006) revealed that fruit girth had the maximum direct effect
followed by fruit length towards fruit yield. Thus, the fruit yield in okra can be
improved by selecting for higher fruit length, fruit girth and average fruit weight
simultaneously.
Magar and Mendrep (2009) reported that 41 genotypes of okra path co-
efficient study revealed that number of fruits per plant had the maximum direct
contribution towards total yield followed by fruit weight, plant height and days
to first flowering. These important traits may be viewed in selection programme
for the further improvement of okra.
Ramanjinappa et al. (2011) revealed that in path coefficient analysis,
number of fruits per plant had highest direct influence towards fruit yield per plant
followed by number of seed per fruit, harvest index and number of nodes per
plant.

17
 Sibsankar et al. (2012) reported in path coefficient analyses, that the top
priority should be given to selection based on numbers of fruit per plant and fruit
weight for yield improvement and could be considered while formulating
selection indices in the improvement of okra.
Gangashetti et al. (2013) reported that path analysis depicted high effect
on number fruit per plant, fruit weight, plant height, and number of branches per
plant with fruit yield per plant. To release importance of fruit yield, direct
selection can be practiced for the characters.
Yonas et al. (2014) reported that path coefficient analysis at genotypic level
revealed that internodes number had high positive direct effect on fruit yield (p =
6.90) followed by average fruit weight (p = 6.89) which had positive genotypic
correlation with yield. The present study indicated a considerable amount of
variability for majority of quantitative characters in okra for exploration.
Ahamed et al. (2015) revealed that significantly positive correlation was
between 100-seed weight and yield per plant (r = 0.44), 100-seed weight and leaf
length (r = 0.42), 100 seed weight and leaf diameter (0.38), number of leaves per
plant and 100 seed weight (r = 0.28), 100-seed weight and plant height (r = 0.40),
100 seed weight and fruit length (r = 0.28). Significantly positive correlations
were also observed for plant height and number of fruits per plant, number of
leaves per plant and yield per plant. The path coefficient analysis was done to
determine direct and indirect effects of traits on fruit yield. Direct significant
positive and negative effect of number of fruits per plant (0.09), 100 seed weight
(0.17), number of seeds per plant (-0.21), average fruit yield (-0.31) towards
yield.
Kerure et al. (2017) estimated path coefficient analysis from data collected
on fifty-two okra genotypes. The number of fruits per plant has maximum direct
effect on fruit yield per plant followed by average fruit weight. Number of
branches per plant, plant height and first fruit producing node contributed to fruit
yield per plant indirectly via stem girth, average fruit weight, and number of fruits
18
per plant. Hence, number of fruits and average fruit weight are identified as key
traits for developing high fruit yielding genotypes of okra for future breeding
programme.
Thulasiram et al. (2017) worked out the path coefficient analysis on thirty
genotypes of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Based on positive direct effects of
different yield components on yield, it would be rewarding to give emphases on
the number of primary branches per plant, number of nodes per plant, number of
leaves per plant, leaf area, diameter of fruit and node at which fruit appears,
number of lobes per leaves, plant height, inter-nodal length, number of fruits per
plant and weight of fruit, however for positive indirect effect number of nodes
per plant, plant height, node at which first fruit appears, length of fruit, weight of
fruit, number of fruits per plant, chlorophyll content of leaves and incidence of
YVMV while formulating selection indices for improvement of yield in okra.
Syfullah et al. (2018) revealed that path analysis for days to 50%
flowering, plant height, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight had direct
positive effect on pod yield per plant, indicating these traits are the main
contributors to fruit yield per plant. The divergence value for cluster analysis
showed the highest inter-cluster distance between clusters I and V which indicates
that these genotypes may provide high heterosis in hybridization and expected to
show wide variability in genetic architecture. The selection of high yielding
genotypes should give emphasis to the days to flowering (earliness), number of
fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant and less seeds per fruit.
Raval et al. (2019) Observations were recorded on thirteen yield and
its contributing characters. Among them, fruit yield/plant exhibited positive
and highly significant correlation with number of fruits/plants, plant height
at final harvest, fruit weight, number of branches/plants, fruit girth, number
of seeds/fruits, internodal length, and 100 seed weight. Path coefficient
analysis revealed that number of fruits/plants, fruit weight, days to first

19
picking, internodal length, 100 seed weight and fruit length recorded
positive direct effect on fruit yield/plant.
Ullangula Sravanthi et al. (2022) The experiment was evaluated with
thirty-two okra genotypes in Randomized Block Design (RBD) withtwo
replications. Thirteen characters were measured for randomly selected plants for
path analysis. Pathanalysis studies revealed high direct effect of days to initiation
for first flowering, number of branches perplant, fruit length, weight of fruit and
number of fruits per plant also recorded desirable direction withyield. Hence, the
genotypes which exhibited better performance for these characters can be used in
furtherimprovement of okra.
2.5 Genetic Divergence
Genetic diversity is an essential requirement for increasing crop
productivity through breeding. Selection of diverse parents in breeding
programmes helps in isolation of superior recombinant using cluster analysis
which are useful in selecting genetically distant parents. Genetic diversity
determines the inherent potential of a cross for heterosis and frequency of
desirable recombinants in advance generations.
D2 analysis is useful in identification of divergent parent for use in the
hybridization programme. The D2 analysis is only possible by replicated data. In
D2 analysis the genetic diversity is depicted by the cluster representing number
of groups in which a population can be classified on the basis of D2 statistics.
Hazra et al. (2002) determined the genetic divergence in genotypes of okra
for fruit yield following D2 analysis, the genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters
with the highest of 16 genotypes in cluster I.
Most of the genotypes were not much divergent based on character constellation
but were highly variable for individual character. A genotype apprehended to be
under the species other than A. esculentus showed the widest divergence and
belonged to the separate cluster. On the basis of high yield, important yield
components and fruit quality, 4 diverse and desirable genotypes (MDO-10,
20
LORM-1, KS-410 and MDO6) were selected. It is proposed that these genotypes
may be involved in a multiple crossing programme to recover transgressive
segregates with high genetic yield potential.
Dhaduk et al. (2004) reported the genetic divergence for nine characters
i.e., fruit length, girth and weight, plant height, internode length, number of fruits
per plant, days to 50%flowering and fruit yield in 22 genotypes of okra.
Mahalanobis D2 analysis grouped the genotypes into 7 clusters. Cluster I
contained 13 genotypes, Clusters II, III and IV had 2 genotypes each, while
clusters V, VI and VII had one genotype each. Inter-cluster distance was highest
between cluster II and V followed by cluster II and III. Intra-cluster distance was
highest in cluster IV followed by cluster I. Clusters II, IV, V and VII were suitable
for use in plant breeding. Among the characters, fruit weight, girth and length,
days to 50% flowering, and fruit yield contributed more than 83% of the total
diversity.
Patel et al. (2006) studied the genetic divergence in twenty-six genotypes
of okra using D2 analysis. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters. Cluster
I having maximum number of genotypes (18) among the six clusters formed.
Cluster II and IV had minimum 2 genotypes each, while cluster V and VI were
solitary in nature. The highest inter cluster distance were observed between
cluster V and VI followed by cluster II and V, cluster II and VI as well as cluster
IV and V which may be served as potential parents for hybridization programme.
Among the traits studied, more than 86 per cent of total divergence were
contributed by 5 traits viz., fruit yield, day to 50 per cent flowering, fruit girth,
fruit length and length of internode.
Sharma et al. (2008) studied the genetic divergence in thirty-nine
genotypes of okra using Mahanalobis D2 statistics. The population was grouped
into eight clusters. The cluster I was the largest with 14 genotypes followed by
cluster II with 8, cluster III with 5, cluster IV and V with 4 in each and cluster VI
with 2 genotypes, while cluster VII and VIII included only 1 genotype in each.
21
The clustering pattern indicated that there was no association between
geographical distribution of genotypes and genetic divergence. The intra-cluster
distance was maximum in cluster IV, while inter-cluster distance was maximum
between cluster VIII and VI followed by VII and VI and are good source for
attempting hybridization. The characters namely fruit width, average fruit weight,
plant height, node at which 1st flower appears, number of fruits per plant and fruit
length contributed maximum divergence and are recommended for getting good
hybrids or segregates in okra.
Prakash and Pitchaimuthu (2010) reported that the characters namely
days to 50 per cent flowering, 100 seed weight, number of seeds per fruit and
average fruit weight directly contributed towards maximum divergence therefore,
selection of divergent parents based on these characters is recommended for
getting good hybrids or segregates in okra.
Shaikh et al. (2013) studied genetic divergence on twenty-five okra
genotypes using Mahalanobis D2 analysis. Analysis of variances for dispersion
indicated significant differences among the genotypes and they were grouped into
four clusters. The cluster I consisted of 22 genotypes, whereas cluster II, III and
IV were solitary clusters. Highest inter cluster distance observed between clusters
I and cluster IV, while cluster I shown maximum intra cluster distance. Characters
days to 50 per cent flowering and plant height (cm) contributed maximum of
18.0% towards genetic divergence followed by number of seeds per fruit (16.0%).
Cluster I and IV shown high cluster means for yield and yield components,
therefore genotypes viz., IIVR- 11, HRB- 55, 134, 148 and Parbhani kranti
(Cluster I) and 315 (Cluster IV) of these diverse clusters may be used for further
hybridization.
Krishna and Begum (2016) studied genetic divergence on thirty
genotypes of okra using Mahalanobis D2 analysis. The maximum genetic
divergence was observed between cluster III and VI followed by clusters III and
IV. The maximum intra-cluster distance was shown by cluster II. The characters
22
fruit yield per plant, days to first flowering, number of nodes on main stem, first
fruiting node and fruit width contributed greatly towards diversity. The clusters
showing high genetic divergence could be effectively utilized in heterosis
breeding program. If a breeding program is used at improving growth attributes
like plant height, then cluster VI showing maximum plant height can be utilized
in breeding program. Therefore, a plant breeder may keep in mind the above
aspects to obtain superior hybrids and good recombinants.
Syfullah et al. (2018) studied genetic divergence between yield and its
contributing traits in 28 okra genotypes. The phenotypic coefficient of variations
was found slightly higher than the genotypic constant of variations for all
characters studied, indicating that the apparent variation is not only genetic but
also influenced by the growing environment in the expression of the traits. High
genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed primary branches
and fruit yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance in
percent of mean in number of plant height, no. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per
plant, seed per fruit and primary branches suggested that these characters would
be considered for varietal selection.
Mudhalvan et al. (2018) evaluated fifteen genotypes with the objective of
selecting superior genotypes namely, Arka Anamika, Varsha Upahar, Thunder,
Dhanya, Pusa-7, Basanthi, S-51, Thanvi-66, CO-2, Akshaya, N-U-Lakshmi,
Namadhri, PHS, Villupuram Local, and Karur Local for fruit yield traits. The
degree of divergence among 15 genotypes was computed using Mahalanobis’ D2
analysis to assess the genetic diversity. For this programme, morphological
characters viz., days to first flowering, plant height, inter node distance, days to
fruit maturity, number of immature seeds per fruit, fruit length, fruit girth, number
of branches per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, and fruit yield per
plant were studied.
Farooqkhan, P. et al. (2023). The present study was carried out with 48
different genotypes of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) during (Jan-
23
April 2022) to investigate their genetic diversity. The analysis of genetic
divergence using D2 statistics revealed substantial variation among genotypes for
the twelve traits studied. The 48 genotypes were grouped into nine clusters, with
cluster IV having the highest representation of 24 genotypes, followed by cluster
II with 12 genotypes, cluster I with 4 genotypes, cluster III with 3 genotypes, and
the remaining clusters with one genotype each. The intra and inter-cluster D2
values ranged from 0 to 95.29 and 103.00 to 588.71, respectively. The highest
intra-cluster distance was observed in Cluster III (95.29), and highest inter cluster
distance was observed between cluster V and IX (588.71). This range clearly
demonstrated that the inter-cluster distance was greater than the intra cluster
distance indicating wide diversity across the groups. Cluster VII showed a high
mean for traits plant height (112.53), peduncle length (3.14), fruit length (20.03),
and number of locules (7.87). Cluster V showed the highest mean for the number
of fruits (39.33) and yield per plant.

24
 MATERIAL AND METHOD
The present investigation was taken in consideration on the basis of genetic
variability in respect of yield and yield contributing characters. 29 genotypes were
taken in consideration for 10 characters. Germplasms were collected from NBPGR
New Delhi and Division of Vegetable Science SKUAST Kashmir, Shalimar
Srinagar (J&K). The experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research farm, Janta
Mahavidyalaya, Ajitmal, Auraiya (U.P.) during kharif 2023.
Table 3.1 The description of genotypes are as follows,
S.No Name of Genotypes S.No Name of Genotypes
1. Sk.-Sel 01 16. Elephant Turk
2. IC-031855 17. EC169363
3. IC-218903 18. Vardhana
4. Parbhani Kranti 19. IVANKAR-78 (Lo.)
5. Kashi Kranti 20. IC 27875 A
6. Pusha A-4 21. IC 89334
7. IC 029136 22. Unnat-9 (Lo.)
8. EC 169339 23. Hisar Unnat
9. EC 133336 24. Okra-7 Line
10. Pusha Sawani 25. IC 029130
11. IC 140930 26. R- Shikha (Lo.
12. IC 169354 27. IC 029904 A
13. Kitchan Garden (Lo.) 28. IC 140906
14 IC 169459 A 29. IC 093
15 EC 169338
1. Statistical design
An experiment was lay out with 29 genotypes in a randomized block design
with 3 replications during kharif 2023. The experimental material was sown on
August 13, 2023 at the Agriculture Research Farm Janta Mahavidyalaya, Ajitmal,
Auraiya (U.P.).
The seed are sown in 4.00 × 13.50-meter square plot with row to row 45 cm. and
plant to plant distance was maintained as 30 cm. All agronomic practices were
adopted to raise the excellent crop. Five plants per genotype were randomly selected
and individual plant observation were recorded as per schedule.
2.Collection of data:
Observation were recorded on randomly selected five competent plants from
each plot for different traits viz., initial flowering (days to first flowering), days to
50% flowering, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of fruits per
plant, fruits yield per plant days to maturity, size of fruits, number of seed per fruits
and 100 seed weight.
(a)Initial flowering:
The number of days taken from the date of sowing to onset of first flower appear
on the plant
(b)Days to 50% flowering:
The number of days taken from the date of sowing to the day on
which 50 percent of the population flowered was recorded.
(c)Plant height (cm):
The height of the plant from the ground level to the tip or apex was measured
at the time of final harvest.
(d)Number of branches per plant:
The total number of branches on each plant was counted after the final
harvest.
(e) Number of fruits per plant:

The total number of fruits per plant at of all the picking fruits was counted
and recorded as number of fruits per plant.
(f) Weight of fruits per plant (g):
Tender fruits from each harvest were weight by using sensitive balance and
recorded in grams (g).
(g) Tender fruit length (cm):
The length of tender fruit was measured in centimeters (cm) from the base
of calyx to tip of the fruit.
(h) Number of seed/fruits:
Average number of seed per fruit was calculated using 5 randomly selected
matured dried fruits.
(i) Weight of hundred seed (g):
100 sun-dried seed were randomly selected and weighted in gram on
electronic balance up to decimal places.
3. Statistical analysis:
The experimental data collected in respect to 29 genotypes for 10 character
were compiled by taking the mean values of selected plants in each plot by using
following statistical analysis:
• Analysis of variance (Panse and Sukhatme, 1967)
• Estimation of genotypic, phenotypic and environmental coefficient of variation

(Burton and De Vane ,1956).

 • Heritability in broad sense (Hanson et al.,1956).

• Genetic advance as percent of mean (Johnson et al.,1955).

• Computation of correlation coefficients (Searle ,1961).
• Path coefficient analysis.
• Genetic divergence.

4.Analysis of variance:
The analysis of variance for randomized block design was carried out using
the procedure as suggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1967). The sum of squares and
mean sum of squares were arranged in the following table for each character to test
the significance of differences between the genotypes.
Table:1 ANOVA
Source of Degree of Sum of Square Mean of F ratio
Variation Freedom ( SS ) square ( MS )
(D.F.)
Replication (r- 1) SSr MSr MSr/MSe

Genotype (g–1) SSg MSg MSg/MSe

Error ( r – 1 )( g- 1 ) Sse MSe

Total rg -1 TSS

Where is,

r = number of replications
g =number of genotypes
MSr= mean square due to replications
MSg= mean square due to genotypes
MSe= mean square due to error
TSS= Total sum of squares
The total mean of square due to replications and genotypes were divided by
corresponding error mean square and the calculated F was compared with table value
of F test P = 0.05 and P = 0.01.
The standard errors (SEd +) for treatment mean were computed as follows:
2𝑀𝑆𝐸
SED± √
𝑟

Where,
MSE = Mean square due to error
r = Number of replications
The CD at 5% of table value was calculated with the help of following
formula:
CD = SEd + x t value at 5% error d.f.
Where,
CD = Critical difference
Sed + = Standard error of difference between two treatment means.
Range:
The difference between lower and upper limits of mean values for each
character was taken as range.
Estimation of coefficients of variation:
The coefficients of variation for different characters were suggested by Burton
and de vane (1953). The formula used for the estimation of coefficient of variation
at genotypic (GCV), phenotypic (PCV) and environmental (ECV) levels are as
follows:
Genotypic coefficient of variation (G.C.V.):
 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
G.C.V. = √ − × 100
𝑥

𝑃ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
P.C.V. =√ − × 100
𝑥

𝐸𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
E.C.V.= √ − × 100
𝑥

Where,
−
𝑥 = Grand mean of the character
Estimation of heritability:
Heritability in broad sense (h2) was calculated by the following formula
suggested by hanson et al. (1956).

𝜎2g 𝜎2g
h2 = or h2 = × 100
𝜎2g + 𝜎2e 𝜎 2 g+𝜎 2 e

Where,
𝜎 2 g = Genotypic varianc
𝜎 2 e =Environmental variance
Genetic advance (GA):
Expected genetic advance was estimated by the method suggested by Johnson
et al. (1955).
𝜎2g
GA = ×K
𝜎𝑝

Where,
K = selection differential at 5% selection intensity i.e. 2.06
Genetic advance in percent of mean (G A %):
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
GA = − × 100
x

Where,
−
𝐱 = Grand mean of the character
Estimation of correlation coefficients
The correlation between different character pairs at genotypic (g), phenotypic
(p) and environmental (e) levels were estimated according to Searle (1965) as given
below:
Phenotypic correlation coefficient between characters x and y
𝐶𝑜𝑝 .𝑋𝑌 𝑛(𝑝)
r pxy=
√Var X (p).Var .Y (p)

Genotypic correlation coefficient between characters x and y

𝐶𝑜𝑝 .𝑋𝑌 𝑛(𝑔)

r gxy =
√Var X (g).Var .Y (g)

Environment correlation coefficient between characters x and y

𝑐𝑜𝑝 .𝑋𝑌 𝑛(𝑒)
r exy (e) =
√var X (e).var .Y (e)

Where,
rxy = correlation coefficient between characters X and Y
cov.xy = covariance between characters X and Y
Var.X = variance for X characters
Var.Y = variance for Y characters
The significance of correlation coefficient was tested by comparing at an
appropriate level of significance, the significant values of (r) at (n-2) d.f.
Test of correlation of significance coefficients :
 For testing the significance of correlation coefficients the following formula
was use
𝑟
t= × √n − 2
√1−𝑟 2

Where,
r = Correlation coefficient
n = Number of observations
The calculated value of ‘t’ was tested against table value of ‘t’ at 5% and 1% level
of significance with n-2 degree of freedom for phenotypic correlation and error d.f. ̶
1, for environmental correlation.
Path coefficient:
Path coefficients were obtained according to the procedure as suggested by
Wright (1921) and as elaborated by Dewey and Lu (1959). The path coefficient
analysis was done to find out their direct and indirect effects. Residual factor was
also included in the casual system representing all other factors, which might affect
yield.
The following equations are formed and solved for estimating direct and
indirect effects.
riy = riy Pily +………………………….+pij…………………………..+rij pi (Y) +
rin (y)
riy = denote coefficient of correlation of correlation xi and dependent
characters Y
rin = denote coefficient of correlation among all possible combination of causal
factor
piy = denote direct effect of characters xi upon the character y
Residual factor were obtained as follows:
 ¨
Pz Ym = √1 − 𝑅2
2𝑛
R2 =∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑃iy 2 +𝛴− Piz Py (Y) rij
𝑖𝑗

Which is the square of the multiple correlation coefficients R and is known as

efficient of determination.
Genetic Divergence
The Genetic divergence amongst different genotypes was assessed based
on the estimated inter-se genetic distances amongst the genotypes. One of the potent
techniques of assessing genetic divergence is the D 2 statistics proposed by
Mahalanobis, 1936. D2 statistics techniques measures the forces of differentiation
at two levels, namely, intra-cluster and inter cluster levels and thus helps in the
selection of genetically divergent parents for exploitation in hybridization
programmes.
Clustering of genotypes using the D2 values
Tocher's method was used for clustering the genotypes into different
groups (Rao, 1952). The basis of clustering by this method was that any two varieties
belonging to the same cluster would show smaller D2 values as compared to those
belonging to two different clusters. This method started with two closely associated
populations to find a third population which had the smallest average of D2 values.
In the same manner, fourth one was chosen having the smallest average of D2 values
from the first three and so on. This process was repeated until D 2 values of all the
genotypes were exhausted, except those that were included in the former cluster.
Testing differences in the population
From the variance analyses, when the null hypothesis of no treatment
differences fails with regards to individual characters, a dispersion table was
prepared. Using V statistic, which intern utilize Wilk's criterion (∆), a
simultaneous test of differences between mean values of a number of correlated
variables was done (Rao, 1952)

𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 (𝐸)

Wilk’ s creation (∆) =
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐 +𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝑝+𝑞+1
V statistic--m log A = (n − ) log A
2

Where,
𝑝+𝑞+1
m= (n − )
2

P=Number of variable characters

N= Degrees of freedom for error +genotypes
Loge a = 2.3026 log10 A
'V' statistic is distributed as X2 with pq degrees of freedom. The test of
significance of 'V' statistic showed that the differences between the means in respect
of the pooled effect of p characters between different populations were significant.
Hence further analyses were made to estimate D² values.
Mahalanobis D2: Q=Degrees of freedom for population (i.e. number of Genotypes.
Statistics:
In the present investigation genetic divergence was estimated based on
Mahalanobis generalized distance as described by Rao (1952). Original variable
means were transformed to un-correlated variables by the pivotal condensation
method of inversion matrix. The D2 values between the genotypes were obtained as
the sum of squares of differences of the values of the corresponding transformed
variables. For each pair of combinations, the mean deviation.
i.e. di=Y1 –Y2 where Y denotes the transformed variables (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5………p)
were calculated and the D2 was then calculated as sum of the squares of those
deviations, i.e.
D2 = 𝛴 (Y − Y)2
Where, p= Number of characters.
The significance of D² values was tested by treating them as chi-square (x²) at p
degrees of freedom where p is the number of characters considered.
Grouping of genotypes by Tocher's method
After arranging the D² values of all combinations of one genotype with the
others in ascending order of magnitudes, the genotypes were grouped into a number
of clusters by Tocher's method described by Rao (1952). The criterion used in this
method was that any two varieties belonging to the same cluster, at least on an
average, show a smaller D² value than those belonging to two different clusters. Then
inter and intra-cluster distances were calculated and their relationships were
diagrammatically represented.
 EXPERIMENTAL FINDING
During the course of the research entitled “Studies on Genetic parameter
in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench]”, observations were recorded
based on quantitative character as mentioned. The fruit yield and its component
characters were also recorded. The mean values of the traits studied were
statistically analysed to study the genetic variability, heritability and genetic gain
for selection and their association with yield as well as among yield components.
The correlation coefficient between the character, path coefficient analysis was
also recorded in this chapter. The direct and indirect effect of these traits on total
fruit yield per plant, the nature and extent of genetic divergence among 29
genotypes were also investigated.
1. Analysis of variance
2. Mean performance
3. Correlation coefficient analysis
4. Path analysis
5. Genetic divergence
4.1 Analysis of variance:
Mean square due to genotypes showed highly significant different among the
genotypes for all the 10 characters for assented in (Table 4.1). Indicating therefore
significant difference among the genotypes with respected to the traits under
study.
4.2 Mean performance of genotypes:
The mean performance for all 10 characters is presented in (table 4.2). Initial
flowering ranges from 27.5 to 49.00 and general mean 42.32, 50% flowering
range are 44 to 60.50 and general mean for 48.55 plant height range from 20.62
to 40.67(30 DAS),56.20 to 93.40 (60 DAS),108.00 to 138.50 (90 DAS) with
general mean 27.16 (30 DAS),75.40 (60 DAS) &127.20 (90 DAS) were
observed.
 Days of maturity varies from 89.00 to 126.00 with general mean 106.40,
number of primary branch range are 3.20 to 6.00 with general mean 4.58, number
of fruits/plants range from 11.00 to 19.50 and general mean 16.13, Size of fruits
range from 10.70 to 18.33. and general 15.22, Number of seeds/fruits.
Table 1. Analysis of variance
Source of d. f. Initial 50 % Plant height(cm) Day to Number Number Size of No of 100 seed Fruits
variation flowering flowering In days maturity of primary of fruits fruits seed / weight yield/plant
branches / plants (cm) fruits
30 60 90 / plants

Replication 1 5.96 4.80 0.75 1.04 0.01 4.75 1.56 0.73 2.10 0.69 0.27 0.04

Treatment 24 2.72 3.95 5.62 4.87 2.82 3.47 5.02 3.77 3.06 2.97 3.48 4.61

Error 24 16.90 11.24 6.72 40.27 39.95 38.73 0.21 1.83 2.13 48.63 0.28 174.35
range from 51.50 to 88.20 and general mean 65.38, 100 Seed weight range from
3.25 to 6.25 and general mean 5.24, fruit yield/plant range from 184.47 to 269.58
& general mean 211.6.
4.2.1 Coefficient of variation:
(a). Genetic coefficient of variation:
At genotypes level maximum G.C.V. in plant height on 30 DAS (14.30)
followed by No. of primary branch/plant (14.07), plant height on 60 das (11.66),
100 seed weight (11.20), No. of seed/fruit (10.30), Number of fruits per plant.
(9.76), Size of fruit (9.86), initial flowering (8.81),50% flowering (8.31), days of
maturity (6.20) and plant height (4.76).
(b). Phenotypic coefficient of variation:
At Phenotypic level maximum P.C.V is plant height on 30 DAS (17.58),
followed by No. of primary branch/plant (17.26), 100-seed weight (15.20), No.
of seed/fruit (15.13), plant height on 60 DAS (14.28), size of fruit (13.59), initial
flowering (13.00), no. of fruit/plant (12.88),50% flowering (10.80), fruit
yield/plant (10.35), days of maturity (8.56), plant height on 90 DAS (6.87).
(c). Heritability:
High value of heritability was observed for Plant height at 30 DAS (0.66), number
of primary branch/plant (0.68), plant height on 60 DAS (0.63), fruit yield/plant
(0.64), 50% flowering (0.55), number of fruit/plant (0.57), days to maturity (0.52,
100-seed weight (0.54), size of fruit (0.53), number of seed/fruit (0.44), plant
height at 90 DAS (0.46) and initial flowering (0.49).
(d). Genetic advance:
The highest value of genetic advance was recorded fruit yield/plant, Plant
height at 60 DAS (14.73), Days of maturity (10.50), no. of seed/fruit (10.02),
plant height on 90 DAS (8.55), plant height on 30 DAS (6.76), 50% flowering
(6.44), initial flowering (5.37) no. of fruit/plant (2.47), size of fruit (2.12), no. of
primary branch/plant (1.06) and 100-seed weight (0.94.
(e). Genetic advance as % of mean:
The highest value of genetic advance in % of mean recorded plant height at
30 DAS (25.49), number of primary branch/plant (23.85), plant height at 60 DAS
(19.67), 100-seed weight (17.55), number of fruit/plant (15.44), number of
seed/fruit (15.36), size of fruit (14.37), fruit yield /plant (13.82), 50% flowering
(13.37), initial flowering (12.44), DAS of maturity (9.92) and plant height on 90
DAS (6.87).
4.3 Correlation coefficient studies:
(a). Genotypic correlation:
Initial flowering was positive and highly significant Fruit yield/plant (0.76)
followed by 100-seed weight (0.62), plant height (0.42), 50% flowering (0.38)
and the initial flowering positive and non-significant number of primary
branches/plant (0.28) and initial flowering positive number of seeds/fruit (0.19),
plant height on 60 days (0.08) and initial flowering negative and highly
significant days of maturity (- 0.66), initial flowering negative & non-significant
(-0.28) & initial flowering negative no. of fruits/plant (- 0.26), plant hight on 30
days (- 0.21).

50 % flowering was positive and non-significant. Number of seed/fruits

(0.34), Number of fruits/plant (0.29), 50% flowering positive 100 seed weight
(0.21), fruits yield/plant (0.10), number of primary branches/plant (0.026), Plant
height on 90 days (0.030), Plant height on 60 days (0.000) and Initial flowering
was negative and highly significant (- 0.61) and negative and non-significant
plant height on 30 days (- 0.21), negative size of fruit (- 0.23).

Plant height on 30 days was positive and highly significant number of

primary branches/plant (0.39), Negative and highly significant number of
Table 2 Mean Range

S.N. Character Range Mean Coefficient of Heritability h2 Genetic advance G.A. of %of mean
variation (Broad sense)

Min. Max. GCV PCV

1 Initial flowering 27.50 49.00 38.25 8.81 13.00 0.49 5.37 12.44
2 50%flowering 44.00 60.50 52.25 8.31 10.80 0.55 6.44 13.37
3a Plant hight-30 DAS 20.62 40.67 30.64 14.30 17.58 0.66 6.76 25.49
B Plant hight-60 DAS 56.20 93.40 74.80 11.66 14.28 0.63 14.37 19.67
C Plant hight-90 DAS 108.00 138.50 123.25 4.76 6.87 0.46 8.55 6.87
4 Days to maturity 89.00 126.00 107.50 6.20 8.56 0.54 10.50 9.92
5 Number of primary 3.20 6.00 4.60 14.07 17.26 0.68 1.06 23.85
branch/plants

6 Number of 11.00 19.50 15.25 9.76 12.88 0.57 2.47 15.44

fruits/plants
7 Size of fruit(cm) 10.70 18.33 14.51 9.86 13.59 0.53 2.12 14.37
8 Number of seeds/fruits 51.50 88.20 69.85 10.30 15.13 0.44 10.02 15.36
9 100 seed weight 3.25 6.25 4.75 11.20 15.20 0.52 0.94 17.55
10 Fruit yield/plant(gm) 184.47 269.58 227.02 8.38 10.35 0.64 29.34 13.82
fruits/plant (- 0.41), Positive and non-significant plant height on 60 days (0.195),
days of maturity (0.194), Plant height on 90 days (0.077), 100 seed weight
(0.038), Negative and non-significant number of seed/fruits (- 0.014), Fruit
yield/plant (- 0.120), Size of fruit (- 0.126).

Plant height showed at 60 days Was showed a positive & highly significant.
number of fruits/plant (0.66), Plant height on 90 days (0.58), Number of primary
branches per plant (0.47), Positive and non-significant fruits yield/plant (0.19),
100 seed weight (0.12), Negative and non-significant size of fruits (- 0.10), Days
of maturity (- 0.11), Number of fruits/plant (- 0.12).

Plant height at 90 days was positive and highly significant fruit yield/plant
(0.44), Negative and highly significant (- 0.55), Positive and non-significant
number of fruit/plant (0.27), Number of primary branches/plant (0.24), 100 seed
weight (0.14), Number of seeds/fruit (0.07), Size of fruits (0.03).

Number of primary branches was positive and significant. fruit yield/plant

(0.32), Number of seeds/fruits (0.29), Negative and significant (- 0.34), Size of
fruits (- 0.35), Negative and non-significant (- 0.03).

Number of fruits/plants was positive and non-significant. Size of fruits (0.24),

Fruits yield/plant (0.12) Number of seeds/fruits (0.02), Negative and non-
significant 100 seed weight (- 0.26).

Size up routes was positive and non-significant fruits yield/plant (0.009),

Negative and non-significant number of seeds/fruit (- 0.05), 100 seed weight (-
0.14),

Number of seeds per fruit was negative and non-significant. 100 seed weight
(- 0.14), Fruits yield/plant (-0.23). test weight (100 seed weight) was positive and
non-significant fruits yield/plant (0.24).
(b). Phenotypic Correlation:

Initial flowering was showed a positive and significant results in fruit

yield/plant (0.31) while findings. Negative and significant result gave days of
maturity (- 0.33), However Positive and non-significant number of seeds/fruits
(0.20), Plant height on 60 DAS (0.19), 100 seed weight (0.18), Number of
primary branches/plant (0.09), 50% flowering (0.07), Number of fruits/plant
(0.05), Plant height on 90 days (0.04), Negative and non-significant plant height
on 30 days (0.06), Size of fruits (- 0.22) table no. 4.

50% flowering was positive and non-significant correlation to plant height at

90 DAS (0.19), Number of seeds/fruits (0.15), 100 seed weight (0.13), Number
of fruits/plant (0.09), Plant height on 60 days (0.017), Number of primary
branches/ plant (0.016), Negative and non-significant correlation fruit yield/plant
(-0.02), Size of fruits (-0.10), Days of maturity (- 0.13), Plant height at 30 DAS
(- 0.15)

Plant height at 30 days was positive and significant correlation with plant
height at 60 days (0.28), Positive and non-significant Number of primary
branches/plant (0.23), Days maturity (0.14), Number of seeds/fruit (0.14), Plant
height at 90 DAS (0.12), 100 seed weight (0.01), Negative and non-significant
size of fruits (-0.005), Fruit yield/plant (- 0.06), Number of fruits/plant (- 0.21).

Plant height at 60 DAS was highly significant Correlation with number of

seeds/fruit (0.49), Number of primary branches/plant (0.37), Positive and
significant correlation (0.33), Positive and non-significant fruit yields/plant
(0.06), 100 seed weight (0.02), Negative and non-significant Side of the
correlation with size of fruits (-0.008), Number of fruits/plant (-0.06), days of
maturity (- 0.07).
 Plant height at 90 days Was positive and significant correlation with (table no.
4) fruits yield/plant (0.29), Positive and non-significant correlation number of
seed per fruit (0.17), 100 seed weight (0.14), Number of primary branches/plant
(0.06), Number of fruits/plant (0.006), Negative and non-significant correlation
with size of fruits (- 0.04), days of maturity (- 0.07).

Days to maturity was positive and non-significant correlation with size of

fruits (0.06), Negative and significant 100 seed weight (- 0.31), Negative and non-
significant correlation with number of fruits/plant (- 0.006), Number of
seeds/fruits (- 0.06), Number of primary branches/plant (0.01), Fruit yield / plant
(- 0.16).

Number of primary branches/plants was positive and non-significant

correlation with fruits yield/plant (0.22), Number of seeds/fruit (0.11),100 seed
weight (0.06), Negative and non-significant with size of fruits (- 0.17), Number
of fruits/plant (-0.19).

Number of fruits per plant was positive and non-significant correlation with
fruits yield/plant (0.16), Size of fruits (0.11), Number of seeds/fruits (0.06),
Negative and non-significant correlation with 100 seed weight (- 0.25).

Size of fruits was positive and non-significant correlation with 100 seed
weight (0.11), Negative and non-significant correlation with fruit yield/plant (-
0.12), Number of seeds/fruits (- 0.14).

Number of seeds/fruits was negative and non-significant correlation with

fruits yield/plant (- 0.004), 100 seed weight (- 0.04),100 seed weight was positive
and non-significant correlation fruit yield/plant (0.07).
 Table 3 Genotypic correlation:

Plant
Plant Plant
Initial 50% height Days to Number of
height height Number of Size of Number of 100 seed Fruit
Traits flower Flowering (cm) maturity primary
(cm) 60 (cm) 90 fruits/plants fruit(cm) seed/fruits weight(g) yield/plant(g)
(DAS) (DAS) 30 (DAS) branches/plants
DAS DAS
DAS
Initial flower (DAS) -
1.000 0.386** -0.212 0.080 0.422** 0.284* -0.262 -0.282* 0.128 0.622** 0.762**
0.668**
50% flowering (DAS) -
1.000 -0.266 0.000 0.031 0.023 0.295* -0.235 0.346* 0.217 0.101
0.612**
Plant height (cm) 30
1.000 0.192 0.076 0.192 0.397** -0.411** -0.123 -0.014 0.032 -0.123
DAS
Plant height (cm) 60
1.000 0.582** -0.113 0.471** -0.122 -0.103 0.667** 0.126 0.194
DAS
Plant height (cm)90 -
1.000 0.247 0.270 0.032 0.072 0.148 0.445**
DAS 0.552**
Days to maturity (DAS) 1.000 -0.026 -0.017 0.421** -0.333* -0.395** -0.186
Number of primary
1.000 -0.342* -0.352* 0.292* -0.036 0.324*
branches/plants
Number of fruits/plants 1.000 0.245 0.024 -0.268 0.127
Size of fruit(cm) 1.000 -0.055 -0.144 0.009
Number of seed/fruits 1.000 -0.146 -0.230
100 seed weight(g) 1.000 0.244
 Table 4 Phenotypic correlation
Plant
Plant Plant
Initial height Days of Number of
50%flowering height height Number of Size of Number of 100 seed Fruit
Traits flower (cm) maturity primary
(DAS) (cm) 60 (cm) 90 fruits/plants fruit(cm) seed/fruits weight(g) yield/plant(g)
(DAS) 30 (DAS) branches/plants
DAS DAS
DAS
Initial flower (DAS) 1.000 0.078 -0.064 0.195 0.049 -0.333* 0.093 0.057 -0.229 0.202 0.189 0.341*
50% flowering (DAS) 1.000 -0.156 0.017 0.192 -0.137 0.016 0.097 -0.102 0.157 0.131 -0.025
Plant height (cm) 30 DAS 1.000 0.286* 0.125 0.147 0.237 -0.219 -0.005 0.142 0.017 -0.068
Plant height (cm) 60 DAS 1.000 0.339* -0.072 0.372** -0.064 -0.008 0.494** 0.028 0.062
Plant height (cm) 90 DAS 1.000 -0.078 0.067 0.006 -0.044 0.170 0.143 0.290*
days of maturity (DAS) 1.000 -0.120 -0.006 0.069 -0.062 -0.317* -0.161
Number of primary
1.000 -0.196 -0.177 0.118 0.063 0.221
branches/plant
Number of fruits/plants 1.000 0.115 0.061 -0.255 0.162
Size of fruit(cm) 1.000 -0.149 0.119 -0.125
Number of seed/fruits 1.000 -0.044 -0.004
100 seed weight(g) 1.000 0.075
4.4 Path Coefficient analysis:

(a). Path genotypic effect:

Direct effect: Highly direct positive Path coefficient analysis was presented
in (table 5) fruit yield/plant (g), Initial flowering (1.575), 50% flowering (0.582),
Plant height in 90 days (1.020), Days of maturity (1.782).

Low direct positive effect on fruits yield/plant, Plant height in 30 DAS

(0.122), Number of seed/fruit (0.053). Negative direct effect on fruit yield/plant,
Plant height in 60 DAS (- 0.155), Number of primary branches/plant (- 0.495),
Number of fruits/plant (- 0.034), Size of fruits (- 0.422), 100 seed weight (-
0.274).

Indirect effect: Initial show the high positive and indirect effect on fruit
yield/plant (g), Initial flowering (0.764**), Plant height on 90 DAS (0.443),
Number of primary branches/plant (0.326*), Number of fruits/plant (0.125), 100
seed weight (0.242), 50% flowering (0.102), Plant height on 60 days (0.194) Size
of fruits (0.007). Indirect negative negligible plant height on 30 DAS (-0.122),
Days to maturity (- 0.186), Number of seeds/fruit (- 0.234).

(b). Path Phenotypic Effect:

Direct effect: Highly direct positive effect on fruit yield/plant (g), Plant
height on 90 DAS (0.355), Initial flowering (0.320).

Moderate director positive effect on fruit yield/plant, number of primary

branches/plant (0.286).

Low direct positive effect on fruit yield/plant, Number of fruit/plant (0.196),

100 seed weight (0.024).
 Negative direct effect on fruit yield/plant (g), 50% flowering (- 0.146), Plant
height on 30 days (- 0.075), Plant height on 60 DAS (- 0.153), Days to maturity
(- 0.003), Size of fruits (- 0.038) & Number of seeds/fruit (-0.065).

Indirect effect: Initial show the high positive and indirect effect on fruit
yield/plant (g), Initial flowering (0.342*), Plant height on 60 days (0.063), Plant
height on 90 DAS (0.291*), Number of primary branches/plant (0.122), Number
of fruits/plant (0.160), 100 seed weight (0.076).

Indirect negative negligible effect on fruit yield (g), 50% flowering (- 0.023),
Plant height on 30 days (- 0.065), Days to maturity (- 0.163), Size of fruits (-
0.124), Number of seeds/fruits (- 0.004).
 Table 5 Genotypic path:

Plant
Plant Plant
Initial height Days to Number of
50%flowering height height Number of Size of Number of 100 seed fruit
Traits flower (cm) maturity primary
(DAS) (cm) 60 (cm) 90 fruits/plants fruit(cm) seed/fruits weight(g) yield/plant(g)
(DAS) 30 (DAS) branches/plants
DAS DAS
DAS
Initial flower (DAS) 1.575 0.223 -0.022 -0.012 0.432 -1.182 -0.136 0.005 0.112 0.005 -0.235 0.764**
50%flowering (DAS) 0.606 0.582 -0.033 0.000 0.033 -1.090 -0.015 -0.006 0.095 0.016 -0.082 0.102
Plant height (cm) 30 DAS -0.335 -0.155 0.122 -0.033 0.072 0.341 -0.192 0.015 0.052 -0.005 -0.013 -0.122
Plant height (cm) 60 DAS 0.136 0.000 0.025 -0.155 0.593 -0.202 -0.235 0.006 0.043 0.034 -0.045 0.194
Plant height (cm) 90 DAS 0.665 0.019 0.009 -0.092 1.020 -0.981 -0.126 -0.004 -0.014 0.005 -0.055 0.443**
Days to maturity (DAS) -1.045 -0.354 0.022 0.013 -0.568 1.782 0.014 0.004 -0.172 -0.016 0.146 -0.186
Number of primary
0.447 0.018 0.049 -0.075 0.246 -0.040 -0.495 0.015 0.143 0.013 0.017 0.326*
branches/plants
Number of fruits/plants -0.419 0.174 -0.043 0.020 0.274 -0.015 0.165 -0.034 -0.102 0.005 0.105 0.125
Size of fruit(cm) -0.445 -0.138 -0.017 0.019 0.035 0.759 0.176 -0.008 -0.422 -0.006 0.056 0.007
Number of seed/fruits 0.208 0.209 -0.008 -0.109 0.086 -0.597 -0.143 -0.005 0.023 0.053 0.054 -0.234
100 seed weight(g) 0.974 0.125 0.009 -0.016 0.144 -0.708 0.015 0.008 0.063 -0.005 -0.274 0.242
figure. 1
 Table 6 Phenotypic Path:

Plant
Plant Plant
Initial 50% height Days to Number of
height height Number of Size of Number of 100 seed fruit
Traits flower flowering (cm) maturity primary
(cm) 60 (cm) 90 fruits/plants fruit(cm) seed/fruits weight(g) yield/plant(g)
(DAS) (DAS) 30 (DAS) branches/plants
DAS DAS
DAS
Initial flower (DAS) 0.320 -0.013 0.007 -0.035 0.012 0.002 0.022 0.012 0.006 -0.012 0.002 0.342*
50%flowering (DAS) 0.026 -0.146 0.016 -0.006 0.068 0.001 0.005 0.016 0.002 -0.012 0.006 -0.023
Plant height (cm) 30 DAS -
-0.025 0.024 -0.043 0.045 -0.002 0.069 -0.046 0.000 -0.016 0.001 -0.065
0.075
Plant height (cm) 60 DAS 0.066 -0.005 -0.025 -0.153 0.116 0.000 0.108 -0.013 0.000 -0.038 0.005 0.063
Plant height (cm) 90 DAS 0.014 -0.025 -0.014 -0.054 0.355 0.000 0.017 0.004 0.003 -0.017 0.004 0.291*
Days of maturity (DAS) -0.105 0.025 -0.016 0.015 -0.026 -0.003 -0.039 -0.004 -0.002 0.008 -0.005 -0.163
Number of primary
0.036 -0.004 -0.029 -0.054 0.022 0.006 0.286 -0.035 0.006 -0.005 0.002 0.222
branches/plants
Number of fruits/plants 0.014 -0.015 0.018 0.018 0.004 0.000 -0.056 0.196 -0.003 -0.005 -0.004 0.160
Size of fruit(cm) -0.078 0.014 0.000 0.008 -0.018 0.000 -0.055 0.023 -0.038 0.016 0.003 -0.124
Number of seed/fruits 0.066 -0.028 -0.015 -0.075 0.069 0.000 0.032 0.015 0.002 -0.065 -0.005 -0.003
100 seed weight(g) 0.067 -0.026 -0.003 -0.006 0.055 0.005 0.016 -0.054 -0.006 0.006 0.024 0.076
figure. 2
4.5 Genetic divergence:

(a). Cluster information:

The cluster in formation are cluster-I consist 12, cluster-II consists 2, cluster-
III consists 7, cluster-IV consists 1, and cluster-V consists 3 (table no.7).

(b). Cluster distance (Inter and Intra):

The inter and intra cluster distance, five cluster are presented in table
Maximum intra cluster D2 distance value was recorded in cluster-III (63.88)
with followed by cluster-V (63.45), cluster-I (48.00), cluster-II (35.00), cluster-
IV (0.00).
Inter cluster distance range from 221.51 (cluster-II to cluster-IV), with
followed by 200.00 (cluster IV to cluster V),122.42 (cluster-I to cluster-
IV),117.28 (cluster-III to cluster-IV) & 62.44 (cluster V to cluster V).

(c). Cluster means:

Cluster mean for 10 characters are presenting (table 9) Initial flowering
shows the highest cluster mean for cluster-II (46.64) Other followed by cluster-V
(46.20), cluster-I (42.85), cluster-III (40.31) & cluster-IV (35.62). 50% flowering
show the highest cluster mean for cluster-V (57.50), Other followed by cluster-II
(47.50), cluster-III (47.25), cluster-I (45.75) & cluster-IV (44.75).

Plant height on 30 DAS show the highest cluster mean for cluster-IV (33.70),
Other followed by cluster-II (28.02), Cluster-I (26.66), Cluster-III (24.25) and
cluster-V (23.21).

Plant height on 60 DAS show the highest cluster mean for cluster-I (71.68)
and Other followed by cluster-III (80.51), cluster-V (72.43), cluster-II (86.22) and
cluster-IV (66.20).
 Plant height on 90 DAS show the highest cluster mean for cluster-II (137.17)
and other followed by cluster-V (128.39), cluster-III (129.26), cluster-I (120.70)
and cluster-IV (120.50).

Days of maturity show the highest cluster mean for cluster-IV (108.57) and
other followed by cluster-III (109.50), cluster-I (106.91), cluster-II (102.50) and
cluster-V (97.50).

Number of primary branches/plants show the highest cluster mean for

cluster-II (5.53) and other followed by cluster-IV (5.54), cluster-I (4.91) cluster-
III (4.31) and cluster-V (4.22).

Number of fruits/plants show the highest cluster mean for cluster-IV (18.79)
and other followed by cluster-V (17.30), Cluster-III (16.40), cluster-II (16.66) and
cluster-I (15.09).

Size of fruits show the highest cluster mean for cluster-III (15.94) & other
followed by cluster-0I (15.15), cluster-IV (14.84), cluster-V (14.53) & cluster-II
(14.06)

Number of seeds/fruits show the highest cluster mean for cluster-IV (72.21)
and followed by cluster-III (68.04), cluster-V (67.83) cluster-II (66.26), cluster-I
(62.86).

100 seed weight show the highest cluster mean for cluster-II (6.37) and
followed by cluster-V (5.25), cluster-I (5.00), cluster-III (5.00), cluster-IV (3.25).

Fruit yield/plant show the highest cluster mean for cluster-II (254.99) and
followed by cluster-V (213.40), cluster-I (210.00), cluster-IV (209.94) and
cluster- III (199.24).

(d). Cluster mean contribution in percent:

 Maximum contribution percent for fruit yield/plant (25.00) and other
followed by days of maturity (17.00), number of fruits/plants (10.23), Plant height
on 30 days (9.43), Plant height on 60 DAS (9.10), Number of primary
branches/plant (6.68), Size of fruits (7.00), 100 seed weight (6.50), 50%
flowering (4.57), Number of seeds/fruit (4.77), Plant height on 90 DAS (2.77) &
Initial flowering (0.68) table 10.
Table 7 Cluster information:

Number of Genotypes Name of Genotypes

Cluster

14 S.k- Sel-1, IC-031855, IC-218903, Parbhani Kranti, Kashi Kranti, Pusa A -4, IC-029136, EC-169339, EC-131336, Pusa
I Sawni, IC-140930, IC-169354, Kitchen Garden, IC-169459 A

4 EC-169338, Elephant Turk, EC-169363, Vardhana

II

5 Ivanka-78, IC-27875 A, IC-89334, Unnat-9, Hissar Unnat

III

3 Okra-7-Line, IC-029130, R Shikha,

IV

3 IC-029130, IC-140906, IC-093

V
Table 8 Cluster distance:
Cluster Cluster I Cluster II Cluster III Cluster IV Cluster V

I 48.00 82.61 83.85 121.32 108.28

II 35.00 131.52 221.42 112.53

III 63.88 117.28 108.31

IV 0.000 200.00

V 62.44
 Table 9. Cluster means:
Cluster Initial 50% Plant height (CM) On Days to Number Number of Size of Number of 100 Fruits
flowering flowering 30,60,90 DAS maturity of primary fruits/plants fruits Seed/fruits seed Yield/Plant
branches (CM) weight (g)
(g)

I 42.85 45.75 26.66 71.68 120.70 106.91 4.91 15.09 15.00 62.86 5.00 210.00

II 46.64 47.50 28.02 86.22 137.17 102.50 5.53 16.66 14.27 66.26 6.37 254.99

III 40.31 47.25 24.25 80.51 129.26 109.50 4.31 16.40 14.97 68.04 5.00 199.24

IV 35.62 44.75 33.70 66.20 120.50 108.57 5.54 18.79 15.80 72.21 3.25 209.94

v 46.20 57.50 23.21 72.43 128.39 97.50 4.22 17.30 14.58 67.83 5.25 213.40

Mean 42.32 48.55 27.16 75.40 127.20 106.40 4.58 16.13 15.23 65.39 5.24 211.62

z
 Table 10. Percent Contribution:

S.N. Character Contribution (%)

1 Initial Flowering (DAS) 0.68

2 50 % Flowering (DAS) 4.77
3 (a) Plant Hight (cm) at 30 DAS 9.43
60 DAS 9.10
(b)
90 DAS 2.77
(c)
4 Days to maturity (DAS) 17.00
5 Number of primary branches/plants 6.68
6 Number of fruits/plants 10.23
7 Size of fruits (CM) 7.00
8 Number of seeds/ fruits 4.57
9 100 Seed weight (g) 6.50
10 Fruit yield / plant (g) 25.00
Figure 3
 DISCUSSION
Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] is an important vegetable
crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical part of India and other parts of the world.
Genetic variability is the back bone of any crop improvement programme and
effectiveness of selection depends upon its nature and magnitude in the genetic
material at the disposal of plant breeder. In other words, genetic variability is the
fundamental to selection and to a great extent to the breeding methodology as
such. Greater the variability in population, better the chance of effective selection
for the desirable genotypes. The speed of improvement in any crop depends upon
the magnitude and kinds of genetic variability present in the population. The
genetic variation is heritable one and hence important in the selection.
For planning and execution of successful crop breeding programme,
information on evaluation of available okra germplasm collection from selecting
donor parent for hybridization programme and understanding character
association are very important and useful aspects. A great deal of genetic
variability is available in the germplasm of okra in centres of its diversity.
The genetic and statistical parameters were estimated for genotypic and
phenotypic coefficients of variation, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance,
correlation coefficient, path coefficient analysis and genetic divergence among
the genotypes for various traits along with yield per plant. The results of present
investigation have been discussed in the following heads in reference to reported
work relevant to this investigation on okra.
The present study, 29 genotypes of okra showing wide spectrum of
variability for various characters- evaluated under sandy-loam soil and irrigated
condition.
The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with three
replications at Agriculture Research Farm, Janta Mahavidiyalaya Ajitmal,
Auraiya during kharif-2023. The characters were studied viz. initial flowering,
50% flowering, plant height at 30,60, & 90 DAS, days of maturity, number of
primary branches/ plants, number of fruit/plants, size of fruit (cm), number of
seeds/fruits,100 seed weight (g), fruit yield/plant (g).
5.1 Analysis of variance:
The analysis of variance for different characters had been presented in table
1. The mean sum of square due to genotypes/ treatments were found highly
significant for all characters. In other words, the performances of the genotypes
with respect to these characters were statistically different; suggesting that, there
exists ample scope for selection in the available genotypes of okra.

5.2 Mean performance:

In order to evaluate the listed genotypes, the mean of 2 genotypes including
check for 10 characters has been presented in table 2. A –very wide range of
variations in mean performance of genotypes were observed for all the characters
under study. The comparison of mean performance of 29 genotypes for 10 traits
using critical differences revealed existence of very high level of variability in the
used genotypes. The genotypes Parbhani Kranti (278.95 g), Unnat-9 (252 .12 g),
Pusa sawani1(242 .50 g), EC-169363(234 .54 g) significantly give maximum
yield in respect of all genotypes as well as check. These genotypes also showed
significantly high mean performance for some other characters.
5.3 Coefficient of variation:
The genetic variability is the raw material of plant breeding industry on
which selection act to evolve superior genotypes. The estimate of genotypic
coefficient of variation is of prime importance to breeder because genetic
variance alone, does not allow a decision as to which characters were showing
the highest degree of variability. Therefore, accurate relative comparisons can be
made with the help of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation. In
general, the phenotypic coefficients of variability were higher than the genotypic
coefficient of variability for all characters under study, which indicated that
environment played very important role in the expression of the traits.
The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were computed to
assess the existing variability in germplasm (Table 3). High magnitudes of
phenotypic as well as genotypic coefficient of variation were observed in number
of branches per plant followed by total fruit yield and fruit circumference and size
of fruit and number of fruits per plant Similar, results have been reported by
Sengupta and Verma (2009), Reddy et al. (2012), Dhall etal. (2001), Sarkar et al.
(2004).
Moderate PCV along with GCV were recorded for first flower appearance,
and average fruit weight Similar, result have been reported by Hazra and Basu
(2000) The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations were lower for
days to 50% flowering, and days to first fruit harvest Similar, result have been
reported by Jaiprakash Narayan et al (2006) Low GCV and PCV for these traits
indicated that the genotypes taken in the present study were similar for these
traits.
5.4 Heritability and genetic advance:
Heritability estimates the informative parameter to breeder for selecting the
genotype for further user. Heritability in broad sense of a character is important
to the breeder since it indicate the possibility and extent to which improvement is
possible through selection. It also indicates direction of selection pressure to be
applied for a trait during selection because it measures relationship between
parents and their progeny, hence widely used in determining the degree to which
a character may be transmitted from parents to offspring. However, high
heritability alone is not enough to make efficient selection in advanced generation
unless accompanied by substantial amount of genetic advance (Burton, 1952).
High estimate of heritability along with high genetic advance in percent of mean
provides good scope for further improvement in advance generations. 1. The
result on heritability and genetic advance in percent of mean of present
investigation had been presented in Table 2 The heritability estimates for different
characters ranged from 0.46 to 0.76 percent. The high heritability was recorded
in total fruit yields per plant (0.64) followed by average no. of fruits/plant (0.57),
size of fruit (0.53), initial flowering (0.49), 50% flowering (0.55), plant height on
30 DAS (0.66), plant height on 60 DAS (0.63), plant height on 90 DAS (0.46),
DAS of maturity (0.54), number of primary branches per plant (0.68), no. of
seed/fruit (0.44) & 100seed weight (0.52).
5.5 Correlation coefficient:
Knowledge of the nature of association between yield and its components
are of great interest in plant breeding. The nature and magnitude of association
between yield and its component traits is necessary for effective selection in
advance generations. The statistics, which measure the relation and its extents,
between two or more variable is known as correlation coefficient. Correlation
studies provide information that selection one character will result in progress for
all positively correlated characters. Many of the characters are correlated,
because of natural association, positive or negative with other characters. As more
variable are considered in correlation tables, there in direct correlation become
more complex.
The information of correlation coefficient may be used to direct selection,
in the construction indices and in the detection of some characters, which may
have no value in themselves but are useful as indicator of the more important ones
under consideration (Johnson et al. 1955; Robinson et al. 1951).
Several studies on genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient
among the yield and yield attributing traits including plant growth characters fruit
shape, size and quality of okra have been reported in India and abroad (Deo et al.,
1996; Magar and Mad rap 2009).
In the present study, correlations between thirteen characters were worked
out in all possible combinations at phenotypic and genotypic levels and are
presented in table 4.4 and 4.5. However, genotypic correlation was higher in
magnitude than the corresponding values of phenotypic correlation coefficients,
suggesting therefore, a strong inherent relationship in different pair of characters.
Singh et al. (2006) had also reported higher estimates of genotypic correlation
than the corresponding phenotypic correlation between yield and yield
component. This indicated a strong genetic association between the traits and the
phenotypic expression which was suppressed due to environmental influence.
The previous studies also suggested that both genotypic and phenotypic
correlation were similar in direction as reported by Sharma et al. (2000) and Goto
et al. (1953).
5.6 Path coefficient analysis:
Path coefficient analysis is a tool to partition the observed correlation
coefficient into direct and indirect effects of yield component on yield to provide
clearer picture of character association for formulating effective selection
strategy. This analysis provides a method for separating out direct and indirect
effect of causal factors which affect the yield. The direct and indirect effects of
different characters on total fruit yield at phenotypic and genotypic level has been
presented in table 6 and 7. Positive direct effect on fruit yield was exerted by
petiole length and average fruit weight. plant height, days to 50% flowering.
Whereas node per plant, node to first flower appearance days to first fruit harvest,
number of branches per plant, fruit length and crop duration have negative direct
effect. These characters influence direct effect on total fruit yield.
Thus, the above discussion reveals the fact that important direct and
indirect components exhibited substantial positive effect via some character along
with considerable negative effect via some other traits. The occurrence of
negative as well as positive direct and indirect effects by yield component on
yield via one or other characters. Simultaneously presents a complex situation
where a compromise is required to attain a proper balance of different yield
components for determining the ideotype for high fruit yield in okra. The
character mentioned above, merit due consideration at the time of formulating
selection strategy aimed at developing high yielding varieties in okra.
5.7 Genetic divergence:
The studies on genetic divergence among 29 genotype of okra was carried
out by using Mahala Nobis D2 'statistics'. All the 29, genotypes of okra were
grouped into five distinct non- over lapping clusters. This indicated presence of
considerable diversity in the genotypes. The major clusters in the above-
mentioned genetic divergence analysis contained frequently the genotypes of
heterogeneous origin. Although the genotypes of same origin or geographic
region were also found to be grouped together in the same cluster. The instances
of grouping of genotypes of different origin or geographic region in same cluster
were frequently observed. This suggested that there is no parallelism between
genetic and geographic diversity.
All 29 genotypes were grouped into 5 distinct clusters. The intra cluster D2
values ranged from 63.84s (cluster III) to 0.00 (cluster II) The maximum inter-
cluster distance was observed between clusters II to IV (110.26) The highest mean
performance (271.95) was exhibited by the genotypes of cluster I for fruit yield
per plant while it was lowest (199.12) in the genotypes of cluster III. The
maximum contribution in manifestation of total genetic divergence was made by
Total fruit yields per plant (75.08) followed by average fruit weight (12.38) for
total divergence among the available genotypes of okra.
 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The present investigation “Studies on Genetic parameter in okra
[Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]” using 29 genotypes of okra was carried
out to study the extent of variability, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and
path coefficient analysis at phenotypic and genotypic levels and genetic
divergence for ten yield and yield attributing traits. The experiment was
conducted in Randomized Block Design with two replications at the
Experimental research form, Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding Janta
Mahavidyalaya Ajitmal during kharif, 2023. Each treatment consists of two rows
spaced 45 cm with row to row and 15 cm plant to plant and replicated twice. Each
genotype was grown in the plot size of 13.5 m x 4 m.

The observations were recorded for ten quantitative, node to first flower
appearance, days to 50% flowering, plant height on 30, 60 and 90 days (cm),
Days of maturity, Number of primary branches/plants, Number of fruits/plants,
Size of fruits(cm), Number of seeds/fruits, 100 seed weight and Fruit yield/plant.

The mean data were subjected to the various statistical and biometrical
analysis. The salient findings of the study are summarized below:
1. The analysis of variance revealed that mean sum of squares due to
genotypes were highly significant for all the traits indicating wide range
of variation among the genotypes.
2. Based on mean performance most promising genotypes viz.SK-
Selection 01 was found highly significant for higher yield than the best
check IC140930.
3. The estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were
higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the
traits. High magnitudes of variability were observed in case of number
of branches per plant followed by fruit yield/plant size of fruit.
Moderate variation was noted in case of node to first flower appearance,
average fruit weight. While, lowest magnitude of variability was
exhibited in case of days to 50% flowering days.
4. The heritability in broad sense ranged from 0.66 per cent in case of
total fruit yield 0.46 percent for crop duration. Highest value of genetic
advance in per cent of mean was showed by Plant height on 30 DAS
(25.49) while exhibited lowest value (6.87) for this parameter.
5. High heritability (75%) coupled with high genetic advance were
observed for the traits total fruit yield per plant, average fruit yield,
number of primary branches/plants, fruit size, days to 50% flowering
which indicated opportunity for selection response in available
germplasm of okra.
6. The magnitude of genotypic correlation was higher than the
respective phenotypic correlations for all the character combinations.
7. The most important trait, total fruit yield per plant had exhibited
highly significant and positive phenotypic correlation with fruits
yield/plant and fruit size.
8. The higher magnitude of positive direct effect on fruit yield per plant
was exerted by Initial flowering (1.575) followed by average no. of
seed/fruit (0.053) plant height on 90 DAS (1.020). However, the
positive direct effects of rest of the traits were very low.
9. The negative direct effect on yield by either of the dependent traits
were very low. Howeve,100-seed weight (-0.274) contributed
considerable negative direct effects on total fruit yield per plant.
10. All the 29 genotypes were grouped into 5 distinct clusters. Major
clusters in divergence analysis contained genotypes of heterogeneous
origin, thereby indicating no parallelism between genetic and
geographic diversity. Therefore, crosses between members of clusters
 separated by high inter-cluster distance are likely to produce heterotic
F1 / transgressive segregates.
11. The intra cluster D2 values ranged from 63.84 (cluster III) to 0.00
(cluster IV). The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between
clusters II to IV (110.26).
12. The maximum contribution in manifestation of total genetic
divergence was made by Total fruit yields per plant yield (75.08)
followed by average fruit weight (12.38) for total divergence among the
available genotypes of okra.

On the basis of finding the present experiment may be concluded that

considerable variability exists within the genotypes of okra. Thus, genotype SK
Selection 01 were found promising for total fruit yield per plant and other traits
and may further evaluated to develop as variety. High heritability along with high
genetic advance for important traits indicate greater chance of selection response.
Considering the data on various important economic traits with respect to
phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability, heritability, genetic advance
in per cent of mean, phenotypic and genotypic path coefficient analysis and
genetic divergence, it may be very conveniently concluded that there is a great
possibility for improvement in the desired attributes to this seemingly high
valuable vegetable crops with export potentials.
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