MTH 380: Probability & Statistics I

Lab II

Example 2.1

Consider the set of data (n = 10)

0.01 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.015

a) Construct a stem and leaf plot using a unit for the leafs 0.001.

Stem Scale =0.001

10 0 1 2=0.012
11 0
12 0 0
13 0 0 0 0
14 0
15 0

b) Find the mean and standard deviation for the data.

The mean; P
xi (0.010 + 0.011 + ... + 0.015) 0.125
x̄ = = = = 0.0126
n 10 10
P 2 P
The standard deviation xi = 0.001606, xi = 0.126, n = 10;

√
rP r
2−(
P 2
x x i ) /n 0.001606 − 0.1262 /10
s = s2 = = = 0.03781
n−1 9

c) What proportion of the measurements are greater than 0.012?

The sum of the proportions of measurements that are greater than 0.012 is;
4 1 1 6
+ + = = 0.6
10 10 10 10
Therefore, 60% of the measurements are greater than 0.012
d) If a measurement is selected at random from the 10 measurements, what is the probability that
it is between 0.011 and 0.015 ?
5
P (0.011 < x < 0.015) = = 0.5
10

e) Describe the the shape of the distribution.

On the basis of both the stem and leaf and relative frequency histogram, the distribution is
approximately mound-shaped.
MTH 380 Lab II - Page 2 of 3

Exercise 2.1

Consider the set of data (n = 30);

1.08 0.99 0.97 1.18 1.41 1.28 0.83 1.06 1.14 1.38
0.75 0.96 1.38 0.75 0.96 1.08 0.87 0.89 0.89 0.96
1.12 1.12 0.93 1.24 0.89 0.96 1.14 0.92 1.18 1.17
a) Construct a stem and leaf plot or a frequency histogram to display the distribution. Is the
distribution relatively mound shaped?

Stem Leafs Leaf Unit=0.01

7 5
8 3 7 9 9 9
9 2 3 6 6 7 8 9
10 6 8 8
11 2 2 4 4 7 8 8
12 4 8
13 8 8
14 1

From the stem-and-leaf plot the distribution is not mound shaped.

Frequency/Relative Frequency Table

Interval Class Frequency Rel Frequency

0.75 < 0.9 0.825 7 0.23
0.9 < 1.05 0.975 8 0.27
1.05 < 1.2 1.125 10 0.33
1.2 < 1.35 1.275 2 0.07
1.35 < 1.5 1.425 3 0.1

The Frequency Histogram,

10

0
0.83 0.98 1.13 1.28 Again from the frequency histogram the distribu-
tion is not mound shaped.
MTH 380 Lab II - Page 3 of 3

b) Find the range, mean and standard deviation of the data set.

Range: M ax(xi ) − M in(xi ) = 1.41 − 0.75 = 0.66

P
The mean xi = 31.48, n = 30 ;
P
xi 31.48
x̄ =
= = 1.0493
n 30
P 2 P
The standard deviation xi = 33.9568, xi = 31.48, n = 30;

√
rP r
x2 − ( xi )2 /n 33.9568 − 3.1482 /30
P
s= s = 2 = = 0.17848
n−1 29

c) Find the percentage of measurements in the interval x̄ ± s, x̄ ± 2s, and x̄ ± 3s.

k x̄ ± ks Interval No. in the Interval Percentage
1 1.0493 ± 0.17848 0.87085-1.2227812 21 74%
2 1.0493x̄ ± 2(0.17848) 0.692376-1.406291 29 93%
3 1.0493 ± 3(.17848) 0.513897-1.58477 30 100%

d) How do the percentage obtained in part (c) compare with those given by the Empirical rule?
Explain.

The percentage of part (c)do not agree with those given by the Empirical Rule, especially in
the one standard deviation range. This caused by the lack of mounding.