10.4324_9781003336747_previewpdf

“Karl Polanyi made seminal contributions to political economy, social theory, and anthropology,
as well as providing a running commentary on the epochal changes that were unfolding in his
time. This collection of essays explores his ideas on a multitude of topics—fascism, science and
technology, institutionalism, and all points in between. Comprehensive in coverage and expertly
curated, this is a welcome addition to the burgeoning literature on Polanyi’s life and work.”
Gareth Dale, Reader in Political Economy at Brunel University, London
“This collection of articles by leading Polanyi scholars transcends disciplinary boundaries. By

addressing the wide range of issues that preoccupied Polanyi over a lifetime, readers will also
discover their remarkable coherence. Throughout his writings, Polanyi insisted upon the societal
consequences of disembedding the economy from society. Today, the urgent need to rethink the
relationship between the economy, society and nature, draws upon the work of Karl Polanyi. This
handbook is not only a major contribution to Polanyi scholarship; it is major contribution to an
intellectual counter-movement to the dominant paradigm.”
Marguerite Mendell, Director of the Karl Polanyi Institute
of Political Economy, Concordia University, Montreal
“This handbook is a timely contribution to ongoing debates of putting the economy in its place. It
compiles contributions by renowned scholars debating key Polanyian concepts as well as explor-
ing Polanyian insights for better understanding contemporary political economy. A must-read for
scholars researching ongoing multiple crises and societal transformations.”
Andreas Novy, President of the International Karl Polanyi Society,
WU Vienna University of Economics
THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK ON
KARL POLANYI
Karl Polanyi is one of the most influential social scientists of our era. A report of the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) begins by noting that we are in a
“Polanyi era”: a time of dangerously unregulated markets, where the greatest need for decisive
political action is matched by the least trust in politics.
This handbook provides a comprehensive account of recent research on Polanyi’s work and
ideas, including the central place occupied by his thinking on the relationship between economics
and politics. The stellar line-up of contributors to this book explore Polanyi’s work reflecting the
intrinsic interdisciplinarity of Polanyi’s approach to understanding our society, its place in history,
its fundamental dynamics, and its contradictions, as well as the methodological issues he raises.
The handbook broadly follows a chronological structure beginning with influences on Polanyi,
his formative experiences, and early works. A significant section is dedicated to Polanyi’s seminal
work, The Great Transformation, and its impact. Further sections also look at Polanyi’s wider
influence, on various disciplines and methodological debates, and his ongoing relevance for
present-day issues including debates on populism, neoliberalism, and low carbon transitions.
This handbook is a vital resource for students and scholars of economics, politics, sociology,
and other social sciences.
Michele Cangiani, Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia, Italy
Claus Thomasberger, University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany

THE ROUTLEDGE
HANDBOOK ON
KARL POLANYI
Edited by
Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger
Designed cover image: (photo by Claus Thomasberger)
Work […] is not a commodity
(Sculpture by Paul Landowski, 1937, International Labor Organization, Geneva)
First published 2024
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2024 selection and editorial matter, Michele Cangiani and
Claus Thomasberger; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger to be identified as the
authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters,
has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-032-37383-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-37384-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-33674-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003336747
Typeset in Times New Roman
by codeMantra
CONTENTS
List of contributors xi
Prefacexv
PART 1
Polanyi’s early training 1
1 Károly Polányi’s Hungary 3

János Gyurgyák
2 On the edge of Austro-Marxism 22

Diego De Bernardin Stadoan
3 The socialist calculation debate and the problem of modern civilization 33

Claus Thomasberger
PART 2
The ‘Great Transformation’ 47
I
In theory 49
4 Polanyi and neoliberalism 51

Bob Jessop
5 Twenty-first-century capitalism between embeddedness and

disembeddedness: Karl Polanyi and beyond 62
Cristiano Fonseca Monteiro and Raphael Jonathas da Costa Lima
vii
Contents
6 Antinomies of the ‘double movement’: From Polanyi to the Polanyi debate 73

Eren Duzgun
7 Markets, protectionism and self-regulation: A key to the ‘Great

Transformation’ 86
Hannes Lacher
II
Its history 99
8 The League of Nations’ programme ‘Financial Reconstruction of

Austria’ and Polanyi’s economic and political theory 101
Maria Markantonatou
9 The World Economic Crisis of the 1930s. Polanyi’s analysis of the Great
Depression, and the current global crisis 113
Kari Polanyi Levitt
10 Observing the transformation. Polanyi’s writings in the

interwar period 125
Michele Cangiani
11 Polanyi’s unorthodox contribution to the study of fascism 137

Kris Millett and Sang Hun Lim
12 Karl Polanyi and the ‘international civil war’: The analysis of a lucid
witness and interpreter of his time 148
Francesco Soverina
13 Karl Polanyi’s idea of co-existence: War and peace in the international

frames of politics and economy in the interwar period 160
Chikako Nakayama
14 After World War II: Universal capitalism or regional planning? 170

Claus Thomasberger
PART 3
Historical and anthropological studies 183
15 Polanyi’s anthropological insights: A comparative-holistic

approach185
Justin A. Elardo
viii
Contents
16 Karl Polanyi and the study of the ancient

Mediterranean and western Asia 196
David W. Tandy
17 Karl Polanyi on money 206

Jérôme Maucourant
PART 4
Methodology and political philosophy 217
18 Freedom and socialism 219

Michael Brie
19 Polanyi versus Hayek. The problem of freedom and

democracy in the market society 232
Paula Valderrama
20 Marx and Polanyi: A philosophical encounter 243

Hüseyin Özel
21 Polanyi reads Marx 253

Michele Cangiani
22 Polanyi’s institutionalism between the lines 266

Sabine Frerichs
23 Karl Polanyi’s institutionalist approach and its contemporary value

for the social sciences 278
Giorgio Resta
24 How theories shape, and are shaped by history 290

Chaitawat Boonjubun and Asad Zaman
25 Making interdependence Übersichtlich: Reading

Polanyi through a (neo)republican lens 299
Louis Mosar
PART 5
Current problems and debates 311
26 Where Polanyi is more relevant than ever: Social

justice and technical productivity in scientific
knowledge production 313
Emrah Irzik and Gürol Irzik
ix
Contents
27 Chronicler of the interregnum. Karl Polanyi and

the War in Ukraine 325
Florin Poenaru
28 The double movement in the Global South: Critiques, extensions, and

new horizons 335
Geoff Goodwin
29 The ecological thought of Karl Polanyi and his contribution to

ecological economics 349
Federico Zuberman
30 Karl Polanyi in the transition to a low-carbon and biodiverse society 361

Peadar Kirby
31 Ecosocialist freedom through participatory democratic planning 373

Pat Devine
Index 383
x
CONTRIBUTORS
Chaitawat Boonjubun is a Postdoctoral Researcher in Social Policy at the University of Helsinki,

at the Unit of Social Research, the Tempere University, Finland.
Michael Brie is Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Board of the German Rosa Luxemburg
foundation, Berlin.
Michele Cangiani was an Associate Professor of Economic Sociology, Universities of Bologna

and Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italy.
Diego De Bernardin Stadoan, PhD, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), has car-
ried out research at the Universidade Federal do ABC, campus of São Bernardo do Campo, Brasil.
Pat Devine is an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Manchester, UK.
Eren Duzgun is an Assistant Professor of political science at the University of Cyprus in the
Republic of Cyprus.
Justin A. Elardo is a Professor of Economics at Portland Community College in Portland, OR,

USA.
Sabine Frerichs is Professor of Economic Sociology at the Vienna University of Economics and
Business, Austria, and presently Scientific Director of the International Institute for the Sociology
of Law and Research Professor at the Ikerbasque Foundation, Spain.
Geoff Goodwin is a Lecturer in Global Political Economy at the University of Leeds, UK. He pre-
viously taught at the London School of Economics, University of Oxford, and University College
London, and was a Research Associate at FLACSO-Quito.
János Gyurgyák is Founder, Editor-in-chief and Director of Osiris Publishing Company

(Budapest ‒ osiriskiado.hu).
xi
Contributors
Emrah Irzik is an adjunct Instructor at Babeş-Bolyai University, Romania.
Gürol Irzik is Professor of Philosophy at Sabanci University, Turkey.
Bob Jessop is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at Lancaster University, England.
Peadar Kirby is Professor Emeritus of International Politics and Public Policy, University of
Limerick and education coordinator at Cloughjordan Ecovillage, Ireland.
Hannes Lacher is an Associate Professor in the Department of Politics at York University,

Toronto, Canada.
Sang Hun Lim is the Dean of the Graduate School of Public Policy and Civic Engagement,
Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
Raphael Jonathas da Costa Lima is Professor of Sociology at the Department of Multidiscipli-

nary Studies at Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil.
Maria Markantonatou is an Associate Professor of Political Sociology at the Department of

Sociology, University of the Aegean, Lesvos, Greece.
Jérôme Maucourant is an Assistant Professor at Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France.
Kris Millett has a PhD in Sociology and Anthropology from Concordia University, Montréal, Québec,
Canada.
Cristiano Fonseca Monteiro is Professor of the Department of Sociology at Universidade Federal

Fluminense, Brazil.
Louis Mosar is a PhD Researcher in social and political philosophy at the KU Leuven, Belgium.
Chikako Nakayama is a Professor of Global Studies at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies,

Japan
Hüseyin Özel is Emeritus Professor of Economics at the Department of Economics, Hacettepe

University, Ankara, Turkey.
Florin Poenaru is a Lecturer in Sociology and Anthropology in the Department of Sociology and
Social Work, University of Bucharest, Romania.
Kari Polanyi Levitt is Emerita Professor at McGill University, Montreal, Honorary PhD of the
University of the West Indies, Jamaica, and recipient of the Order of Canada.
Giorgio Resta, PhD, Pisa, is Full Professor of Comparative Law at Roma Tre University (Italy),
where he currently holds the position of Vice-Rector for International Relations.
xii
Contributors
Francesco Soverina, PhD in International Studies, was Researcher at the Istituto Italiano per
gli Studi Storici, and Professor-Researcher at the Istituto per la Storia della Resistenza e dell’Età
Contemporanea, Italy.
David W. Tandy, PhD Yale, is Professor of Classics Emeritus and Distinguished Professor of
Humanities Emeritus at the University of Tennessee (USA) and Visiting Research Fellow at the
University of Leeds (UK).
Claus Thomasberger is Professor of Economics and Foreign Economic Policy at the University
of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany, where he lectured until 2017.
Paula Valderrama has a doctoral degree in Political Philosophy from the Free University in Ber-
lin. She is a member of the executive committee at the Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy.
Asad Zaman is currently engaged in the project of decolonizing the social sciences, to envision
and realize alternatives to market societies. He has taught at leading universities around the globe.
Federico Zuberman is Agricultural Engineer and Master in Social Economy, Coordinator of the
Periurban Agroecological Production Technique (Associate Degree) at National University of
Hurlingham, Argentina, researcher and teacher at National University of General Sarmiento, and
teacher at National University of Tres de Febrero.
xiii
PREFACE
1
This Handbook explores theoretical achievements and political reflections of one of the most in-
fluential social scientists of our time, Karl Polanyi. His seminal book, The Great Transformation,
is listed among 20th-century classics. Leading intellectuals around the world refer to him as a
source of inspiration. The topicality of his thought is evident in the numerous areas in which it is an
unmistakable point of reference, and from the very fact that it is subject to different interpretations –
different in that they express alternative positions on our present and our future.
What meaning does Polanyi’s oeuvre have for us? What do we do with him today? The 2016
report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) begins by noting
that we are living in a “Polanyi era”: a time of dangerously unregulated markets, where the greatest
need for decisive political action is matched by the least trust in politics. It is not just a question of
trust, one might add, but it is true that the problem of the relationship between economics and poli-
tics occupies an important place in Polanyi’s thinking. We need to understand our society, its place
in history, its fundamental dynamics, and its flaws, in order to be able to intervene consciously on
the functioning and transformation of its institutions. Clarifying the importance of this principle
for Polanyi is a purpose of this Handbook; his political philosophy is closely related to his analyses
of the historical process and to the methodological issues he raises about social sciences.
In the “Introduction” of The Livelihood of Man, Polanyi (1977: xliii) is keen to warn the reader
about the present relevance of his research on societies of the past, as it involves questioning the
economic science, which is an expression of our own economic system. This he deems necessary
“to enlarge our freedom of creative adjustment, and thereby improve our chances of survival”.
Polanyi early revealed key features of neoliberalism. Today, after the triumph of the neoliberal
transformation and the economic, political, and ecological crisis to which it has led, the motive of
the interest in Polanyi seems likely to be the feeling that we are heading towards an impasse again,
after the one he analysed regarding Europe in the 1930s. Indeed, our society risks an entropic drift,
insofar as it is unable to master the relationship between its economic system and human and natu-
ral environment. What alternatives do we have? Which ones exist, not only on theoretical maps,
but also in reality? The more serious the crisis, the more necessary is knowledge, and the more
animated is the struggle in the field of ideology. It is therefore no wonder that Polanyi is interpreted
in different, even contrasting ways.
xv
Preface
2
The purpose of the Handbook is to offer an image as complete and documented as possible of
Polanyi’s thought. Basic information on his entire work is supplied, including rarely, if ever, con-
sidered writings. We do not claim, however, that the Handbook covers the full scope of Polanyi’s
work and all the questions it raises, also given the intrinsic interdisciplinarity of his approach and
the different orders of problems he proposes. A further factor of complexity is the relevance of the
political and scientific context: both that of Polanyi’s times and that of present times.
We will, of course, refer to the current literature. However, we sought to avoid (1) a discussion
limited to a few themes of Polanyi’s reflections; (2) the reduction of Polanyi’s concepts to generic
formulas, abstracting from their contextual meaning, or to a mere pretext for specialized discus-
sions; (3) a style of writing that is difficult for non-specialist readers.
Most of Polanyi’s writings are not only inter-disciplinary: they also aim at transcending the
purely academic debates and speaking to a broader public. In the last years, they have been ap-
preciated by social scientists and political activists primarily for the powerful criticism of unre-
strained capitalism that can be found in The Great Transformation (TGT). These readings provide
important insights. However, they too often neglect that Polanyi’s magnum opus is only the culmi-
nation of a lifelong research process that began before the First World War in Budapest, continued
in the interwar period in Austria and England, and in the US and Canada after the WWII, until his
death in 1964. During his life, Polanyi gave countless lectures, wrote hundreds of articles (more
than 250 alone for the magazine Der Österreichische Volkswirt) and published other books besides
TGT. One task of the Handbook is to present his oeuvre as a whole within which The Great Trans-
formation too is to be placed.
3
The categories that Polanyi develops in TGT and that dominate recent discussions play, of course,
a central role in the contributions to the Handbook. Nonetheless, we have chosen not to start with
these, but with highlighting the Hungarian and Austrian background of Polanyi’s formation, the
political fault lines and the theoretical debates in which the young Polanyi was involved. Few of
those who draw on Polanyi’s categories are familiar with the work he produced in the decades
preceding his writing TGT at Bennington College. Therefore, in Part One of the Handbook, “Po-
lanyi’s early training”, three chapters provide a glimpse of the political and theoretical vicissitudes
in which Polanyi was involved in his early years. The starting point is Budapest. Polanyi was
convinced of the formative influence the years he spent in Hungary had on his life and intellectual
development. Long after his emigration from Budapest for political reasons, he wrote in a letter:
“the literary and pedagogical work accomplished in […] the Hungarian period forms the real back-
ground of my life and thought” (cited in Dale 2016: 1).
The subsequent chapters focus on the two debates in which Polanyi was directly involved after
his arrival in the ‘Red Vienna’: one was that animated by the Austro-Marxists about the socialist
society to be built, concerning both the ideal to strive for and the political strategy to implement
it. The other, regarding Socialist Calculation, was started by Ludwig Mises, one of the fathers of
contemporary neoliberalism; this debate, in which Polanyi intervened early, influenced his think-
ing far more than is usually acknowledged.
Central theoretical insights of TGT are the subject of Part Two. In the first contribution, some
key concepts and the discussions that its interpretation has provoked in recent decades are traced
in detail. The “commodity fiction” category, to begin with: Polanyi explains labour, nature, and
xvi
Preface
money as “fictitious commodities”, differing from ordinary commodities by the very fact that even
in a modern capitalist-market economy they are not produced for sale. The role is then considered
that this issue plays in recent debates over the neoliberal tendency to privatize and commodify
more and more areas of social and natural life. The following chapter deals with Polanyi’s “embed-
dedness/dis-embeddedness” dichotomy, which focuses on the relationship between economy and
society, and reveals the unique structure of modern capitalist market civilization compared to all
other types of society known in human history. The category of “double movement” is the focus
of the third contribution in this Part: the efforts to expand the market system, the resulting often
destructive effects on humans and nature, and the interventions of society to protect itself against
them. The fourth chapter, which concludes the First Section of Part Two, regards the general
meaning of TGT as an analysis of the roots, modalities, and results of the crisis of the liberal civi-
lization of the 19th century. This reading of TGT highlights Polanyi’s criticism of neoliberalism
and the often-overlooked radicalism of his thought.
While the First Section of Part Two concerns some central theoretical nodes of Polanyi’s book,
the Second Section addresses more specifically historical events of the transformation. The Great
Transformation, as mentioned above, is not an isolated work, but grounds on Polanyi’s numerous
studies and publications during the preceding two decades. Many aspects that are briefly sum-
marized or merely implicit in TGT can only be understood in their full significance if Polanyi’s
analyses of the key events of the interwar period are considered. Significant here is first of all
Polanyi’s assessment of the economic and financial crises in Austria and the League of Nations
programme “Financial Reconstruction of Austria” after the First World War. This is followed by an
examination of his interpretation of the roots, characteristics, and course of the World Economic
Crisis of the 1930s. His analyses not only are crucial for the argumentation in TGT, but also allow
interesting comparisons with the current global crisis.
A treasure to be discovered are hundreds of articles Polanyi wrote in the interwar period, prin-
cipally for Der Österreichische Volkswirt, but not only. There, Polanyi investigates in detail the
economic and political course of the “great transformation”, especially regarding the corporative
institutional arrangement in Britain and the New Deal reforms. No less significant are Polanyi’s
studies of fascism – a topic central to TGT’s concluding chapters, but already dealt with systemati-
cally in the 1930s.
The transformation of international relations is another theme Polanyi continuously addresses
in the interwar period. “Of all the great changes witnessed by our generation, none may prove
more incisive than that which is transforming the organization of international life”, he states
(2018: 231) at the beginning of an essay that appears shortly after TGT. The interpretation of the
relationship between “internal” and “external” conflicts, which finds its striking expression in the
concept of “international civil war”, forms the core of the first of the chapters dealing with this
issue. A second contribution is devoted to Polanyi’s idea of “co-existence”. What would be the
conditions for maintaining peace in the face of increasing global tensions? The Second Section of
Part Two concludes with a chapter on the alternatives opening after the Second World War: return
to the obsolete liberal world order, now under US leadership, or transformation towards a multipo-
lar world – an alternative relevant not only in Polanyi’s time but also today.
Part Three deals with historical and anthropological studies Polanyi carried out prevalently after
his appointment to Columbia University in 1947. There, the contact and collaboration with scholars
of institutionalist orientation allowed him to acknowledge and more fully practise his own institution-
alism. The research directed by him led to the publication of Trade and Market in the Early Empires
(1957), a collection of essays marking a turning point in the comparative study of economic systems.
xvii
Preface
The first chapter of this Part explains the relevance of anthropological theory to better define
and support Polanyi’s critical method, which allows him, first of all, to demonstrate the specific-
ity of market and capitalist society compared to any other. This theoretical achievement includes
Polanyi’s methodological innovation: his social-institutional and holistic “substantive” approach
as opposed to the “formalist” one influenced by orthodox economics. The debate between scholars
adhering to these two tendencies continued – as the following chapter explains – also regarding
ancient social and economic history. Recently collected evidence has been adduced to support
neo-institutional readings of ancient economies; such interpretations are based on a conception of
the economy in which specific features of the market system are generalized. However, the same
evidence can also be interpreted as consistent with Polanyi’s thesis opposing the modern market
organization to ancient trade and production as “embedded” in non-economic institutions. The
qualitative, radical break marked, in Polanyi’s view, by the market-capitalist system is explained
regarding money in the third Chapter of Part Three. In pre-modern societies, money had various
forms and functions, each time determined within a given social system; as “currency”, it was
instrumental with respect to exchange relationships variously organized and aimed. With the de-
velopment of capitalism, money became “all-purpose money”, a commodity within the market
system, and itself an end.
4
Even if Polanyi dealt, as we have seen, with very different questions over the decades – reflecting
current problems both nationally and internationally – there is a common thread connecting his
research work through all his life: the problem of freedom. Already in the 1920s, in a letter to
a friend (2006 [1925]: 317), he thus summarized the question: “How can we be free, in spite
of the fact of society? And not in our imagination only [...] but in reality”. Not accidentally, the
title of the last chapter of TGT is: “Freedom in a Complex Society”. The concept of individual
freedom is the central category in Polanyi’s social philosophy, from which springs his notion
of democratic socialism. This is, at the same time, the basis on which he developed his own
methodological perspective.
In the first Chapter of the Part Four, “Political philosophy and methodology”, the connection
between Polanyi’s search for the conditions of freedom in modern societies, his conception of
the relationship between community and society, and his reflections on socialist alternatives is
explored. The subsequent chapter confronts Polanyi’s thinking with that of his great opponent,
Friedrich Hayek. Not only did both live in Red Vienna during the same period, emigrate to the
Anglo-Saxon world in the early 1930s, and publish their respective best-known works in 1944,
but both also have in common the question of how individual freedom can be preserved in a mod-
ern, complex society. It is precisely at this point – and not simply, as is usually assumed, on the
question of the efficiency of economic planning – where their judgements differ. Whereas Hayek
advocates market competition as an indispensable precondition of freedom, Polanyi considers the
market system, according to the chapter’s central message, as ultimately incompatible with per-
sonal freedom and responsibility.
Two chapters follow, which address the ever-discussed relationship between Polanyi and Marx.
The first argues, by drawing out connecting lines and differences, that linking the insights of both
is essential for understanding the respective conceptions, especially concerning human existence
and its tendency to degradation and disintegration in modern times. The second, which gives a
detailed analysis of Polanyi’s highly interesting but too rarely considered articles and manuscripts
of the interwar period, demonstrates how significant Marx’s works were as sources for Polanyi’s
xviii
Preface
political philosophy. The author shows what surprising affinities become apparent when they are
related to each other on the general-abstract theoretical level, where capitalism is analysed in
terms of a specific “form of society” characterized by the institution of a self-referential economic
system.
Thus, Karl Polanyi’s peculiar perspective on the economy as an “instituted process” and its
relevance for the social sciences comes into focus. In the subsequent chapter Polanyi’s institutional
approach is examined. Its closeness is shown to the ‘old’ institutionalism, which flourished in
the US in the first half of the 20th century: its contrast, instead, with the ‘new’ institutionalism –
particularly in economics. While sociology and economics are the focus of this chapter, the follow-
ing one considers the enduring relevance of comparative institutional analysis from the perspective
of legal theory and economic history. The importance is emphasized of Polanyi’s approach as an
intellectual tool to oppose the “economist bias” and the colonization of law and other social sci-
ences by market-fundamentalist approaches.
The next chapter continues the examination of conventional social theories by addressing the
question of how the process of social transformation and the causal factors contributing to changes
can be understood. Too often in contemporary social and economic theories, the adverse effects of
these changes on different classes are minimized, with the consequence that policies crafted in the
light of misleading understandings have fatal consequences in social reality. Polanyi’s approach,
which highlights the influence of theoretical notions, whether right or wrong, on social reality and
its transformation, provides analytical templates for incisive qualitative and historical analysis,
allowing us to counter the rational calculation of human behaviour that dominates modern social
sciences.
The final chapter of this Part returns to the idea of freedom by reading Polanyi’s vision of so-
cial freedom through a (neo-)republican lens. An analysis of the resonances between Polanyi and
(neo-)republicanism supports the argument that a (neo-)republican reading of Polanyi can be fruit-
ful for both sides: (a) (neo-)republican considerations can help strengthen Polanyi’s conceptualiza-
tion of freedom; (b) (neo-)republican authors can benefit from the Polanyian opposition between
democratic freedom and market freedom.
According to Polanyi’s democratic approach, the ideology of market freedom can even reach
the point of negating “the reality of society” as organized by historically specific institutions.
By limiting responsibility to the realm of direct personal relationships, the constraints imposed
by the capitalist market system tend to be ignored or at least undervalued. Besides, the modern
“discovery of society” (TGT, Chapter 10) implies a conception of freedom through “overview”
(Übersicht), i.e. a control of social organization involving informed and responsible individuals.
While Part Four evidences the connection, in Polanyi’s approach, between his critical methodo-
logical attitude and his political philosophy, Part Five, “Current problems and debates”, refers to
both these achievements as inspiring regarding our present concerns. Given the variety of issues
Polanyi dealt with, it is not surprising that his arguments are present in a wide range of debates. We
had to select and limit the discussions in this Handbook to a few topics that seem central to us. The
first theme is the connection between the self-referential market system, science, and technology.
Polanyi’s warnings about the incalculable consequences of technological development driven by
market competition are of the utmost importance today, especially in view of the role of nuclear
technology, genetic engineering, the internet, artificial intelligence, etc. Under these conditions,
counter-initiatives against the universalization of intellectual property rights such as Open Tech-
noscience appear to be all the more important.
Another subject is the structural transformation of international relations, characterized by the
rise of Asia, the growing importance of Africa and the crisis of the unipolar world order under
xix
Preface
US leadership. The war in Ukraine is the latest expression of tensions that, much like in Polanyi’s
time, are associated with such fundamental changes, in which new rising forces on regional and
global levels are challenging the existing power structures. This turns the attention in the direc-
tion of the Global South. “My work is for Asia and Africa, for the new peoples”, Polanyi wrote
in 1958 (Karl Polanyi Archive, Con 30 Fol 02) in a letter to a friend expressing the hope that his
ideas would inspire the peoples fighting for their liberation from the colonial yoke. The chapter
dedicated to this theme explores the question of how far the double movement can be understood
as an ongoing historical process that, even if it takes on different forms depending on the social
context, is indispensable for understanding the transformation of the Global South.
The three concluding chapters address from different angles one of the major problems of our
time, a decisive one for the future of modern industrial civilizations: the ecological devastation
or the dangers that industrial societies based on the commercialization of nature cause for living
conditions on our Planet, and what consequences result from this for the idea of a socialist trans-
formation. “Industrialism is a precariously grafted scion upon man’s age-long existence. The out-
come of the experiment is still hanging in the balance. But man is not a simple being and can die in
more than one way” (Polanyi 2018: 198). The first of the three chapters discusses the contribution
Polanyi’s institutional approach can make to discussions within the framework of ecological eco-
nomics. The second contribution focuses on the insights that Polanyi’s reflections provide for the
transition to a low-carbon and biodiverse society. The final chapter turns to Polanyi’s overarching
question of the perspectives of freedom in modern societies and discusses the question of how the
pursuit of social wellbeing and the recognition of planetary boundaries could be achieved through
participatory democratic planning.
***
We are grateful to all contributors to this book for their efforts and fruitful exchange of ideas. May
this worldwide collaboration count as a minimal sign towards a future of peace and greater ability
of mankind to face its own problems consciously and responsibly, as Karl Polanyi hoped.
Finally, a sad note. Daniel Tompkins, Emeritus at Temple University, Philadelphia, was part of
the team when we started working on the Handbook. His intention was to contribute a chapter on
Polanyi’s scholarship at Columbia University, relating the historiography of antiquity to Polanyi’s
thought. A fatal illness interrupted Daniel’s work, causing his death on June 10th, 2023. We admire
him as a scholar and as a person, and we remember his enthusiasm, his wide-ranging intellect, and
his commitment.
July 14th, 2023
Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger
References
Dale, Gareth. 2016. Karl Polanyi. A Life on the Left. New York: Columbia University Press.
Polanyi, Karl. 1977. The Livelihood of Man. Harry W. Pearson, ed. New York, San Francisco, London: Aca-
demic Press.
——— 2001 [1944]. The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.
——— 2006 [1925]. “Letter to a Friend”. In Karl Polanyi in Vienna, Kenneth McRobbie and Kari Polanyi
Levitt eds. Montréal: Black Rose Books.
——— 2018. Economy and Society. Selected Essays. Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger, eds.
Cambridge: Polity.
Polanyi, Karl, Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson, eds. 1957. Trade and Market in the Early Empires.
Glencoe, IL: The Free Press & The Falcon’s Wing Press.
xx
PART 1
Polanyi’s early training

1
KÁROLY POLÁNYI’S HUNGARY
János Gyurgyák
Introduction
What I became I became in my homeland. Hungarian lives have given meaning to my life.
When I erred, others paid for it here. The good I have strived for, should be realized here.
What little I have given to the world, should come home,
wrote Polányi in one of his late publications (1986b: 194). To what extent can this statement be
regarded as an exaggeration or an expression of nostalgia, or as a formal lap of honour in tribute
to his native land? To what extent were later Polányi’s scientific achievements determined by the
intellectual and political experiences he had in Hungary as a young man? These are the questions
I intend to answer.
Budapest at the turn of the century

Budapest was without doubt one of the beneficiaries of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise (Aus-
gleich) of 1867: the Hungarian capital changed from being a small city of local significance to the
second most important city of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Of course, German remained the
most important language of the Empire’s institutions – most prominently in the army – and Vienna
remained the seat of the central bank and joint ministries (defence, foreign affairs and the treas-
ury). On the other hand, the importance of the Hungarian capital also grew significantly, since the
greater part of the Empire (52%) was within the boundaries of the Kingdom of Hungary; further-
more, Hungary played a significant role in the political and economic expansion into the Balkans.
The leading role Budapest played in the areas of banking, finance, manufacturing, food pro-
duction and railway construction is unquestionable. The construction of the rail network was also
of decisive importance for Hungary’s modernisation because it made the development of trading
connections with the other half of the Empire possible. Károly Polányi’s father, Mihály Pollacsek,
was assigned a role in railway construction. Between 1850 and 1900 the rail network in this part of
the Monarchy increased from 176 to 17,245 kilometres. Among the capitals of Europe, Budapest
was second only to Berlin in undergoing the most rapid growth in its population during the period
around the turn of the century: from 280,000 in 1869 to 880,000 in 1910, thanks to bourgeoning
3 DOI: 10.4324/9781003336747-2
János Gyurgyák
opportunities and to a large scale – chiefly internal – immigration. In 1870, out of every 1,000
residents 633 had not been born in the city and a mere 46% of its population professed Hungarian
to be their native language. The proportion of Jews in Budapest became increasingly significant,
reaching 23% in 1910.
Budapest, which transformed into a global city within the space of two generations, became the
flagship of the country’s industry and modernisation. A true period of Gründerzeit prevailed in the
city, which attracted all manner of active Austrian, German, Jewish and Hungarian capital, as well
as workforce from the Hungarian peasantry and nationalities from around the Empire, principally
Slovaks. Polányi’s father, Mihály Pollacsek, had trodden this exact path.
The family
In one sense, the story of the Pollacsek-Polányi family could be said to have been a typical one
during the Monarchy’s period of modernisation. On the one hand, they came from the periph-
eral parts of the country and were regarded as foreigners due to their ethnicity. On the other,
they were an exemplary model of the Hungarian Jewry’s rapid rise and assimilation. Examples
of this in Hungary were industrialists such as the Hatvany-Deutsch family owning a sugar com-
pany, the Weiss family (steel works) and the Wodianers and Ullmanns, both of them bankers,
who used their economic power to enhance their social prestige. At the time in Hungary this
meant rich families acquiring noble titles, while their growing wealth enabled them to purchase
land; in fact, they often adopted the customs and habits of Hungarian families from the noble/
gentry ranks. In this regard, the story of the Polányi family is atypical since their elevation into
the ranks of the haute bourgeoisie was brought to a halt by Mihály Pollacsek’s bankruptcy;
his erudite and outstandingly talented children were, therefore, forced to take a different path.
Instead of consolidating their wealth or regaining their old economic status, they opted to hone
their intellectual skills. Furthermore, for most of them, this implied a rejection of bourgeois-
capitalist values and the adoption of left-wing socialistic ideals. From a social-historical per-
spective, the Polányi children followed a similar course to György (Georg) Lukács, the son of
a wealthy banker.
Károly Polányi’s paternal grandfather, Adolf Pollacsek Sr, (1820‒1871) and his wife, Zsófia
Schlesinger (1826‒1898) had the considerable means to rent the Ungvár mill (in today’s Uzh-
horod, Ukraine), one of the largest industrial facilities in Ung County bordering Galicia. The
names themselves demonstrate their Polish-Galician (Pollacsek) and Silesian (Schlesinger) ori-
gins. Zsófia Schlesinger gave birth to six children (Clementin, Károly, Lujza, Vilma, Teréz and
Mihály). Károly Pollacsek (1859–1928) is worthy of note, because he took part in almost every
venture of his brother Mihály, in the capacity of a legal advisor. Károly Polányi was an intern in
their law firm during his university years, and later worked there as a lawyer until the outbreak of
the First World War. The fledgling lawyer, at least up to this point, had the opportunity to follow a
much more traditional career path. However, this wasn’t his choice.
Two names are worthy of note from the extended family, who played an important role in the
intellectual development of the Polányi children. Above all, Lujza Pollacsek’s son Ervin Szabó
(1877‒1918), who was the legendary director of the Budapest Metropolitan Library (today the
Ervin Szabó Library) as well as a prominent figure of Hungarian Marxist thought and syndical-
ism. Vilma Pollacsek’s son Ernő Seidler (1886‒1938) was one of the founders of the Hungarian
Communist Party and the commander of the Red Guard in Budapest during the Hungarian Soviet
Republic of 1919. There can be no proper understanding of the Pollacsek-Polányi family without
4
Károly Polányi’s Hungary
this duality. On the one hand, an amazingly rapid acquisition of wealth, the adoption of the bour-
geois lifestyle and mentality, as well as rapid acculturation and assimilation; on the other hand, an
interruption caused by bankruptcy, a disillusionment with the bourgeois-capitalist existence, and a
radical intellectual confrontation with that reality.
The income from the aforementioned mill in Ungvár gave Károly Polányi’s father, Mihály Pol-
lacsek, the financial means to study at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zurich. He
began his career as a railway engineer for the Swiss state railways. In the early 1880s he moved
to Vienna, where he designed rail lines for the capital’s Stadtbahn and was the author of several
books on this theme.
The history of the maternal side of the family is no less interesting. Mihály Pollacsek met
Cecile (Cecilia) Wohl, a native Russian speaker, in Vienna, where she was working in a jewellery
shop in Taborstrasse. Cecile’s best friend in the city was Anna Klatschko, whose husband, Samuel
Klatschko, ran a patent office there, and at the same time built up close ties with the émigré Rus-
sian revolutionaries, including Trotsky and Radek. Klatschko and the Russian revolutionary spirit
had a significant influence on the entire Pollacsek family, including, of course, Károly. Even at the
end of his life, Polányi was fascinated by Klatschko’s personality: “He was the kindest man I have
ever known” – he wrote (Duczynska 1971: 763). This influence may have led to Polányi joining
the organisation called Socialist Students, founded in 1902 by his close relatives (Adolf Pollacsek,
Ernő Seidler and Ödön Pór), when he was still at secondary school. There is no accurate informa-
tion about what he did there and whether or not he participated in the group’s book publishing
programme (publishing the works of Kropotkin, Lavrov, and Faure) or in the group’s activities of
workers’ education.
Cecile’s father, Alex Wohl, an ‘enlightened’ rabbi from Vilna, was the author of historical
works in Russian and a Russian-language Jewish prayer book. Mihály Pollacsek and Cecile Wohl
married in Warsaw in 1881; their first children were born in Vienna: Laura in 1882, Adolf in 1883,
and Károly (Karli, Karlicsku) in 1886. The family then moved to Budapest, where their fourth
child, Zsófia (Sophie) was born (1888), as well as their last two children: Mihály Lázár (1891) and
Pál (1893); the latter was mentally disabled and died in 1904.
Cecile Wohl (commonly known in Budapest as Mama Cecil or Tante Cécile) was a person
with a thirst for knowledge, well-read and very erudite. In contrast to her father, who had a
strictly puritanical and bourgeois mentality, Cecile followed a kind of anarchistic way of life.
She organised an intellectual salon on a weekly basis in their elegant palace on Andrássy Road
and then in their apartment on Ferenciek Square, where the cream of the radical Budapest intel-
ligentsia of the time met. In his memoirs, one frequent guest, Oscar Jászi, remembers this salon
as being influenced by Nietzsche and Marx and that the hostess of the salon was “brilliantly witty
but very often femininely superficial. Sometimes she performed real acrobatics in the midst of
the ever-changing ideological formulae” (Jászi 1982: 559). In 1912, Mama Cecil also started
a Women’s Lyceum in Budapest with the participation of writers and painters (such as Endre
Ady, Béla Balázs, Frigyes Karinthy, Dezső Kosztolányi, Róbert Berény and Dezső Czigány)
and turned her attention to graphology. She was also fascinated by psychoanalysis; she had been
one of Sándor Ferenczi’s patients and wrote herself about psychoanalysis (Kunst und Psycho-
analise). In 1906 she gave a lecture on the Russian Revolution at a meeting of the social demo-
cratic Vorwärts cultural association for workers. Albeit in a much-reduced form, in the interwar
years she continued running her intellectual salon, which was visited by the crème de la crème
of Hungarian literature, from Attila József to Gyula Illyés. Henrik Vámos remembered Mama
Cecil as a “notoriously youthful and pacifist fighter, a free-thinking hero and the mother of all
5
János Gyurgyák
revolutionaries” (National Széchényi Library – NSZL – fond 212). In his speech at her funeral
(5 September 1939) Aladár Sós said:
We were very young then, but you were always the youngest among us; your desire for
knowledge and your thirst for culture was the keenest. You were not only interested in the
events of science and art but you were also interested in us. In your motherly bias and talent-
seeking zeal, you saw something in each of us: promise and value. You reminded me of the
strong, intelligent and stalwart mothers of great Russian novels, combined with the subtlety
and liveliness of your extraordinary spirit.
(NSZL – fond 212)
It undoubtedly meant a lot to the Polányi children that they were able to meet members of the Hun-
garian intellectual elite on a weekly basis, so they experienced the radical Hungarian and Central
European left-wing intellectual culture almost as a natural part of their lives.
Mihály Pollacsek continued in Budapest and other parts of Hungary what he had started in
Switzerland and Vienna: he designed and built railways. In 1887, the legendary Minister of Trade,
Gábor Baross, launched his large-scale transport reform plans, including favourable financial con-
ditions for the designers and builders of the much-needed railway lines. Soon after this provi-
sion was issued, Mihály Pollacsek made Budapest his home. He drew up the plans for important
Hungarian railway lines together with the Berlin-based company Soenderop et al. as the main
contractor. Being a member of the board of directors and the supervisory board of the joint-stock
company set up for the constructions, he closely interacted with famous politicians, MPs, financi-
ers and bankers.
Thanks to these extensive business enterprises, the Pollacsek family was able to lead a bour-
geois lifestyle. The healthy state of their finances is demonstrated by the fact that their first apart-
ment was at 2 Andrássy Road, the most prestigious boulevard in Budapest, favoured by the elite.
Their place of residence is also a telling example of social segregation in Budapest at the time
since those born into the aristocracy resided elsewhere, mainly around the National Museum and
in the Castle District of Buda. A photograph of the Polányi apartment on Andrássy Road shows the
family’s luxurious, bourgeois-aristocratic lifestyle (the large painting in the living room depicting
the children; expensive tapestries on the walls; elegant furniture, etc.).
Mihály Pollacsek did not follow the strategies of the biggest Jewish industrialists and commer-
cial magnates of the time as he did not adopt a Hungarian name, seek to acquire a noble title, write
and speak in Hungarian with his colleagues and children, convert from the Jewish faith: but he
didn’t try to get his children to do the same. In his lifestyle, work ethic and approach to life he did
not emulate the aristocracy, nor even the middle-class gentry, but rather chose to follow the stricter
industrial middle-class path. His children finally acquired hungarianised names on 29 September
1904. This is most probably not a random date: Mihály Pollacsek was seriously ill at the time and
must have wanted to settle his affairs relating to his children before his death. However, the exact
date that the family converted from the Jewish faith to Calvinism is not yet known, but it certainly
occurred later, since Jewish faith can be read both in Károly Polányi’s university report book at the
end of 1904 and in Mihály (Michael) Polányi’s school report in 1908.
In respect to his children’s future, Mihály Pollacsek did the most astute thing a father can do by
providing all the funds necessary for their education. Their upbringing was not a strictly religious
one but instead enlightened and rational. Home tutors and governesses were engaged to teach the
children. In addition to German used within the family and Hungarian learnt from their environ-
ment, the children were also required to speak English and French, as well as to continue their
6
Latin and ancient Greek studies, which were mandatory. Accepting the norms of the time, and
haute bourgeoisie habits, domestic servants were also a natural prerequisite in running a household
for the Pollacsek family.
It is also exactly known when the family’s financial downfall took place, since on 24 Decem-
ber 1899 the capital’s newspapers reported that Mihály Pollacsek’s liabilities had reached half a
million crowns (a huge amount at the time), leaving him insolvent. There are not sufficient data
to establish exactly why this happened; it can only be speculated that it was caused by the major
construction crisis starting in 1899. The family legends also tell of a flood that washed away the
railway embankments under construction, and it is also often mentioned that Pollacsek “paid eve-
rything back to the last penny”. Unfortunately, due to the lack of data, this can neither be verified
nor rejected. What is clear is that the Budapest papers covered the story of the family’s movable
property being auctioned off in 1900. These were items of relatively low value compared to the
half a million Mihály Pollacsek owed. He most probably made some kind of financial arrange-
ment as he remained active after 1900, albeit as an employee of various companies. Most of the
time he undertook work in Germany. Even though the family had to leave the palace on Andrássy
Street, they were still able to maintain the semblance of a middle-class lifestyle, moving to a flat
– 5 Ferenciek Square and then to 4 Bécsi Street, both in the city centre. The assumption that Pol-
lacsek was never able to psychologically process his bankruptcy is not without foundation, and
it may well have contributed to his early death at the age of 42 (12 January 1905). The funeral
was so moving for the children that they were still exchanging letters about it decades later. The
enduring closeness between the Polányi siblings, especially between Laura, Karl and Michael, was
undoubtedly influenced by the early death of their father. “My dear little sister, we are cordless
Siamese twins” – Karl wrote in a letter to Laura (NSZL – fond 212). In a letter to Michael – who
throughout his life was much more critical than him of Marxism and especially in his condemna-
tion of the Soviet Union – he noted how ignorant their Anglo-Saxon critics were by insisting on
a conflict between them based on their differences of opinion, while overlooking how strong and
unbreakable their fraternal ties, their shared family and Hungarian memories were.
Schools
Mihály Pollacsek’s financial fall had an impact on Karl Polányi’s schooling. He completed the
first two years of an eight-year secondary school as a private student (one of the private teachers
was his relative, Ervin Szabó) but in his third year (1898‒1899) he entered the Main Secondary
School of the Royal Hungarian Teacher Training Institute, colloquially known as the Model Sec-
ondary School or ‘Trefort’. This school was undoubtedly one of the best educational institutions
in Budapest at the time, where graduating university students completed their teaching practice.
The teaching staff was made up of the best teachers of the time, who published scientific books
and were the authors of the secondary school textbooks used at the time. The school library’s
holdings comprised 10,000 volumes as well as Hungarian and foreign scientific journals. Getting
into the Model Secondary School was considered an outstanding opportunity for both teachers
and students. Every year the school published a detailed yearbook (Badics ed. 1904); so almost
everything is known about Karl’s (and later Michael’s) studies. For example, it is known exactly
what he read in the original Hungarian, German, Latin and Ancient Greek, as well as what he
learnt in physics and mathematics. Polányi’s school report also shows that in addition to the basic
subjects, he studied French, philosophy, art history, calligraphy and shorthand. It is even recorded
in the school report how many centimetres Polányi grew each year (for example, from 155 cm
to 160 cm in his fifth year) and how many pull-ups on the horizontal bar he was able to do at the
7
János Gyurgyák
beginning and end of the year (15 and 20, respectively, officially making him the second strongest
boy in the class).
Polányi was always among the top students in his class and after his father’s bankruptcy he
became eligible for the Ármin Brüll scholarship (320 crowns compared to the annual tuition fee
of 140) based on the votes of the council of the Israelite community. After Karl graduated in 1904,
his brother Michael also received the same scholarship until he completed his own studies. In Tre-
fort, it was rare for ‘children with a modest financial background’ to be granted a scholarship of
such a high amount; therefore, both Karl and Michael would have had to demonstrate exceptional
abilities.
Karl Polányi was also the president of the school’s literature self-study group, and, revealing
much about his oratory skills, “he gave an enthusiastic opening speech” at the ceremony on 15
March 1903 reciting Sándor Petőfi’s poem Egy gondolat bánt engemet (One Thought). (Badics
1904). Then, at the funeral of Elizabeth Queen of Hungary on 19 November 1903, he delivered the
ceremonial speech imbued with a spirit of patriotic enthusiasm. Polányi’s 1903 class consisted of
21 students: seven Catholic, four Lutheran, two Reformed and eight of the Jewish faith. In regard
to occupation, approximately half of the students’ parents were civil servants, while the other half
were private officials, licensed agricultural producers, independent traders and tradesmen (Pótó
1982: 20).
In autumn 1904 Polányi enrolled in the Faculty of Law at the Royal University of Budapest
(today Eötvös Loránd University, ELTE) and studied tuition-free from the first term. It is not clear
why Polányi did not instead apply to the humanities faculty that at the time would have been more
in line with his interests. It may have been that his father wished him to study law, or that Polányi’s
uncle, the legal advisor Károly Pollacsek, was really behind this decision, or indeed that Polányi’s
choice was influenced by financial factors and career opportunities. One of his best friends and an
intellectual rival at the time, Georg Lukács, noted in a letter that “Karli” deserved a Nobel Prize
because he had helped one of his aristocratic students, “whom he trained in his spare time”, to
pass his end-term exams (Lukács 1981: 22). Lukács was also somewhat jealous of Polányi’s ora-
tory success, ranking him intellectually alongside Ernst Bloch and Georg Simmel. Since Polányi’s
university report book has been preserved in his estate, it is also known exactly what subjects
he studied: constitutional and legal history, early Hungarian history, national economics, modern
history, criminal law, politics, jurisprudence. Several things transpire from the document (Leck-
ekönyv. School report. NSZL, fond 212). First, Polányi enrolled in courses at the Humanities Fac-
ulty, attending lectures on historical subjects that interested him, but he clearly avoided specialised
legal subjects. Second, he passionately prepared for all his lessons, which is demonstrated by the
descriptions in his report book such as “very diligent” and “excellent”. In 1907 Polányi spent a
term at the University of Vienna, where he also attended the economics lectures of the Austro-
Marxist Carl Grünberg. He received his doctorate on 26 June 1909 at the Franz Joseph University
of Kolozsvár. Polányi ‒ like Georg Lukács ‒ completed his doctorate under the bourgeois radical
thinker, Bódog Somló. Even at this time his outstanding talents were obvious to his contemporar-
ies. For example, Lukács wrote in his diary that their mutual friend Leo Popper’s faith in “Karli”
was aprioristic, while his own faith in him was only a posteriori (Lukács 1981: 22).
In October 1907 the members of the Catholic Saint Emeric Student Association announced
a boycott of the lectures of Gyula Pikler, professor of law, who was a well-known free-thinking
evolutionist; in reaction to this the students who supported him engaged a fist fight to get lectures
resumed. As a Pikler’s student, Polányi took part in the conflict: this is why he was forced to finish
his studies at the University of Kolozsvár.
8
The Galileo circle

The above episode at the university related to ‘academic freedom’ played a decisive role in the
formation of the Galileo Circle, raising questions about the autonomy of teachers regarding the
content and method of their teaching. It was Gyula Pikler who suggested that the movement be
called the Galileo Circle. The other decisive factor in the group’s founding was that other, larger
organisations (University Circle, Saint Emeric Circle, Gábor Bethlen Circle) had already been
available for Christian students with a traditional vent, but many students, mostly those of Jewish
origin, were averse to these as they regarded them as ‘reactionary’ and ‘clerical’, while they also
kept their distance from the Zionist Makkabea Circle since the beliefs of its adherents were in
sharp contrast to their own largely materialistic, atheistic or simply irreligious free-thinking views.
In 1908, students who occasionally gathered together during the ‘Pikler prank’ considered estab-
lishing an independent association; however, the legislation in force at the time prevented them
from doing so within the tight deadline they had and so they turned to the president of the Society
of Social Sciences, Oscar Jászi, who suggested the Hungarian Association of Freethought as a pos-
sible parent organisation for the students, while recommending to them Karl Polányi.
The association initially had reservations about Polányi because of his “excessive gentlemanly
manners, sophisticated style and elegant attire”, but they soon accepted him as a leader recognis-
ing both his gifts of oratory and organisational skills (Csunderlik 2017). Polányi saw the Galileo
Circle as an excellent opportunity to demonstrate his talent and to realise his long-standing dream
of introducing – at least in part – the Russian student movement model to Hungary. He became the
circle’s first president and leading figure. He actively participated in establishing the organisation’s
statutes and rules of conduct, writing its first manifesto, editing its magazine Szabadgondolat
(Freethought) and organising the Galileo Circle Library book series. It was in the latter that Po-
lányi’s translation of the first three chapters of Ernst Mach’s Die Analyze der Empfindungen (The
Analysis of Emotions) was published. Polányi’s introduction to the book shows that Mach was
important to him since he replaced dogmas, traditions and authorities with practice, experience
and expediency. As Polányi writes (1986a: 240), “What cannot be verified by experience should
not even be thought about”.
Polányi played a major role in keeping the Galileo Circle away from party politics and, fol-
lowing the Russian example, bearing on its banner the notions of moral commitment, individual
devotion, a willingness to help, self-education and selflessness, summed up in the slogan “to learn
and teach”. The ultimate goal set by the circle was the social liberation of Hungary. It is known
exactly when and what kind of lectures Polányi gave in the circle (Worldview and Politics, Intel-
lectual Movements of the Present, Evaluation of Intellectual Life, Theory of Social Movements,
State of Public Affairs in Hungary, Origin and End of Religion, How a Savage Thinks, Clerical-
ism, The Task before Hungarian Intellectuals, Science and the Class Struggle, Secondary Schools
and Culture, School and Science, The Task of the Student Body, Towards the Second Era of Social
Science, The Development of Modern Capitalism, The Critique of Historical Materialism, Bolshe-
vism and Manual Workers, The Internationale, etc.) and what seminars he led (Pikler, Mach, He-
gel, Oppenheimer, Marx) (www.adt.arcanum.com). Conducting lectures on such topics, he visited
workers’ associations, trade unions and workers’ homes in the outer districts of the city. Summer
seminars were organised for secondary school pupils. After his presidency, he became the chair-
man of the workers’ education committee of the Galileo Circle, which organised social science
and political lectures, and basic education for workers. This provided Polányi with a wealth of
experience for his later teaching workers in Vienna and England.
9
János Gyurgyák
The circle started with 256 members, that soon grew to over a thousand. In the year it was es-
tablished, 1908, most of the Galileists were medical students (36%), law students (24%) and tech-
nical university students (20%) (Csunderlik 2017: 151). The Circle was divided by different world
views: the Polányi-led core of the circle was formed by the adherents of Mach and Avenarius. In
the first few years of the circle the evolutionists, following the Darwin-Spencer line of thought,
were still present, as well as Bergsonists and Marxists. Anyhow, the greatest influence upon the
circle was exerted by domestic bourgeois middle-class radicalists (Oscar Jászi, Paul Szende); in-
deed, the circle was given two rooms in the premises of the bourgeois radical Society of Social
Sciences in the city centre. Galileists were, then, able to read magazines subscribed to by the Soci-
ety, meet the bourgeois radical leaders who frequented this venue and listen to their lectures. And
vice versa: Jászi and his followers regarded the Galileo Circle as an important youth organisation
and a source of recruitment. The Galileist generation, according to Jászi, “could lead Hungary out
of the Balkans and into Western Europe” (Jaszi 1923: 40). Polányi was later given an important
position in the bourgeois Radical Party, led by Jászi. The periodical Szabadgondolat, as well as the
other activities of the circle, increasingly addressed issues concerning the bourgeois radicals, such
as anti-capitalism, anti-clericalism, anti-militarism, anti-alcoholism, suffrage, international issues,
the women’s movement, land reform.
Polányi’s freemason activities were also related to the Galileo Circle. In 1911 the Archime-
des Lodge was founded with the express purpose of bringing together in one association those
old Galileists, who would otherwise have been lost to ‘progressive’ movements after graduating.
Polányi was admitted to the Archimedes ‘chain of brotherhood’ relatively late, on 5 December
1913, and exempted from paying tax as a “brother of limited means”. Polányi later moved to the
Martinovics Lodge, led by Jászi. In the first half of 1914 he gave several lectures on the importance
of freethought in the various lodges, but after that his activities almost completely ceased and he
did not get beyond the status of ‘apprentice’ until he immigrated to Vienna, where an attempt to
resurrect the radical freemason lodge wasn’t very successful. There are no data on whether or not
Polányi continued his association with the freemasons after moving to England.
Polányi and the Galileist presidents who followed him invited renowned foreign progres-
sive speakers to Budapest, including Max Adler, Eduard Bernstein, Auguste-Henri Forel, Robert
Michels, Wilhelm Ostwald, Werner Sombart and Émile Vandervelde. Polányi also had a signifi-
cant role in making 15 March, the first day of the Hungarian Revolution and War of Independence
of 1848‒1849, into the celebratory day of the Galileo Circle. The ceremony always followed the
same pattern: a keynote speech, delivered by the president of the circle or a famous guest, after
which the Marseillaise was sung and revolutionary poems by Petőfi and other poets were recited.
The highlight of the evening was the recital of a poem written for this occasion by the poet Endre
Ady. In his 1913 speech at the annual celebration, Ady claimed that
When the Galilei Circle was founded, its members perhaps did not realise that they were tak-
ing on a grandiose task, compared to which perhaps even the mission of the young Russian
students would have been seen as easy as a song or as a daredevil’s despair.
(Szabadgondolat Nov. 1913: 337‒338)
At the end of the First World War the circle had become highly politicised and radicalised; the
slogan “to learn and teach” was replaced by “let’s speak Russian, let’s act in Russian”. Ilona
Duczynska, who was later to become Polányi’s wife, and Tivadar Sugár printed anti-war leaflets,
while Duczynska smuggled the Zimmerwald anti-war appeal of the revolutionary socialists into
Hungary, and, moreover, plotted to assassinate the incumbent prime minister, István Tisza. The
10
operation was called off by Duczynska because Tisza resigned. The government didn’t tolerate
the circle’s radicalisation, dissolved it on 12 January 1918 and confiscated its archives. The re-
organisation and the recovery of the office only took place on 24 October, not long before the
Aster Revolution, led by Count Mihály Károlyi, which gave rise to the First Hungarian People’s
Republic (Nov. 16, 1918 – March 21, 1919). At the end of November 1918, after the Party of Com-
munists in Hungary was founded, Bolshevism became the main issue for the Circle, with a debate
on it organised by Polányi (Szabadgondolat Dec. 1918).
At the end of his life, Károly Polányi again turned his attention to the Galileo Circle. The leit-
motif of his writings on this subject is self-reproach. In a letter to Oszkár Jászi he wrote:
The Society of Social Sciences, and later the Radical Party, could not do anything without
young people. I was never a politician – I didn’t have the talent for it, nor an interest in it.
Thus, no one saw the revolutionary potential of the Galileo Circle. This was the reason for
the failure in October. I cannot shift the responsibility to anyone else.
(27 October 1950. NSZL, fond 212)
This is, however, a major overstatement. First of all, Polányi played an important role in the his-
tory of the Circle, despite the fact that the term of office of its presidents was limited to one year.
Second, although the circle was not a party-political institution, the majority of its members were
involved in politics, with some leaning towards bourgeois radicals or social democrats, and not
just in the period after 1917 but also before the First World War. Third, the potential and the course
of the October Revolution (and then the proletarian dictatorship) were determined by greater his-
torical powers, far beyond the forces of a few hundred Galileists. Polányi’s self-recrimination that
the Circle did not seek or barely sought to engage with the nationalities, the peasantry and the
workers is also exaggerated. And finally, the politically sensitive Hungarian university students –
similarly to the politicised Hungarian public – were divided into two distinct groups along the
achievements of the Revolution of 1848 and the Compromise of 1867. Polányi’s opinion about the
government parties, which supported the compromise, and about the opposition parties of 1848
was scathing: “Government and opposition are products of a single system and a single storm will
knock down the rotten tree along with all its odious, poisonous fruits” (Polányi 1986a: 117). In his
last letter to Polányi, on 5 November 1950, Jászi writes that he overestimated the circle in both a
positive and negative sense:
The Galileo Circle suffered from the same disease as Hungarian society. It was a group full
of slogans, far removed from real life, which later succumbed – for the most part – to the
ideology of [Béla] Kun and [Mátyás] Rákosi.
(NSZL, fond 212)
In this poignant letter, Jászi also clarifies that while Polányi basically followed the line of histori-
cism, he could not imagine decent politics without the rehabilitation of natural law.
Although not completely without foundation, in his writings remembering the Galileo Circle
Polányi placed too much emphasis on the continuity of its ideology, stating, for example, that the
way in which the circle was connected to politics had remained unchanged between 1908 and 1919
(Polányi 1986b: 188). In reality, there was a huge and stark difference between the Galileo Circle
before 1914 and after 1917: from a scientific, non-political to a radical leftist, highly politicised
organisation. Finally, Polányi’s premise that the membership of the Galileo Circle was “proletar-
ian” or “intellectual proletarian” and even the “better-off petty bourgeois elements avoided it” is
11
János Gyurgyák
certainly an overstatement, not supported either by the list of members, which shows where they
resided, nor by the education and housing costs of the students at the time, which on average came
to 1,500 crowns per year. Poorer students had to constantly work in order to fund and continue
their studies, yet this was still a far cry from the conditions endured by the proletariat at the time.
On the basis of the list of members it can be tentatively concluded that a bourgeois, lower-middle-
class or rural petty bourgeois origin seems to have been much more common among the circle’s
members than a proletarian one.
Secretary of the national civic radical party

The idea of founding a bourgeois radical party, which had been proposed to no effect several times,
was raised again at the end of 1913 upon the initiative of Oscar Jászi. The Party was officially
founded on 6 June 1914, with a ceremony where Polányi expressed his greetings to Endre Ady,
who was unable to attend the event. The newly formed party’s demands and goals included the
eradication of “feudalism” and “clericalism”, the establishment of universal suffrage, radical land
reform, the secularisation of church property, the “genuine” implementation of the law of 1868
on nationalities, as well as the setting up of an independent customs territory and the economic
independence of Hungary. In these two short periods – from the end of 1913 until the outbreak of
the First World War, and from the last year of the war until his departure from Vienna in 1919 –
Polányi was directly engaged in political activity like never before or after, even imagining to
pursue a political career. His political writings at the time elaborated ideas and clarified some is-
sues, within the framework set by Jászi, of whom he spoke enthusiastically: “Let our Reichdeutsch
friends learn that the greatest statesman in Hungary is not ‘der Tisza’ [i.e. the premier István Tisza]
but Oszkár Jászi” (letter, 8 January 1915. NSZL, fond 212). This enthusiasm later waned some-
what, but a kind of ‘squabbling’ friendship and mutual respect remained between the two men until
the end of their lives.
Polányi was given an important role in the starting party, as its secretary and one of its most im-
portant leading speakers. His tasks included building up the party’s rural organisations, although
he had little success in this area. A letter he wrote to Michael Polányi clearly shows his mood at
the time, implying a tendency to overestimating his role in the party:
I have reinforced the party and now I am running it. […] These days I am, perhaps, Jászi’s
most confidential man in the party. Everything is imputed to me. Not only in work, but in
terms of moral leadership as well. […] Jászi works a lot. He has proved to be the best of our
people. But perhaps I am the hero when it comes to action.
(27 June 1914. NSZL, fond 212)
Despite Polányi’s positive approach, in reality the process of building up the party was lacking in
several ways. First of all, its foundation upon the threshold of the outbreak of the First World War
was late. Second, the party was mainly made up of intellectuals who were doctrine-driven, rigidly
adhering to the Party’s principles, thereby reducing its social basis. Third, there were few radicals
in Hungary who were able to accept the almost transitory nature of the party in that it was to rep-
resent radical bourgeois politics until the presumed right time to establish socialism in Hungary.
Later, after emigrating, Jászi himself was critical about the party, calling it the biggest blunder of
his life. The party-political articles Polányi wrote in 1918 were aimed at overcoming this tem-
porary nature of the party. He sought to prove that bourgeois radicalism superseded Marxist so-
cialist and social-democratic theories, which were considered obsolete (Polanyi 2016: 174‒180).
12
The Radical Party’s break from the social democrats was also largely caused by the latter’s turning
away from internationalism at the outbreak of the First World War.
Polányi argued that there was only one reality and one society: the one in which people were
living; thus, the transformation of the country and the world, the elimination of income without
work and the establishment of a “society based on work” had to be implemented there and then
with radical reforms by “hand- and head-workers” and it would be a mistake to wait for the coming
of a “foggy Zukunftstaat”. Polányi also claimed that only these radical reforms would be able to
protect the country from revolutionary upheavals. Third, he stated that the radicals did not attribute
as vital an importance to the abolition of private property as the social democrats and especially
the Bolsheviks did; he argued that the production of a surplus was impossible without individual
initiative and risk. Fourth, he claimed that radicals did not agree with socialists in attributing a
distinguished role to the proletariat. In contrast, Polányi believed that the whole movement needed
to be subordinated to the leadership of “intellectual workers”, since the ethic needed to be mas-
tered by people and this would not be successfully implemented either through class struggle or
the self-imposed dictatorship of the factory workers. The elements of these radical reforms were
constituted by taxes on land, property, wealth, and a radical reform of public administration and
suffrage (Polányi 1986a: 167‒175). According to Polányi, these ideas for reform came from Henry
George, H.G. Wells, Josef Popper-Lynkaus and Rudolf Goldscheid.
During the First World War Polányi served as a lieutenant, though not as a combatant at the
front but as a serving officer at the logistics department. Apart from a few letters he wrote to Jászi
and family members, almost nothing is known about him during this period, nor about the wound
that led to him being sent home at end of 1917. All that is known is that he always kept the works
of Shakespeare and the Bible with him. Hence, his gradual disillusionment with mechanical ma-
terialism, militant atheism and radical anticlericalism can be dated to this period. In his note on
“Hamlet” (1954), he theoretically elaborated the problems that preoccupied him when he served
in the army: “Hamlet does not wish to die; he just hates to live”, from which he drew the following
conclusion: “Life is Man’s missed opportunity”.
At the end of 1918, during the Aster Revolution, it seemed as if some of the bourgeois radical
political objectives had been achieved, while others had already become obsolete since at this
time a new notion and political practice appeared on the scene that made everyone adopt a stand:
Russian Bolshevism. Polányi immediately realised its relevance: he organised a debate on Bolshe-
vism, which went on for several days in the Budapest University, and he edited a special issue of
the periodical Szabadgondolat on Bolshevism. Published in this issue was Georg Lukács’ highly
influential article “A bolsevizmus, mint erkölcsi probléma” (Bolshevism as a Moral Problem), in
which he expounded on the dilemma of the social democrats and the communists in regard to the
Bolshevist experiment (Szabadgondolat Dec. 1918). Jászi condemned the idea of a dictatorship
of the proletariat, since in his opinion no individual or class had the right to impose a dictatorship
upon anybody else. In contrast to this, Jenő Varga, who later became Stalin’s economic advisor,
believed that a new discipline of production, not based on coercion, could come into being in
Bolshevism. Varga added that if all of this did not happen in Russia, it could happen in England, a
civilised and cultured country.
Polányi’s position was similar to Lukács’. First, in his view, the old socialist parties ceased to
be socialists when they supported the war. Second, the only ones who tried, at the time, to achieve
socialism were the Bolsheviks. Third, the Bolshevik party was formed in the spirit of the inter-
nationalism, democracy and socialism, but, at the same time, it effectively renounced all three by
adhering to the idea of peoples’ right of self-determination, i.e. to nationalism, and moreover, by
embracing the idea of dictatorship and even of war communism: in other words, by advocating
13
János Gyurgyák
that the “debauched system of capitalism” should continue, unchanged. Fourth, the ideology of
socialism based on the proletariat had failed, both because of the proletariat’s role in the war and
because it was not they who paved the way for the Russian revolution but the intellectuals, until
then regarded as Mitläufers. Polányi drew the final conclusion that the problem was not with Bol-
shevism but with socialism, and that the only thing that would remain from socialism would be
trade unions, just like nothing else remained of Christianity but the Catholic Church. Polányi had
an ambivalent relationship with Bolshevism, Communism and the Soviet Union throughout his
life: he was their harsh and sometimes merciless critic, and at the same time felt an almost mag-
netic attraction and deep affinity towards them.
In another early article, “Polgárháború” (Civil War) (2016: 95‒98), Polányi predicted where
building up the communist system and its power mechanism would lead: “violence, coercion, in-
timidation, the overstretching of political power, terror”. According to him, communists expected
socialism to be implemented through these elements. He asserted, instead, that socialism could not
afford to deviate from the path of democracy, since that was not merely a form of government but an
ideal way of life for society. No doubt, then, that the dictatorship of the proletariat had to be rejected.
At the end of the First World War, Polányi’s worldview markedly changed in two respects.
First, he shifted his focus from social determinism to faith, the role of the individual and individual
effort. At the memorial ceremony held for Ady in February 1919 he couldn’t have expressed this
fundamental change more clearly, by mentioning the fact that he and his contemporaries only gave
credence to the reality of society and to social laws, while individual opinion and individual desire
did not matter. They supposed that individual lives depended on the course of society’s develop-
ment, thus seeing capital, labour, crises, the class struggle, etc. as the key concepts. “Believers”
attitude is the opposite:
I change and with that everything changes in the world, and if the others also change, the
whole world has changed. […] No amount of science can alter this but can only confirm the
truth that birds are able to fly not because of the law of gravity but in spite of it, that trees
grow their leaves not according to the principle of economy but according to the principle
of creative abundance, that society reaches ever-higher intellectual levels not because of
material interest but in spite of it, and that human faith, strength and self-sacrifice are not
determined by the downward gravitating force of material interests but lead us ever higher
thanks to the sacred spirit that defies it.
(Polányi 1986a: 228‒229)
It was also at this time that social cooperation as a guiding principle – one of the central concepts
of his later work – appeared in Polányi’s thinking. The main question was “how to replace the
method of aimless struggle with the conscious cooperation of humanity” and how constructive
ideas can prevail in society instead of the socially destructive forces of pure interest and bigotry.
One of Polányi’s main ideas also appeared in an embryotic form in his writings of 1918‒1919,
when he claimed what a mistake it had been to see only a production system in human society and
only the automatic operation of economic factors in human history (Polányi 1986a: 201).
Polányi’s first years as an emigré in Vienna

Polányi left Budapest for Vienna to undergo a medical treatment at the beginning of June 1919,
i.e. during the Hungarian Councils Republic, whose prominent figure was the foreign minister
14
B̊éla Kun of the Communist Party. After the proclamation of the proletarian dictatorship, Jászi ad-
vised the members of the Radical Party that they should neither take on political responsibility nor
sabotage the government. In various memoirs there are accounts, albeit contradictory, on Polányi’s
role. According to Lee Congdon (1991: 218–219), Polanyi offered his collaboration to the Com-
missars of production, despite of his disagreement with the goals of the dictatorship, and even
more so with its practices. On the other hand, in a note by the Free Trade Union of Old Galileists
about 64 Galileists and their role in the communist republic, no activity is mentioned regarding
Polányi (Pótó 1982: 81). Besides, Jászi intervened with the Austrian ministry of foreign affairs
as early as in May to ask Otto Bauer for Polányi’s right of asylum. However, Polanyi’s decision
to stay in Vienna also depended on the fact that already on the first of August an anti-communist
government had come to power in Budapest, whereby – as he points out (1937: 29) – “the feudal
nobility regained political control”.
More is known about the tumultuous first years of Polányi’s emigration in Vienna than the
later, more consolidated years, thanks to Jászi’s diary. Jászi provided an almost daily account of
Polányi’s condition, as well as of their common work. It is recorded, for example, that Polányi had
his surgery in the Ottakring Clinic, after which his condition improved, and that he found some
tranquillity in Hinterbrühl near Vienna, in a resort called Helmstreitmühle, inhabited by Hungarian
emigrants. He was also struggling with other problems. While Jászi believed that Polányi’s “ail-
ment” was imaginary, he really did suffer from depression, of which he gave an accurate account
of in a letter to Richárd Wank in 1929:
When we met I was dreadfully ill, mentally ill, and the victim of a melancholy that had grad-
ually been increasing since I was twenty years old. There is nothing more abominable than
this disease. Agonising, continuous, senseless internal excitement is one of its elements. The
other is a poisoned feeling of life, an inner malady of sorts, like some infernal mental nausea.
The third is a narrowed-down sense of self-awareness and compulsive thinking in which one
can only see a palm-sized white spot, around which nothingness revolves and swirls.
(NSZL, fond 212)
Polányi’s illness suddenly disappeared, very probably thanks to his marriage to Ilona Duczynska
in 1922 and to the birth of their daughter Kari in 1923.
When Oscar Jászi took over the editorship of Bécsi Magyar Újság (Hungarian News in Vienna)
in June 1920, he offered Polányi a secretarial job, but it soon became obvious that the two men
were not able to work together as effectively as previously in the Radical Party. Polányi’s illness
hindered him in his work. Furthermore, he had begun to distance himself from Hungarian affairs
and daily politics. Jászi notes in his diary that “Poor Karli can’t stand editorial work and has col-
lapsed. […] What’s more, his editorial performance is just average” (Litván ed. 2001: 284). Thus,
from mid-1922 Polányi only wrote for the newspaper as a freelance editor, primarily submitting
theoretical and far-flung articles on foreign policy. From his articles it can be reconstructed who
the most read and studied authors were: Tolstoy, Laozi, Buddha, Carey, Oppenheimer, Dühring,
Wells, the physiocrats, Rudolf Steiner, Spengler and Kautsky. It was at this time that Jászi wrote A
kommunizmus kilátástalansága és a szocializmus reformációja (The Hopelessness of Communism
and the Reform of Socialism – never published) and discussed it daily with Polányi, whose major
concern was the reasons for the failure of non-Marxist, liberal socialism, and the possibility of
reworking this system of thought. Providing a glimpse of one of his later, central ideas, he wrote
the following to Jászi:
15
János Gyurgyák
Liberal socialism is doomed when, outlining the natural law-based foundations of economic
order, it fails to determine the place of moral postulates in a normal society, which it treats as
if they played the role of a one-off, unrepeatable act of legislation regulating the just order of
the economy in perpetuity, and it regards the resulting society as nothing other than a liberal
economy, which keeps the other (intellectual and moral) forces and values in pre-established
harmony. This primacy of the economy can no longer be rectified with any kind of holy water.
(7 January 1920. NSZL, fond 212)
He continues his train of thought thus: if the economy is the single objective structure of society
with politics, institutions, etc. being only its functions, then it is not clear how this unique objec-
tivity could have been adjusted and by whom, and then it disappears again into nothingness. Ac-
cording to Polányi, therefore, a new ideology must be provided to replace the old ones. However,
only the outlines and fragments of this ideological system are known, conveyed in certain articles
and letters. The most important of these is “Hívő és hitetlen politika” (Believing and Unbelieving
Politics) (Polanyi 2016: 99‒107, originally 1921). While unbelieving politics seeks to achieve
results without changing people, believing politics envisions general progress through the devel-
opment of individuals. Two branches of unbelieving politics developed: the reactionary and the
Marxist. According to both, human nature is immutable, but they differ in their conclusions. There
are also two branches of believing politics: liberal socialism and guild socialism. These ideologies
hold that man can be changed since without this no political and social institution can ensure the
achievement of its goals. In a world dominated by unbelieving politics, socialism, in Polanyi’s
view, represents instead a moral goal, implying that the fundamental task is to strive to realise the
fullness of human freedom and solidarity.
In this time Polányi was concerned with three things. First, Marxist socialism, that has simpli-
fied and narrowed down the original values of socialism. Second, the Russian Revolution, which
he observed critically, albeit with sympathy since he believed that the Bolsheviks were continuing
the mission of Peter the Great, namely that they were attempting to open to Western civilisation by
using the tools of despotism. Third, what fascinated him was the relationship between democracy
and socialism. In relation to this he concluded that democracy was the sine qua non of socialism.
Polányi and Hungarian politics

In early 1924 Polányi joined the editorial board of Der Österreichische Volkswirt. This represented
a highly significant change for him, allowing him to broke away from Hungarian politics and in-
tellectual public life. However, two brief periods must be mentioned when Polányi again became
interested in Hungarian affairs, and perhaps it would be fair to say that his wife, Ilona Duczynska,
had a decisive role in this.
The first time Polányi returned to Hungarian affairs was in London, in July 1943, when he
and his wife joined the New Democratic Hungary Movement of the former leader of the First
Hungarian Republic, Count Mihály Károlyi. Polányi, as a socialist, and Ilona Duczynska, a com-
munist, obviously joined Károlyi’s movement and not the Free Hungarians, the organisation of the
former Horthyists. They weren’t even members of the Club of Hungarian communists in London,
although they kept in touch with it. Indeed, the couple made express efforts to temper the antago-
nism between Károlyi’s and communist organisations. This was not a mere tactical political issue
for Polányi, who in March 1943 published an article (1943) where he asserted – although proving
to be utterly mistaken – that the Soviets would not disseminate Bolshevism in Europe but rather
democratic consolidation.
16
Jászi, who by then had moved to the United States, supported Polányi’s participation in the
Károlyi movement. He wrote:
I believe it is important for you to discuss the situation with Károlyi and to try your best
to bring him back to reality. […] This is because the main problem is not (as you yourself
wrote) that Hungary will end up falling under the Soviet sphere of influence (this is all but
inevitable) but rather if in this sphere of interest Hungary will still be able to maintain a
Western character and the best of our humanist soul. I am concerned that Károlyi has no
sense for this problem.
(18 August 1943. NSZL, fond 212)
After the Germans occupied Hungary, the Hungarian Council in Britain, the leading body for
Hungarian emigrants to England, was formed in April 1944; however, the British did not regard it
as an émigré government. Károlyi’s movement had four representatives in the association (Ilona
Duczynska, Karl Polányi, Zoltán Kellermann and Endre Havas). Polányi was expressly regarded
as having been delegated to serve in the association as the representative of the American group,
i.e. that of Jászi and his circle, although he had no specific mandate for this. It must be noted that
Polányi and Duczynska somewhat exaggerated their political role. In January 1945 they wrote a
letter to Károlyi saying that he should either return home to get directly involved with Hungarian
politics, thus consolidating the left-wing there, or draw the necessary conclusions and resign from
politics. Outraged, Mihály Károlyi responded by writing that he had no desire to ever again discuss
his political plans with the Polányis. However, Polányi and Károlyi continued their correspond-
ence; indeed, on June 23, 1948 Károlyi, in his capacity as the Hungarian ambassador in Paris, sug-
gested to Gyula Ortutay, the minister of education, that Polányi – who, as he said, demonstrated
“pro-Soviet leanings” and “in his own way has shattered people’s faith in the present Western
European system” – should be recalled home to fulfil some kind of independent research position.
Based on source material, it can clearly be established that Polányi himself was not against the idea
of returning home. However, in Hungary, and indeed in the entire region, there was no question
of the country undergoing a process of “finlandisation”, i.e. “limited economic and cultural inde-
pendence”, “windows left open to the West” and “a clear-sighted, self-sacrificing and tenacious
people’s democracy”, as Polányi naively thought at the time. (Letter to Oscar Jaszi. Jul. 13, 1944.
NSZL, fond 212.) On the contrary, in Hungary the merciless Stalinist logic of power prevailed.
In 1945 a study of extraordinary importance by Polányi was published in The London Quar-
terly of World Affairs and, the following year, in the Budapest magazine Új Magyarország (New
Hungary) (Polányi 1946). He postulated that the war had brought about the demise of the earlier
three economic-social forms (liberal capitalism, world revolutionary socialism and rule by race).
In addition, he argued that the failure of these economic-social forms would lead to an increased
role of regional planned economies and, furthermore, that it would take the Soviet Union only
some half dozen five-year plans to overtake America’s industrial production and standard of liv-
ing. However, Polányi, a man with a positive and hopeful disposition who always assumed that
everybody was well-intentioned, was again doomed to disappointment. Jászi, far more realistic
and pessimistic in nature, saw this well in advance and wrote to Polányi: “This window will be
soon smashed without the very active cooperation of what Lippmann calls the Atlantic democra-
cies” (28 July 1944. NSZL, fond 212). Following this he repeatedly cautioned Polányi about his
unrealistic hopes and expectations saying: “The Bolsheviks will collaborate with anyone they can
use” (29 September 1945. NSZL, fond 212). In his letter to Polányi on 4 March 1947 he drew up
the final inventory:
17
János Gyurgyák
The Hungarian Republic hurtling towards Soviet dictatorship will equally shatter your
hopes and my hopes, unless you have managed to find a slightly more comforting theory of
a compromise. I myself am unable to.
(NSZL, fond 212)
The Polányis’ return back to Hungary eventually came to nothing. Indeed, Károlyi himself soon
became an emigrant, while Jászi was never to return home.
The next time Polányi resumed ties with Hungary was in the years directly after the Hungarian
Revolution of 1956. The revolution surprised him, indeed filled him with admiration. He wrote to
his brother Michael:
1956 reconquered me for Hungary. More than that: it gave me a mother country. […] I ad-
mire the fighters of October, I am proud of Gimes Miklós, son of my own Galileist friend.
They have redeemed Hungary, a non-people, from Ady’s ‘szégyenkaloda’ (stocks) of history.
In the same letter, he stressed that for him 1956 was not important from the perspective of power
politics but rather because of the moral values that the populists and the revisionist communists rep-
resented, and upon which an independent Hungary could be built in the future. In two unpublished
studies (“Hungarian Lesson”, “Covert External Rule and Socialist Economy” (NSZL, fond 212.) he
also discussed the damaging effect “covert external rule” had upon Hungary and how impossible it
made the running of a socialist economy. Despite his admiration for the revolution and repudiation
of the Soviet intervention, Polányi made overtures to the Kádár regime: indeed, at a time when a
great many of the revolutionaries were still in prison. On 21 November 1960 he left the Hungarian
Writers’ Association Abroad “in protest against the hurtful behaviour they demonstrated to writers
at home” (NSZL – fond 212), i.e. after the great majority of writers in Hungary had taken an oath
of loyalty to the system and the leadership of the Association had vehemently disapproved of it.
In 1963, a year before his death, he and Ilona Duczynska visited Hungary, where he published his
Hazánk kötelessége (Obligation of Our Homeland), setting out his allegiance to the system (Polanyi
1963). In describing his return home, he pointed out “the promising picture of a reviving country”
and “the amazing speed in the growth of the Soviet Union’s economy”, that “terrified America”,
while expressing his hope that, living up to its calling, the Hungarian youth could be of help to
socialism in the coming ideological match. Polányi’s last gesture in Hungarian politics was the an-
thology The Plough and the Pen. Writings from Hungary, 1930–1956 jointly edited with Ilona Duc-
zynska (Duczynska an Polanyi eds 1963), presenting the Western public with collected short stories
and poems of Hungarian populist and reform communist writers, thus facilitating the promotion of
Hungarian literature abroad – though slightly reducing Hungary’s much richer literary tradition.
Summary
In his last letter to Jászi, Polányi summed up the most important component in his life’s work:
You and I grew into men before the great change. There are only a few such men now: they
embody the benchmark of the West, they are the platinum units of historical values. Those
who came after us exaggerated or belittled, overstretched or discounted the ideals of the
nineteenth century.
18
Actually, the generation to which Polányi belonged (Ady, Jászi, Lukács, Mannheim, Koestler, etc.)
thought about the world in universal concepts. Despite their heated debates, they were driven by a
common, inextinguishable leftist desire to make the world better. Moreover, to borrow Polányi’s
own words, they saw their very selves in their views, which gave them their calling and bound
them to their fate (Letter to Oscar Jászi, 30 June 1921. NSZL, fond 212). It stemmed from such
universal, multidisciplinary thinking and wish to change the world that the members of that gen-
eration were roaming on the borderlands of politics, science, ideology, religion and art.
Polanyi was passionately interested in politics throughout his life, but he was actively involved
in it especially in the first, Hungarian half of his life. In general, as an intellectual advocating
politics on an ethical and conceptual plane, he was repeatedly disappointed. An important experi-
ence of people of Polanyi’s generation during their youth and a determining factor in the path they
chose in their lives was their anti-capitalist left-wing stance. Polányi clearly expressed this in a
letter to one of his old Galileist friends, Zsigmond Kende:
I am radically anti-capitalist, and a critic of a market-driven society. Socialism understood in

this sense encompasses a whole period, indeed centuries of world history: the humanisation
of industrial civilisation as far as it is possible.
(3 December 1963. NSZL, fond 212)
In the 20th century, this left-wing stance was presented with a serious challenge by the advent
of Bolshevism. It was at this point that Polányi’s thinking diverged from Jászi’s and that of his
brother Michael: the disputes they later had were mostly connected to this. Karl harboured a
greater hatred of capitalism than the others, due to the historical events he had witnessed, to the
influence of Samuel Klatschko and Ervin Szabó, and presumably also to his father’s bankruptcy.
This is why he was more inclined to play down the irredeemable actions of ‘existing socialism’,
i.e. Russian Bolshevik policies and Hungarian communism, as manifested during the period of the
Hungarian Soviet Republic and the Moscow trials (Polanyi 1922). A strange duality can, therefore,
be observed: a rejection on principle in tandem with an almost magnetic attraction. In contrast,
Jászi became a staunch anti-communist, while attempting to revive ‘natural law’; moreover, since
the freedom of the individual was paramount in his thinking, he had to make concessions to the
notions and practice of capitalism. Despite their differences, both Polányi and Jászi sought a new
socialist path, in which the subject, individual initiative, faith, enthusiasm could be attributed a
greater role. In this regard, they acknowledged Marx’s achievements, though being disillusioned
with determinist and teleological thinking, whether evolutionist or Marxist.
Polányi’s relationship with politics was also problematic from a different perspective, as he
viewed it from above and from the outside, rejecting its primarily power-based aspect and despis-
ing the often shallow, down-to-earth and compromising nature of daily politics. This was another
difference between Polányi and Jászi. Besides, while the latter was stirred by general principles
and conditions, Polányi was excited by specific historical phenomena and the processes of change.
Another important feature of this period was that Polányi’s articles, studies and letters were
original, full of ideas and theoretically sensitive, but at the same time they tended to be disjointed
and often scatty, while the conclusions he reached were not thoroughly considered. In fact, he
tended to combine intellectually soaring and brilliant propositions with illusory ideas. Referring
to one of the essential elements of his friend’s way of thinking, Jászi wrote: “I find your successes
a cause for joy especially as I vividly remember those hours in the Viennese coffee house when
I tried to bring your soaring thoughts back down to Earth” (23 February 1948. NSZL, fond 212).
The following quote by Polányi illustrates the fact that he was aware of his lack of organisation
19
János Gyurgyák
and his habit of always seeking new paths: “If we wish to assess the alternatives of the future,
we must overcome our natural tendency to follow in the footsteps of our fathers” (NSZL – fond
212). Perhaps the best example of this theoretical sensitivity and original approach is the article
written when he was twenty-four, in 1910: “Nézeteink válsága” (“The crisis of our ideologies”.
Polanyi 2016: 83‒85), where he explains that the first era of capitalist society, which focused on
competition and the individual, has passed. According to him, this first era would be followed by
the second stage, which would restrict competition and focus on collectiveness; socialist views
would prevail and thus socialism would return to bourgeois society. It transpires from his answer
to a circular question published in a periodical in 1922 that he regarded socialism as the way of
the future but only if it was free of the intellectual superstition of determinism and the material
superstition of national welfare (Az európai kultúra jövője [The future of the European culture].
Tűz [Fire], 13/2/1922).
In answer to the question asked at the beginning of this study – To what extent were Polányi’s
views determined by his early years and by his encounter with Hungarian politics? – it can be
concluded that those years were indeed decisive for him and clearly delineated the framework
of his thinking: his relentless search for the truth, his critical idealisation of the Russian revolu-
tion, leftism as a defining framework of reference, his indisputably anti-capitalist and anti-market
stance, and finally his quest for humanist and democratic socialism. At the same time, Polányi’s
later elaboration of the “grand theory” undoubtedly required his encounters with Red Vienna and
British society history and his studies of English history and classical capitalism. All this, com-
bined with his Hungarian experiences, enabled him to elaborate his views and organise them into
a system. His ideas opened up new horizons and continue to exert their influence today.
Bibliography
Aulenbacher, Brigitte, Markus Marterbauer, Andreas Novy, Kari Polanyi-Levitt and Armin Thurnher, eds.
2020. Karl Polanyi. The Life and Works of an Epochal Thinker. Wien: Falter Verlag.
Badics, Ferenc, ed. 1904. A Magyar Királyi Tanárképző-Intézeti Gyakorló-Főgimnázium Értesítője. (Bulletin
of the Hungarian Royal College’s Grammar School). Budapest: Franklin.
Congdon, Lee. 1976. “Karl Polanyi in Hungary, 1900‒1919.” Journal of Contemporary History 11/1:
167‒183.
——— 1991. Exile and Social Thought: Hungarian Intellectuals in Germany and Austria, 1919‒1933.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Csunderlik, Péter. 2017. Radikálisok, Szabadgondolkodók, Ateisták: A Galilei Kör Története, 1908‒1919
(Radicals, Freethinkers, Atheists: The History of the Galileo Circle). Budapest: Napvilág.
Dale, Gareth. 2016. Karl Polanyi. A Life on the Left. New York: Columbia University Press.
Dalos, György. 1984. A Cselekvés Szerelmese. Duczynska Ilona Élete. (The Lover of Activity. The Life of
Ilona Duczynska). Budapest: Kossuth.
Duczynska, Ilona. 1971. “Polányi Károly. Jegyzetek az Életútról” (Polányi Károly. Notes on the Course of
Life). Magyar Filozófiai Szemle 5–6: 763.
Duczynska, Ilona and Karl Polanyi, eds. 1963. The Plough and the Pen. Exeter: McClelland and Steward.
Duczynska, Ilona and Horváth Zoltán. 1971. “Polányi Károly és a Galilei Kör” (Károly Polányi and the Gali-
leo Circle). Századok 105/1: 89‒104.
Gyurgyák, János. 1982. Polányi Károly Élete és Életműve. II. 1919‒1964. Szakdolgozat. (The Life and Works
of Károly Polányi II. 1919‒1964. Unpublished dissertation). Budapest: ELTE.
——— 1986. Polányi Károly. Karl Polanyi 1886‒1964. Bibliography. Budapest: Fővárosi Szabó Ervin
Könyvtár.
Hajdu, Tibor. 2005. “Polányi Károly a Londoni Magyar Antifasiszta Mozgalomban” (Károly Polányi in the
Hungarian Antifascist Movement in London). Múltunk 50/1: 246–254.
Jaszi, Oscar. 1923. Magyariens Schuld ‒ Ungarns Sühne. Revolution und Gegenrevolutions in Ungarn.
München: Verlag für Kulturpolitik.
20
Jászi, Oszkár. 1982. “Emlékiratok” (Memoirs). In Litván György and Varga F. János, eds., Jászi Oszkár Pub-
licisztikája (Oscar Jaszi’ Journalism). Budapest: Magvető.
Litván György, ed. 2001. Jászi Oszkár Naplója (Oscar Jaszi’s Diary). Budapest: MTA Történettudományi
Intézete.
Lukács, György. 1981. Napló‒Tagebuch (1910‒1911). Das Gericht (1913). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Mendell, Marguerite and Daniel Salée, eds. 1991. The Legacy of Karl Polanyi. Market, State and Society at
the End of the Twentieth Century. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
NSZL – National Széchényi Library Budapest. Fond 212. Polanyi Papers.
Polányi, Károly. 1945. “Universal capitalism or regional Planning?” The London Quarterly of World Affairs
10/3: 86–91. Now in Karl Polanyi 2018: 231–240.
——— 1963. “Hazánk Kötelessége” (Obligation of Our Homeland). Kortárs VII/12: 1843‒1844.
——— 1986a. Egy Gazdaságelmélet Küszöbén. Cikkek és Tanulmányok, 1907‒1919 (On the Threshold of an
Economic Theory. Articles and Essays). Budapest: ELTE.
——— 1986b. Fasizmus, Demokrácia, Ipari Társadalom. Társadalomfilozófiai Írások (Fascism, Democracy,
Industrial Society. Social Philosophical Writings). Budapest: Gondolat.
Polanyi, Karl. 1922. “Der Geistesgeschichtliche Hintergrund der Moskauer Prozesse.” Die Wage 25/29:
393‒397. (Now in Polanyi 2005, 66–70).
——— 1943. “Why Make Russia Run Amok?” Harper’s Magazine 186/March: 404‒410. (Now in Polanyi
2018, 215–225).
——— 1954. “Hamlet.” The Yale Review XLIII/3: 812‒820.
——— 2005. Chronik der Großen Transformation Band 3. Ed. by Mchele Cangiani, Kari Polanyi-Levitt and
Claus Thomasberger. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag.
——— 2014. For a New West. Essays, 1919‒1958, Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti eds.
Cambridge: Polity Press.
——— 2016. Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings. Ed. by Gareth Dale. Manchester: Manchester Univer-
sity Press.
——— 2018. Economy and Society. Selected Writings. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari, ed. 1990. The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi. Montréal: Black Rose Books.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari and Kenneth McRobbie, eds. 2000. Karl Polanyi in Vienna. The Contemporary Signifi-
cance of the Great Transformation. Montréal: Black Rose Books.
Pótó, János. 1982. Polányi Károly Élete és Életműve. I. 1886‒1919. Szakdolgozat (The Life and Works of
Károly Polányi. I. 1886‒1919. Unpublished dissertation). Budapest: ELTE.
Tömöry, Márta. 1960. Új vizeken Járok: A Galilei Kör Története (I’m on New Waters: The History of the
Galileo Circle). Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó.
Vezér, Erzsébet, ed. 1986. Írástudó Nemzedékek. A Polányi Család Története Dokumentumokban (Intellectual
Generations. The History of the Polányi Family in Documents). Budapest: MTA Filozófiai Intézet ‒ Lukács
Archívum.
21
Károly Polányi's Hungary
Aulenbacher, Brigitte , Markus Marterbauer , Andreas Novy , Kari Polanyi-Levitt and Armin Thurnher , eds.
2020. Karl Polanyi. The Life and Works of an Epochal Thinker. Wien: Falter Verlag.
Badics, Ferenc , ed. 1904. A Magyar Királyi Tanárképző-Intézeti Gyakorló-Főgimnázium Értesítője. (Bulletin
of the Hungarian Royal College’s Grammar School). Budapest: Franklin.
Congdon, Lee . 1976. “Karl Polanyi in Hungary, 1900‒1919.” Journal of Contemporary History 11/1:
167‒183.
Congdon, Lee . 1991. Exile and Social Thought: Hungarian Intellectuals in Germany and Austria,
1919‒1933. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Csunderlik, Péter . 2017. Radikálisok, Szabadgondolkodók, Ateisták: A Galilei Kör Története, 1908‒1919
(Radicals, Freethinkers, Atheists: The History of the Galileo Circle). Budapest: Napvilág.
Dale, Gareth . 2016. Karl Polanyi. A Life on the Left. New York: Columbia University Press.
Dalos, György . 1984. A Cselekvés Szerelmese. Duczynska Ilona Élete. (The Lover of Activity. The Life of
Ilona Duczynska). Budapest: Kossuth.
Duczynska, Ilona . 1971. “Polányi Károly. Jegyzetek az Életútról” (Polányi Károly. Notes on the Course of
Life). Magyar Filozófiai Szemle 5–6: 763.
Duczynska, Ilona and Karl Polanyi , eds. 1963. The Plough and the Pen. Exeter: McClelland and Steward.
Duczynska, Ilona and Horváth Zoltán . 1971. “Polányi Károly és a Galilei Kör” (Károly Polányi and the Galileo
Circle). Századok 105/1: 89‒104.
Gyurgyák, János . 1982. Polányi Károly Élete és Életműve. II. 1919‒1964. Szakdolgozat. (The Life and
Works of Károly Polányi II. 1919‒1964. Unpublished dissertation). Budapest: ELTE.
Gyurgyák, János . 1986. Polányi Károly. Karl Polanyi 1886‒1964. Bibliography. Budapest: Fővárosi Szabó
Ervin Könyvtár.
Hajdu, Tibor . 2005. “Polányi Károly a Londoni Magyar Antifasiszta Mozgalomban” (Károly Polányi in the
Hungarian Antifascist Movement in London). Múltunk 50/1: 246–254.
Jaszi, Oscar . 1923. Magyariens Schuld ‒ Ungarns Sühne. Revolution und Gegenrevolutions in Ungarn.
München: Verlag für Kulturpolitik.
Jászi, Oszkár . 1982. “Emlékiratok” (Memoirs). In Litván György and Varga F. János , eds., Jászi Oszkár
Publicisztikája (Oscar Jaszi’ Journalism). Budapest: Magvető.
Litván György , ed. 2001. Jászi Oszkár Naplója (Oscar Jaszi’s Diary). Budapest: MTA Történettudományi
Intézete.
Lukács, György . 1981. Napló‒Tagebuch (1910‒1911). Das Gericht (1913). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Mendell, Marguerite and Daniel Salée , eds. 1991. The Legacy of Karl Polanyi. Market, State and Society at
the End of the Twentieth Century. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
NSZL – National Széchényi Library Budapest . Fond 212. Polanyi Papers.
Polányi, Károly . 1945. “Universal capitalism or regional Planning?” The London Quarterly of World Affairs
10/3: 86–91. Now in Karl Polanyi 2018: 231–240.
Polányi, Károly . 1963. “Hazánk Kötelessége” (Obligation of Our Homeland). Kortárs VII/12: 1843‒1844.
Polányi, Károly . 1986a. Egy Gazdaságelmélet Küszöbén. Cikkek és Tanulmányok, 1907‒1919 (On the
Threshold of an Economic Theory. Articles and Essays). Budapest: ELTE.
Polányi, Károly . 1986b. Fasizmus, Demokrácia, Ipari Társadalom. Társadalomfilozófiai Írások (Fascism,
Democracy, Industrial Society. Social Philosophical Writings). Budapest: Gondolat.
Polanyi, Karl . 1922. “Der Geistesgeschichtliche Hintergrund der Moskauer Prozesse.” Die Wage 25/29:
393‒397. (Now in Polanyi 2005, 66–70).
Polanyi, Karl . 1943. “Why Make Russia Run Amok?” Harper’s Magazine 186/March: 404‒410. (Now in
Polanyi 2018, 215–225).
Polanyi, Karl . 1954. “Hamlet.” The Yale Review XLIII/3: 812‒820.
Polanyi, Karl . 2005. Chronik der Großen Transformation Band 3. Ed. by Mchele Cangiani , Kari Polanyi-
Levitt and Claus Thomasberger . Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. For a New West. Essays, 1919‒1958, Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti eds.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016. Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings. Ed. by Gareth Dale . Manchester: Manchester
University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018. Economy and Society. Selected Writings. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari , ed. 1990. The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi. Montréal: Black Rose Books.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari and Kenneth McRobbie , eds. 2000. Karl Polanyi in Vienna. The Contemporary
Significance of the Great Transformation. Montréal: Black Rose Books.
Pótó, János . 1982. Polányi Károly Élete és Életműve. I. 1886‒1919. Szakdolgozat (The Life and Works of
Károly Polányi. I. 1886‒1919. Unpublished dissertation). Budapest: ELTE.
Tömöry, Márta . 1960. Új vizeken Járok: A Galilei Kör Története (I’m on New Waters: The History of the
Galileo Circle). Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó.
Vezér, Erzsébet , ed. 1986. Írástudó Nemzedékek. A Polányi Család Története Dokumentumokban
(Intellectual Generations. The History of the Polányi Family in Documents). Budapest: MTA Filozófiai Intézet
‒ Lukács Archívum.
On the edge of Austro-Marxism

Adler, Max . 1919. Demokratie und Rätesystem. Wien: Brand.
Adler, Max . 1922. Die Staatsauffassung des Marxismus. Wien: Volksbuchhandlung.
Adler, Max . 1926. Politische Oder Soziale Demokratie. Ein Beitrag zur Sozialistischen Erziehung. Berlin: E.
Laub.
Bauer, Otto . 1919. Der Weg zum Sozialismus. Berlin: Freiheit.
Bauer, Otto . 1920. Bolschewismus Oder Sozialdemokratie? Wien: Volksbuchhandlung.
Bauer, Otto . 1923. Die Österreichische Revolution. Wien: Volksbuchhandlung. (The Austrian Revolution.
London: Parsons, 1925).
Bauer, Otto . 1924. “Das Gleichgewicht der Klassenkräfte.” Der Kampf 17: 57–67.
Bauer, Otto . 1927. “Was Ist Austromarxismus?” Arbeiter-Zeitung, 3 November, 1–2. “What Is Austro-
Marxism?” In Austro-Marxism, Tom Bottomore and Patrick Goode , eds. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978,
45–48.
Bauer, Otto . 1936. Zwischen Zwei Weltkriegen? Der Krise der Weltwirtschaft, der Demokratie und des
Sozialismus. Bratislava: Eugen Prager.
Burawoy, Michael . 2003. “For a Sociological Marxism: The Complementary Convergence of Antonio
Gramsci and Karl Polanyi.” Politics & Society 31/2: 193–261.
Cangiani, Michele . 1998. Economia e Democrazia. Saggio su Karl Polanyi. Padova: Il Poligrafo.
Cangiani, Michele . 2012–2013. “‘Freedom in a Complex Society.’ The Relevance of Karl Polanyi’s Political
Philosophy in the Neoliberal Age.” International Journal of Political Economy 41/4: 34–53.
Cole, George D. H. 1920. Guild Socialism Re-Stated. London: Parsons.
Fischer, Josef Ludvik . 1977 [1933]. La Crisi Della Democrazia. Torino: Einaudi. (Krize Demokracie. Praha:
Karolinum, 2005).
Gyurgyák, János . 2006. “Karl Polanyi and Oscar Jászi at the Bécsi Magyar Újság.” In Karl Polanyi in
Vienna, Kenneth McRobbie and Kari Polanyi Levitt , eds. Montréal: Black Rose Books, 319–324.
Hilferding, Rudolf . 1927. Die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie in der Republik. Berlin: SPD.
Hobson, John A. 1917. Democracy After the War. London: George Allen and Unwin.
Kelsen, Hans . 1920. Sozialismus und Staat. Leipzig: Hirschfeld.
Kelsen, Hans . 1922. Der Soziologische und der Juristische Staatsbegriff. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr.
Kelsen, Hans . 1923. Hauptprobleme der Staatsrechtslehre. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr.
Kelsen, Hans . 1924. “Otto Bauers Politische Theorien.” Der Kampf 17/2: 50–56. (“Otto Bauer’s Political
Theories.” Transl. by Alan Scott . 2021. Thesis Eleven 165/1: 79–86).
Marramao, Giacomo . 1980. “Tra Bolscevismo e Socialdemocrazia. Otto Bauer e la Cultura Politica
Dell’austro-Marxismo.” In Storia del Marxismo Vol. 3/1, Eric J. Hobsbawm et al., eds. Torino: Einaudi.
Mendell, Marguerite . 1994. “Karl Polanyi and Socialist Education.” In Humanity, Society and Commitment,
Kenneth McRobbie , ed. Montréal-New York: Black Rose Books, 25–42.
Mises, Ludwig von . 1920/21. “Die Wirtschaftsrechnung im Sozialistischen Gemeinwesen.” Archiv für
Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 47: 86–121.
Mises, Ludwig von . 1924. “Neue Beiträge zum Problem der Sozialistischen Wirtschaftsrechnung.” Archiv für
Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 51: 488–500.
Mozetič, Gerald , ed. 1983. Austro-Marxistische Positionen. Wien: Böhlau.
Öhner, Vrääth . 2020. Das Rote Wien. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Polanyi, Karl . 1919. “Weltanschauungskrise.” Neue Erde 31–32: 458–462.
Polanyi, Karl . 1922. “Sozialistische Rechnungslegung.” Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik 49/2:
377–420. English translation, with a Preface by Johanna Bockman: “Socialist Accounting.” Theory and
Society 45/5, 2016: 385–427.
Polanyi, Karl . 1933a. “Die Geistigen Voraussetzungen des Faschismus.” Der Menschheitskämpfer VII/1:
5–8.
Polanyi, Karl . 1933b. “Austria and Germany.” International Affairs XII/5, September: 575–589.
Polanyi, Karl . 1933c. “Gegenrevolution.” Der Österreichische Volkswirt XXV–1/20: 457–459. (Reproduced in
Polanyi 2002: 186–192).
Polanyi, Karl . 1934. “Corporative Austria: A Functional Society?” New Britain 2/51: 743–744.
Polanyi, Karl . 1937. Europe To-Day. London: WETUC.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001 [1944]. The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2002. Chronik der Großen Transformation, Band 1, Michele Cangiani and Claus
Thomasberger eds. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag.
Polanyi, Karl . 2005 [1922]. “Der geistesgeschichtliche Hintergrund des Moskauer Prozesses.” In Id., Chronik
der Großen Transformation, Band 3, Michele Cangiani , Kari Polanyi Levitt and Claus Thomasberger , eds.
Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag, 66–70.
Polanyi, Karl . 2006 [1925]. “Letter to a Friend.” In Karl Polanyi in Vienna, Kenneth McRobbie and Kari
Polanyi Levitt , eds. Montréal: Black Rose Books, 316–318.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016 [1910]. “Preface to Ernst Mach’s the Analysis of Sensations.” In Id., Karl Polanyi. The
Hungarian Writings, Gareth Dale , ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 45–48.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016 [1922]. “Guild Socialism.” In Id., Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings, Gareth Dale , ed.
Manchester: Manchester University Press, 118–120.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016 [1923]. “Guild and State.” In Id., Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings, Gareth Dale , ed.
Manchester: Manchester University Press, 121–122.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1925]. “New Reflections Concerning Our Theory and Practice.” In Id., Economy and
Society. Selected Writings, Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press,
41–50.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1927]. “On Freedom.” In Id., Economy and Society. Selected Writings, Michele Cangiani
and Claus Thomasberger , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press, 15–40.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1935]. “The Essence of Fascism.” In Id., Economy and Society. Selected Writings,
Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press, 81–107. (Originally in
Christianity and Social Revolution, J. Lewis , K. Polanyi and D.K. Kitchin , eds. London: Gollancz, 359–394).
Renner, Karl . 1917. Marxismus, Krieg und Internationale. Stuttgart: Dietz.
Renner, Karl . 1924. Die Wirtschaft als Gesamtprozess und die Sozialisierung. Berlin: Dietz.
Russell, Bertrand . 1918. Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism and Syndicalism. London: George Allen
& Unwin.
Schaffer, Felix . 1963–1965. Memoirs. Karl Polanyi Archiv, File 29–9. Partial English translation: Id.,
“Vorgartenstrasse 203: Extracts from a Memoir.” Translated by Kari Polanyi Levitt , in Karl Polanyi in Vienna,
K. McRobbie and K. Polanyi Levitt , eds. Montréal: Back Rose Books, 2006, 328–346.
Scott, Alan . 2021. “The Kelsen-Bauer Debate on Marxist State Theory and the Equilibrium of Class Forces.”
Thesis Eleven 165/1: 72–100.
Tawney, Richard H. 1920. The Acquisitive Society. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
Webb, Sidney and Beatrice . 1897. Industrial Democracy. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
The socialist calculation debate and the problem of modern civilization

Barone, Enrico . 1935. “The Ministry of Production in the Collectivist State (1908).” In Collectivist Economic
Planning, edited by Friedrich A. Hayek , 245–290. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Bauer, Otto . 1976. “Der Weg Zum Sozialismus (1919).” In Werke, Bd. 2, edited by Otto Bauer , 89–131.
Wien: Europaverlag.
Becchio, Giandomenica . 2007. “The Early Debate on Economic Calculation in Vienna (1919–1925). The
Heterodox Point of View: Neurath, Mises and Polanyi.” Storia Del Pensiero Economico 2: 133–144.
Bockman, Johanna . 2016. “Socialism and the Embedded Economy.” Theory and Society 45 (5): 385–397.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-016-9276-9.
Cole, G. D. H. 1980. Guild Socialism Restated. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Dale, Gareth . 2010. Karl Polanyi: The Limits of the Market. Cambridge; Malden, MA: Polity.
Dale, Gareth . 2016. Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left. New York: Columbia University Press.
Dekker, Erwin . 2016. The Viennese Students of Civilization: The Meaning and Context of Austrian
Economics Reconsidered. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Engels, Friedrick . 1996. Herr Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science (1878). In Collected Works, edited by
Karl Marx and Frederick Engels , MECW, Vol. 25: 5–309. New York: International Publishers.
Engels, Frederick . 2010. “Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy (1843–44).” In Karl Marx and Frederick
Engels , Collected Works, MECW, Vol. 3: 418–443. New York: International Publishers.
Fraser, Nancy . 2014. “Can Society Be Commodities All the Way Down? Post-Polanyian Reflections on
Capitalist Crisis.” Economy and Society 43 (4): 541–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085147.2014.898822.
Friedman, Milton , and Rose Friedman . 1990. Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. San Diego: Mariner
Books.
Gemici, Kurtuluş . 2015. “The Neoclassical Origins of Polanyi’s Self-Regulating Market.” Sociological Theory
33 (2): 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275115587389.
Hayek, Friedrich A. 1935. “The Present State of the Debate (1935).” In Collectivist Economic Planning,
edited by Friedrich A. Hayek : 201–244. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Hayek, Friedrich A. . 1978. “Coping With Ignorance.” Imprimis 7 (7): 1.
Hülsmann, Jörg Guido . 2007. Mises: The Last Knight of Liberalism. 1st ed. Auburn, Ala: Ludwig von Mises
Institute.
Marx, Karl . 1996. “Capital Vol. I (1867).” In Collected Works, edited by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels
MECW, Vol. 35. New York: International Publishers.
Mendell, Marguerite . 1990. “Karl Polanyi and Feasible Socialism.” In The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi. A
Celebration, edited by Kari Polanyi-Levitt : 66–77. Montréal; New York: Black Rose Books.
Mises, Ludwig . 1935. “Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth (1920).” In Collectivist
Economic Planning, edited by Friedrich A. Hayek : 87–120. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Mises, Ludwig . 1951. Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis (1922). New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press.
Mises, Ludwig . 2002a. “New Contributions to the Problem of Socialist Economic Calculation (1923).” In
Selected Writings of Ludwig von Mises. Between the Two World Wars: Monetary Disorder, Interventionism,
Socialism, and the Great Depression, edited by Richard M. Ebeling , 2: 351–366. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund
Inc.
Mises, Ludwig . 2002b. “Recent Writings Concerning the Problem of Economic Calculation under Socialism
(1928).” In Selected Writings of Ludwig von Mises. Between the Two World Wars: Monetary Disorder,
Interventionism, Socialism, and the Great Depression, edited by Richard M. Ebeling , 2: 367–371.
Indianapolis: Liberty Fund Inc.
Mises, Ludwig . 2009. Memoirs (1978). Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Mises, Ludwig . 2011. Mises, L: Interventionism: An Economic Analysis (1940). Indianapolis: Liberty Fund
Inc.
Mises, Ludwig . 2012. A Critique of Interventionism (1929). Auburn: Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Neurath, Otto . 1919. Durch Die Kriegswirtschaft Zur Naturalwirtschaft. München: G.D.W. Callwey.
Polanyi, Karl . 1925. “Tauschwirtschaft Und Kaufkraftwirtschaft.” Wien. Con 03 Fol 09. Karl Polanyi Digital
Archive (KPIPE) Montreal.
Polanyi, Karl . 1926. “Das Übersichtsproblem.” Wien. Con 03 Fol 01. Karl Polanyi Digital Archive (KPIPE)
Montreal.
Polanyi, Karl . 1934. “Notes.” Con 06 Fol 05 and Con 06 Fol 06. Karl Polanyi Digital Archive (KPIPE)
Montreal.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston,
MA: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. “The Crucial Issue Today (1920).” In For a New West: Essays, 1919–1958, edited by
Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti : 165–176. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016a. “Guild and State.” In Karl Polanyi: The Hungarian Writings, edited by Gareth Dale ,
121–122. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016b. “Guild Socialism.” In Karl Polanyi: The Hungarian Writings, edited by Gareth Dale ,
118–120. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016c. “Socialist Accounting (1922).” Theory and Society 45 (5): 398–427.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-016-9276-9.
Polanyi, Karl . 2017. The Present Age of Transformation Five Lectures by Karl Polanyi Bennington
College,1940. London: Prime. http://www.primeeconomics.org/e-publications/.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018a. “Ideologies in Crisis (1919).” In Karl Polanyi’s Vision of a Socialist Transformation,
edited by Michael Brie and Claus Thomasberger : 264–267. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018b. “Our Obsolete Market Mentality.” In Economy and Society: Selected Writings, edited
by Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger : 197–212. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018c. “The Fascist Virus (ca. 1938–1940).” In Economy and Society: Selected Writings,
edited by Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger : 108–129. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018d. “The Functionalist Theory of Society and the Problem of Socialist Economic
Accounting (1924).” In Economy and Society: Selected Writings, edited by Michele Cangiani and Claus
Thomasberger : 51–58. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl , and Felix Schafer . 1930. “Hans Mayers Lösung des Zurechnungsproblems.” Con 29 Fol 09.
Karl Polanyi Digital Archive (KPIPE) Montreal.
Rief, Silvia . 2022. “Karl Polanyi’s ‘Socialist Accounting’ and ‘Overview’ in the Age of Data Analytics.” New
Political Economy 28 (2) July: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563467.2022.2095995.
Schafer, Felix . 1937. “Reine Rechtslehre Und Reine Wirtschaftstheorie.” Internationale Zeitschrift für
Theorie des Rechts 11: 203–214.
Schafer, Felix . 1939. “Rechtliche Und Wirtschaftliche Zurechnung.” Internationale Zeitschrift für Theorie des
Rechts 13: 162–176.
Schafer, Felix . 1963–1965. “Memoirs.” Con 29 Fol 09. Karl Polanyi Digital Archive (KPIPE) Montreal.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1909. “Bemerkungen Über Das Zurechnungsproblem.” Zeitschrift Für
Volkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung 18: 79–132.
Slobodian, Quinn . 2018. Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Tönnies, Ferdinand . 2001. Community and Society (1887). Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Weber, Max . 1920. Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie, Bd. I. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr.
Wieser, Friedrich . 1893. Natural Value (1889). London: Macmillan.
Wieser, Friedrich . 1927. Social Economics (1914). New York: Adelphi.
Polanyi and neoliberalism

Black, William K. 2014. Posing as hyper-rationality: OMB’s assault on effective regulation. New Economic
Perspectives 27 May.
Burkett, Paul . 1999. Marx and Nature: A Red and Green Perspective. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Dale, Gareth . 2010. Karl Polanyi. The Limits of the Market. Cambridge: Polity.
Foster, John Bellamy . 2000. Marx’s Ecology Materialism and Nature. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Gramsci, Antonio . 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
Jessop, Bob . 2007. Knowledge as a fictitious commodity: Insights and limits of a Polanyian analysis. In
Reading Karl Polanyi for the 21st Century, eds, Ayse Buğra and Kaan Ağartan , 115–134. Basingstoke:
Palgrave.
Jessop, Bob . 2012. Neoliberalism. In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization, vol. 3, ed, George
Ritzer , 1513–1521. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Jessop, Bob . 2019. Money and credit as fictitious commodities, financialisation, and contemporary financial
crises. In: Great Transformations? In Capitalism after Polanyi, eds, Roland Atzmüller , Brigitte Aulenbacher ,
Ulrich Brand , Fabienne Décieux , Karen Fischer and Birgit Sauer , 75–90. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Krippner, Greta R. 2005. The financialization of the American economy. Socio-Economic Review 3:
173–208.
Lapavitsas, Costas . 2013. Financialization in Crisis. Chicago: Haymarket Books.
Marx, Karl . 1996. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Volume I: The Process of Production of Capital.
London: Lawrence & Wishart.
Maucourant, Jérôme . 2000. Polanyi, lecteur du Marx. Actuel Marx 27: 133–151.
Olofsson, Gunnar . 1995. Embeddedness and integration: An essay on Karl Polanyi’s ‘The Great
Transformation’. In Social Integration and Marginalization, ed. Niels Mortensen , 72–113. Frederiksberg:
Samfundslitteratur.
Polanyi, Karl . 1947. On belief in economic determinism. Sociological Review 37(1): 96–102.
Polanyi, Karl . 1957a. Aristotle discovers the economy. In Trade and Market in the Early Empires, eds, Karl
Polanyi , Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson , 64–94. Glencoe: Free Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1957b. The economy as instituted process. In Trade and Market in the Early Empires, eds,
Karl Polanyi , Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson , 243–269. Glencoe: Free Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1977. The Livelihood of Man. New York: Academic Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of our Time. 2nd
paperback edition. Boston: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018. Economy and Society: Selected Writings. Edited by Michele Cangiani and Claus
Thomasberger . Cambridge: Polity.
Rasmus, Jack . 2010. Epic Recession: Prelude to Global Depression. London: Pluto.
Saito, Keiho . 2017. Karl Marx’s Ecosocialism: Capital, Nature, and the Unfinished Critique of Political
Economy. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Thomasberger, Claus . 2012–2013. The belief in economic determinism, neoliberalism, and the significance
of Polanyi’s contribution in the twenty-first Century, International Journal of Political Economy 41(4): 16–33.
Thomasberger, Claus . 2020. Fictitious ideas, social facts and the double movement: Polanyi’s framework in
the age of neoliberalism. In Karl Polanyi and Twenty First Century Capitalism, eds, Radhika Desai and Kari
Polanyi-Levitt , 135–163. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Twenty-first-century capitalism between embeddedness and disembeddedness
Beckert, Jens . 1996. “What is sociological about economic sociology? Uncertainty and the embeddedness
of economic action.” Theory and Society 25: 803–840.
Beckert, Jens . 2007. “The social order of markets.” MPIfG Discussion Paper, 07/15.
Block, Fred . 1994. “The roles of the state in the economy.” In: N. Smelser and R. Swedberg (eds.). The
handbook of economic sociology. Princeton, NJ/New York: Princeton University Press/Russell Sage.
Block, Fred . 2001. “Introduction.” In: Karl Polanyi (eds.). The great transformation. Boston, MA: Beacon
Press.
Block, Fred . 2007. “Confronting market fundamentalism: Doing ‘public economic sociology’”. Socio-
Economic Review 5/2: 326–334.
Block, Fred . 2008. “Swimming against the current: The rise of a hidden developmental state in the United
States.” Politics & Society 36/2: 169–206.
Block, Fred , and Peter Evans . 2005. “The state and the economy.” In: Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg
(eds.). The handbook of economic sociology. 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ/New York: Princeton University
Press/Russell Sage.
Block, Fred , and M. Margaret Somers . 2014. The power of market fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi’s critique.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Blyth, Mark . 2002. Great Transformations: Economic Ideas and institutional change in the 21st century.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre . 2005. The social structures of the economy. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Callon, Michel . 2007. “What does it mean to say that economics is performative?” In: D. Mackenzie , F.
Muniesa and L. Siu (eds.). Do economists make markets? On the performativity of economics. Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press.
Callon, Michel . 1998. “Introduction: The embeddedness of economic markets in economics.” In: Michel
Callon (ed.). The laws of the market. Oxford, UK: Blackwell/The Sociological Review.
Campbell, John L. , J. Rogers Hollingsworth , and Leon Lindberg (Eds.) 1991. Governing the American
economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cangiani, Michele . 2011. “Karl Polanyi’s institutional theory: Market society and its ‘disembedded’
economy.” Journal of Economic Issues 45/1: 177–197.
Chang, Ha-Joon (ed.). 2001. Joseph Stiglitz and the World Bank: The rebel within. London: Anthem Press.
Crouch, Colin . 2011. The strange non-death of neoliberalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dale, Gareth . 2010. Karl Polanyi: The limits of the market. Cambridge: Polity.
Dardot, Pierre , and Christian Laval . 2010. La nouvelle raison du monde: Essai sur la société néoliberale.
Paris: La Découverte.
Deeg, Richard and Gregory Jackson . 2007. “Towards a more dynamic theory of capitalist variety.” Socio-
Economic Review 5/1: 149–179.
Diniz, Eli . 2007. “El post-consenso de Washington: Globalización, Estado y desarollo reexaminados.”
Boletín Brasil 4/1.
Dobbin, Frank . 1994. Forging industrial policy: The United States, Britain, and France in the railway age.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Evans, Peter . 1995. Embedded autonomy: States and industrial transformation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
Evans, Peter . 2003. “Além da monocultura institucional: Instituições, capacidades e o desenvolvimento
deliberativo.” Sociologias 9: 20–63.
Evans, Peter . 2008. “Is an alternative globalization possible?” Politics and Society 36/2: 271–305.
Evans, Peter . 2010. The challenge of the 21st century development: Building capability-enhancing states.
New York: Global Event Working Paper.
Ferrer, Aldo . 1997. “Development and underdevelopment in a globalized world: Latin American dilemmas.”
In: Louis Emmerij (ed.). Economic and social development into the XXI Century. Washington, DC: Inter-
American Development Bank.
Fligstein, Neil . 1990. The transformation of corporate control. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Fligstein, Neil . 2001. The architecture of markets: An economic sociology of twenty-first century capitalist
societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Foucault, Michel . 2004. Naissance de la biopolitique: cours au Collège de France (1978–1979). Paris: Seuil.
Fourcade, Marion . 2011. “Cents and sensibility: Economic valuation and the nature of ‘nature’”. American
Journal of Sociology 116/6: 1721–1777.
Fourcade, Marion , and Kieran Healey . 2007. “Moral views of market society.” Annual Review of Sociology
33: 285–311.
Fourcade, Marion , and Kieran Healey . 2013. “Classification situations: Life-chances in the neoliberal era.”
Accounting, Organizations and Society 38: 559–572.
Fourcade, Marion , and Kieran Healey . 2017. “Seeing like a market.” Socio-Economic Review 15/1: 9–29.
Fridman, Daniel . 2016. Freedom from work: Embracing financial self-help in the United States and
Argentina. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Gago, Verónica . 2018. A razão neoliberal: Economias barrocas e pragmática popular. São Paulo: Elefante.
Gemici, Kurtulus . 2008. “Karl Polanyi and the antinomies of embeddedness.” Socio-Economic Review 6/1:
5–33.
Granovetter, Mark . 1985. “Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness.” American
Journal of Sociology 91/3: 481–510.
Granovetter, Mark . 1983. “The strength of weak ties: a network theory revisited.” Sociological Theory 1:
201–2033.
Granovetter, Mark . 1974. Getting a job: A study on contacts and careers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Hall, Peter A. , and David Soskice (eds.). 2001. Varieties of capitalism: The institutional foundations of
comparative advantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hollingsworth, J. Rogers , and Robert Boyer (eds.). 1997. Contemporary capitalism: the embeddedness of
institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hollingsworth, J. Rogers , Philippe Schmitter , and Wolfgang Streeck (eds.). 1994. Governing capitalist
economies: Performance and control of economic sectors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Krippner, Greta . 2001. “The elusive market: Embeddedness and the paradigm of economic sociology.”
Theory and Society 30/6: 775–810.
Krippner, G. , and Anthony S. Alvarez . 2007. “Embeddedness and the intellectual projects of economic
sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 33: 219–240.
Krippner, Greta et al. 2004. “Polanyi Symposium: A conversation on embeddedness.” Socio-Economic
Review 2/1: 109–135.
Machado, Nuno Miguel . 2011. “Karl Polanyi and the new economic sociology: Notes on the concept of
(dis)embeddedness.” RCCS Annual Review 3: 119–140.
Mackenzie, Donald , Fabian Muniesa , and Lucia Siu . 2007. “Introduction.” In: Do economists make
markets? On the performativity of economics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Plewe, Dieter and Fischer, Karin . 2019. “Continuity and variety of neoliberalism: reconsidering Latin
America’s pink tide.” Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas 13/2: 166–202.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001 [1944]. The great transformation. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1977. The livelihood of man. New York: Academic Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1974. “Our obsolete market mentality: civilization must find a new thought pattern.”
Commentary 3: 109–117.
Polanyi, Karl , Conrad Arensberg , and Harry Pearson (eds.). 1957. Trade and market in the early empires.
Economies in history and theory. New York/London: The Free Press/Collier-Macmillan.
Steiner, Philippe . 1999. La sociologie économique. Paris: La Découverte.
Stiglitz, Joseph . 2002. Globalization and its discontents. New York: Norton & Company.
Stiglitz, Joseph . 2001. “Foreword.” In: Karl Polanyi (eds.). The great transformation. Boston, MA: Beacon
Press.
Streeck, Wolfgang . 2014. Buying time: The delayed crisis of democratic capitalism. New York: Verso.
Streeck, Wolfgang . 2010. “E pluribus unum? Varieties and commonalities of capitalism.” MPIfG Discussion
Paper 10/12.
Swedberg, Richard . 1997. “Vers une nouvelle sociologie économique: Bilan et perspectives.” Cahiers
Internationaux de Sociologie CIII: 237–263.
Swedberg, Richard . 2003. Principles of economic sociology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Swedberg, Richard , and Mark Granovetter . 1992. “Introduction.” In: M. Granovetter and R. Swedberg
(eds.). The sociology of economic life. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Zelizer, Viviana . 1985. Pricing the priceless child: The changing social value of children. New York: Basic
Books.
Zelizer, Viviana . 1994. The social meaning of money. New York: Basic Books.
Zelizer, Viviana . 2005. The purchase of intimacy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Zukin, Sharon , and Paul DiMaggio . 1990. “Introduction.” In: S. Zukin and P. DiMaggio (eds.). Structures of
capital: the social structures of the economy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Antinomies of the ‘double movement'
Block, Fred . 2001. “Introduction” in Karl Polanyi's The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press:
xviii–xxxviii.
Block, Fred and Margaret Somers . 2014. The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi’s Critique.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Cangiani, Michele . 2011. “Karl Polanyi’s Institutional Theory: Market Society and its ‘Disembedded’
Economy”. Journal of Economic Issues 45/1: 177–197.
Cangiani, Michele . 2017. “‘Social Freedom’ in the Twenty-First Century: Rereading Polanyi”. Journal of
Economic Issues 51/4: 915–938.
Dale, Gareth . 2010. “Social Democracy, Embeddedness and Decommodification: On the Conceptual
Innovations and Intellectual Affiliations of Karl Polanyi”. New Political Economy 15/3: 369–393.
Dale, Gareth . 2016a. Reconstructing Karl Polanyi. London: Pluto Press.
Dale, Gareth . 2016b. Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left. New York: Columbia University Press.
Duzgun, Eren . 2020. “Ecology, Democracy, and COVID-19: Rereading and Radicalizing Karl Polanyi”. In
Ryan, J. Michael (Ed.), COVID-19: Volume I: Global Pandemic, Societal Responses, Ideological Solutions.
London: Routledge, 85–97.
Esping-Andersen, Gosta . 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. London: Polity.
Lacher, Hannes . 2019. “Karl Polanyi, the ‘Always-Embedded Market Economy,’ and the Re-Writing of The
Great Transformation.” Theory and Society 48: 671–707.
Lacher, Hannes . 2020. “Multilinear Trajectories: Polanyi, the Great Transformation and the American
Exception”. In Radhika Desai and Kari Polanyi Levitt (eds.), Karl Polanyi and Twenty-First-Century
Capitalism. Manchester: Manchaster University Press, 164–188.
Litvan, György . 1991. “Democratic and Socialist Values in Karl Polanyi’s Thought”. In Marguerite Mendell
and Daniel Salée (eds.), The Legacy of Karl Polanyi: Market, State and Society at the End of the Twentieth
Century. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 251–271.
Polanyi, Karl . 1957a. “Aristotle Discovers the Economy”. In Karl Polanyi , Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry
W. Pearson (eds.), Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory. New York:
The Free Press, 64–94.
Polanyi, Karl . 1957b. “The Economy as Instituted Process”. In Karl Polanyi , Conrad M. Arensberg and
Harry W. Pearson (eds.), Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory. New
York: The Free Press, 243–270.
Polanyi, Karl . 1977. The Livelihood of Man. Edited by Harry Pearson . New York: Academic Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. For a New West: Essays, 1919–1958. Edited by Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria
Catanzariti , Cambridge: Polity.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018. Economy and Society: Selected Writings. Edited by Michele Cangiani and Claus
Thomasberger . Cambridge: Polity.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari . 2013. From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization: On Karl Polanyi and
Other Essays. London: Zed Books.
Somers, Margaret and Fred Block . 2021. “Against Polanyian orthodoxy: a reply to Hannes Lacher”. Theory
and Society 50: 417–441.
Markets, protectionism and self-regulation

Block, Fred , & Margaret Somers . 2014. The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi’s Critique.
Harvard University Press.
Bockman, Johanna . 2016. “Socialism and the embedded economy”. Theory and Society 45/5: 385–397.
Cahill, Daniel . 2018. “Polanyi, Hayek and embedded neoliberalism”. Globalizations 15/7: 977–994.
Clark, Timothy D. 2014. “Reclaiming Karl Polanyi, Socialist Intellectual”. Studies in Political Economy 94/1:
61–84.
Dale, Gareth . 2008. “Karl Polanyi’s the great transformation: Perverse effects, protectionism and
Gemeinschaft ”. Economy and Society 37/4: 495–524.
Dale, Gareth . (2016). Reconstructing Karl Polanyi: Excavation and Critique. Pluto Press.
Dekker, Erwin . (2022). “Framing the market: The unexpected commonalities between Karl Polanyi and the
ordoliberals”. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366092183
Durbin, Evan . 1940. The Politics of Democratic Socialism: An Essay on Social Policy. Routledge.
Geyer, Martin . 2022. “Aporias of ‘political capitalism’ between World War I and the depression”. In M.
Föllmer and P. Swett (eds.), Reshaping Capitalism in Weimar and Nazi Germany. Cambridge University
Press, 58–84.
Hayek, Friedrich A. 1944. The Road to Serfdom. University of Chicago Press.
Lacher, Hannes . 1999. “The politics of the market: Rereading Karl Polanyi”. Global Society 13/3: 313–326.
Lacher, H. 2019. “Karl Polanyi, the “always-embedded market economy,” and the re-writing of the great
transformation”. Theory and Society 48/5: 671–707.
Lacher, H. 2020. “Multilinear trajectories: Polanyi, the great transformation and the American exception”. In
R. Desai and K. Polanyi Levitt (eds.), Karl Polanyi and Twenty-First-Century Capitalism. Manchester
University Press, 164–188.
Lippmann, Walter . 1937. An Inquiry into the Principles of the Good Society. Little, Brown and Company.
Mises, L. von. 1932. “The Myth of the Failure of Capitalism”. https://mises.org/print/5955
Mises, L. von 1949. Human Action: A Treatise on Economics. Yale University Press.
Mises, L. von 1996[1929]. A Critique of Interventionism. Foundation for Economic Education.
Mosar, Louis 2021. “The always instituted economy and the disembedded market: Polanyi’s Dual critique of
market capitalism,” Journal of Economic Issues 55/3, July: 615–636.
Polanyi, K. 1957. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon Press.
Röpke, W. (1948). Civitas Humana. William Hodge and Co.
Somers, M. , & Block, F. (2021). “Against Polanyian orthodoxy: A reply to Hannes Lacher”. Theory and
Society 50/3: 417–441.
Thomasberger, C. (2009). ‘Gesellschaftliche Freiheit und Marktordnung. Karl Polanyi versus Friedrich
v.Hayek‘. In H. Hieke (Ed.), Kapitalismus. Kritische Betrachtungen und Reformansätze. Metropolis, 13–38.
Woodruff, D. (2017). ‘Ordoliberalism, Polanyi, and the theodicy of markets’. In J. Hien and C. Joerges (Ed.),
Ordoliberalism, Law and the Rule of Economics. Hart Publishing, 215–227.
The League of Nations' programme ‘Financial Reconstruction of Austria' and

Polanyi's economic and political theory
Aguado, Iago Gil . 2001. The Creditanstalt Crisis of 1931 and the Failue of the Austro-German Customs
Union Project. Historical Journal 44/1: 199–221.
Barretta, Sean , Shaen Corbet and Charles Larkin . 2019. Sustainability, Accountability, and Democracy:
Ireland’s Troika Experience. Finance Research Letters 28/March: 53–60.
Berger, Peter . 2000. Im Schatten der Diktatur. Die Finanzdiplomatie des Vertreters des Völkerbundes in
Österreich. Meinoud Marinus Rost van Tonningen, 1931–1936. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag.
Berger, Peter . 2003. The League of Nations and Interwar Austria: Critical Assessment of a Partnership in
Economic Reconstruction. In: The Dollfuss/Schuschnigg Era in Austria: A Reassessment. Günter Bischof ,
Anton Pelinka , Alexander Lassner (eds.), New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 73–93.
Beyersdorf, Frank . 2011. ‘Credit or Chaos’? The Austrian Stabilisation Programme of 1923 and the League
of Nations. In: Internationalism Reconfigured: Transnational Ideas and Movements Between the World Wars.
Daniel Laqua (Ed.), London: I. B. Tauris, 135–157.
Dale, Gareth . 2008. Karl Polanyi’s the Great Transformation: Perverse Effects, Protectionism and
Gemeinschaft. Economy and Society 37/4: 495–524.
Duczvnska, Ilona . 1978. Workers in Arms: The Austrian Schutzbund and the Civil War of 1934. New York:
Monthly Review Press.
Eichengreen, Barry and Peter Temin . 1997. The Gold Standard and the Great Depression. National Bureau
of Economic Research (NBER). Working Paper 6060. June.
Estanque, Elisio . 2020. Commodification and Countermovements: Portugal Against the Trend. International
Karl Polanyi Society. Available at: https://www.karlpolanyisociety.com/2020/06/21/commodification-and-
countermovements-portugal-against-the-trend/
Decorzant, Yann and Juan-Huitzi Flores . 2012. Public Borrowing in Harsh Times: The League of Nations
Loans Revisited. IFCS. Working Papers in Economic History 12–07. Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
Instituto Figuerola.
Garuda, Gopal . 2000. The Distributional Effects of IMF Programs: A Cross-Country Analysis. World
Development 28/6: 1031–1051.
Gedye, G.E.R. 2009 [1939]. Fallen Bastions: The Central European Tragedy. London: Faber and Faber.
Ginneken, Anique H.M. van. 2006. Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
Gross, Stephen and Chase S. Gummer . 2014. Ghosts of the Habsburg Empire: Collapsing Currency Unions
and Lessons for the Eurozone. East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 28/1: 252–265.
Ioannou, Grigoris . 2020. Cyprus: Small, Quiet and Easy to Handle? International Karl Polanyi Society.
Available at: https://www.karlpolanyisociety.com/2020/06/21/cyprus-small-quiet-and-easy-to-handle/
Jedlicka, Ludwig . 1966. The Austrian Heimwehr. Journal of Contemporary History 1/1: 127–144.
Kindleberger, Charles P. 2006. A Financial History of Western Europe. London: Routledge.
Klausinger, Hansjörg . 2006. From Mises to Morgenstern: Austrian Economics during the Ständestaat. The
Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics 9/3: 25–43.
Klemperer, Klemens von . 1979. Review of Die Österreichische Wochenschrift “Der Christliche Ständestaat”.
The Catholic Historical Review 65/1: 88–90.
League of Nations . 1922. The Restoration of Austria. Agreements. Geneva.
League of Nations . 1923. Financial Reconstruction of Austria. First Report by the Commissioner-General of
the League of Nations at Vienna. Extract no 11 from the Official Journal. March, C. 41: 1–31
League of Nations . 1945. The League of Nations Reconstruction Schemes in the Inter-War Period.
Economic, Financial and Transit Department. Geneva: Official: C. 59. M. 59., F. 1696/1.
Lewis, Jill . 1983. Red Vienna: Socialism in One City, 1918–1927. European History Quarterly 13: 335–355.
Macher, Flóra . 2017. The 1931 Financial Crisis in Austria and Hungary: A Critical Reassessment, Ph.D.,
Department of Economic History. London School of Economics.
Markantonatou, Maria . 2019. “Conservative 1920s” and Conservative 2010s? Austerity Politics in Interwar
Austria and Present-day Greece. Austrian Journal of Sociology 44: 183–195
Markantonatou, Maria . 2022. A Decade of Austerity Politics and Neoliberal Reform: Overview of the Greek
Financial Crisis (2010–2020). In: Neoliberalism and Unequal Development: Alternatives and Transitions in
Europe, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. Fernando Lopez Castellano , Carmen Lizarraga and Roser
Manzanera-Ruiz (eds.), London: Routledge, 157–173
Mises, Ludwig von . 2009. Memoirs. Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. Available at:
https://cdn.mises.org/Memoirs_2.pdf
Markantonatou, Maria . 2012 [1920]. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth. Ludwig von
Mises Institute. Available at: https://cdn.mises.org/economic_calculation_in_the_socialist_commonwealth.pdf
Novy, Andreas , Vanessa Redak, Johannes Jäger and Alexander Hamedinger . 2001. The End of Red
Vienna: Recent Ruptures and Continuities in Urban Governance. European Urban and Regional Studies 8/2:
131–144.
Pelinka, Anton . 1988. The Great Austrian Taboo: The Repression of the Civil War. New German Critique
43/Winter: 69–82.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016 [1922]. Socialist Accounting. Translation and Preface “Socialism and the Embedded
economy” by Johanna Bockman , Ann Fischer & David Woodruff . Theory and Society 45: 385–427.
Polanyi, Karl . 1933a. Der Mechanismus der Weltwirtschaftskrise. Wien: Sonderbeilage des
Österreichischen Volkswirt, Karl Polanyi Archive 3–11.
Polanyi, Karl . 1933b. Austria and Germany. International Affairs 12/5. Karl Polanyi Archive 18–2.
Polanyi, Karl . 1934. Corporative Austria: A Functional Society? New Britain 2/51. Karl Polanyi Archive 18–3.
Polanyi, Karl . 1939. Coercion and defence. Bulletins for Socialists. Karl Polanyi Archive 20–16.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston:
Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1935]. The Essence of Fascism. In Karl Polanyi, Economy and Society: Selected
Writings. Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger (eds.), Cambridge: Polity Press, 81–108.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018. The Fascist Virus. In Karl Polanyi, Economy and Society: Selected Writings. Michele
Cangiani , Claus Thomasberger (eds.), Cambridge: Polity Press, 108–123.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari . 2017. Shaping ‘the Great Transformation’: A Conversation with Kari Polanyi Levitt.
Interview to Michael Burawoy. Global Dialogue: Magazine of the International Sociological Association 7/4:
5–11.
Remmer, Karen L. 1986. The Politics of Economic Stabilization: IMF Standby Programs in Latin America,
1954–1984. Comparative Politics 19/1: 1–24.
Senft, Gerhard . 2003. Economic Development and Economic Policies in the Ständestaat Era. In: The
Dollfuss/Schuschnigg Era in Austria: A reassessment. Günter Bischof , Anton Pelinka , Alexander Lassner
(eds.), New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 32–56.
Slobodian, Quinn . 2018. Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press.
Tálos, Emmerich and Marchel Fink . 2008. Arbeitslosigkeit: eine Geißel, die nicht verschwindet,
Alterssicherungsreform in Österreich. In Österreich: 90 Jahre Republik. Stefan Karner and Lorenz Mikoletzky
(eds.), Innsbruck: Demokratiezentrum, 1–10.
Warnock, Barbara . 2015. The First Bailout – The Financial Reconstruction of Austria 1922–1926. London:
Birkbeck College, University of London.
Yazdanpanah, Marie-Noëlle . 2019. Education for Everyone. In: The Red Vienna Sourcebook. Rob
McFarland , Georg Spitaler and Ingo Zechner (eds.), Martlesham: Boydell & Brewer, 313–330.
The World Economic Crisis of the 1930s. Polanyi's analysis of the Great
Depression, and the current global crisis
1
Amin, Samir . 2017. “From Bandung (1955) to 2015: Old and new challenges for the states, the nations and
the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America.” Interventions 19/5: 609–619.
Arrighi, Giovanni . 2010. The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power and the Origins of our Times.
Miamisburg, OH: Verso.
Bairoch, Paul . 1995. Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. Chicago, IL: University of
Chicago Press.
Chang, Ha-Joon and Ilene Grabel . 2014. Reclaiming Development: An Alternative Economic Policy Manual.
London: Zed Books.
Condliffe, John B. 1933. Economic Yearbook of the League of Nations 1932–33. Geneva: League of Nations
Publication.
Escobar, Pepe . 2018. “Back in the (great) game: The revenge of Eurasian land powers.” Consortium News,
29 August.
Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (Angelides Commission) . 2010. Official Transcript of Commission
Hearing, Wednesday, April 7. 2010. Washington, DC, p. 93, lines 21–24, http://fcic-
static.law.stanford.edu/cdn_media/fcic-testimony/2010-0407-Transcript.pdf. Accessed 14 December 2019 .
Galbraith, James. K. 2019. “Inevitable war?” In The Crisis of Globalisation (SE Dossier): 30–33. London:
Social Europe, https://www.socialeurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/The-Crisis-of-Globalisation-
final.pdf. Accessed 14 February 2020 .
Keynes, John M. 1971. Economic Consequences of the Peace. The Collected Works of JMK, Vol. II.
London: Macmillan.
Lapavitsas, Costas . 2009. “Financialised capitalism: Crisis and financial expropriation.” Historical
Materialism 17: 114–148.
Lazonick, William . 2014. “Taking stock: Why executive pay results in an unstable and inequitable economy.”
Roosevelt Institute White Paper, June.
Polanyi, Karl . 1958. Letter to Bé de Waard. Karl Polanyi Archive (KPIPE): Montreal, Con 30 Fol 02.
Polanyi, Karl . 2017 [1940]. The Present Age of Transformation: Five Lectures by Karl Polanyi, Bennington
College. London: Prime Economics.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1933]. “The mechanism of the world economic crisis.” In Id. Economy and Society:
Selected Writings, edited by Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger , 66–80. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1945]. “Universal capitalism or regional planning?” In Id. Economy and Society:
Selected Writings, edited by Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger , 131–140. Cambridge: Polity
Press.
Rodrik, Dani . 1998. “The global fix.” New Republic, 2 November.
Polanyi, Karl . 2017. “The trouble with globalization.” The Milken Institute Review, 20 October.
www.milkenreview.org/articles/the-trouble-with-globalization. Accessed 14 December .
Storm, Servaas . 2018. “Financialization and economic development: A debate on the social efficiency of
modern finance.” Development and Change 49/2 (January): 302–329.
Streeck, Wolfgang . 2017. “The return of the repressed.” New Left Review 104: 5–18.
UNCTAD . 2017. Trade and Development Report. Beyond Austerity: Towards a Global New Deal. United
Nations, New York and Geneva
Observing the transformation. Polanyi's writings in the interwar period

Bauer, Otto . 1936. Zwischen zwei Weltkriegen? Die Krise der Weltwirtschaft, der Demokratie und des
Sozialismus. Bratislava: Eugen Prager Verlag.
Bauman, Zygmunt . 1982. Memories of Class. The Pre-History and After-Life of Class. London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul.
Bermann, Richard A. 2006 [1928]. “Editorial Meetings of the Österreichische Volkswirt ”. In Karl Polanyi in
Vienna, Kenneth McRobbie and Kari Polanyi Levitt , eds. Montréal: Black Rose Books, 325–327.
Cole, George D. H. 1920. Guild Socialism Restated. London: Parsons.
Cole, George D. H. 1935. The Simple Case for Socialism. London: Gollancz.
Ditenfass, Michael . 1984. “The Politics of Producers’ Co-operation: The FBI-TUC-NCEO Talks”. In
Businessmen and Politics, John Turner , ed. London: Heinemann, 76–92.
Hobsbawm, Eric . 1990. Echoes of the Marseillaise: Two Centuries Look Back on the French Revolution.
New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Keynes, John M. 2010 [1926]. “The End of Laissez-Faire”. In Id. Essays in Persuasion. London: Palgrave
Macmillan, 272–294.
Laski, Harold . 1933. Democracy in Crisis. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Laski, Harold . 1934. “Le Tournant de la Démocratie.” Archives de Philosophie du Droit et de Sociologie
Juridique IV/3–4: 156–168.
Liberal Industrial Inquiry . 1928. Britain’s Industrial Future. London: E. Benn.
Loew, Raimund . 1979. “The Politics of Austro-Marxism”. New Left Review I/118, 15–52.
Macmillan, Harold . 1933. Reconstruction: A Plea for National Policy. London: Macmillan.
Mond, Alfred . 1927. Industry and Politics. London: Macmillan.
Polanyi, Karl . 1993. Cronache Della Grande Trasformazione. Michele Cangiani ed. Torino: Einaudi.
Polanyi, Karl . 2002. Chronik der Großen Transformation, Band 1. Michele Cangiani and Claus
Polanyi, Karl . 2003. Chronik der Großen Transformation, Band 2. Michele Cangiani and Claus
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. For a New West. Essays, 1919–1958. Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti eds.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014 [1949]. “Economic History and the Problem of Freedom”. In Polanyi 2014, 39–46.
Polanyi, Karl . 2017 [1940]. The Present Age of Transformation. Five Lectures. Introductions by Kari Polanyi
Levitt , and Jeremy Smith & Ann Pettifor . Prime (primeeconomics.org).
Polanyi, Karl . 2018. Economy and Society. Selected Writings. Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger
eds. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1925]. “New Reflections Concerning our Theory and Practice”. In Polanyi 2018, 41–50.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1935]. “The Essence of Fascism”. In Polanyi 2018: 81–107.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1945]. “Universal Capitalism or Regional Planning?”. Polanyi 2018: 231–240.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1947]. “Our Obsolete Market Mentality”. Polanyi 2018: 197–211.
Schumpeter, Joseph A. 1950. “The March into Socialism”. American Economic Review 40/2: 446–456.
Tawney, Richard H. 1938. Equality. London: George Allen & Unwin. (First edition 1931).
Polanyi's unorthodox contribution to the study of fascism

Adorno, Theodor. W. , Else Frenkel-Brunswik , Daniel Levinson and Nevitt Stanford . 1950. The Authoritarian
Personality. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Atzmüller, Roland and Fabienne Décieux . 2019. “‘Freedom’s utter frustration…’: Neoliberal social-policy
reforms and the shift to the far-right through Polanyi’s theory of fascism.” In Atzmüller, R. , et al. (Eds.),
Capitalism in Transformation: Movements and Countermovements in the 21st Century. Cheltenham: Edward
Elgar Publishing, pp. 135–151.
Dale Gareth and Mathieu Desan . (2019). “Fascism”. In Dale et al. (Eds.), Karl Polanyi’s Political and
Economic Thought: A Critical Guide. Newcastle upon Tyne: Agenda publishing limited, pp. 151–170.
Drucker, Peter . 1939. The End of Economic Man. New York: The John Day Company.
England, Christopher M. 2022. “Karl Polanyi and the rise of fascism”. New Political Science 44/4: 628–649.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2022.2129199
Griffin, Roger . 2018. Fascism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Lacher, Hannes . 2019. “Karl Polanyi, the ‘always-embedded market economy,’ and the re-writing of the
great transformation.” Theory and Society 48/5: 671–707.
Lim, Sang Hun . 2021. “Look up rather than down: Karl Polanyi’s fascism and radical right-wing ‘populism’”.
Current Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921211015715
Markantonatou, Maria . 2019. “Economy–society tensions in the Eurozone: The ‘anti-democratic virus’
revived”. Social and Political Science. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788974240.00014
Millett, Kristopher . 2021. “On the meaning and contemporary significance of fascism in the writings of Karl
Polanyi”. Theory and Society 50: 463–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-020-09428-8
Novy, Andreas . 2022. “The political trilemma of contemporary social-ecological transformation – lessons
from Karl Polanyi’s the great transformation”. Globalizations 19/1: 59–80.
Paxton, Robert. O. 2004. The Anatomy of Fascism. London: Allen Lane.
Polanyi, K. n.d. “Fascism and socialism”. Karl Polanyi archive, container 18, file 07, 3p.
Polanyi, K. n.d. n.d./2018. “The fascist virus”. In Polanyi, K. , Cangiani, M. and Thomasberger, C. (Eds.),
Economy and Society: Selected Writings. Cambridge: Polity, pp. 108–122. (Original work unpublished,
contained in Karl Polanyi Archive (KPA), container 18, file 07).
Polanyi, K. n.d. 1934a/2018. “Fascism and marxism”. In Polanyi, K. , Cangiani, M. and Thomasberger, C.
(Eds.), Economy and Society: Selected Writings. Cambridge: Polity, pp. 125–129. (Original work published in
1934)
Polanyi, K. n.d. 1934b. Spann’s Fascist Utopia. New Britain, 6 June. Karl Polanyi archive, container 18, file
05.
Polanyi, K. n.d. 1934c. “The state and the individual in fascism”, 15 October, Karl Polanyi archive, container
20, file 21.
Polanyi, K. n.d. 1934d. “The fascist transformation”. Karl Polanyi archive, container 20, file 8.
Polanyi, K. n.d. 1935/2018. “The essence of fascism”. In Polanyi, K. , Cangiani, M. and Thomasberger, C.
(Eds.), Economy and Society: Selected Writings. Cambridge: Polity, pp. 81–107. (Original work published in
1935.
Polanyi, K. n.d. 2001. The Great Transformation (2nd ed.). Boston: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, K. n.d. 2002. “Wirtschaft und demokratie”. In Polanyi. K. , Cangiani, M. and Thomasberger, C.
(Eds.), Chronik der Groβen Transformation: Artikel und Aufsätze (1920–1945), Band 1: Wirtschaftliche
Transformation, Gegenbewegung und der Kampf um die Demokratie. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag, pp.
149–154. (Original work from 1932, Karl Polanyi archive, container 18, file 05).
Polanyi, K. n.d. 2004. “Die geistigen voraussetzungen des faschismus”. In Polanyi. K. , Cangiani, M. ,
Polanyi-Levitt, K. and Thomasberger, C. (Eds.), Chronik der Groβen Transformation: Artikel und Aufsätze
(1920–1947), Band 3: Menschiliche Freiheit, Politische Demokratie und die Auseinandersetzung Zwischen
Sozialismus und Faschismus. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag, pp. 216–221. (Original work published in 1933).
Polanyi, K. n.d. 2014. For a New West: Essays, 1919–1958. Resta, G. and M. Catanzariti [Eds.], Cambridge:
Polity Press.
Polanyi, K. n.d. 2018. Economy and Society: Selected Writings. Thomasberger, T. and M. Cangiani [Eds.],
Reynolds, N. 2015. “The crisis of market society and the fascist solution in the writings of Karl Polanyi: A
preliminary investigation”. Accessed November 2, 2020 at
www.academia.edu/24907916/The_Crisis_of_Market_Society_and_the_Fascist_Solution_in_the_Writings_o
f_Karl_Polanyi_A_Preliminary_Investigation
Sandbrook, Richard . 2017. “The second time around? Polanyi and today’s fascist tendency”. Peace
Magazine July/September.
Sandbrook, Richard . 2018. “Karl Polanyi and the formation of this generation’s new left”. IPPR Progressive
Review 25/1: 76–103.
Karl Polanyi and the ‘international civil war'

Bauer, Otto . 1979 [1936]. Tra due guerre mondiali? La crisi dell’economia mondiale, della democrazia e del
socialismo. Torino: Einaudi. (Zwischen Zwei Weltkriegen? Die Krise der Weltwirtschaft, der Demokratie und
des Sozialismus. Bratislava: Eugen Prager-Verlag).
Cangiani, Michele . 1990. “Democrazia e fascismo nel pensiero di Karl Polanyi”. Studi Storici 31/3: 771–808.
Cangiani, Michele . 1995. Cittadinanza e politica estera. Preface to Karl Polanyi, Europa 1937. Roma:
Donzelli.
Collotti, Enzo . 1989. Fascismo, fascismi. Firenze: Sansoni.
Di Nolfo, Ennio . 2015. Storia delle relazioni internazionali. I. Dalla pace di Versailles alla conferenza di
Postdam 1919–1945. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
Forti, Simona . 2001. Totalitarismo. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
Gualtieri, Roberto . 2001. Introduzione alla storia contemporanea. L’Europa nel mondo del XX secolo. Roma:
Carocci.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1994. The age of extremes: The short twentieth century, 1914–91. New York: Viking
Penguin.
Kershaw, Ian . 2015. To hell and back. Europe, 1914–1949. London: Penguin Books/Random House.
Kervégan, Jean-François . 2011. Que faire de Carl Schmitt? Paris: Gallimard.
Keynes, John Maynard . 1919. The economic consequences of the peace. London: Macmillan.
Knickerbocker, Hubert R. 1934. Will war come in Europe? Introduction by J. W. Wheeler-Bennett . London:
John Lane.
Nolte, Ernst . 1987. Der europäische Bürgerkrieg 1917–1945. Nationalsozialismus und Bolschewismus.
Berlin: Propyläen Verlag.
Overy, Richard . 2016. The inter-war crisis. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Polanyi, Karl . 1928. “Italien und Europa.” Der Österreichische Volkswirt xx/24: 649–650. Now in Polanyi
2003: 70–74.
Polanyi, Karl . 1933a. “Die geistigen voraussetzungen des faschismus.” Menschheitskämpfer vii/1: 5–8. Now
in Polanyi 2005: 216–221.
Polanyi, Karl . 1933b. “Gegenrevolution.” Der Österreichische Volkswirt xxv/20: 457–459. Now in Polanyi
2002: 182–192.
Polanyi, Karl . 1935. “Markstein 1935.” Der Österreichische Volkswirt xxviii/12–13: 232–234. Now in Polanyi
2003: 261–266.
Polanyi, Karl . 1937. Europe to-day. Preface by G. D. H. Cole . London: WETUC.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001 [1944]. The great transformation. Boston: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2002. Chronik der großen transformation, Band 1. Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger
eds. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag.
Polanyi, Karl . 2003. Chronik der großen transformation, Band 2. Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger
eds. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag.
Polanyi, Karl . 2005. Chronik der großen transformation, Band 3. Michele Cangiani , Kari Polanyi-Levitt and
Claus Thomasberger eds. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [n.d.]. “The fascist virus.” Ms., end 1940s. In Id. Economy and society. Selected writings.
Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger , eds. Cambridge: Polity.
Procacci, Giuliano . 1999. Storia del mondo contemporaneo I. Da Sarajevo a Hiroshima. Roma: Editori
Riuniti.
Rosselli, Carlo . 1988 [1933]a. “Italia ed Europa.” In Id., Scritti dell’esilio Vol. 1, 1929-1934, ed. by Costanzo
Casucci . Torino: Einaudi: 203–210. (Originally in Quaderni di Giustizia e Libertà 7).
Rosselli, Carlo . 1988 [1933]b. “La guerra che torna.” In Id., Scritti dell’esilio Vol. 1, 1929-1934, ed. by
Costanzo Casucci . Torino: Einaudi: 250–258. (Originally in Quaderni di Giustizia e Libertà 9).
Schmitt, Carl . 2007 [1932]. The concept of the political. Chicago, IL and London: The University of Chicago
Press.
Thompson, David . 1965 [1957]. Storia dell’Europa moderna. Vol. 3. Milano: Feltrinelli. (Europe Since
Napoleon. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957).
Woller, Hans . 1999. Rom, 28. Oktober 1922. Die fasistische herausforderund. München: dtv
Verlagsgesellschaft.
Woolf, Stuart J. ed. 1968. European fascism. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Karl Polanyi's idea of co-existence

Backhaus, Juergen . 1985. “Keynesianism in Germany”. In Keynes’ Economics: Methodological Issues,
Lawson, T. and Pesaran, H. , eds. London/New York: Routledge: 209–253.
Cangiani, Michele and Thomasberger, Claus . 2002. “Marktgesellschaft und Demokratie: Die Perspektive der
Menschlichen Freiheit. Karl Polanyis Arbeiten von 1920 bis 1945”. In Chronik der Großen Transformation,
Band 1, Polanyi, Karl , Cangiani, M. and Thomasberger, C. , eds. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag: 11–44.
Cangiani, Michele and Thomasberger, Claus . 2003. “Machtpolitik, Systemkonfrontation und Friedliche
Koexistenz: die Bedeutung der Demokratie, Karl Polanyis Analysen der Internationalen Beziehungen”. In
Chronik der Großen Transformation, Band 2, Polanyi, Karl , Cangiani, M. and Thomasberger, C. , eds.
Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag: 11–43.
Cangiani, Michele and Thomasberger, Claus . 2018, “Introduction.” In Economy and Society: Selected
Writings, Polanyi, Karl , Cangiani, M. and Thomasberger, C. , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press: 1–12.
Carr, Edward Hallett . 1979/2000. The Russian Revolution from Lenin to Stalin 1917–1929. London:
Macmillan Publishers. Japanese translation by Nobuaki Shiokawa. (Iwanami Shoten).
Catanzariti, Mariavittoria . 2014. “Postface: Observations on Karl Polanyi’s Juridical-Political Thought”. In For
a New West: Essays, 1919–1958, Polanyi, K. , Resta, G. and Catanzariti, M. , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press:
221–241.
Catanzariti, Mariavittoria . 2022. “A Non-Updated Notion: Pacifism”. In International Karl Polanyi Society,
Debate on War in Ukraine, 25th of April, 2022. https://www.karlpolanyisociety.com/
Dale, Gareth . 2016a. “In Search of Karl Polanyi’s International Relations Theory”. Review of International
Studies 42: 401–424.
Dale, Gareth . 2016c. “Introduction”. In Karl Polanyi: The Hungarian Writings, Polanyi, Karl , Dale, Gareth ,
eds. Manchester: Manchester University Press: 1–37.
Hart, Keith . 2009. “Money in the Making of World Society”. In Market and Society: The Great Transformation
Today, Chris, Hann and Hart, Keith , eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 91–105.
Hart, Keith and Hann, Chris . 2009. “Introduction: Learning from Polanyi 1.” In Market and Society: The Great
Transformation Today, Hann Chris and Hart, Keith , eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 1–16.
Haslam, Jonathan . 1983. “Review: E. H. Carr and the History of Soviet Russia”. The Historical Journal 26/4:
1021–1027.
Humphreys, Sally C. 1969. “History, Economics, and Anthropology: The Work of Karl Polanyi”. History and
Theory 8/2: 165–212.
Keynes, John Maynard . 1919/1971. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. The Collected Writings of
John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 2. London: Macmillan and Co.
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich . 1959. “On Peaceful Coexistence”. Foreign Affairs 38/1: 1–18.
Lerner, Warren . 1964. “The Historical Origin of the Soviet Doctrine of Peaceful Coexistence”. Law and
Contemporary Problems 29/4: 865–870.
Nakayama, Chikako . 2018. “Polanyi’s Concept of Peace in a Complex Society”. In Karl Polanyi’s Vision of a
Socialist Transformation. Brie, Michael and Thomasberger, Claus , eds. Montreal/New
York/Chicago/London: Black Rose Books: 185–197.
Polanyi, Karl . 1933/2002 “Zweiter Fünfjahrplan Abgebremst”. In Id. Chronik der Großen Transformation,
Band 1, Cangiani, Michele and Thomasberger, Claus , eds. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag: 298–307.
Polanyi, Karl . 1934/2002. “Wo Halt Sowjetrußland?” In Id. Chronik der Großen Transformation, Band 1,
Cangiani, Michele and Thomasberger, Claus , eds. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag: 308–315.
Polanyi, Karl . 1935a/2018. “The Essence of Fascism”. In Id. Economy and Society: Selected Writings,
Cangiani, Michele and Thomasberger, Claus , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press: 81–107.
Polanyi, Karl . 1935b/2003. “Markstein 1935”. In Id. Chronik der Großen Transformation, Band 2, Cangiani,
Michele and Thomasberger, Claus , eds. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag: 261–266.
Polanyi, Karl . 1935–1936/2014. “The Roots of age”. In Id. For a New West: Essays, 1919–1958, Resta,
Giorgio and Catanzariti, Mariavittoria , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press: 86–91.
Polanyi, Karl . 1936/2002. “Russischer Verfassungswandel”. In Id. Chronik der Großen Transformation, Band
1, Cangiani, Michele and Thomasberger, Claus , eds. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag: 316–317.
Polanyi, Karl . 1937. Europe Today. London: The Workers’ Educational Trade Union Committee.
Polanyi, Karl . 1937–1938/2014. “Conflicting Philosophies in Modern Society”. In Id. For a New West:
Essays, 1919–1958, Resta, Giorgio and Catanzariti, Mariavittoria , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press: 177–204.
Polanyi, Karl . 1938/2014. “The Meaning of Peace”. In Id. For a New West: Essays, 1919–1958, Resta,
Giorgio and Catanzariti, Mariavittoria , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press: 77–85.
Polanyi, Karl . 1940/2017. The Present Age of Transformation: Five Lectures by Karl Polanyi Bennington
College. Smith, Jeremy and Pettifor, Ann , eds. Bennington and London: Bennington College in cooperation
with PRIME. https://www.primeeconomics.org/publications/the-present-age-of-transformation/
Polanyi, Karl . 1941–1943/2018. “Common Man’s Masterplan”. In Id. Economy and Society: Selected
Writings, Cangiani, Michele and Thomasberger, Claus , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press: 177–186.
Polanyi, Karl . 1943/2018. “Why Make Russia Run Amok?” In Id. Economy and Society: Selected Writings,
Polanyi, Karl . 1944/2001. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.
Boston: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1944/2018. “The Meaning of Parliamentary Democracy”. In Id. Economy and Society:
Selected Writings, Cangiani, Michele and Thomasberger, Claus , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press: 187–196.
Polanyi, Karl . 1945/2018. “Universal Capitalism or Regional Planning?” In Id. Economy and Society:
Selected Writings, Cangiani, Michele and Thomasberger, Claus , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press: 231–240.
Polanyi, Karl . 1947/2018. “Our Obsolete Market Mentality”. In Id. Economy and Society: Selected Writings,
Polanyi Levitt, Kari . 1964. “Karl Polanyi and Co-Existence”. Co-Existence 2: 113–121. (A revised version
was published as Annex D of The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi, Polanyi-Levitt, Kari , ed. Montréal/New
York: Black Rose Books, 1990: 253–263).
Smith, Jeremy and Pettifor, Ann . 2017. ‘Market-Utopia’ -Lessons from the Past, Implications for our Future:
Introduction to Karl Polanyi’s 1940 Bennington College lectures by Jeremy Smith & Ann Pettifor, In The
Present Age of Transformation: Five Lectures by Karl Polanyi Bennington College, 1940, 3–11.
After World War II
Biden, Joseph R. 2020. ‘Why America Must Lead Again’. Foreign Affairs, March/April.
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-01-23/why-america-must-lead-again. (access July
15, 2022 ).
EDGAR – Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research 2022. Fossil CO2 Total Emissions.
https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ (access April 26, 2023 ).
Fukuyama, Francis . 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. New York: Avon Books.
Hayek, Friedrich A. 1937. Monetary Nationalism and International Stability. London: Longmans, Green and
Co.
Hayek, Friedrich A. . 1980. ‘The Economic Conditions of Interstate Federalism (1939)’. In Individualism and
Economic Order, edited by Friedrich A. Hayek , 255–272. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
International Monetary Fonds . 2023. World Economic Outlook (April), IMF Datamapper,
https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD?year=2023,
(access April 26, 2023 ).
Keynes, John M. 1933. ‘National Self-Sufficiency’. The Yale Review 22 (4): 755–769.
Mises, Ludwig . 2002. ‘Guidelines for a New Order of Relationships in the Danube Region (1938)’. In
Selected Writings of Ludwig von Mises. Between the Two World Wars: Monetary Disorder, Interventionism,
Socialism, and the Great Depression, edited by Richard M. Ebeling , 2: 315–322. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty
Fund Inc.
Polanyi, Karl . 1937. Europe To-Day. London: WETUC (Workers’ Educational Trade Union Committee).
Bennington College. Bennington College Digital Repository. http://hdl.handle.net/11209/8516.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. ‘For a New West’ (1958). In For a New West: Essays, 1919–1958, edited by Giorgio
Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti , 29–32. Cambridge: Polity.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon
Paperbac. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2003a. Chronik der Großen Transformation: Artikel und Aufsätze (1920–1945). Bd. 2: Die
Internationale Politik Zwischen den Beiden Weltkriegen. Edited by Michele Cangiani and Claus
Thomasberger . Vol. 2. Marburg: Metropolis.
Polanyi, Karl . 2003b. ‘Markstein 1935’. In Chronik der Großen Transformation, Bd. 2, Die Internationale
Politik Zwischen Den Beiden Weltkriegen, edited by Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger , 261–266.
Marburg: Metropolis.
Polanyi, Karl . 2017. Five Lectures on The Present Age of Transformation (1940). London: Prime.
http://www.primeeconomics.org/e-publications/. (access February 12, 2022 ).
Polanyi, Karl . 2018a. ‘Common Man’s Masterplan (1943)’. In Economy and Society, edited by Michele
Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger , 177–186. Cambridge: Policy Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018b. ‘Universal Capitalism or Regional Planning? (1945)’. In Economy and Society, edited
by Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger , 231–240. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018c. ‘British Labour and American New Dealers’. In Economy and Society: Selected
Writings, edited by Claus Thomasberger and Michele Cangiani , 226–230. Cambridge: Polity.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari . 2013. From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization: On Karl Polanyi and
Other Essays. London; New York: Zed Books Ltd.
Robbins, Lionel . 1972. Economic Planning and International Order (1937). New York: Arno Press.
Rodrik, Dani . 1998. ‘Why Do More Open Economies Have Bigger Governments?’ Journal of Political
Economy 106 (5): 997–1032. https://doi.org/10.1086/250038.
Ruggie, John G. 1982. ‘International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the
Postwar Economic Order’. International Organization 36 (2): 379–415.
Statista . 2023. Distribution of Global Population by Continent.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/237584/distribution-of-the-world-population-by-continent/ (access April 26,
2023 ).
Streeck, Wolfgang . 2021. Zwischen Globalismus und Demokratie: Politische Ökonomie im ausgehenden
Neoliberalismus. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag.
Thomasberger, Claus . 1991. ‘Globale Märkte und politische Regulierung’. In Marktwirtschaft und politische
Regulierung: Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftsgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, edited
by Claus Thomasberger , Klaus Voy and Werner Polster , 263–302. Marburg: Metropolis.
Thomasberger, Claus . 1997. ‘Transformation in Progress: The Labour Market and the World Monetary
System in the Last Forty Years’. In Milano Papers. Essays in Societal Alternatives, edited by Michele
Cangiani , 67–96. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
Truman, Harry S. 1947. ‘Address before a Joint Session of Congress’. Washington, March 12.
https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/truman-doctrine. (access June 15, 2022 ).
Truman, Harry S. . 1949. ‘Inaugural Address’. Washington, January 20.
https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/19/inaugural-address. (access June 15, 2022 ).
Polanyi's anthropological insights
Cancian, Frank . 1968. “Maximization as a Norm, Strategy, and Theory: A Comment on Programmatic
Statements in Economic Anthropology.” In LeClair, E.E. Jr . and Schneider, H.K. (ed.). Economic
Anthropology: Readings in Theory and Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.: 228–233.
Clammer, John . 1978. “Concepts and Objects in Economic Anthropology.” In Clammer, J. (ed.). The New
Economic Anthropology. New York: St. Martin’s Press: 1–20.
Clammer, John . 1985. Anthropology and Political Economy. London: The Macmillan Press, LTD.
Dale, Gareth . 2010. Karl Polanyi: The Limits of the Market. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dalton, George . 1961. “Economic Theory and Primitive Society.” American Anthropologist 63: 1–25.
Dalton, George . 1969. “Theoretical Issues in Economic Anthropology.” Current Anthropology 10/1: 63–102.
Dalton, George and Kocke, Jasper . 1983. “The Work of the Polanyi Group: Past, Present, and Future.” In
Ortiz, S. (ed.). Economic Anthropology: Topics and Theories. Lanham, New York, and London: University
Press of America: 21–50.
Elardo, Justin A. 2003. “Reformulating the Debate between the Substantivists and Formalists in Economic
Anthropology: Is the Neoclassical Model Suitable for Describing Conditions in Nonmarket Economies?”
Ph.D. Diss., University of Utah.
Elardo, Justin A. and Campbell, Al . 2006. “Choice and the Substantivist/Formalist Debate: A Formal
Presentation of Three Substantivist Criticisms.” In Wood, D. (ed.). Choice in Economic Contexts:
Ethnographic and Theoretical Enquiries. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 267–284.
Eriksen, Thomas H. and Nielsen, Finn S. 2001. A History of Anthropology. London: Pluto Press.
Halperin, Rhoda H. 1982. “New and Old Economic Anthropology.” American Anthropologist 84/2: 339–349.
Halperin, Rhoda H. 1984. “Polanyi, Marx, and the Institutional Paradigm in Economic Anthropology.” In
Barry, L. Isaac (ed.). Research in Economic Anthropology, VI. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press: 245–272
Halperin, Rhoda H. 1988. Economies across Cultures: Towards a Comparative Science of the Economy.
New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Halperin, Rhoda H. 1995. Cultural Economies: Past and Present. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Hart, Keith . 1983. “The Contribution of Marxism to Economic Anthropology.” In Ortiz, Sutti (ed.). Economic
Anthropology: Topics and Theories, Lanham, MD: University Press of America: 105–144.
Hart, Keith 2000. “Comment on Pearson’s ‘Homo Economicus Goes Native’.” History of Political Economy
20/4: 1017–1025.
Isaac, Barry . 1993. “Retrospective on the Formalist-Substantivist Debate.” In Id. (Ed.). Research in
Economic Anthropology, 14. Greenwich, Conneticut: JAI Press Inc.: 213–234.
Isaac, Barry . 2005. “Karl Polanyi.” In Carrier, J.G. (ed.). A Handbook of Economic Anthropology,
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar: 14–25.
LeClair, Edward. E. Jr. and Schneider, Harold K. 1968. “Introduction: The Development of Economic
Anthropology.” In LeClair, E. E. Jr . and Schneider, H.K. (eds.). Economic Anthropology: Readings in Theory
and Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.: 1–13.
Malinowski, Bronislaw . 1922. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and
Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co.
Malinowski, Bronislaw . 1968. “Malinowski on the Kula.” In LeClair, E. E. Jr . and Schneider, H.K. (eds.).
Economic Anthropology: Readings in Theory and Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.:
17–39.
Mayhew, Anne . 1980. “Atomistic and Cultural Analyses in Economic Anthropology: An Old Argument
Repeated.” In Adams, J. (ed.). Institutional Economics: Essays in Honor of Allan G. Gruchy. Hingham, MA:
Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Kluwer Boston Inc.: 72–81.
Mayhew, Anne 1989. “Contrasting Origins of the Two Institutionalisms: The Social Science Context.” Review
of Political Economy 1/3: 319–333.
Mayhew, Anne . 2015. “Institutions, Culture, and Values.” In Davis, J.B. and Dolfsma, W. (ed.). The Elgar
Companion to Social Economics. Northampton, MA: Edgar Elgar Publishing: 33–47.
Mayhew, Anne and Neale, Walter.C. 1983. “Polanyi, Institutional Economics, and Economic Anthropology.”
In Ortiz, S. (ed.). Economic Anthropology: Topics and Theories. Lanham, MD: University Press of America,
Inc.: 11–20.
Polanyi, Karl . 1968 [1957]. “The Economy as an Instituted Process.” In LeClair, E.E. and Schneider, H.K.
(eds.). Economic Anthropology: Readings in Theory and Analysis. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
Inc.: 122–143.
Polanyi, Karl . 1977. The Livelihood of Man. Pearson, H. (ed.). New York: Academic Press.
Riddell, Tom , Shackelford, Jean and Stamos, Stephen . 1998. Economics: A Tool for Understanding
Society. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Robbins, Lionel . 1932. An Essay on the Nature & Significance of Economic Science. London: MacMillan &
Co.
Stanfield, Ron J. 1980. “The Institutional Economics of Karl Polanyi.” Journal of Economic Issues XIV/3:
593–614.
Stanfield, Ron J. 1999. “The Scope, Method, and Significance of Original Institutional Economics.” Journal of
Economic Issues 32/2: 231–255.
Stanfield, Ron , Carroll, Michael C. and Wrenn, Mary V. 2006. “Karl Polanyi on the Limitations of Formalism
in Economics.” In Wood, D. (ed.). Choice in Economic Contexts: Ethnographic and Theoretical Enquiries.
Amsterdam: Elsevier: 241–266.
Wilk, Richard R. 1996. Economies & Cultures: Foundations of Economic Anthropology. Boulder, CO:
Westview Press.
Wolf, Eric . 1999. Envisioning Power: Ideologies of Dominance and Crisis. Oakland: University of California
Press.
Karl Polanyi and the study of the ancient Mediterranean and western Asia
Arensberg, Conrad M. 1937. The Irish Countryman: An Anthropological Study. New York: Macmillan.
Arnold, Rosemary . 1957A. “A Port of Trade: Whydah on the Guinea Coast.” TMEE: 154–176.
Arnold, Rosemary . 1957B. “Separation of Trade and Market: Great Market of Whydah.” TMEE: 177–187.
Benet, Francisco . 1957. “Explosive Markets: The Berber Highlands.” TMEE: 188–217.
Bresson, Alain . 2000. La Cité Marchande. Paris: de Boccard.
Bresson, Alain . 2007/2008. L’Économie de la Grèce des Cités. 2 vols. Paris: Armand Colin.
Bresson, Alain . 2016. The Making of the Ancient Greek Economy. Translation of Bresson 2007/08 by
Steven Rendall. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bresson, Alain , and Pierre Rouillard , eds. 1993. L’Emporion. Paris: de Boccard.
Cartledge, Paul . 1983. “‘Trade and Politics’ Revisited: Archaic Greece.” In Peter Garnsey , Keith Hopkins ,
and C. R. Whittaker , eds., Trade in the Ancient Economy, 1–15. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chapman, Anne C. 1957. “Port of Trade Enclaves in Aztec and Mayan Civilizations.” TMEE: 114–153.
Dalton, George . 1962. “Traditional Production in Primitive African Economies.” Quarterly Journal of
Economics 76: 360–378. Reprinted in Dalton , ed. 1967. Tribal and Peasant Economies: Readings in
Economic Anthropology, 61–80. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.
Demetriou, Denise . 2012. Negotiating Identity in the Ancient Mediterranean. The Archaic and Classical
Greek Multiethnic Emporia. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
de Ste. Croix, G. E. M. 1960. “Review of TMEE.” Economic History Review 12: 510–511.
Dewey, Donald . 1958. “Review of TMEE.” American Historical Review 63: 376–378.
Dezsö, Tamás , and Ádám Vér . 2013. “Assyrians and Greeks: The Nature of Contacts in the 9th–7th
Centuries.” Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 53: 325–359.
Donlan, Walter . 1982. “Reciprocities in Homer.” Classical World 75: 137–175.
Finkelstein, Moses I. 1935. “Emporos, Naukleros, and Kapelos: A Prolegomena to the Study of Athenian
Trade.” Classical Philology 30: 320–336.
Finley, Moses I. 1954. The World of Odysseus. New York: Viking. 2nd rev. ed. 1978. London: Penguin.
Finley, Moses I. . 1970. “Aristotle and Economic Analysis.” Past & Present 47: 3–26. Reprinted in M. I. Finley
, ed., Studies in Ancient Society, 26–52. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974.
Finley, Moses I. . 1973. The Ancient Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Finley, Moses I. , ed. 1979. The Bücher-Meyer Controversy. New York: Arno.
Frame, Grant . 2021. The Royal Inscriptions of Sargon II, King of Assyria (721–705 BC). University Park, PA:
Eisenbrauns.
Gailledrat, Éric , Michael Dietler , and Rosa Plana-Mallart , eds. 2018. The Emporion in the Ancient Western
Mediterranean. Trade and Colonial Encounters from the Archaic to the Hellenistic Period. Montpellier:
Presses Universitaires de la Méditerranée.
Godelier, Maurice . 1981. “Discussion.” Research in Economic Anthropology 4: 64–69.
Goody, Jack . 2006. The Theft of History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hasebroek, Johannes . 1933. Trade and Politics in Ancient Greece. London: G. Bell and Sons. Reprint
Chicago, IL: Ares, 1976.
Heichelheim, Fritz . 1960. “Review of TMEE.” Journal of Economic and Social History 3: 108–110.
Jones, Tom B. 1958. “Review of TMEE.” Archaeology 11: 293.
Karatani, Kojin . 2014. The Structure of World History. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Kehoe, Dennis P. , David M. Ratzan , and Uri Yiftach , eds., 2015. Law and Transaction Costs in the Ancient
Economy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Koschaker, Paul . 1942. “Zur Staatlichen Wirtschaftsverwaltung in Altbabylonischer Zeit, Insbesondere nach
Urkunden aus Larsa.” Zeitschrifi für Assyriologie 47: 135–180.
Kozuh, Michael . 2015. “A Hand Anything but Hidden: Institutions and Markets in the First Millennium BCE
Mesopotamia.” In Timothy Howe , ed., Traders in the Ancient Mediterranean, 73–100. Chicago, IL: Ares.
Larsen, Mogens Trolle . 2015. Ancient Kanesh. A Merchant Colony in Bronze Age Anatolia. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Leeds, Anthony . 1962. “The Port-of-Trade in Pre-European India as an Ecological and Evolutionary Type.”
Proceedings of the Annual [1961] Spring Meeting of the American Ethnological Society, 26–48. Mimeograph
available in the Digital Archive of the Karl Polanyi Institute of Political Economy at Concordia University,
Montreal: https://www.concordia.ca/research/polanyi/archive.html (accessed 13 October 2023 ).
Manning, J. G. 2018. The Open Sea. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Manning, J. G. , and Ian Morris , eds. The Ancient Economy. Evidence and Models. Stanford, CA: Stanford
University Press.
Marx, Karl . 1973. Grundrisse. Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. Translated by Martin
Nicolaus . New York: Vintage.
Mauss, Marcel . 1970 [1925]. The Gift. Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. Translated by
Ian Cunnison . London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Mayhew, Anne , Walter C. Neale , and David W. Tandy . 1985. “Markets in the Ancient Near East: A
Challenge to Silver’s Argument and Use of Evidence.” Journal of Economic History 45: 127–134.
Mōller, Astrid . 2000. Naukratis. Trade in Archaic Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mayhew, Anne , Walter C. Neale , and David W. Tandy . 2001A. “Naukratis, or How to Identify a Port of
Trade.” In David Tandy , ed., Prehistory and History: Ethnicity, Class and Political Economy, 145–158.
Montreal: Black Rose.
Mayhew, Anne , Walter C. Neale , and David W. Tandy . 2001B. “Naukratis-Griechisches Emporion und
Ägyptischer ‘Port of Trade’.” In Ursula Höckmann and Detlev Kreikenbom , eds., Naukratis: die Beziehungen
zu Ostgriechenland, Ägypten und Zypern in Archaischer Zeit, 1–25. Möhnesee: Bibliopolis.
Mayhew, Anne , Walter C. Neale , and David W. Tandy . 2005. “Naukratis as Port of Trade Revisited.” Topoi
12/13: 183–192.
Mayhew, Anne , Walter C. Neale , and David W. Tandy . 2019. “Naukratis — Yet Again.” In Rui Morais ,
Delfim Leão , Diana Rodríguez Pérez , with Daniela Ferreira , eds., Greek Art in Motion. Studies in Honour of
Sir John Boardman on the Occasion of his 90th Birthday, 355–357. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Neale, Walter C. 1957. “Reciprocity and Redistribution in the Indian Village: Sequel to Some Notable
Discussions.” TMEE: 218–236.
Oppenheim, A. L. 1957. “A Bird’s Eye View of Mesopotamia.” TMEE: 27–37.
Polanyi, Karl . 1944. The Great Transformation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. = GT
Polanyi, Karl . 1947. “Our Obsolete Market Mentality.” Commentary 13: 109–117.
Polanyi, Karl . 1953. “Anthropology and Economic Theory.” In Morton Fried , ed., Readings in Anthropology.
Vol. 2. 2nd ed., 216–238. New York: Crowell. Reprint of Semantics of General Economic History. New York:
Columbia University Research Project on “Origins of Economic Institutions.”
Polanyi, Karl . 1957A. “Marketless Trading in Hammurabi’s Time.” TMEE: 12–26.
Polanyi, Karl . 1957B. “The Economy as Instituted Process.” TMEE: 243–270.
Polanyi, Karl . 1957C. “Aristotle Discovers the Economy.” TMEE: 64–94.
Polanyi, Karl . 1960. “On the Comparative Treatment of Economic Institutions in Antiquity, with Illustrations
from Athens, Mycenae and Alalakh.” In Carl H. Kraeling and Robert M. Adams , eds., City Invincible,
329–350. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1963. “Ports of Trade in Early Societies.” Journal of Economic History 23: 30–45.
Polanyi, Karl , Conrad Arensberg , and Harry W. Pearson , eds. Trade and Market in the Early Empires.
Glencoe, IL: Free Press. = TMEE
Polanyi, Karl , with Abraham Rotstein . 1966. Dahomey and the Slave Trade. Seattle: University of
Washington Press.
Radner, Karen . 1999. “Traders in the Neo-Assyrian Empire.” In J. G. Dercksen , ed., Trade and Finance in
Ancient Mesopotamia, 101–126. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
Radner, Karen . 2004. “Assyrische Handelspolitik: Die Symbiose mit Unabhängigen Handelszentren und ihre
Kontrolle durch Assyrien.” In Rollinger and Ulf 2004: 152–169.
Redfield, James M. 1983. Review of Louis Gernet, The Anthropology of Ancient Greece. Baltimore, MD:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981. American Journal of Philology 104: 398–403.
Redfield, James M. . 2003. The Locrian Maidens. Love and Death in Greek Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press.
Renger, Johannes . 2005. “K. Polanyi and the Economy of Ancient Mesopotamia.” In Ph. Chancier , ed.,
Autour de Polanyi: Vocabulaires, Théories et Modalités des Échanges, 45–65. Paris: de Boccard.
Revere, Robert B. 1957. “‘No Man’s Coast’: Ports of Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean.” TMEE: 38–63.
Rollinger, Robert , and Christoph Ulf , eds. 2004. Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World:
Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction. MELAMMU 5. Stuttgart: Steiner.
Sahlins, Marshall . 1965. “On the Sociology of Primitive Exchange.” In Michael Banton , ed., The Relevance
of Models for Social Anthropology, 139–236. London: Tavistock.
Sahlins, Marshall . 1972. Stone Age Economics. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
Scheidel, Walter , Ian Morris , and Richard Saller , eds. 2007. The Cambridge Economic History of the
Greco-Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Silver, Morris . 1983. “Karl Polanyi and Markets in the Ancient Near East: The Challenge of the Evidence.”
Journal of Economic History 43: 795–829.
Silver, Morris . 2004. “Modern Ancients.” In Rollinger and Ulf 2004: 65–87.
Tadmor, Hayim . 1958. “The Campaigns of Sargon II of Assur: A Chronological-Historical Study.” Journal of
Cuneiform Studies 12: 22–40, 77–100.
Tadmor, Hayim , and Shigeo Yamada . 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-pileser III (744-727 BC), and
Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
Tandy, David W. 1997. Warriors into Traders. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Tandy, David W. , and Walter C. Neale . 1994. “Karl Polanyi’s Distinctive Approach to Social Analysis and
the Case of Ancient Greece: Ideas, Criticisms, Consequences.” In Colin A. M. Duncan and David W. Tandy ,
eds., From Political Economy to Anthropology, 9–33. Montreal: Black Rose.
Tompkins, Daniel P. 2008. “Weber, Polanyi, and Finley.” History and Theory 47: 123–136.
Van de Mieroop , Marc. 2007. A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000–323 BC. 2nd ed. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Veenhof, Klaas . 1972. Aspects of Old Assyrian Trade and its Terminology. Leiden: Brill.
Yamada, Shigeo . 2005. “Karu’s on the Frontiers of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.” Orient 40: 56–90.
Yamada, Shigeo . 2019. “Neo-Assyrian Trading Posts on the East Mediterranean Coast and ‘Ionians’: An
Aspect of Assyro-Greek Contact.” Orient, Supplement I: 221–235.
Karl Polanyi on money

Chapman, Anne . 2005. “Karl Polanyi (1886–1964) for the Student.” In Autour de Polanyi – Vocabulaire,
Théorie et Modalités des Échanges, Philippe Clancier , Francis Johanès , Pierre Rouillard and Anne Tenu ,
eds., 17–32. Paris: de Boccard.
Gentet, Didier and Jérôme Maucourant . 1991. “Une Étude Critique de la Hausse des Prix à L’ère
Ramesside.” Dialogues D’histoire Ancienne 17/1: 13–31.
Maucourant, Jérôme and Sébastien Plociniczak . 2013. “The Institution, the Economy and the Market: Karl
Polanyi’s Institutional Thought for Economists.” Review of Political Economy 25/3: 512–531.
Mitchell, Wesley Clair . 1944. “The Role of Money in Economic History.” Journal of Economic History
4/Supplement, December: 61–67.
Neale, Walter . 1957. “Reciprocity and Redistribution in The Indian Village.” In Karl Polanyi , C.M. Arensberg
and H.W. Pearson , eds., Trade and Market in the Early Empires. New York: Free Press., 218–237.
Neale, Walter . 1976. Monies in Societies. San Francisco: Chandler and Sharp.
Polanyi, Karl . 1933. “The Mechanism of the World Economic Crisis.” In Id., Economy and Society. Selected
Writings, M. Cangiani and C. Thomasberger , eds., 2018, 66–80. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1957. “Aristotle Discovers the Economy.” In Polanyi, Arensberg and Pearson eds., Trade and
Market in the Early Empires. New York: Free Press., 64–94.
Polanyi, Karl . 1968a. “Karl Bücher.” In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Vol. II, 163–165.
Polanyi, Karl . 1968b. Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies, George Dalton ed. Boston: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001 [1944], The Great Transformation – the Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.
Boston: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl and Abraham Rotstein . 1966. Dahomey and the Slave Trade. Seattle: University of
Washington Press.
Renger, Johannes . 1994. “On Economic Structures in Ancient Mesopotamia.” Orientalia 63: 158–208.
Servet, Jean-Michel . 1984. Nomismata – état et Origines de la Monnaie. Lyon: PUL.
Servet, Jean-Michel . 1993. “L’institution Monétaire de la Société Selon Karl Polanyi.” Revue Économique
44/6: 1127–1149.
Freedom and socialism
Balzac, Honoré de . 1971. Vater Goriot. Berlin und Weimar: Aufbau.
Brie, Michael . 2023. “Freiheit in einer Komplexen Gesellschaft und der Horizont der Gemeinschaft. Das
Erbe von Ferdinand Tönnies im Werk von Karl Polanyi und Dessen Bedeutung für die Große
Sozialökologische Transformation”. In Ferdinand Tönnies‘ Politisches Denken und Öffentliche Meinung,
edited by Carsten Schlüter-Knauer . Wiesbaden: VS Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften (forthcoming).
Brie, Michael , and Claus Thomasberger , eds. 2018. Karl Polanyi’s Vision of a Socialist Transformation.
Montreal: Black Rose Books.
Cangiani, Michele , and Claus Thomasberger . 2002. “Marktgesellschaft und Demokratie. Die Perspektive
der Menschlichen Freiheit. Karl Polanyis Arbeiten von 1920 bis 1945”. In Chronik der großen
Transformation: Artikel und Aufsätze (1920–1945). Bd. 1: Wirtschaftliche Transformation,
Gegenbewegungen und der Kampf um die Demokratie, edited by Michele Cangiani , Claus Thomasberger
and Kari Levitt , 11–44. Marburg: Metropolis.
Chateaubriand, François-René de . 2004. Geist des Christentums Oder die Schönheiten der Christlichen
Religion. Berlin: Morus.
Cole, George Douglas Howard . 1920. Guild Socialism Re-Stated. London: L. Parsons.
Falaky, Faycal . 2011. “Reverse Revolution: The Paradox of Rousseau’s Authorship”. In Rousseau and
Revolution, edited by Mikkel Thorup and Holger Ross Lauritsen , 83–97. London and New York: Continuum.
Ginzburg, Carlo . 1994. “Killing a Chinese Mandarin: The Moral Implications of Distance”. Critical Inquiry
21/August: 46–60.
Levitt, Kari . 1964. “Karl Polanyi and ‘Co-Existence’”. Co-Existence. A Journal for the Comparative Studies of
Economics, Sociology and Politics in a Changing World 1/November: 113–121.
Lewis, John , Karl Polanyi , and Donald K. Kitchin . 1935. Christianity and the Social Revolution. Freeport:
Books for Libraries Press.
Mises, Ludwig von . 1920. “Die Abschaffung des Geldes in Russland”. Neue Freie Presse, 17/November.
https://www.mises.de/public_home/article/97/9.
Mises, Ludwig von . 2010. Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis. New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press.
Mises, Ludwig von . 2012. Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth (1920). Auburn: Ludwig von
Mises Institute.
Neurath, Otto . 1919. Durch die Kriegswirtschaft zur Naturalwirtschaft. München: Georg D. W. Callway.
Polanyi, Karl . 1929. “Letter to Donald Grant, December 7, 1929”. Con_56_Fol_13. Karl Polanyi Digital
Archive.
Polanyi, Karl . 1936. “Christianity and the Social Order, Lecture, Liverpool”. Con_22_Fol_02. Karl Polanyi
Digital Archive. http://hdl.handle.net/10694/744.
Polanyi, Karl . 1979. “Die funktionelle Theorie der Gesellschaft und das Problem der wirtschaftlichen
Rechnungslegung (Eine Erwiderung an Professor Mises and Dr. Felix Weil).” In Karl Polanyi . Ökonomie und
Gesellschaft, 81–90. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1979.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The Great Transformation. The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston,
MA: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2005a. “Sozialistische Rechnungslegung.” In Chronik der großen Transformation: Artikel und
Aufsätze (1920–1945). Bd. 3: Menschliche Freiheit, politische Demokratie und die Auseinandersetzung
zwischen Sozialismus und Faschismus, edited by Michele Cangiani , Kari Polanyi-Levitt , and Claus
Thomasberger , 71–113. Marburg: Metropolis, 2005.
Polanyi, Karl . 2005b. “Über die Freiheit.” In Chronik der großen Transformation: Artikel und Aufsätze
(1920–1945). Bd. 3: Menschliche Freiheit, politische Demokratie und die Auseinandersetzung zwischen
Sozialismus und Faschismus, edited by Michele Cangiani , Kari Polanyi-Levitt , and Claus Thomasberger ,
137–170. Marburg: Metropolis.
Polanyi, Karl . 2005c. “Zur Sozialisierungsfrage”. In Chronik der Großen Transformation: Artikel und Aufsätze
(1920–1945). Vol. 3: Menschliche Freiheit, Politische Demokratie und die Auseinandersetzung Zwischen
Sozialismus und Faschismus, edited by Michele Cangiani , Kari Polanyi-Levitt and Claus Thomasberger ,
126–136. Marburg: Metropolis.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. “How to Make Use of the Social Sciences”. In For a New West. Essays, 1919–1958,
edited by Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti , 109–118. Cambridge: Polity.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016a. “Manual and Intellectual Labour (1919)”. In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings,
edited by Gareth Dale , 197–203. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016b. “Socialist Accounting”. Theory and Society 45/5: 398–427.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016c. “The Constitution of Socialist Britain” (1922). In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings,
Polanyi, Karl . 2016d. “A Lesson Learned” (1913). In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings, edited by Gareth
Dale , 60–63. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016e. “Credo and Credulity” (1911). In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings, edited by
Gareth Dale , 49–51. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016f. “Karl Kautsky and Democracy” (1922). In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings, edited
by Gareth Dale , 114–117. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016g. “Law and Violence” (1918). In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings, edited by Gareth
Dale , 92–94. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016h. “On the Destructive Turn” (1911). In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings, edited by
Polanyi, Karl . 2016i. “Oration to the Youth of the Galilei Circle” (1919). In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian
Writings. Edited by Gareth Dale , 74–78. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016j. “Speech on the Meaning of Conviction” (1913). In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian
Writings, edited by Gareth Dale , 55–59. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016k. “The Calling of Our Generation” (1918). In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings,
Polanyi, Karl . 2016l. “The Historical Background of the Social Revolutionaries” (1922). In Karl Polanyi. The
Hungarian Writings, edited by Gareth Dale , 123–126. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016m. “The Test of Socialism” (1918). In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings, edited by
Polanyi, Karl . 2017. “The Common Man’s Masterplan” (1943). In Karl Polanyi in Dialogue: A Socialist
Thinker for Our Times, edited by Michael Brie , 79–94. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018a. “On Freedom” (1927). In Karl Polanyi’s Vision of a Socialist Transformation, edited by
Michael Brie and Claus Thomasberger , 293–319. Montreal: Black Rose.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018b. “Christianity and Economic Life” (1937). In Economy and Society. Selected Writings,
edited by Claus Thomasberger and Michele Cangiani , 154–164. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018c. “Community and Society. The Christian Criticism of Our Social Order” (1937). In
Economy and Society. Selected Writings, edited by Claus Thomasberger and Michele Cangiani , 145–153.
Cambridge, MA: Polity.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018d. “Jean-Jacques Rousseau, or Is a Free Society Possible?” In Economy and Society.
Selected Writings, edited by Claus Thomasberger and Michele Cangiani , 167–176. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018e. “Universal Capitalism or Regional Planning?” (1945). In Economy and Society.
Selected Writings, edited by Claus Thomasberger and Michele Cangiani , 231–240. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari . 2014. “Preface”. In For a New West. Essays, 1919–1958, edited by Giorgio Resta
Mariavittoria Catanzariti , iix–xv. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari . 2018. “Freedom of Action and Freedom of Thought”. In Karl Polanyi’s Vision of a
Socialist Transformation, edited by Michael Brie and Claus Thomasberger , 18–50. Montreal: Black Rose
Books.
Weber, Max . 1949. “‘Objectivity’ in Social Science and Social Policy”. In The Methodology of Social
Sciences, translated and edited by Edward A. Shils and Henry A. Finch , 50–112. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Polanyi versus Hayek. The problem of freedom and democracy in the market
society
Block, Fred . 2001. “Introduction.” In Polanyi 2001, xviii–xxxviii.
Bockman, Johanna , Ariane Fischer , and David Woodruff . 2016. “Socialist Accounting” by Karl Polanyi: with
preface “Socialism and the embedded economy.” Theory Sociology 45: 385–427.
Brie, Michael , and Claus Thomasberger eds. 2018. Karl Polanyi’s Vision of a Socialist Transformation.
Caldwell, Bruce . 2007. “Introduction.” In The Collected Works of F.A. Hayek, vol. II, ed. Bruce Caldwell .
London: University of Chicago Press, 1–33.
Cangiani, Michele , Kari Polanyi-Levitt , and Claus Thomasberger . 2005. “Die Polarität. Menschliche Freiheit
– Marktwirtschaftliche Institutionen. Zu den Grundlagen von Karl Polanyis Denken.” In Chronik der Großen
Transformation, vol. 3, eds. Michele Cangiani , Kari Polanyi-Levitt and Claus Thomasberger . Marburg:
Metropolis, 15–64.
Dale, Gareth ed. 2018. Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Filip, Birsen . 2013. “Polanyi and Hayek on Freedom, the State, and Economics.” International Journal of
Political Economy 41/4,: 69–87.
Hayek, Friedrich . 1935a. “The Nature and History of the Problem.” In Collectivist Economic Planning, ed.
Friedrich Hayek . London: Routledge and Kegan, 1–40.
Hayek, Friedrich . 1935b. “The Present State of the Debate.” In Collectivist Economic Planning, ed. Friedrich
Hayek . London: Routledge and Kegan, 201–243.
Hayek, Friedrich . 1945. “The Use of Knowledge in Society.” American Economic Review 35/4: 519–530.
Hayek, Friedrich . 1949. “The Intellectuals and Socialism.” The University of Chicago Law Review 16/3:
417–433.
Hayek, Friedrich . 1978. The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hayek, Friedrich . 2002. “Competition as a Discovery Procedure.” The Quarterly Journal of Austrian
Economics 5/3: 9–23.
Hayek, Friedrich . 2003. “Recht, Gesetz und Freiheit.” In Gesammelte Schriften in Deutscher Sprache, vol. 4,
ed. Viktor Vanberg . Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 3–484.
Hayek, Friedrich . 2007. “The Road to Serfdom. Text and Documents.” In The Collected Works of F.A.
Hayek, vol. II, ed. Bruce Caldwell . London: University of Chicago Press, 37–241.
Lippmann, Walter . 2014. Public Opinion. Mineola/New York: Dover.
Migone, Andrea . 2011. “Embedded Markets: A Dialogue Between F.A. Hayek and Karl Polanyi.” Review of
Austrian Economics 24: 355–381.
Mirowski, Philip . 2021. “Polanyi vs Hayek?” In Questioning the Utopian Springs of Market Economy, eds.
Damien Cahill , Martijn Konings and Adam David Morton . London/New York: Routledge, 26–52.
Mises, Ludwig . 1935. “Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth.” In Collectivist Economic
Planning, ed. Friedrich Hayek . London: Routledge and Kegan, 87–130.
Munck, Ronaldo . 2004. “Globalization, Labor and the ‘Polanyi Problem’.” Labor History 45/3: 251–269.
Novy, Andreas . 2020. “Friedrich Hayek and Karl Polanyi. Defining Freedom: What Kind of Freedom? And
Whose Freedom?” In Karl Polanyi: The Life and Work of an Epochal Thinker, eds. Brigitte Aulenbacher ,
Markus Marterbauer , Andreas Novy , Kari Polanyi-Levitt and Armin Thurnher . Wien: Falter, 119–131.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. For a New West. Essays, 1919–1958, eds. Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti .
Polanyi, Karl . 2018. Economy and Society: Selected Writings, eds. Michele Cangiani and Claus
Thomasberger . Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018a. “Ideologies in Crisis.” In Brie/Thomasberger 2018, 264–267.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018b. “Science and Morality.” In Brie/Thomasberger 2018, 268–286.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018c. “Being and Thinking.” In Brie/Thomasberger 2018, 287–292.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018d. “On Freedom.” In Brie/Thomasberger 2018, 298–319.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018e. “Freedom in a Complex Society.” In Brie/Thomasberger 2018, 320–324.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018f. “New Reflections Concerning our Theory and Practice.” In Polanyi 2018, 41–50.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018g. “The Functionalist Theory of Society and the Problem of Socialist Economic
Accounting.” In Polanyi 2018, 51–58.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018h. “The Essence of Fascism.” In Polanyi 2018, 81–107.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018i. “Fascism and Marxian Terminology.” In Polanyi 2018, 125–129.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018j. “Jean Jacques Rousseau, or Is a Free Society Possible?” In Polanyi 2018, 167–176.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018k. “Our Obsolete Market Mentality. Civilization Must Find a New Thought Pattern.” In
Polanyi 2018, 197–211.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018l. “On Belief in Economic Determinism.” In Polanyi 2018, 243–250.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari . 2013. “Hayek from Vienna to Chicago.” In Id. From the Great Transformation to the
Great Financialization. London/New York: Zed Books, 23–38.
Ruggie, John . 1982. “International Regimes, Transactions and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the
Postwar Economic Order.” International Organization 36/2: 379–415.
Thomasberger, Claus . 2013. “The Belief in Economic Determinism, Neoliberalism, and the Significance of
Polanyi’s Contribution in the Twenty-First Century.” International Journal of Political Economy 41/4: 16–33.
Marx and Polanyi

Althusser, Louis . 1969. For Marx, translated by B. Brewster . London: Verso, 1996.
Block, Fred and Margaret R. Somers . 1984. “Beyond the Economistic Fallacy: The Holistic Social Science of
Karl Polanyi.” In Theda Skocpol , ed., Vision and Method in Historical Sociology. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 47–84.
Block, Fred and Margaret R. Somers . 2014. The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi’s Critique.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Congdon, Lee . 1976. “Karl Polanyi in Hungary, 1900–19.” Journal of Contemporary History 11: 167–183.
Dale, Gareth . 2016a. Reconstructing Karl Polanyi: Excavation and Critique. London: Pluto Press.
Dalton, George ed. 1981. Research in Economic Anthropology 4. Greenwich: JAI Press. (Discussion by
Maurice Godelier: 64–69; comment by Dalton: 69–94).
Dalton, George and J. Köcke . 1983. “The Work of the Polanyi Group: Past, Present and Future.” In S. Ortiz ,
ed. Economic Anthropology: Topics and Theories. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 21–50.
Halperin, Rhoda . 1984. “Polanyi, Marx, and the Institutional Paradigm in Economic Anthropology.” In B. L.
Isaac , ed., Research in Economic Anthropology 6: 245–272.
Halperin, Rhoda . 1988. Economies Across Cultures: Towards A Comparative Science of the Economy. New
York: St. Martin’s Press.
Halperin, Rhoda . 1994. Cultural Economies: Past and Present. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Lukács, Georg . 1971. History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, translated by Rodney
Livingstone . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lukács, Georg . 1986. George Lukács: Selected Correspondence, 1902–1920, edited and translated by J.
Marcus and Z. Tar . New York: Columbia University Press.
Macmurray, John . 1935. “The Early Development of Marx’s Thought.” In John Lewis , Karl Polanyi , and
Donald K. Kitchin , eds., Christianity and The Social Revolution. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 209–236.
Marx, Karl . 1975. Early Writings. Translated by R. Livingstone . London: Penguin.
Marx, Karl . 1976. Capital, Vol. I, transl. by B. Fowkes . London: Penguin.
Musto, Marcello , ed. 2021. Karl Marx’s Writings on Alienation. Springer Nature Switzerland for Palgrave:
Macmillan.
Özel, Hüseyin . 1997. Reclaiming Humanity: The Social Theory of Karl Polanyi. Doctoral Dissertation, The
University of Utah.
Musto, Marcello , ed. 2019. “Commodification.” In C. Holmes , G. Dale and M. Markantonatou , eds.,
Exploring the Thought of Karl Polanyi. London: Agenda Publishing, 131–149.
Polanyi, Karl . 1935. “The Essence of Fascism.” In J. Lewis , K. Polanyi , D. K. Kitchin eds., Christianity and
The Social Revolution. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 359–394; reprinted in Polanyi 2018b: 81–107.
Polanyi, Karl . 1957 [1944]. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.
Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1947. “On Belief in Economic Determinism.” The Sociological Review 39, Section One:
96–102.
Polanyi, Karl 1968.. Primitive, Archaic, and Modern Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi, edited by George
Dalton . New York: Anchor Books.
Polanyi, Karl . 1977. The Livelihood of Man, edited by Harry W. Pearson . New York: Academic Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. For a New West: Essays, 1919–1958, edited by G. Resta and M. Catanzariti .
Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018a. “Ideologies in Crisis.” In M. Brie and C. Thomasberger , eds., Karl Polanyi’s Vision of a
Socialist Transformation. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 264–267.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018b. Economy and Society: Selected Writings, edited by M. Cangiani and C. Thomasberger
. Cambridge, MA: Polity.
Polanyi, Karl , Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson eds. 1957. Trade and Markets in the Early
Empires: Economies in History and Theory. New York: The Free Press.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari . 2014. “Preface.” to Polanyi. In Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti eds., For a
New West Essays, 1919–1958. Cambridge: Polity Press, viii–xv.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari and Marguerite Mendell . 1987. “Karl Polanyi: His Life and Times.” Studies in Political
Economy, 22, Spring, 7–39.
Schaff, Adam . 1980. Alienation as a Social Phenomenon. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Sievers, Allen M. 1949. Has Market Capitalism Collapsed? A Critique of Karl Polanyi’s New Economics. New
York: Columbia University Press.
Valensi, Lucette . 1981. “Economic Anthropology and History: The Work of Karl Polanyi.” In George Dalton
ed. Research in Economic Anthropology, vol. 4, Greenwich: JAI Press, 3–11.
Zoubir, Zacharias . 2018. “‘Alienation’ and Critique in Marx’s Manuscripts of 1857–58 (Grundrisse)”. The
European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 25/5: 710–737.
Polanyi reads Marx
Cangiani, Michele . 2010. “From Menger to Polanyi: The Institutional Way”. In Austrian Economics in
Transition: From Carl Menger to Friedrich Hayek , H. Hagemann , T. Nishizawa , Y. Ikeda , eds. Houndmills,
Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Galbraith, John K. 1973. Economics & The Public Purpose. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Marx, Karl . 1845. Thesen über Feuerbach (Theses on Feuerbach).
www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/index.htm.
Marx, Karl . 1875. Critique of the Gotha Programme.
www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm.
Marx, Karl . 1932. Der Historische Materialismus: Die Frühschriften, S. Landshut and J. P. Mayer , eds.
Leipzig: Kröner. (English trans. Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844, Martin Milligan , ed. Mineola,
NY: Dover Publications, 2007).
Marx, Karl . 1977. Capital. Volume One. New York: Vintage Books.
Marx, Karl . 1993. Grundrisse. Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. London: Penguin Books.
Menger, Carl . 1923. Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre, Karl Menger , ed. Vienna & Leipzig: Hölder-
Pichler-Tempsky & G. Freitag.
Mises, Ludwig . 1949. Human Action. A Treatise on Economics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Pearson, Harry W. 1957. “The Economy Has No Surplus; Critique of a Theory of Development”. In Trade
and Market in the Early Empires. Economies in History and Theory, Karl Polanyi , Conrad M. Arensberg and
Harry W. Pearson , eds. New York & London: The Free Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1937. “Marx on Self-Estrangement”. Ms. Karl Polanyi Archive, 20–11.
Polanyi, Karl . 1957. “The Economy as Instituted Process”. In Trade and Market in the Early Empires.
Economies in History and Theory, Karl Polanyi , Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson , eds. New
York & London: The Free Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1968. Primitive, Archaic and Modern Economies, George Dalton , ed. New York: Doubleday &
Co.
Polanyi, Karl . 1971. “Carl Menger’s Two Meanings of ‘Economic’”. In Studies in Economic Anthropology,
George Dalton , ed. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association.
Polanyi, Karl . 1977. The Livelihood of Man, Harry Pearson, ed. New York: Academic Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2005 [1933]. “Die Geistigen Voraussetzungen des Faschismus”. In Id., Chronik der Großen
Transformation, Band 3, Michele Cangiani , Kari Polanyi-Levitt and Claus Thomasberger , eds. Marburg:
Metropolis Verlag. (Originally in Menschheitskämpfer 7/1: 5–8).
Polanyi, Karl . 2014 [1950–1952]. “General Economic History”. Ms. In Id. For a New West, Giorgio Resta and
Mariavittoria Catanzariti , eds. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2017 [1940]. “The Trend toward an Integrated Society”. In Id. The Present Age of
Transformation. Five Lectures. Introductions by Kari Polanyi Levitt, and Jeremy Smith & Ann Pettifor. Prime
(primeeconomics.org).
Polanyi, Karl . 2018. Economy and Society. Selected Writings, Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger ,
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1925]. “New Reflections Concerning our Theory and Practice”. In Polanyi 2018: 41–50.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1927]. “On Freedom” (“Über die Freiheit”, ms.). In Polanyi 2018: 15–40.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1934]. “Fascism and Marxism”. In Polanyi 2018: 125–134. Originally in New Britain
III/57–58–59.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1935]. “The Essence of Fascism”. In Polanyi 2018: 81–107.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1937]a. “Community and Society. The Christian Criticism of our Social Order.”
Cyclostyled sheet. In Polanyi 2018: 144–153.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1937]b. “Christianity and Economic Life”. Ms. In Polanyi 2018: 154–164.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1947]a. “Our Obsolete Market Mentality”. Commentary 3 (2). In Polanyi 2018: 197–211.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [1947]b. “On Belief in Economic Determinism”. The Sociological Review 39. In Polanyi
2018: 243–250.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018 [n.d.] “Marx on Corporativism”. Ms. (Middle 1930s). In Polanyi 2018: 135–143.
Sahlins, Marshall . 1972. Stone Age Economics. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.
Stanfield, J. Ronald . 1977. “Institutional Economics and the Crises of Capitalism”. Journal of Economic
Issues XI/2: 449–460.
Stanfield, J. Ronald . 1986. The Economic Thought of Karl Polanyi. Houndmills and London: Macmillan.
Tawney, Richard H. 1926. Religion and the Rise of Capitalism. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co.
Veblen, Thorstein . 1994. The Place of Science in Modern Civilization. London: Routledge/Thoemmes Press.
Veblen, Thorstein . 1994 [1901]. “Industrial and Pecuniary Employments”. In Veblen 1994: 279–323.
Veblen, Thorstein . 1994 [1909]. “The Limitations of Marginal Utility”. In Veblen 1994: 231–251.
Weber, Max . 1961 [1923]. General Economic History. New York: Collier Books.
Weber, Max . 1968. “Die ‘Objektivität’ Sozialwissenschaftlicher und Sozialpolitischer Erkenntnis”. In Id.
Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Wissenschaftslehre, ed. by Johannes Winckelmann . Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr:
146214.
Weber, Max . 1978 [1922]. Economy and Society, Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich eds. Berkeley, Los
Angeles: University of California Press.
Polanyi's institutionalism between the lines

Akiyama, Misako , and Susumu Egashira . 2006. “Ernst Mach and the Origin of the Knowledge Theory in the
Former Austrian Empire.” In OUC Economic Research Papers. Otaru University of Commerce.
Alpert, Harry . 1937. “France’s First University Course in Sociology”, American Sociological Review, 2:
311–317.
Blondel, Jean . 2009. “About Institutions, Mainly, but not Exclusively, Political”, in Sarah A. Binder , R. A. W.
Rhodes and Bert A. Rockman (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions. Oxford University Press:
Oxford.
Cangiani, Michele . 2012. “‘Freedom in a Complex Society’: The Relevance of Karl Polanyi’s Political
Philosophy in the Neoliberal Age”, International Journal of Political Economy, 41: 34–53.
Cangiani, Michele . 2021. “Market Society and the Institutional Theory of Karl Polanyi”, in Charles J. Whalen
(Ed.), Institutional Economics. Routledge: London.
Commons, John R. 1924. Legal Foundations of Capitalism. Macmillan Company: New York.
Cangiani, Michele . 1931. “Institutional Economics”, The American Economic Review, 21: 648–657.
Cangiani, Michele . 1959. Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy. University of Wisconsin
Press: Madison.
Dale, Gareth . 2011a. “Lineages of Embeddedness: On the Antecedents and Successors of a Polanyian
Concept”, American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 70: 306–339.
Dale, Gareth . 2011b. “Positivism and ‘Functional Theory’in the Thought of Karl Polanyi”, 1907–1922,
Sociology Compass, 5: 148–164.
Dániel, Frank D. 2008. “Durkheim Magyarországon”, Világosság, 49: 67–80.
Durkheim, Emile . 1974. “Course in Social Science Inaugural Lecture”, Sociological Inquiry, 44: 193–204.
Durkheim, Emile . 1982. The Rules of Sociological Method. Free Press: New York.
Durkheim, Emile . 1984. The Division of Labour in Society. Macmillan: Houndmills.
Frerichs, Sabine . 2016. “The Law of Market Society: A Sociology of International Economic Law and
Beyond”, in Jarna Petman (Ed.), Finnish Yearbook of International Law 2012/2013. Hart Publishing: Oxford.
Frerichs, Sabine . 2019. “Karl Polanyi and the Law of Market Society”, Österreichische Zeitschrift für
Soziologie, 44: 197–208.
Frerichs, Sabine . 2021. “Transnational Law and Economic Sociology”, in Peer Zumbansen (Ed.), Oxford
Handbook of Transnational Law. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Furubotn, Eirik G. , and Rudolf Richter . 2010. Institutions and Economic Theory: The Contribution of the
New Institutional Economics. University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor.
Gemici, Kurtuluş . 2008. “Karl Polanyi and the Antinomies of Embeddedness”, Socio-Economic Review, 6:
5–33.
Gerhardt, Uta . 1998. “Introduction”, in Uta Gerhardt (Ed.), German Sociology: TW Adorno, M. Horkheimer ,
G. Simmel , M. Weber , and Others. Bloomsbury: London.
Gislain, Jean-Jacques , and Bruno Théret .n.a. “Note sur la Traduction: Compte-rendu d’une Odysée (on the
translation of Commons’ Institutional Economics into French)”. Manuscript (on file with author).
Gruchy, Allan G. 1940. “John R. Commons’ Concept of Twentieth-Century Economics”, Journal of Political
Economy, 48: 823–849.
Hann, Chris . 2010. “Moral Economy”, in Keith Hart , Jean-Louis Laville , Antonio Cattani and David (eds.),
The Human Economy. Polity Press: Cambridge.
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2006a. “Institutional Economics, Old and New”, in Jens Beckert and Milan Zafirovski
(eds.), International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology. Routledge: London.
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. . 2006b. “What Are Institutions?” Journal of Economic Issues, 40: 1–25.
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. . 2017. “Karl Polanyi on Economy and Society: A Critical Analysis of Core Concepts”,
Review of Social Economy, 75: 1–25.
Jepperson, Ronald L. 1991. “Institutions, Institutional Effects, and Institutionalism”, in Walter W. Powell and
Paul J. DiMaggio (eds.), The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. University of Chicago Press:
Chicago, IL.
Kirchgässner, Gebhard . 2008. Homo Oeconomicus: The Economic Model of Behaviour and Its Applications
in Economics and Other Social Sciences. Springer: New York.
Krippner, Greta R. , and Anthony S. Alvarez . 2007. “Embeddedness and the Intellectual Projects of
Economic Sociology”, Annual Review of Sociology, 33: 219–240.
Lacher, Hannes . 2019. “Karl Polanyi, the ‘Always-Embedded Market Economy’, and the re-writing of the
Great Transformation”, Theory and Society, 48: 671–707.
Mach, Ernst . 1984. The Analysis of Sensations and the Relation of the Physical to the Psychical. Open
Court: La Salle.
Mantzavinos, Chrysostomos . 2011. “Institutions”, in Ian C. Jarvie and Jesús Zamora-Bonilla (eds.), The
Sage Handbook of the Philosophy of Social Sciences. Sage: Los Angeles, CA.
May, Christian , and Andreas Nölke . 2015. “Critical Institutionalism in Studies of Comparative Capitalisms:
Conceptual Considerations and Research Programme”, in Matthias Ebenau , Ian Bruff and Christian May
(eds.), New Directions in Comparative Capitalisms Research: Critical and Global Perspectives. Palgrave
Macmillan: Houndmills.
Mitoma, Tamio . 2000. “The Social Theory of Gyula Pikler: The Cross Section of Modern Thoughts in
Budapest Around the Turn of the 19th-20th Century” (translated from Japanese), Slavic Studies (Hokkaido
University), 47: 367–384.
Neale, Walter C. 1994. “Institutions”, in Geoffrey M. Hodgson , Warren J. Samuels and Marc R. Tool (eds.),
The Elgar Companion to Institutional and Evolutionary Economics: A – K. Edward Elgar: Aldershot.
Neale, Walter C. , and Anne Mayhew . 1983. “Polanyi, Institutional Economics, and Economic Anthropology”,
in Sutti Ortiz (Ed.), Economic Anthropology: Topics and Theories. University Press of America: Lanham, MD.
Pikler, Julius . 1909. “Die Funktion des Interesses beim Streben und die Pragmatistische Streitfrage”, in
Theodor Elsenhans (Ed.), Bericht über den III. Internationalen Kongress für Philosophie (Heidelberg, 1. bis
5. September 1908). Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung: Heidelberg.
Polanyi, Karl . 1957. “The Economy as Instituted Process”, in Karl Polanyi , Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry
W. Pearson (eds.), Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory. Henry
Regnery Company: Chicago, IL.
Polanyi, Karl . 1977. The Livelihood of Man. Academic Press: New York.
Polanyi, Karl . 1996. “Our Obsolete Market Mentality”, in Richard Swedberg (Ed.), Economic Sociology.
Edward Elgar: Cheltenham.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Beacon
Press: Boston, MA.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014a. “The Contribution of Institutional Analysis to the Social Sciences”, in Giorgio Resta
(Ed.), For a New West: Essays, 1919–1958, Karl Polanyi. Polity Press: Cambridge.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014b. “Culture in a Democratic England of the Future”, in Giorgio Resta (Ed.), For a New
West: Essays, 1919–1958, Karl Polanyi. Polity Press: Cambridge.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016. “Preface to Ernst Mach’s The Analysis of Sensations”, in Gareth Dale (Ed.), Karl
Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings. Manchester University Press: Manchester.
Rutherford, Malcolm . 2004. “Institutional Economies at Columbia University”, History of Political Economy,
36: 31–78.
Rutherford, Malcolm . 2016. “Institutionalism”, in Gilbert Facarello and Heinz D. Kurz (eds.), Handbook on
the History of Economic Analysis, Vol. II: Schools of Thought in Economics. Elgar: Cheltenham.
Saád, József . 2002. “The Centenary of Hungarian Sociology”, Review of Sociology, 8: 99–111.
Samuels, Warren J. 1995. “The Present State of Institutional Economics”, Cambridge Journal of Economics,
19: 569–590.
Stanfield, James Ronald . 1980. “The Institutional Economics of Karl Polanyi”, Journal of Economic Issues,
14: 593–614.
Stanfield, James Ronald . 1986. The Economic Thought of Karl Polanyi: Lives and Livelihood. Macmillan:
Basingstoke.
Streeck, Wolfgang . 2009. Re-Forming Capitalism: Institutional Change in the German Political Economy.
Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Szabadfalvi, József . 2001. “Some Reflections on the Anglo-Saxon Influence in the Hungarian Legal
Philosophical Traditions”, Acta Juridica Hungarica, 42: 111–119.
Szabadfalvi, József . 2002. “Transition and Tradition: Can Hungarian Traditions of Legal Philosophy
Contribute to Legal Transition”, Rechtstheorie, 33: 167–185.
Thompson, Paul B. 2011. “Economics”, in Sami Pihlström (Ed.), The Continuum Companion to Pragmatism.
Bloomsbury Publishing: London.
Karl Polanyi's institutionalist approach and its contemporary value for the social
sciences
Ajani, Gian Maria . 1995. “By Chance and Prestige: Legal Transplants in Russia and Eastern Europe”.
American Journal of Comparative Law 43: 93–117.
Bates, Robert . 2014. “The New Institutionalism”. In Sebastian Galiani and Itai Sened eds., Institutions,
Economic Growth, and Property Rights: The Legacy of Douglass North. Cambridge: CUP, 50.
Berthoud, Gérald . 1990. “Toward a Comparative Approach: The Contribution of Karl Polanyi”. In Kari
Polanyi-Levitt ed., The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi. A Celebration. Montréal–New York: Black Rose Books,
171–182.
Block, Fred – Somers, Margaret R. 2014. The Power of Market Fundamentalism. Karl Polanyi’s Critique.
Cambridge-London: Harvard University Press.
Broome, André . 2022. “Doing Business: How Countries Gamed the World Bank’s Business Rankings”,
accessible at https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/world-bank-business-rankings/
Caillè, Alain and Jean-Louis Laville . 2006. “Actualité de Karl Polanyi”. In Michele Cangiani and Jerome
Macourant eds., Essais de Karl Polanyi. Paris: Seuil, 565–585.
Calabresi, Guido . 2015. The Future of Law & Economics. Essays in Reform and Recollection. New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press.
Cangiani, Michele . 1998. Economia e Democrazia. Saggio su Karl Polanyi. Padova: Il Poligrafo.
Cangiani, Michele . 2002. “L’inattualità di Polanyi”. Contemporanea 5/4: 751–757.
Cangiani, Michele . 2008. “The Forgotten Institutions”. In Mark Harvey et al. eds., Karl Polanyi. New
Perspectives on the Plac-e of the Economy in Society. Manchester – New York: Manchester University
Press, 25–42.
Cangiani, Michele . 2011. “Karl Polanyi’s Institutional Theory: Market Society and Its ‘Disembedded’
Economy”. Journal of Economic Issues 45: 177–197.
Cangiani, Michele . 2017. “Economia, Diritti Sociali, Finalità Pubbliche. Federico Caffè e la Crisi del Welfare
State”. In P. Ramazzotti ed., Stato Sociale, Politica Economica e Democrazia. Trieste: Asterios, 29–62.
Chang, Ha-Joon . 2005. Kicking Away the Ladder. Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London:
Anthem Press.
Chang, Ha-Joon . 2008. Bad Samaritans. The Guilty Secrets of Rich Nations & The Treat to Global
Prosperity. London: Random House.
Chang, Ha-Joon . 2011. “Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History”. Journal of
Institutional Economics 7/4: 473–498.
Coase, Ronald . 1937. “The Nature of the Firm”. Economica 4: 386–405.
Coase, Ronald . 1995. Impresa, Mercato, Diritto. Bologna: il Mulino.
Coase, Ronald . 1998. “New Institutional Economics”. The American Economic Review 88: 72–74.
Crouch, Colin . 2005. Capitalist Diversity and Change. Recombinant Governance and Institutional
Entrepreneurs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cucinotta, Antonio . 2009. Mercato Regole Conoscenza. L’analisi Giuridico-Economica tra
Neoistituzionalismo e Market Process. Milano: Giuffrè.
Dale, Gareth . 2010. Karl Polanyi. The Limits of the Market. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dale, Gareth . 2016. Karl Polanyi. A Life on the Left. New York: Columbia University Press.
Djankov, Simon et al. 2003. “The New Comparative Economics”. Journal of Comparative Economics 31:
595–619.
Elster, Jon . 2009. Le Désintéressement. Traité Critique de L’homme Economique, I. Paris: Éditions du
Seuil.
Faundez, Julio . 2016. “Douglass North’s Theory of Institutions: Lessons for Law and Development”. Hague
Journal of Rule of Law 8: 373–419.
Fehr, Ernst and Klaus M. Schmidt . 2006. “The Economics of Fairness, Reciprocity and Altruism –
Experimental Evidence and New Theories”. In Serge-Christophe Kolm and Jean M. Ythier eds, Handbook of
the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity. Amsterdam: Elsevier: Vol. I: 615–691.
Foucault, Michel . 2007. Nascita della biopolitica. Corso al Collège de France (1978-1979). Milano: Feltrinelli.
Frerichs, Sabine . 2011. “Re-embedding Neo-Liberal Constitutionalism: A Polanyian Case for the Economic
Sociology of Law”. In Christian Joerges and Josef Falke eds, Karl Polanyi, Globalisation and the Potential of
Law in Transnational Markets. Oxford-Portland: Hart: 65–84.
Frerichs, Sabine . 2019. “Karl Polanyi and the Law of Market Society”. Österreichische Zeitschrift für
Soziologie 44: 197–208.
Gambaro, Antonio . 2009. “Common Law e Civil Law: Evoluzione e Metodi di Confronto”. Quaderni della
Rivista Trimestrale di Diritto e Procedura Civile 63/extra4: 7/39.
Glaeser, Edward and Andrei Shleifer . 2002. “Legal Origins”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 117/4:
1193–1229.
Harris, Ron . 2003. “The Encounters of Economic History and Legal History”. Law & History Review 21:
297–346.
Harriss, John . 2008. “Institutions, Politics and Culture: A Polanyian Perspective on Economic Change”. In
Mark Harvey et al. eds, Karl Polanyi. New Perspectives on the Place of the Economy in Society. Manchester
– New York: Manchester University Press, 43–53.
Hayek, Friedrich A. 2000. Legge, Legislazione e Libertà. Critica Dell’economia Pianificata. Milano: Il
Saggiatore.
Humphreys, Sally C. 1979. “History, Economics, and Anthropology: the Work of Karl Polanyi”. History and
Theory 8/2: 165–212.
Infantino, Marta . 2019. Numera et Impera. Gli Indicatori Giuridici Globali e il Diritto Comparato. Milano:
Franco Angeli.
Krever, Tor . 2011. “The Legal Turn in Late Development Theory: The Rule of Law and the World Bank’s
Development Model”. Harvard International Law Journal 52/1: 288–319.
Krul, Matthijs . 2016. Institutions and the Challenge of Karl Polanyi: Economic Anthropology After the
Neoinstitutionalist Turn. Max Planck Institut Social Anthropology, Working Paper 168, Halle-Saale.
La Porta, Rafael et al. 1998. “Law and Finance”. Journal of Political Economy 106/6: 1113–1155.
La Porta, Rafael 2008. “The Economic Consequences of Legal Origins”. Journal of Economic Literature
46/2: 285–332.
Lombardi, Franco e Riccardo Motta . 1980. “Traffici e Mercati. L’istituzionalismo di Karl Polanyi”. Materiali
per una Storia della Cultura Giuridica 10: 231–270.
Maine, Henry S. 1895. Village-Communities in the East and West. With Other Lectures, Addresses, and
Essays (1871), 7th ed. London: John Murray.
Mauss, Marcel . 2009. Essai sur le don. Forme et Raison de L’échange dans les Sociétés Archaïques
(1925). Paris: PUF.
Ménard, Claude and Mary M. Shirley . 2014. “The Contribution of Douglass North to New Institutional
Economics”. In Sebastian Galiani and Itai Sened eds, Institutions, Economic Growth, and Property Rights:
The Legacy of Douglass North. Cambridge: CUP, 11–29.
Michaels, Ralf . 2009. “Comparative Law by Numbers? Legal Origins Thesis, Doing Business Reports, and
the Silence of Traditional Comparative Law”. American Journal of Comparative Law 57: 765–795.
Milanovic, Branko . 2020. “The Clash of Capitalisms: The Real Fight for the Global Economy’s Future”.
Foreign Affairs 99: 10–21.
North, Douglass C. 1977. “Markets and Other Allocation Systems in History: The Challenge of Karl Polanyi”.
Journal of European Economic History 6: 703–716.
North, Douglass C. 1992. “Institutions and Economic Theory”. The American Economist 36/1: 3–6.
North, Douglass C. 1994. Istituzioni, Cambiamento Istituzionale, Evoluzione Dell’economia. Bologna: il
Mulino.
North, Douglass C. 2005. “Institutions and the Performance of Economies Over Time”. In Claude Ménard
and Mary Shirley eds, Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer: 21–30.
North, Douglass C. 2006. Capire il Processo di Cambiamento Economico. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Peukert, Helge . 2001. “Bridging Old and New Institutional Economics: Gustav Schmoller and Douglass C.
North, Seen with Old Institutionalists’ Eyes”. European Journal of Law and Economics 11/2: 91–130.
Pistor, Katarina . 2019. The Code of Capital: How the Law Creates Wealth and Inequality. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1947 “Our Obsolete Market Mentality”. Commentary 3: 109–117.
Polanyi, Karl . 1971. “Carl Menger’s Two Meanings of ‘Economic’”. In George Dalton ed., Studies in
Economic Anthropology. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association: 16–24.
Polanyi, Karl . 1977. The Livelihood of Man, ed. by Harry Pearson . New York, San Francisco, London:
Academic Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001 [1944]. The Great Transformation. The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time.
Boston, MA: Beacon Prss.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. For a New West. Essays 1919–1958, ed. by Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti
. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2015. Una Società Umana, Un’umanità Sociale. Scritti 1918–1963, ed. by Michele Cangiani
and Claus Thomasberger . Milano: Jaca Book.
Polanyi, Karl . 2019. L’obsoleta Mentalità di Mercato. Scritti 1922–1957, ed. by Michele Cangiani . Trieste:
Asterios.
Polanyi, Karl , Conrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson . 1957. Trade and Market in the Early Empires.
Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1974. La grande trasformazione. Le origini economiche e politiche della nostra epoca (italian
translation). Turin: Einaudi.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari and Marguerite Mendell . 1989. “The Origins of Market Fetishism”. Monthly Review 41:
11–22.
Resta, Giorgio . 2014. “Gratuità e Solidarietà: Fondamenti Emotivi e ‘Irrazionali’”. Rivista Critica del Diritto
Privato 32/1: 25–64.
Rodotà, Stefano . 2012. Il Diritto di Avere Diritti. Roma e Bari: Laterza.
Rosser Marina , Barkley Rosser and Kirby Kramer . 1999. “The New Traditional Economy. A New
Perspective for Comparative Economics?” International Journal Social Economics 26/6: 763–778.
Sahu, Sonal . 2010. “Institutions and Institutionalism”. In Howard Wiarda ed., Grand Theories and Ideologies
in the Social Sciences. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 113–126.
Stanfield, Ronald J. 1999. “The Scope, Method, and Significance of Original Institutional Economics”.
Journal of Economic Issues 33/2: 231–255.
Streeck Wolfgang . 2011. “E Pluribus Unum? Varieties and Commonalities of Capitalism”. In Mark
Granovetter and Richard Swedberg eds., The Sociology of Economic Life, 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview,
419–455.
Thomasberger, Claus . 1997. “Mercati, Costi di Transazione e la ‘Fallacia Economicistica’: Karl Polanyi
versus Douglas C. North”. Inchiesta 27: 57–66.
Williamson, Oliver E. 1992. Le Istituzioni Economiche del Capitalismo. Imprese, Mercati, Rapporti
Contrattuali. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Williamson, Oliver E. 2005. “Transaction Cost Economics”. In Claude Ménard and Mary M. Shirley eds.,
Handbook of New Institutional Economics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 41–65.
How theories shape, and are shaped by history

Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2001. How Economics Forgot History: The Problem of Historical Specificity in Social
Science. London: Routledge.
Hodgson, Geoffrey M. 2007. “Evolutionary and Institutional Economics as the New Mainstream?”
Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review 4(1): 7–25.
Malthus, Thomas . 1998 [1798]. An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: Electronic Scholarly
Publishing.
Manicas, Peter T. 1987. A History and Philosophy of the Social Sciences. Oxford: Blackwell.
Mattei, Clara Elisabetta , 2015. “The Guardians of Capitalism: International Consensus and Fascist
Technocratic Implementation of Austerity,” LEM Papers Series 2015/23, Laboratory of Economics and
Management (LEM). Pisa: Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies.
Mattei, Clara Elisabetta ,. 2022. The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way
to Fascism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Monroe, Kristen Renwick . 2005. Perestroika!: The Raucous Rebellion in Political Science. New Haven and
London: Yale University Press.
Romer, Paul . 2016. “The Trouble with Macroeconomics.” http://bit.ly/RSRA05Romer
Roser, Max , Hannah Ritchie and Pablo Rosado . 2013. “Food Supply”. Published online at
OurWorldInData.org. Retrieved from: https://ourworldindata.org/food-supply’
Weber, Max . 2001. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London and New York: Routledge.
Zaman, Asad . 2009. “The Origins of Western Social Sciences.” Journal of Islamic Economics Banking and
Finance 5/2: 9–22.
Zaman, Asad . 2015a. “Deification of Science and Its Disastrous Consequences.” International Journal of
Pluralism in Economics Education 6/2: 181–197.
Zaman, Asad . 2015b. “Hunger as the Primary Economic Problem.” WEA Commentaries 5(2): 10.
https://www.worldeconomicsassociation.org/files/Issue5-2.pdf
Zaman, Asad . 2016. “The Methodology of Polanyi’s Great Transformation.” Economic Thought 5(1): 44–63.
Zaman, Asad . 2021a. “Ibn Khaldun: Muqaddimah.” An Islamic WorldView, July 22, 2021.
https://azprojects.wordpress.com/2021/07/22/ibn-khaldun-muqaddimah/
Zaman, Asad . 2021b. “The Puzzle of Western Social Science.” Academia Letters: Article 459.
https://doi.org/10.20935/AL459.1
Making interdependence Übersichtlich
Bockman, Johanna , Ann Fischer and David Woodruff . 2016. “Socialist Accounting” by Karl Polanyi: With
Preface “Socialism and the Embedded Economy”. Theory and Society 45/5: 385–427.
Gourevitch, Alex . 2015. From Slavery to the Cooperative Commonwealth: Labor and Republican Liberty in
the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Klein, Steven . 2017. Fictitious Freedom: A Polanyian Critique of the Republican Revival. American Journal
of Political Science 61/4: 852–863.
Lain, Bru . 2018. Polanyi’s Economic Embeddedness, Countermovement, and Republican Political
Economy. Ethics, Politics & Society 1/1: 369–402.
Leipold, Bruno . 2017. Citizen Marx: The Relationship Between Karl Marx and Republicanism. Ph.D. thesis.
University of Oxford.
Lovett, Frank . 2010. A General Theory of Domination and Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lovett, Frank and Philip Pettit . 2009. Neorepublicanism: A Normative and Institutional Research Program.
Annual Review of Political Science 12/1: 11–29.
Marx, Karl . 1990. Capital Volume One: A Critique of Political Economy (transl. B. Fowkes ). London:
Penguin Books.
Mueller-Langer, Frank ., 2013. Neglected Infectious Diseases: Are Push and Pull Incentive Mechanisms
Suitable for promoting Drug Development Research? Health Economics, Policy, and Law 8 (2), 185–208.
Pettit, Philip . 1997. Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pettit, Philip . 2001. A Theory of Freedom: From the Psychology to the Politics of Agency. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Pettit, Philip . 2002. Keeping Republican Freedom Simple: On a Difference with Quentin Skinner. Political
Theory 30/3: 339–356.
Pettit, Philip . 2006. Freedom in the Market. Politics, Philosophy & Economics 5/2: 131–149.
Pettit, Philip . 2012. On the People’s Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston:
Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018. Economy and Society: Selected Writings, Michele Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari . 2006. Tracing Polanyi’s Institutional Economy to its Central European Source. In Karl
Polanyi in Vienna: The Contemporary Influence of ‘The Great Transformation’, Kenneth McRobbie and Kari
Polany-Levitt eds. Montréal: Black Rose Books, 378–391.
Roberts, William C. 2017. Marx’s Inferno: The Political Theory of Capital. Princeton: Princeton University
Press.
Skinner, Quentin . 1998. Liberty Before Liberalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, Robert S. 2017. Exit Left: Markets and Mobility in Republican Thought. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Where Polanyi is more relevant than ever

Azam, Geneviève . 2007. “La Connaissance, une Marchandises Fictive”. Revue du Mauss 29: 110–126.
Berman, Elizabeth P. 2012. Creating the Market University. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bockman, Johanna , Ariane Fischer , and David Woodruff . 2016a. “‘Socialist Accounting’ by Karl Polanyi:
With Preface ‘Socialism and the Embedded Economy’”. Theory and Society 45: 386–427.
Boldrin, Michele , and David K. Levine . 2008. Against Intellectual Monopoly. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Cangiani, Michele . 2020. “Knowledge as Fictitious Commodity and the Knowledge Society”. In Brigitte
Aulenbacher , Markus Marterbauer , Andreas Novy , Kari Polanyi Levitt and Armin Thurnher eds. Karl
Polanyi. Wien: Falter Verlag: 177–180.
Cardenas, Andres . 2009. “The Cuban Biotechnology Industry”.
http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf
Cross, Samuel , Yanuk Rho , and Henna Reddy , et al. 2021. “Who Funded the Research Behind the
Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine?” BMJ Global Health 6/12: e007321. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-
2021-007321.
Dale, Gareth . 2010. Karl Polanyi: The Limits of the Market. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Dale, Gareth . 2016. Reconstructing Karl Polanyi. London: Pluto Press.
Etzkowitz, Henry . 2008. The Triple Helix. New York: Routledge.
European Commission. “Trends for Open Access to Publications”. https://research-and-
innovation.ec.europa.eu/strategy/strategy-2020-2024/our-digital-future/open-science/open-science-
monitor/trends-open-access-publications_en
Financial Times. 2021. “US Backs Plan to Suspend Covid Vaccine Patents”.
https://www.ft.com/content/eca86f43-7127-4213-948d-3cc8d652805e.
Irzik, Emrah . 2019. “Forms of Remuneration for Free Software Production: A Reducible Complexity”. Studia
UBB Sociologia LXIV/1: 109–126.
Irzik, Gürol . 2007. “Commercialization of Science in a Neoliberal World”. In Ayse Buğra and Kaan Ağartan
eds. Reading Karl Polanyi for the 21st Century. New York: Palgrave: 135–153.
Lalani, Hussain S. , Sarosh Nagar , and Ameet Sarpatwari et al. 2023. “US Public Investment in
Development of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines: Retrospective Cohort Study”. BMJ 380: e073747.
Le Guillou, Ian . 2020. “Covid-19: How Unprecedented Data Sharing Has Led to Faster Than Ever Outbreak
Research”. https://ec.europa.eu/research-and-innovation/en/horizon-magazine/covid-19-how-
unprecedented-data-sharing-has-led-faster-ever-outbreak-research.
Jessop, Bob . 2007. “Knowledge as a Fictitious Commodity: Insights and Limits of a Polanyian Analysis”. In
Ayse Buğra and Kaan Ağartan eds. Reading Karl Polanyi for the 21st Century. New York: Palgrave:
115–134.
Jiménez, Marguerite Rose . 2011. “Cuba’s Pharmaceutical Advantage”. NACLA 44/4: 26–29.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2011.11725548.
Kaiser, Jocelyn . 1998. “Cuba’s Billion-Dollar Biotech Gamble”. Science 282/5394: 1626–1628.
Krimsky, Sheldon . 2004. Science in the Private Interest. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
McKiernan, Erin C. , Philip E. Bourne , and C. Titus Brown , et al. 2016. “How Open Science Helps
Researchers Succeed”. eLife July 7, 2016 . https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16800
Merton, Robert . 1973. The Sociology of Science. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Mirowski, Philip , and Esther Myriam Sent . 2008. “The Commercialization of Science and the Response of
STS”. In Edward J. Hackett , Olga Amsterdamska , Michael Lynch and Judy Wajcman eds. The Handbook of
Science and Technology Studies, 3rd ed. Cambridge: MIT Press: 635–689.
Nielsen, Michael . 2020. Reinventing Discovery. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
NSF (National Science Foundation). 2023. “U.S. R&D Increased by $51 Billion in 2020 to $717 Billion;
Estimate for 2021 Indicates Further Increase to $792 Billion”. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsf23320.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The Great Transformation. Beacon Hill, MA: Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. For a New West. Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti eds. Cambridge: Polity
Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016a. “Socialist Accounting”. Theory and Society 45: 386–427.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016b. “Guild Socialism”. In Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings. Gareth Dale ed.
Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Radder, Hans , ed. 2010. The Commodification of Academic Research. Pittsburgh: The University of
Pittsburgh Press.
Reid-Henry, Simon M. 2010. The Cuban Cure. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Reitz, Tilman . 2019. “Knowledge”. In Gareth Dale , Christopher Holmes and Maria Markantonatou eds. Karl
Polanyi’s Political and Economic Thought. Newcastle: Agenda Publishing: 213–224.
Sismondo, Sergio . 2008. “Pharmaceutical Company Funding and its Consequences: A Qualitative
Systematic Review”. Contemporary Clinical Trials 29/2: 109–113.
Suber, Peter . 2012. Open Access. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Tancer, Robert S. 1995. “The Pharmaceutical Industry in Cuba”. Clinical Therapeutics 17/4: 791–798.
The New York Times. 2021a. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/03/us/politics/biden-coronavirus-vaccine-
patents.html
Tancer, Robert S. 2021b. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/05/us/politics/biden-covid-vaccine-patents.html
Tancer, Robert S. 2021c. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/10/22/science/developing-country-covid-
vaccines.html
UNESCO . 2021. Open Science. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379949
Chronicler of the interregnum. Karl Polanyi and the War in Ukraine
Balibar, Étienne . 2022. “Ukraine’s Sovereignty Depends on NATO”. Iai News, 3 November.
https://iai.tv/articles/etienne-balibar-ukraines-sovereignty-depends-on-nato-auid-
2294?_auid=2020&fbclid=IwAR1H151g9CgLWDsrfkZLfHs3_ZYrAeqZY3oBLuQae5dRD7Zti6n5Wa3IOsw.
Accessed 14 March 2023.
Gramsci and Karl Polanyi.” Politics and Society 31/2: 193–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329203252270
Cangiani, Michele . 2022. “Does Peace Have a Chance?” Karl Polanyi Society, 25 April.
https://www.karlpolanyisociety.com/2022/04/25/does-peace-have-a-chance-michele-cangiani/. Accessed 14
March 2023.
Dale, Gareth . 2016a. Reconstructing Karl Polanyi. Excavation and Critique. London: Pluto Press.
Dale, Gareth . 2016b. “In Search of Karl Polanyi’s International Relations Theory.” Review of International
Studies 42: 401–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210515000273
Dale, Gareth . 2022. “Karl Polanyi and Russia’s War on Ukraine.” Karl Polanyi Society, 25 April.
https://www.karlpolanyisociety.com/2022/04/25/karl-polanyi-and-russias-war-on-ukraine-gareth-dale/.
Accessed 14 March 2023.
Desai, Radika and Kari Polanyi Levitt , eds. 2020. Karl Polanyi and Twenty-First-Century Capitalism.
Maté, Aaron . 2022. “NATO Prolongs the Ukraine Proxy War, and Global Havoc.” Substack, 19 September.
https://mate.substack.com/p/nato-prolongs-the-ukraine-proxy-
war?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email. Accessed 14 March 2023 .
Mearsheimer, John . 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Melegh, Attila and Iván Szelényi . 2016. “Polanyi Revisited. Introduction.” Intersections. East European
Journal of Society and Politics 2/2: 4–10. https://doi.org/10.17356/ieejsp.v2i2.246.
Nakayama, Chikako . 2020. “Karl Polanyi as a precursor of world-systems theorists: an investigation of the
theoretical lineage to Giovanni Arrighi.” In Radhika Desai , Kari Levitt eds. Karl Polanyi and twenty-first
century capitalism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 1937. Europe To-Day. London: W.E.T.U.C.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The Great Transformation. The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston:
Beacon Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2014. For a New West. Giorgio Resta and Mariavittoria Catanzariti eds. Cambridge: Polity
Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016. Karl Polanyi. The Hungarian Writings. Gareth Dale ed. (Translated by Adam Fabry ).
Streeck, Wolfgang . 2022. “Fog of War”. Sidecar, 1 March. https://newleftreview.org/sidecar/posts/fog-of-war.
Accessed 14 March 2023 .
Thomasberger, Claus . 2018. “Freedom, Responsibility and the Recognition of the Reality of Complex
Society”. In Michael Brie and Claus Thomasberger eds. Karl Polanyi’s Vision of a Socialist Transformation.
Thomasberger, Claus . 2022. “Once Again: Universalism or Regional Planning?” Karl Polanyi Society, 25
April. https://www.karlpolanyisociety.com/2022/04/25/once-again-universal-capitalism-or-regional-planning-
claus-thomasberger/ Accessed 14 March 2023 .
Zizek, Slavoj . 2022. “The Ukraine Safari.” Project Syndicate, 13 October. https://www.project-
syndicate.org/commentary/ukraine-war-shameful-stance-of-western-left-by-slavoj-zizek-2022-10. Accessed
14 March 2023 .
The double movement in the Global South

Alcock, Rowan . 2023. “Polanyi in Rural China: Beyond the Double Movement”. New Political Economy 28/6:
986–1000.
Almeida, Paul D. 2007. “Defensive Mobilization: Popular Movements against Economic Adjustment Policies
in Latin America”. Latin American Perspectives 34/3: 123–139.
Amin, Samir . 1974. “Accumulation and Development: A Theoretical Model”. Review of African Political
Economy 1/1: 9–26.
Bhambra, Gurminder K. 2021. “Colonial global economy: Towards a theoretical reorientation of political
economy.” Review of International Political Economy 28/2: 307–322.
Bhambra, Gurminder K. and Holmwood, John . 2018. “Colonialism, Postcolonialism and the Liberal Welfare
State”. New Political Economy 23/5: 574–587.
Gramsci and Karl Polanyi”. Politics & Society 31/2: 193–261.
Burawoy, Michael . 2019. “Afterword: Resolving Polanyi’s Paradox”. In Gareth Dale , Chris Holmes and
Maria Markantonatou eds. Karl Polanyi’s Political and Economic Thought: A Critical Guide, 213–224.
Newcastle: Agenda Publishing.
Cangiani, Michele . 2011 “Karl Polanyi’s Institutional Theory: Market Society and its ‘Disembedded’
Economy”. Journal of Economic Issues 45/1: 177–198.
Córdoba, Diana , Peredo, Ana María and Chaves, Paola . 2021. “Shaping Alternatives to Development:
Solidarity and Reciprocity in the Andes during COVID-19”. World Development 139: 2–10.
Dale, Gareth . 2016. Reconstructing Karl Polanyi. London: Pluto Press.
Diepart, Jean-Christophe , et al. 2023. “The Recognition and Formalization of Customary Tenure in the
Forest Landscapes of the Mekong Region: a Polanyian Perspective”. Journal of Land Use Science 18/1:
211–226.
Dinerstein, Ana Cecilia 2020. “Why Does the Political Left Fail Grassroots Movements?” Open Democracy
20 May.
Dos Santos, Theotonio . 1970. “The Structure of Dependence”. American Economic Review 60/2: 231–236.
Evans, Peter . 2020. “Polanyi Meets Bolsonaro: Reactionary Politics and the Double Movement in Twenty-
first Century Brazil”. International Sociology 35/6: 674–690.
Fraser, Nancy . 2022. Cannibal Capitalism. London and New York: Verso Books.
Garcia Fernández, Ramon . 2021. “South America in the Twenty-First Century: Twenty Years on a Roller
Coaster”. Journal of Economic Issues 55/2: 306–317.
Gemici, Kurtulus and Nair, Manjusha . 2016. “Globalization and Its Countermovement: Marxian Contention
or Polanyian Resistance?” Sociology Compass 10/7: 580–591.
Goodwin, Geoff . 2017. “The Quest to Bring Land Under Social and Political Control: Land Reform Struggles
of the Past and Present in Ecuador”. Journal of Agrarian Change 17/3: 571–593.
Goodwin, Geoff . 2018. “Rethinking the Double Movement: Expanding the Frontiers of Polanyian Analysis in
the Global South”. Development and Change 49/5: 1268–1290.
Goodwin, Geoff . 2021. “Fictitious Commodification and Agrarian Change: Indigenous Peoples and Land
Markets in Highland Ecuador”. Journal of Agrarian Change 21/1: 3–24.
Goodwin, Geoff . 2022. “Double Movements and Disembedded Economies: A Response to Richard
Sandbrook”. Development and Change 53/3: 676–702.
Goodwin, Geoff forthcoming. “Uneven Decommodification Geographies: Exploring Variation Across the
Centre and Periphery”. EPA: Economy and Space, early view
Goodwin, Geoff , O'Hare, Patrick , Alderman, Jonathan and Sheild Johansson, Miranda . 2022. “The Politics
of Coproduction During Latin America’s ‘Pink Tide’: Water, Housing, and Waste in Comparative
Perspective”. World Development 157: 1–14.
Harris, Kevan and Scully, Ben . 2015. “A Hidden Counter-Movement? Precarity, Politics, and Social
Protection Before and Beyond the Neoliberal Era”. Theory and Society 44/5: 415–444.
Harvey, David . 2003. The New Imperialism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Harvey, David . 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Hickel, Jason , Dorninger, Christian , Wieland, Hanspeter and Suwandi, Intan . 2022. “Imperialist
Appropriation in the World Economy: Drain from the Global South through Unequal Exchange, 1990–2015”.
Global Environmental Change 73: 1–13.
Horowitz, Leah. S. 2023. “The Double Movement and the Triple-Helix: Divestment, Decommodification, and
the Dakota Access Pipeline”. EPA: Economy and Space 55/6: 1137–1354
Itzigsohn, José and Rebón, Julián . 2015. “The Recuperation of Enterprises: Defending Workers’ Life-world,
Creating New Tools of Contention”. Latin American Research Review 50/4: 178–196.
Lacher, Hannes . 1999. “The Politics of the Market: Re-Reading Karl Polanyi”. Global Society 13/33:
313–326.
Langan, Michael . 2023. “The Double Movement in Africa: a Nkrumah-Polanyi Analysis of Free Market
Fatigue in Ghana’s Private Sector”. Review of International Political Economy 30/2: 463–486.
Levien, Michael . 2007. “India’s Double-Movement: Polanyi and the National Alliance of People’s
Movements”. Berkeley Journal of Sociology 51: 119–149.
Levien, Michael . 2021. “Fictitious but Not Utopian: Land Commodification and Dispossession in Rural India”.
In D. A. Ghertner and R. W. Lake eds, Land Fictions: The Commodification of Land in City and Country,
26–43. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Li, Tania . 2014. Land’s End: Capitalist Relations on an Indigenous Frontier. Durham, NC: Duke University
Press.
Liu, Tiantian . 2022. “Enclosure with Chinese Characteristics: A Polanyian Approach to the Origins and
Limits of Land Commodification in China”. Journal of Peasant Studies 50/4: 1347–1375.
McMichael, Philip . 2023. “Updating Karl Polanyi’s Double Movement for Critical Agrarian Studies”. Journal
of Peasant Studies 50/6: 2123–2144.
Munck, Ronaldo . 2013. Rethinking Latin America: Development, Hegemony and Social Transformation.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Paredes, Maritza . 2022. “One Industry, Different Conflicts: A Typology of Mining Conflicts”. The Extractive
Industries and Society 9: 1–9
Peck, Jamie . 2010a. Constructions of Neoliberal Reason. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Peck, Jamie . 2010b. “Zombie Neoliberalism and the Ambidextrous State”. Theoretical Criminology 14/1:
104–110.
Polanyi, Karl . 1935. “The Essence of Fascism”. In J. Lewis et al. eds. Christianity and the Social Revolution,
359–394. London: Victor Gollancz.
Polanyi, Karl . 1968 [1947]. “Our Obsolete Market Mentality”. In G. Dalton ed. Primitive, Archaic and Modern
Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi, 59–77. New York: Anchor Books.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001 [1944]) The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of our Time.
Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari , ed. 1990. The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi. Montreal: Black Rose Books.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari . 2002 [1970]. Silent Surrender: The Multinational Corporation in Canada. Montreal:
McGill-Queens University Press.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari . 2013. From the Great Transformation to the Great Financialization. London and New
York: Zed Books.
Prebisch, R. (1949/1986) El desarollo economico de la America Latina y algunos de sus principales
problemas. Desarrollo Económico 26/103: 479–502.
Rayner, Jeremy . 2017. “The Struggle for Quito’s Communes: Negotiating Property and Citizenship in
Plurinational, Post-Neoliberal Ecuador”. Urban Anthropology 46/1, 2: 95–134.
Rayner, Jeremy and Mérida Conde , Juan eds. 2019. Las Comunas del Ecuador: Autonomía, Territorio y la
Construcción del Estado Plurinacional. Quito: IEAN.
Rayner, Jeremy and Morales Rivera , Valeria . 2020. “The Counter-Movement through the Lens of
Generation: Emancipation, Protection, and Neoliberalization in Costa Rica, 2000–2018”. Journal of Latin
American and Caribbean Anthropology 25/4: 569–589.
Rodney, Walter . 2018 [1972]. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London: Verso Books.
Salverda, Tijo . 2019. “Facing Criticism: An Analysis of (Land-Based) Corporate Responses to the Large-
Scale Land Acquisition Countermovement”. Journal of Peasant Studies 46/5: 1003–1020.
Sandbrook, Richard . 2011. “Polanyi and Post-Neoliberalism in the Global South: Dilemmas of Re-
embedding the Economy”. New Political Economy 16/4: 415–443.
Sandbrook, Richard . 2014. Reinventing the Left in the Global South: The Politics of the Possible.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sandbrook, Richard . 2022. “Polanyi’s Double Movement and Capitalism Today”. Development and Change
53/3: 647–675.
Sankar, Vinay and Suresh, Lavanya . 2023. “The Political Ecology of Small Freshwater Bodies in Kerala,
India”. World Water Policy 9/1: 45–46
Silva, Eduardo . 2009. Challenging Neoliberalism in Latin America. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University
Press.
Steckley, Joshua , Boumba, Nixon , and Marylynn Steckley . 2022. “Commodifying the Countermovement:
How Foreign Funding Turns Haitian Social Movements into Commodities”. In Paul Stacey ed. Global Power
and Local Struggles in Developing Countries, 36–58. Brill: Leiden.
Stewart, Frances . 2006. “Do We Need a New ‘Great Transformation’? Is One Likely?” Research Paper
2006/36. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.
Stokes-Ramos, Hannah . 2023. “Rethinking Polanyi’s Double Movement through Participatory Justice: Land
Use Planning in Puerto Rico”. EPA: Economy and Space, 55/8: 19701988.
Sud, Nikita and Sánchez-Ancochea, Diego . 2022. “Southern Discomfort: Interrogating the Category of the
Global South”. Development and Change 53/6: 1123–1150.
Udayagiri, Mridula and Walton, John . 2003. “Global Transformation and Local Countermovements: The
Prospects for Democracy under Neoliberalism”. International Journal of Comparative Sociology 44/4:
309–343.
Undurraga, Tomás and Márquez, Felipe . 2021. “The Unfinished Development of the Frontier: A Karl Polanyi
Reading of the Conflict between the Forestry Industry, Mapuche Communities and the Chilean State”.
Sociología & Anthropología 11/1: 69–94.
Valderrama, Paula . 2019. “Democracy”. In G. Dale , C. Holmes and M. Markantonatou eds, Karl Polanyi’s
Political and Economic Thought: A Critical Guide, 171–189. Newcastle: Agenda Publishing.
Wright, Erik Olin . 2019. How to Be an Anti-Capitalist in the 21st Century. London and New York: Verso.
Zayed, Hany . 2022. “The Political Economy of Revolution: Karl Polanyi in Tahrir Square”. Theory, Culture
and Society 39/3: 75–97.
The ecological thought of Karl Polanyi and his contribution to Ecological

Economics
1
Aguilera Klink, Federico . 2015. Economía y naturaleza humana, volviendo a Smith y Marx. Polis Revista
Latinoamericana 41. https://journals.openedition.org/polis/10909
Azamar Alonso, Aleida , Jose Carlos Silva Macher and Federico Zuberman . 2021. Economía ecológica
latinoamericana. Buenos Aires: CLACSO. Siglo XXI.
Barkin, David , Fuente Carrasco and Mario y Tagle Zamora, Daniel . 2012. La significación de una
Economía Ecológica radical. Revista Iberoamericana de Economía Ecológica 19: 1–14.
Burket, Paul and John Bellamy Foster . 2006. Metabolism, energy, and entropy in Marx’s critique of political
economy: Beyond the Podolinsky myth. Theory and Society 35: 109–156.
Cattani, Antonio David . (Ed.). 2004. La Otra economía. Buenos Aires: Editorial Altamira-UNGS-OSDE.
Coraggio, José Luis . 2011. Principios, instituciones y prácticas de la economía social y solidaria. In
Coraggio, J. L. ed., Economía social y solidaria. El trabajo antes que el capital. Quito: Abya Yala Ediciones.
Coraggio, José Luis . 2012. Karl Polanyi y la otra economía en America Latina. In: Karl Polanyi. Textos
escogidos, pp. 47–78. Buenos Aires. CLACSO-UNGS.
Daily, G. C. , S. Alexander , P. R. Ehrlich , L. Goulder , J. Lubchenco , P. A. Matson , H. A. Mooney , S.
Postel , S. H. Schneider , D. Tilman Y and G. M. Woodwell . 1997. Ecosystem services: Benefits supplied to
human societies by natural ecosystems. Issues in Ecology 2, 1–17. Spring 1997.
Daly, Herman and Joshua Farley . 2004. Ecological economics: Principles and application. Washington, DC:
Island Press.
Escobar, Arturo . 2002. Globalización, desarrollo y modernidad planeación, participación y desarrollo, pp.
9–32. Medellín: Corporación Región Ed.
Escobar, Arturo . 2014. La invención del desarrollo. Colombia: Ed. Universidad del Cauca.
Fischer-Kowalski, Marina and Helmut Haberl . 1998. Sustainable development: Socio-economic metabolism
and colonization of nature. International Social Science Journal 50: 573–587.
Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas . 1971. The entropy law and the economic process. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press.
Lisboa de Melo, Armando . 2008. A atualidade de Karl Polanyi para a reconstrução do pensamento
econômico. Revista Otra Economia II/3: 7–26.
Martínez Alier, Joan . 1988. El marxismo y la economía ecológica. Revista Mientras Tanto 35/October:
127–147.
Martínez Alier, Joan . 1995a. De la economía ecológica al ecologismo popular. Montevideo: Icaria/Nordan.
Martínez Alier, Joan . 1995b. Los principios de la economía ecológica. España: Fundación Argentaria.
Martínez Alier, Joan . 2013. Karl Polanyi: Historia social y antropología económica. Ecología Política 45:
122–124.
Martínez Alier, Joan . 2021. El ecologismo de los pobres. Conflictos ambientales y lenguajes de valoración.
6a ed. Icaria.
Marx, Karl . 2004. Manuscritos económicos-filosóficos de 1844. Buenos Aires: Colihue.
Naredo, José Manuel . 1987/1996. La economía en evolución. Historia y perspectivas de las categorías
básicas de la ciencia económica. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
Naredo, J. M. 2004. La economía en evolución: invento y configuración de la economía en los siglos XVIII y
XIX y sus consecuencias actuales. Manuscrits: Revista D’història Moderna 22: 83–120.
Odum, Howard . 1971. Environment, power and society. New York: Wiley Interscience.
Pearce, David . 2002. An intellectual history of environmental economics. Annual Review Energy Environ 27:
57–81.
Podolinsky, Sergei . 2004. Socialism and the unity of physical forces. Organization&Environment 17/1:
61–75.
Polanyi, Karl . 1947. Our obsolete market mentality. Commentary 3: 109–117.
Polanyi, Karl 1957. The economy as instituted process. In Polanyi, K. , Arensberg, C. M. and Pearson, H. W.
eds., Trade and market in the early empires. Chicago: Gateway Edition.
Polanyi, Karl . 1977. The livelihood of man. Ed. H. Pearson . New York. Academic Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2001. The great transformation: The political and economic origins of our time. Beacon Press.
Boston.
Ramos Gorostiza , José Luis . 2005. Medio natural y pensamiento económico: Historia de un reencuentro.
Principios. Estudios de Economía Política 2: 47–70.
Rendueles, César 2004. Karl Polanyi o la humildad de las ciencias sociales. Nexo. Revista de Filosofía 2:
155–166.
Román, Marcela . 2013. Teoría económica y Ciencias ambientales. Un recorrido histórico: de los fisiócratas
a los institucionalistas. Agronomía & Ambiente 33/1–2: 57–70. FAUBA, Buenos Aires.
Røpke, Inge . 2004. The early history of modern ecological economics. Ecological Economics 50/3–4:
293–314.
Santos, Boaventura De Sousa (coord.). 2002. Produzir para viver. Os Caminhos da produção não
capitalista. Civilização Brasileira. Rio de Janeiro.
Schmidt, Alfred . 1976. El concepto de naturaleza en Marx. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
Toledo, Víctor Manuel . 2013. El metabolismo social: Una nueva teoría socioecológica. Relaciones. Estudios
de historia y sociedad 34/136: 41–71.
Zuberman, Federico . 2010. La obsoleta mentalidad de crecimiento del G20. Otra Economía 4/6: 167–180.
Zuberman, Federico . 2020. Heterogeneidades y vínculos en la Economía Social y la Economía Ecológica.
Cuadernos de Economía Crítica 6/12: 115–136.
Karl Polanyi in the transition to a low-carbon and biodiverse society

Block, Fred and Margaret R. Somers . 2014. The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi’s Critique.
Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Bockman, Johanna . 2018. Not the New Deal and Not the Welfare State: Karl Polanyi’s Vision of Socialism.
In Michael Brie and Claus Thomasberger eds., Karl Polanyi: Vision of a Socialist Transformation. Montreal:
Black Rose Books: 200–208.
Brie, Michael . 2017. For an Alliance of Liberal Socialists and Libertarian Commonists: Nancy Fraser and
Karl Polanyi – A Possible Dialogue. In Michael Brie ed., Karl Polanyi in Dialogue: A Socialist Thinker for Our
Times. Montreal: Black Rose Books: 7–64.
Cheal, David . 2017. The Gift Economy. London: Routledge.
Ducyznska Polanyi, Ilona . 1977. Karl Polanyi: Notes on His Life. In Harry W. Pearson ed., The Livelihood of
Man. New York: Academic Press: xi–xx.
Graeber, David . 2011. Debt: The First 5,000 Years. New York: Melville House.
Graeber, David . 2017. Foreword in Marshall Sahlins: Stone Age Economics. London: Routledge: ix–xviii.
Graeber, David and David Wengrow . 2021. The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity. London:
Penguin.
Hickel, Jason . 2020. Less Is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World. London: William Heinemann.
Hulme, Mike . 2014. Can Science Fix Climate Change?. Cambridge: Polity.
IPBES . 2019. Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services. Bonn: IPBES Secretariat.
IPCC . 2014. Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report. Geneva: IPCC.
IPCC . 2018. Global Warming of 1.5°C: Special Report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
IPCC . 2019. Climate Change and Land. Geneva: IPCC.
IPCC . 2022. Climate Change 2022. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kirby, Peadar . 2021. Karl Polanyi and the Contemporary Political Crisis: Transforming Market Society in the
Era of Climate Change. London: Bloomsbury.
Litfin, Karen T. 2014. Ecovillages: Lessons for Sustainable Community. Cambridge: Polity.
Marx, Leo . 2010. Technology: The Emergence of a Hazardous Concept. Technology and Culture 51/3:
561–577.
NEF . 2009. The Great Transition. London: New Economics Foundation.
Parrique, Timothée . 2019. The Political Economy of Degrowth. Stockholm: Stockholms universitet.
Polanyi, Karl . 1968. The Economy as Instituted Process. In George Dalton ed., Primitive, Archaic and
Modern Economies: Essays of Karl Polanyi. New York: Anchor Books: 139–174.
Polanyi, Karl 1977.. The Livelihood of Man. New York: Academic Press.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018a. On Freedom. In Michael Brie and Claus Thomasberger eds., Karl Polanyi: Vision of a
Socialist Transformation. Montreal: Black Rose Books [original 1927]: 298–319.
Polanyi, Karl . 2018b. Community and Society: The Christian Criticism of our Social Order. In Michele
Cangiani and Claus Thomasberger eds., Karl Polanyi: Economy and Society: Selected Writings. Cambridge:
Polity [original 1937]: 144–153.
Polanyi Levitt , Kari 1990. Karl Polanyi and Co-Existence . In Kari Polanyi Levitt ed., The Life and Work of
Karl Polanyi. Montreal: Black Rose Books: 253–263.
Polanyi Levitt , Kari 1990. Karl Polanyi and Co-Existence . In Kari Polanyi Levitt ed., 2013. From the Great
Transformation to the Great Financialization: On Karl Polanyi and Other Essays. London: Zed Books.
Polanyi Levitt , Kari and Marguerite Mendell . 1987. Karl Polanyi: His Life and Times. Studies in Political
Economy 22: 7–39.
Sahlins, Marshall . 2017. Stone Age Economics. London: Routledge.
Sandel, Michael J. 2012. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. London: Penguin Books.
Schumacher, Juliane . 2022. It’s a Very Western Vision of the World. Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, downloaded
from https://www.rosalux.de/en/news/id/46631/its-a-very-western-vision-of-the-world [27th September 2002].
Stiglitz, Joseph . 2001. Foreword to the Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press: vii–xvii.
WBGU . 2011. World in Transition: A Social Contract for Sustainability. Berlin: German Advisory Council on
Global Change.
Ecosocialist freedom through participatory democratic planning

Albert, Michael and Robin Hahnel . 1991. The Political Economy of Participatory Economics. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press.
Brie, M. and C. Thomasberger (eds.). 2018. Karl Polanyi’s Vision of a Socialist Transformation. Montreal:
Black Rose Books.
Cole, George D. H. 1980 [1920]. Guild Socialism Restated. New Brunswick: Transaction Books (Leonard
Parsons).
Cottrell, Allin and W. Paul Cockshott . 1993. “Calculation, Complexity and Planning: The Socialist Calculation
Debate Once Again.” Review of Political Economy 5/1, 73–112.
Dale, Gareth . 2010. Karl Polanyi: The Limits of the Market. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Dale, Gareth . 2016a. Karl Polanyi: A Life on the Left. New York: Columbia University Press.
Dale, Gareth . 2016b. Karl Polanyi: The Hungarian Writings, edited by Gareth Dale . Manchester:
Manchester University Press.
Devine, Pat . 1988/2010. Democracy and Economic Planning: The Political Economy of a Self-Governing
Society. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Devine, Pat . (with Fikret Adaman and Begüm Özkaynak ). 2003. “Reinstituting the Economic Process:
(Re)embedding the Economy in Society and Nature.” International Review of Sociology 13/2, 357–374.
Devine, Pat . 2022. “Ecosocialist Economics.” The Routledge Handbook on Ecosocialism, Chapter 26.
Marx, Karl . 1852. 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. multiple publishers.
Marx, Karl . 1891. Critique of the Gotha Programme. multiple publishers.
Mises, Ludwig von . 1975 [1920]. “Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth.” In Collectivist
Economic Planning, Friedrich A. Hayek ed. New York: Kelley Publishing.
Morris, William . 1890. News from Nowhere. multiple publishers.
Polanyi, Karl . 1948. “Marxist Economic Thought.” Journal of Economic History VIII, 2, 206–207.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016a [1922]. Socialist Accounting. Translated by Johanna Bockman , Ariane Fischer and
David Woodruff . Theory and Society. New York: Springer.
Polanyi, Karl . 2016b [1923]. “Guild and State”. In Dale 2016b, Karl Polanyi: The Hungarian Writings, edited
by Gareth Dale . Manchester: Manchester University Press, 121–122.
Polanyi, Michael . 1983. The Tacit Dimension. Gloucester: Peter Smith.
Polanyi-Levitt, Kari , ed. 1990. The Life and Work of Karl Polanyi. Montréal: Black Rose Books.
Raworth, Kate . 2017. Doughnut Economics. London: Random House.
Simon, Roger . Gramsci’s Political Thought: An Introduction. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1982/1990.
Steffen, Will , Katherine Richardson , Johan Rockström , Sarah E. Cornell , Ingo Fetzer , Elena M. Bennett ,
Reinette Biggs , Stephen R. Carpenter , Wim de Vries , Cynthia A. de Wit, Carl Folke , Dieter Gerten , Jens
Heinke , Georgina M. Mace , Linn M. Persson , Veerabhadran Ramanathan , Belinda Reyers and Sverker
Sörlin . 2015. “Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet,” Science
347/6223: 1259855. DOI: 10.1126/science.1259855
Tokes, Rudolf L. 1967. Bella Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic: The Origins and Role of the
Communist Party of Hungary in the Revolutions of 1918–1919. New York: Praeger.

10.4324_9781003336747_previewpdf

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

10.4324_9781003336747_previewpdf

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

“Karl Polanyi made seminal contributions to political economy, social theory, and anthropology,

“This collection of articles by leading Polanyi scholars transcends disciplinary boundaries. By

Michele Cangiani, Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia, Italy

Claus Thomasberger, University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany

1 Károly Polányi’s Hungary 3

2 On the edge of Austro-Marxism 22

3 The socialist calculation debate and the problem of modern civilization 33

4 Polanyi and neoliberalism 51

5 Twenty-first-century capitalism between embeddedness and

6 Antinomies of the ‘double movement’: From Polanyi to the Polanyi debate 73

7 Markets, protectionism and self-regulation: A key to the ‘Great

8 The League of Nations’ programme ‘Financial Reconstruction of

10 Observing the transformation. Polanyi’s writings in the

11 Polanyi’s unorthodox contribution to the study of fascism 137

13 Karl Polanyi’s idea of co-existence: War and peace in the international

14 After World War II: Universal capitalism or regional planning? 170

15 Polanyi’s anthropological insights: A comparative-holistic

16 Karl Polanyi and the study of the ancient

17 Karl Polanyi on money 206

18 Freedom and socialism 219

19 Polanyi versus Hayek. The problem of freedom and

20 Marx and Polanyi: A philosophical encounter 243

21 Polanyi reads Marx 253

22 Polanyi’s institutionalism between the lines 266

23 Karl Polanyi’s institutionalist approach and its contemporary value

24 How theories shape, and are shaped by history 290

25 Making interdependence Übersichtlich: Reading

26 Where Polanyi is more relevant than ever: Social

27 Chronicler of the interregnum. Karl Polanyi and

28 The double movement in the Global South: Critiques, extensions, and

29 The ecological thought of Karl Polanyi and his contribution to

30 Karl Polanyi in the transition to a low-carbon and biodiverse society 361

31 Ecosocialist freedom through participatory democratic planning 373

Chaitawat Boonjubun is a Postdoctoral Researcher in Social Policy at the University of Helsinki,

Michele Cangiani was an Associate Professor of Economic Sociology, Universities of Bologna

Pat Devine is an Honorary Research Fellow at the University of Manchester, UK.

Justin A. Elardo is a Professor of Economics at Portland Community College in Portland, OR,

János Gyurgyák is Founder, Editor-in-chief and Director of Osiris Publishing Company

Emrah Irzik is an adjunct Instructor at Babeş-Bolyai University, Romania.

Gürol Irzik is Professor of Philosophy at Sabanci University, Turkey.

Bob Jessop is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at Lancaster University, England.

Hannes Lacher is an Associate Professor in the Department of Politics at York University,

Raphael Jonathas da Costa Lima is Professor of Sociology at the Department of Multidiscipli-

Maria Markantonatou is an Associate Professor of Political Sociology at the Department of

Jérôme Maucourant is an Assistant Professor at Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne, France.

Cristiano Fonseca Monteiro is Professor of the Department of Sociology at Universidade ­Federal

Chikako Nakayama is a Professor of Global Studies at Tokyo University of Foreign Studies,

Hüseyin Özel is Emeritus Professor of Economics at the Department of Economics, Hacettepe

Polanyi’s early training

Budapest at the turn of the century

The Galileo circle

Secretary of the national civic radical party

Polányi’s first years as an emigré in Vienna

Polányi and Hungarian politics

I am radically anti-capitalist, and a critic of a market-driven society. Socialism understood in

On the edge of Austro-Marxism

The socialist calculation debate and the problem of modern civilization

Polanyi and neoliberalism

Markets, protectionism and self-regulation

The League of Nations' programme ‘Financial Reconstruction of Austria' and

Observing the transformation. Polanyi's writings in the interwar period

Polanyi's unorthodox contribution to the study of fascism

Karl Polanyi and the ‘international civil war'

Karl Polanyi's idea of co-existence

1 Károly Polányi’s Hungary 3

2 On the edge of Austro-Marxism 22

3 The socialist calculation debate and the problem of modern civilization 33

4 Polanyi and neoliberalism 51

6 Antinomies of the ‘double movement’: From Polanyi to the Polanyi debate 73

11 Polanyi’s unorthodox contribution to the study of fascism 137

14 After World War II: Universal capitalism or regional planning? 170

17 Karl Polanyi on money 206

18 Freedom and socialism 219

20 Marx and Polanyi: A philosophical encounter 243

21 Polanyi reads Marx 253

22 Polanyi’s institutionalism between the lines 266

24 How theories shape, and are shaped by history 290

30 Karl Polanyi in the transition to a low-carbon and biodiverse society 361

31 Ecosocialist freedom through participatory democratic planning 373

Cristiano Fonseca Monteiro is Professor of the Department of Sociology at Universidade Federal