Chapter II

1. Translation
a. Definition
The meaning of translation encompasses wide senses since the experts in this field define
translation according to their points of view and theoretical backgrounds. some think that
translation is transferring meaning between SL and TL while others may see translation as
transferring form between SL and TL.
The English word "translation" believed to have come from Latin word translatio, which
comes from trans, "across" + ferre, "to carry" or "to bring" (-latio in turn coming from latus, the past
participle of ferre). Thus, translation is "a carrying across" or "a bringing across" – in this case, of a
text from one language to another.
According to Wills (1992), Translation leads from a source-language text to a target-
language text which is as close an equivalent as possible and presupposes an understanding of the
content and style of the original. In other words, translation seeking the result as close an equivalent
as possible from source language text to a target language text, and taking consideration on
understanding the style and content of the source.
Lefevere (1992) states that "translation is a rewriting of an original text which reflects a
certain ideology and a poetics and as such manipulate literature to function in a given society in a
given way".
Newmark (1988) explain translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that author intended the text.” Meanwhile, Larson (1984: 3) defines translation
as the activity which consists of studying the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication
situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its
meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure
which are appropriate in the target language and its cultural context.
To put it in another way, translation is not merely a remake process of the form, words or
phrases, from the source language to the target language. It must to have the equivalence of
meaning of the source language transferred to the target language in its grammatical and cultural
contexts.
In the same intention to explain the meaning of translation, Basil and Munday (2004: 3) see
translation as a process and as a product. They propose “that the first sense focuses on the role of
the translator in taking the original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language
(the target text, TT). The second sense centers on the concrete translation product produced by the
translator.” The former is the process or the activity of translating a piece of information from the
source language to the receptor language, whereas the latter is the product of the translation
process or activity.
To agree with Basil and Munday, Pym in Robinson (1997: 6) states that the notion of
translation can be defined based on the outside point of view, from clients or other users‘ point of
view, or based on the inside point of view, from the translator‘s point of view. He defines translation
as “a text from the perspective of ‘external knowledge’, and activity (aiming at the production of a
text) from the perspective of ‘internal knowledge’.” By what Robinson (1997) state, the former term
means that a translator thinks and talks about translation from inside the process, knowing how it is
done, possessing a practical real-world sense of the problems, and the limitations on those
solutions, whereas the latter term means that it is seen as a translation product.
 Likewise, Bell (1991: 13) defines the notion of translation as three distinguishable meanings
as follows:
1) translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object);
2) a translation: the product of the process of translating (i.e., the translated text);
3) translation: the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the
product of that process.

It is clear that the notion of translation encompasses the translation process and product
senses. Both senses are usefully important to described as an attempt at defining the notion of
translation. It is supported by Bell (1991: 13) suggests that “clearly, a theory of translation, to be
comprehensive and useful, must attempt to describe and explain both the process and the product.”

From the statements above, there is a conclusion that translation strategies is about a
procedure of translation that used to solve problems in rendering message from one language to
another language in translation process based on the purpose of translation itself. The English
language draws a terminological distinction (which does not exist in every language) between
translating (a written text) and interpreting (oral or signed communication between users of
different languages); under this distinction, translation can begin only after the appearance of
writing within a language community.
b. Types
The last few years has developed written language as a topic frequently researched by
numerous researchers. This topic is not only analyzed in the terms of its linguistic aspect but also
cultural aspect. It is supported by Basil and Munday (2004: 6) stating that “translation between
written languages remains today the core of translation research, but the focus has broadened far
beyond the mere replacement of SL linguistic items with their TL equivalents.” It is added that “in
the intervening years research has been undertaken into all types of linguistic, cultural and
ideological phenomena around translation…”
According to Jakobson (Bassnett, 2002), there are three types of translation to distinguishes
written translation as follows:
1) Intralingual translation, or rewording (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs
in the same language).
2) Interlingual translation or translation proper (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some
other language)
3) Intersemiotic translation or transmutation (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of
nonverbal sign systems)

In a different approach, Catford (Heidary, 2009) states three types of translation which he
describes as ‘very broad types’:

1) The extent of translation (full translation vs partial translation).

2) The grammatical rank at which the translation equivalence is established (rank bound
translation vs. unbounded translation).
3) The levels of language involved in translation (total translation vs. restricted translation).
House (Manfredi, 2008: 84) classifies two types of translation: Overt translation and covert
translation. In overt translation, she claims that it does not have to try to be the ‘second original’
because an overt translation favors to keep the source text’s cultural value into the target text. She
also reckons that the source text worth to be refer as an overt translation is the one which “both
culturebond and potentially of general human interest, so ’timeless’…and offering a message that
can be seen as a generalization on some aspect of human existence.” (Manfredi, 2008: 85). He says
a literary text is one of the examples that fall into these criteria because it may transfer ‘any specific
historical meaning, or aesthetic creation which distinct historical meanings” (Manfredi, 2008: 85).
While overt translation favors the source text, the covert translation on the other hand, is ‘a
translation which present itself and function as a second original and …may conceivably have been
written in its own right’ (Manfredi, 2008: 85). This type of translation attempts to reproduce the
functions from the source text into the target context as close as possible.
c. Process of Translation
There are attempts to describe how the process of translation works inside the translator’s
mind. Some use only explanation and description of the stages in a sequence and some add schemes
or diagrams. One of prominent linguist who engaged in translation field is Nida. He proposes the
very basic concept of translation process that many other models follow and adapt.
Nida (Bassnett, 2002: 25) illustrates his model of the translation process as follows:

Nida’s Three-Stage-System of Translation (2002: 25)

In Nida’s model of translation process, the first step taken by translator is to analyze the
surface structure (the material/meaning as given in source language) of the ST into basic elements
of the deep structure. Then, these arecontinued to be transferred in the translation process
(presumably in the translator’s mind while conducting the process of translation)and the last step is
to restructure the material into the TT’s surface structure in so that it will fully function in the TT’s
language.
Though Newmark (1988: 20) doubts that there is an actual way to describe or make a
diagram about the process of translation, he himself proposes “two approaches to translating (and
many compromises between them)”. These approaches are described as follows:
1) The translator starts translating sentence by sentence, for example, the first paragraph or
chapter, to get the feel and the feeling tone of the text, and then deliberately sit back, review
the position, and read the rest of the SL text;
2) The translator reads the whole text two or three times, and find the intention, register, tone,
mark the difficult words and passages and start translating only when the translator feels
composed.

The second approach is definitely the most challenging one because the translators are
expected to understand the source text first before starting the translation process while the first
approach is less challenging and seems easier however consume much more time compared to the
second approach’s process because the translators must review the translation again right from the
beginning.

2. Ideology
There are diverse definitions of ideology defining the term from different perspectives.
Different scholars have defined ideology in the field of language-related, cultural and translation
studies. In all of such definitions, the concept of ideology is a set of ideas shared by social groups
which organize our lives and help us understand the relation to our environment. As Hatim &
Mason (1997, p.218) put it: “ideology is a set of suppositions which indicate the ideas and
benefits of a person, group, social institution, etc. which is finally presented in the form of
language”. That is to say that ideology is the system of coding orientations; the system
constitutes a culture. They make a distinction between 'the ideology of translation' and 'the
translation of ideology'. Whereas the former refers to the basic orientation chosen by the
translator operating within a social and cultural context, and the later refers to the extent of
mediation supplied by a translator of sensitive texts. 'Mediation' is defined as "the extent to
which translators intervene in transfer process, feeding their own knowledge and beliefs into
processing the text" (Hatim and Mason, 1997, as cited in Hatim and Munday, 2004, pp.102-
103).Therefor, it can be said that there is a close relationship between ideology and translation.
In other words any translation is Ideological since it is represented via the objectives of a social
group. Similarly, Schäffner (2003) claims that all translations are ideological since "the choice of
a source text and the use to which the subsequent target text is put are determined by the
interests, aims, and objectives of social agents" (p. 23). It is realized through specific semantic
styles which is related with groups of speakers of differing generation, gender, ethnicity and
classes. Viewed dynamically, ideology is concerned with the distribution of power—with
semiotic evolution. Calzada Perez (2003, p. 5) defines ideology as consisting of a set of ideas,
values and beliefs that govern a community by virtue of being regarded as 'norms'.
Wiratno (1997) argues since power appears in discourse, the ideology of any type of
discourse can be identified. The discourse of different genre has a typical different text
structure, and the way a type discourse is structured shows the way the ideology of it is poured
through the distribution of power.
Riyadi (p. 14) convinces that from the traditional point of view, the values of ideology
covers socio-cultural meaning within. It is due to the fact that the view of ideology is
constructed through the way in which feed-back relational process happens between cultural
values and then makes one’s world view. In this case, the view of ideology is the same as the
world view which is more dynamic not static, such as the first meaning of ideology Marx
expresses.
The term ‘ideology’ has always been accompanied by its political connotation as it is
evident in its dictionary definition as ‘a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms
the basis of economic or political theory and policy’ (The New Oxford Dictionary of English
1994).
Also ideology is concerned with the notion of power between people and groups. Some
people and groups that have power impose their view or understanding of the world on others.
They use their ideological power to prevent people and groups from obtaining a true picture of
the world. According to William (2003), ideology is supposed to describe systems of thought or
systems of belief or symbolic systems pertaining to social actions or political practices. Hence,
 ideology is seen as being present in every political program and is a feature of every organized
political movement, and the task of the analyst is to delineate the major systems of thought or
belief which animate social and political action. According to Calzada Perez (2003), recent
definitions of ideology are linked with the concepts of power relations and domination, as she
quotes Eagleton, “[Ideology is a system of] ideas and beliefs which help to legitimate the
interest of a ruling group or class by distortion or dissimulation”. She argues that sometimes
ideology is viewed in a more positive sense “as a vehicle to promote or legitimate interests of a
particular social group (rather than a means to destroy contenders)” (ibid, 5).

3. Ideology in translation
a. the connection between ideology and translation

we can utilize Norman Fairclough's assumptions in critical discourse analysis, claiming

that "ideologies reside in texts" that "it is not possible to read off' ideologies from texts" and
that "texts are open to diverse interpretations" (Fairclough, 1995a) It also follows Lefevere’s
(1992a, 1992b) Patronage theory. ideology in translation is as old as the history of translation
itself (Karoubi, 2005). According to Fawcett (1998), "throughout the centuries, individuals and
institutions applied their particular beliefs to the production of certain effect in translation". He
claims that "an ideological approach to translation can be found in some of the earliest
examples of translation known to us" (Fawcett, 1998, pp. 106-107).

In the introduction to her book entitled ‘Apropos of ideology: Translation Studies on

Ideology- Ideologies in Translation Studies’, Maria Calzada Perez (2003) has surveyed the
relationship between translation and ideology in Translation Studies. She mentions that the
combination of cross-cultural encounters and ideological pressures is abundant in the history of
human being. She also states that even in the current millennium, this phenomenon is present,
but this time under the title of Globalization, which she recognizes as a form of cultural and
economic colonialism. She reflects the ideas of CDA scholars, where she states that all language
use is ideological and as translation is carried out on language use, translation itself is a site of
ideological encounters. As Fawcett (1998, p.107) demonstrates, “translation, simply because of
its existence, have always been ideological”. Also many scholars confirm that there are
multifarious relationships between translation and ideology. In a sense, it can be said that any
translation is ideological since the choice of a source text and the use of the translated text are
both determined by the interest and objectives of social groups.

Translation is a process which involves a transposition of a culture into another

language, thus the resulting text will inevitably carry some meanings and values which do not
pertain only to the language. The question here is if the translation process is influenced by
other external influences or if it is performed in the respect of the source culture and text.
When ideology is concerned it is difficult to trace borders and define what is ideology or
ideologically written and what is not. To this regard the Dutch linguist Koller (2005) states that:
certainly, researchers should be aware of the fact that all writing on ideology is ideologically
vested meaning that also the critics about translation could to a certain extent be permeated
with ideology as well. Koller s words are particularly interesting because shed light, in fact, on
the delicate role of the translation and consequently the translator. If ideology cannot be
avoided in translated text, then is necessary to find a way to preserve the ethics of translation.

Translators should not be expected to be neutral; however one of their main concerns
should be that of be trustful. The good translation, using Berm s words is not necessarily the
faithful one, but the one that has got the right balance between maintaining the existing social
values and bringing changes and fulfilling its main scope of being a source for a cultural change.
This could be possible considering the cognitive factor, which is a characteristic component of
each and all individuals. If like Van Dijk s (1998) affirms in representing his socio-cognitive model
a direct relation between the discourse and the society is possible only if mediated by the
cognitive element, then this could be considered and applied in the analysis of the (internal)
factors which determine the translator s solutions in the translation process.

Ideology in translated texts cannot be avoided; however to a certain extent it can be

rationalized. It is the translator with his/her personal choices that can determine the resulting
translated text. It urges now to discuss the possibility for the common reader to be preserved
from unconscious manipulation. By common reader I mean the non-reader educated one
among which can be found people interested in reading mostly for pleasure, in their free time,
generally to find a rest from daily, real life rather then to face it in books. It is in this state of
mind that it is easier to be manipulated and to keep away from questions such as why has
something been written in a certain way and how it has been written or said. In order to educate
readers to be independent consumers it is necessary to promote awareness, because as
Fairclough (1989) said: awareness is the first step to emancipation. The two ways to raise and
lead readers to a more conscious thinking are to me the implementation of critical reading and
foreign language teaching.
 Every language represents an integral conception of the world and it becomes an
ideology. Sepike (2020:63) states that language is a bridge between two cultures. No language
can exist unless it is stepped in the context of culture; and no culture can exist which does not
have at its center, the structure of natural language. Based on the fact, the importance of
language in human society is to clarify the set of meanings, symbols, values, and representations
of the world through people in context which they live and also to state their existence.
Goodwin (2019:23) states that ideology is seen as a notion composed of a set of assumptions,
principles, views and beliefs, which determine an attitude towards reality for readers and agents
of the translation process (who are literary translators, authors of literature, editors, publishers,
governing and educational institutions). Ideology plays a key role in the process of choosing
which original text to translate. As a reflection of readers‘ attitudes towards reality, ideology
influences the process of the reception of the translated text.

The ideology of translator and the dominant ideology of the society she/he lives in, can
all contribute to the establishment of the final work. In this way, one can claim that ideology –
whether personal or social – plays an important role in the output of the translation process.
Awareness of this fact leads one to avoid the view that translation is the mere process of
transferring words from one language to another. There are many factors underlying any
translation process, and of the most important ones are ideological factors.

The works concerning ideology and translation show that there is a definite link
between ideology of translator and the translation product. The famous translation scholar
Robinson (1997, p. 49) states that “[the] translator lets their knowledge govern their behavior
and that knowledge is ideological”. This idea can best point to the subject of the study
presented here. Translation studies from ideological angle have made more space for us.
Translation needs to be studied in connection with society, history and culture. The factors that
influence translation are not only language, but also transmission of ideology between different
nations and countries. Ideology plays an important role in translation practice. The process of
translation is manipulated by ideology, which involves both the translator’s individual ideology
and the dominant ideology of the society. It is the complex interaction of the two ideologies that
results in the difference in the translation product as well as the necessary changes made in the
process of translation through the translator’s subjectivity. Many scholars have emphasized that
the exercise of ideology is as old as the history of translation itself. According to Fawcett (1998),
“throughout the centuries, individuals and institutions applied their particular beliefs to the
production of a certain effect in translation” (p. 107).

Translation theory has traditionally focused mainly on the comparison of source and the
target texts, taking ‘fidelity’ as the basic criterion. However, above the criterion of fidelity,
ideology has functioned as an ‘invisible hand’ in translation practice. Lefevere (1992) states that
translation is, of course, a rewriting of an original text. All rewritings, whatever their intention,
reflect a certain ideology and as such manipulate literature to function in a given society in a
given way.” Translation scholars who support the political definition of ideology mainly believe
that translating itself is a political act. As Tahir-Gurcaglar (2003) argues, “Translation is political
because, both as activity and product, it displays process of negotiation among different agents.
On micro-level, these agents are translators, authors, critics, publishers, editors, and
readers”(p.113).

b. Types of Ideology

The ideologies influence in two levels, namely micro and macro level. (Humanika, 2006:
4) In the macro level, the ideology chosen by the translator may influence the choice of the text,
whereas in the micro level, the ideology chosen may influence the strategy, method, as well as
technique in translation. It is supported by Munday (2001: 46) stating that Venuti proposes
domestication and foreignization as the two terms that concern both the choice of text to
translate and the translation method.

Although the ideas of domestication and foreignization proposed by Venuti (1995: 20)
mainly discussed English as SL and Anglo-American as TL, it is still useful to develop an
understanding to investigate culture-specific collocations within these frameworks.

1) Foreignization

To move the readers toward the author is considered as the rough concept of
foreignization. It means the target readers are being forced to leave their comfort zone and
venture to the foreign or alien cultures. This method is intended to evoke the sense of the ST’s
foreignness and making the readers aware that they are reading a translation.

Venuti (1995: 20) defines foreignization as a mean to take “the reader over to the
foreign culture, making him or her see the (culture and linguistic) differences … A foreignizing
strategy seeks to evoke a sense of the foreign”. Foreignization can be done by retaining or
importing some essential characteristics/elements/concepts of source culture in the TT.
Hopefully, through such a method, the TT can evoke not only the spirit of the ST but also can
enrich the reader’s knowledge about various cultures around the world. In his words, Venuti
states that foreignization “has meant a close adherence to the foreign text, a literalism that
resulted in the importation of foreign cultural form and the development of heterogeneous
dialects and discourses (Baker, 2001: 242).”.

2) Domestication

Domestication is obviously the opposite of foreignization. To move the author towards

the target reader means that the ST is ‘forced’ fit into the TT’s culture. It is meant to meet the
target culture’s expectation. This method is resulted in translating a text with the transparent,
fluent and invisible style in purpose to minimize the foreignness in the TT (Yang 2010: 78). It can
be done by exploiting and turning some significant foreign and unfamiliar concepts of the ST
into some “familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible and easy for target reader”
(Ni in Silalahi, 2011: 74).

In Fahim and Mazaheri (2013: 67), Venuti regards domestication as the ideology that “…
conforms to values currently dominating target-language culture, taking a conservative and
openly assimilationist approach to the foreign, appropriating it to support domestication
canons, publishing trends, political alignments”.

In an extreme way, this method ‘forces’ the ST to give up its identity; of what makes it
unique and special, and being domesticated instead, e.g. excluding the translator’s name in the
TT, intentionally removing sensitive foreign concepts or replacing them with familiar domestic
elements.This ideology is said to ‘protect’ the target culture from the potentially damaging
foreign aspects that can harm the domestic culture in some ways.

Foreignization and domestication ideology are indeed contradict each other, but in its
practice, it is difficult to use only one ideology. Ramiere (2006: 156) points out a model that
shows us how foreignization and domestication as an ideology best be perceived, not as entirely
separated poles but as poles that stretch out towards their own tendency.
 Ramiere’s Typical Procedures found in the Literature

In her words, “[t]he model is therefore clearly based on a polarisation with each
translation procedure tending towards one pole or the other,“ (2006: 156). In other words,
foreignization is source-text oriented ideology while domestication is target-text oriented
ideology.

c. Strategy in Using Ideology in Translation

The application of both ideologies can be seen through the strategies used in rendering
the text. In this research, since the focus is CSIs, the identification of the ideologies in rendering
the CSIs will be shown by the total percentage of translation strategies. Many scholars have
already been established their own version of CSIs’ translation strategies, and including
Pedersen. He proposes the strategies based on his research regarding cultural references.
Adapting Raniere’s model of polarization, Pedersen’s(2005: 4-9) model of translation strategies
for CSI or what he refer Extralinguistic Culture-bound reference (ECR) is presented as follows.

Foreignization-Domestication Strategies Continuum

1) Foreignization
Foreignization or source language-oriented strategy consists of three subcategories,
Retention, Specification and Direct translation.
a) Retention
Retention is regarded as “the most SL-oriented strategy” by Pedersen (2005: 4) because
the element of the SL is allowed to enter the TT. This strategy can be spotted in the TT by
the presence of italics style and quotes. There are two sub-categories in this strategy namely
complete and TL Adjust strategy. The first one holds the same concept of borrowing, which
is allowing the element of the SL to enter the TT without changing the CSI. The second one is
described by Pedersen as a strategy that adjusting the CSI to slightly meet the TL
 convention. This can be done by adjusting the spelling or dropping the article (Pedersen,
2005: 4).
I. Complete
SL: Ia juga sama sekali tak berpikir tentang Syari’ah sebagaimana caraku berpikir
(Paryono 2012: 48)
TL: She also did not think of Syari’ah as the way I think.(Paryono 2012: 48)
II. TL adjust
SL: The children are crying because they see a giant bull-dozer passing by.
TL: Anak-anak kecil itu menangis karena melihat buldoser raksasa melintas.

Pedersen then adds that retention strategy “would be the strategy that displays the
most fidelity towards the ST, as the translator is true not only to the spirit, but indeed every
letter of the ST” (2005: 4). Although this strategy is said as the most fidelity strategy, it is not
the “most felicitous way” of solving the CSIs problem because “it offers no guidance
whatever to the TT audience” (Pedersen, 2005: 4).

b) Specification
The translator keeps the CSI in its original form from the ST but adding information that
is not present in the ST (Pedersen 2005: 4). This is done through either Explicitation or
Addition.
I. Explicitation
It could be seen as a strategy involving the “expansion of the text, or spelling
out anything that is implicit in the ST” (Pedersen 2005: 4-5). In most cases, the examples
of this are “the spelling out of an acronym or abbreviation … or the completion of an
official name” (Pedersen 2005: 4-5). In other words, it is a strategy that applied with the
intention to hide the original CSI and replace it with what it stands for. It is for the sake
of the target readers for they are unlikely familiar with the CSI.
SL: “, sekaligus menghabiskan masa lima tahun mereka membangga-banggakan anaknya
yang lulus UMPTN, masuk ITB, dan …” (Dewi Lestari 2012: 49)
TL: “For five years, they had enjoyed their daughter’s achievements: she had gained
entrance to the Bandung Institute of Technology, one of the most prestigious
universities,” (Harry Aveling 2010: 46)
 ITB is one of the prestige universities in Indonesia, and to be accepted in such
university alone is considered as an achievement. The term ITB is familiar for Indonesian
readers, they can instantly connect to the concept of ITB as the prestige university.
Therefore, the author does not bother to mentioning that the ITB is a university. Unlike
the source readers, the target readers are unfamiliar to the term ITB alone, therefore
the translator decides to expand it in the TT in order to give the target readers a smooth
reading.
II. Addition
The translator intervenes to “give guidance to the TC audience” by adding the
CSI’s sense or connotation meaning along with keeping the CSI in the TT in its original
form.
SL: “Warta menirukan calung dan Darsun menirukan gong tiup. Hayo!”(Indah
Krisnadewi Bumi 2011: 44)
TL: “Warta can be the calung xylophone and Darsun the blown gong, Let‟s go!”(Indah
Krisnadewi Bumi 2011: 44)
The word xylophone is added to give a clear concept of what calung is.
c) Direct translation
Pedersen (2005: 5) states that in direct translation, “the semantic load” of the CSI is
unchanged, “nothing is added or subtracted … or effort made to transfer connotations…”
(2005: 5). Based on the outcome of the strategy Pedersen divides this strategy into two
subcategories, namely calque and shifted.
I. Calque
Calque is caused by a literal translation or word for word translation. Pedersen
considers the result of this translation strategy “may appear exotic to the TT audience”
(2005: 5).
SL: Pick up the kids, call the face painter, get lactaid (Anindia 2013:19)
TL: Jemput anak-anak, memanggil tukang cat wajah, dapatkan lactaid (Anindia
2013:19)
II. Shifted
It is regarded as the less SL oriented by Pedersen himself. “The only shifts that
are made when a Calque is produced are obligatory ones, required by the differences
between SL and TL.”(Pedersen 2005: 5) He states that this strategy makes the CSI in the
 TT more ‘unobtrusive’ or more humble. The example of this strategy is the English
translation of the Danish word politi-kaptajn into captain of police.

2) Domestication
Domestication or target language oriented strategies consist of three subcategories,
Generalization, Substitution (cultural substitution, sense transfer and situational paraphrase)
and Omission:
a) Generalization
This strategy involves replacing a CSI that refer to something specific to something more
general. According to Pedersen, generalization uses “an upward movement on a hyponym
scale, producing a TT item that is less specific than the ST CSI.
SL: “Okelah, dia wanita karier, alumnus PTN ngetop, tampangnya lumayan.” (Dewi Lestari
2012: 45)
TL: “I mean, OK, she’s a career woman, a graduate of a top school, and not looking bad
either, …” (Harry Aveling 2010: 43)

PTN stands for Perguruan Tinggi Negri. The connotative meaning of PTN ngetop refers
to a top and prestige public university in Indonesia. The students who enrolled in such
university are known to be smart and intelligent.

b) Substitution
This strategy involves removing theST’s CSI and “replacing them with something else,
either a different term or some sort of paraphrase, which does not necessarily involve” a
cultural term (Pedersen 2005: 6). This strategy consists of two subgroups: cultural
substitution and paraphrase.
I. Cultural substitution
This strategy means to remove the CSI of the ST and substitute it with a
different CSI of the TT’s culture. The substitution is expected to be known by the TT
audience. For the TC’s CSI to replace the ST’s CSI, they need to share similar properties
or semantic features, hoping that the substitution will evoke the same or similar
readers’ reaction. For example, the term Arjuna (Indonesia) is replaced by the term Don
Juan in the TT (English). Arjuna is a wayang character from Mahabhrata. He is not only
 known as a powerful knight but he is also famous for his good look and thus known as a
playboy.
II. Paraphrase
It involves rephrasing the CSI of the STto the TT. This is done “either through
reduction to sense or by completely removing all trace of the cultural term and instead
using a paraphrase that fits the context” (Pedersen 2005: 8).
c) Omission
This strategy is done simply by replacing the CSI of the ST with nothing. Leppihalme in
Pedersen (2005: 9) states that “a translator may choose omission responsibly, after rejecting
all alternative strategies, or responsibly, to save him/herself the trouble of looking up
something s/he does not know.”
SL: Ia seperti kapal yang tergulung jadi lemper dalam lipatan ombak yang mengamuk. (Dewi
Lestari 2012: 209)
TL: He was like a boat tossed helplessly about on the heavy seas. (Harry Aveling 2010: 161)
Lemper is a Javanese traditional food that is formed basically by rolling ketan or sticky
rice. It is then filled with any kinds of side dishes that can range from cooked vegetables to
meats.
d. Previous Study
Berdasarkan dari previous study mengenai ideology dalam translation, the researcher
merasa tertarik untuk melakukan sebuah study berupa pengeksploran ideology dalam
translation yang dilakukan oleh siswa-siswa sekolah berbasis islam yang berbeda dari study
sebelumnya. Dalam membandingkan study yang dilakukan oleh the researcher dengan previous
study yang sudah ada, terdapat similarities dalam beberapa hal. Diantaranya adalah tujuan
secara umum berupa mencari tahu translation ideology dari teks yang dipilih di masing-masing
study dengan menganalisis dan mengidentifikasi strategi yang terdapat dalam translation text.
The studies juga menggunakan teori yang sama dari Venuti berupa pilihan foreignization dan
domestication untuk menjadi dasar pengelompokan tipe ideology dalam translation yang
mereka buat. Setiap studies juga memakai metode yang sama berupa descriptive research,
which is oriented on translation as a cognitive product. Meski demikian, terdapat beberapa poin
yang membedakan study yang dilakukan researcher dengan study terdahulu. Yang pertama
adalah data source yang dipakai dimana the researcher mengamati translation dari para murid
di sekolah berbasis islami mentranslate dua teks yang berbeda tema dan level, sedangkan
Mohamad Zaka Al Farisi (2020) menggunakan the Quran and their two translations, Niswatin
Nurul Hidayati (2020: 3) menganalisis pada Children’s Bilingual Story Books, dan Yuhda Wahyu
Pradana yang menganalisis sebuah novel berjudul ‘Negeri 5 Menara’.