housing

ARPLAN 1
PLANNING 1 : SITE PLANNING & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
SITE DEVELOPMENT
PREPARED BY: AR./ENP. RACHELLE S. MORALES

Site Planning
BUILDING LOCATION AND ORIENTATION
• Orientation of the building to sun, wind

and vista is a basic consideration.
• Siting a building to conform to its
topography will result in a minimum of
necessary grading, reduce initial
construction cost, and eliminate
continuous drainage problems.
• Noise pollution can be controlled or
minimized by the judicious placements of
the structure on the site. • the building achieves harmony with the
• Plant materials are an integral part of site topography
design which serve not only as aesthetic • liveability is enhanced
elements but buffer strips, screens, • drainage problems are minimized
and dividers. • the building’s functional efficiencies are
increased
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Site Planning
FACTORS AFFECTING BUILDING LOCATION AND ORIENTATION
1. Sun Orientation
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Site Planning
FACTORS AFFECTING BUILDING
LOCATION AND ORIENTATION
2. Wind Orientation
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Site Planning
FACTORS AFFECTING BUILDING LOCATION AND ORIENTATION
3. Noise Control
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Site Planning
PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS
Isolated Building: enclosed within space Enclosed Space: isolated but cut-up with traffic lines
Building Enclosing Space and Space Enclosing

Building: interior space becomes cohesive Space Cohesive: less isolated
therefore no elements to alienate buildings
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Site Planning
PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS
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Site Planning
CLIMATOLOGICAL DESIGN
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Site Planning
CLIMATOLOGICAL DESIGN
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Site Planning
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES
• Building Orientation
• Building Form
• Natural Ventilation
• Natural Lighting
• Green Spaces
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Bioclimate Fundamentals
Site planning seeks to identify favourable microclimates with the aim of further adaptation through design and
construction techniques. The climatic design variables of human comfort in any given climate zone are:
• Solar radiation – duration and intensity of thermal loading and absorption (insolation)
• Air movement – velocity and pattern
• Humidity – vapour pressure and air temperature
Bioclimatic design is the concept of relating temperature and humidity conditions to design for human comfort. It
creates site patterns and applies materials and structural forms which are suitable for the region in general, and the
site in particular. Bioclimate fundamentals can be used to develop a site plan and design that meets the needs of its
occupants while minimizing energy consumption.
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Hot Arid Regions
• Characterized by dry, hot summer temperatures (>20 C) and mild to cool winters (> 0 C)
• Annual precipitation is low but seasonal flash floods may occur
• Freezing temperatures are uncommon but extreme diurnal temperature fluctuations are typical
• Site planning and design should seek to balance daily temperature extremes by storing energy, increasing
humidity, and diverting desiccating winds
• Favor the eastern slope base to avoid harsh sun and to receive cool diurnal air drainage for the upper
slope
Bioclimatic strategies:
1. Use moisture conserving plants
2. Prevent heat build-up on structures (thick walled, in-ground architecture is useful)
3. Deflect hot winds with walls, screens and earthwork
4. Trap cool air for convection
5. Use walls to create microclimate courts
6. Use pergola and trellis structures on south and southwest walls
7. Use large overhand calculated for winter sun
8. Avoid large exposed glass
9. Avoid heat absorbing materials
10. Position structure to benefit from diurnal air currents
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Hot Humid Regions
• Characterized by hot summer temperatures (>20 C) and mild to cool winters (> 0 C)
• Annual precipitation and humidity are high, with frequent rain showers
• Freezing temperatures are uncommon and relatively minor diurnal temperature fluctuations
are typical
• Site planning and design should seek to increase shade, cooling from evaporation, and
breezes
• Favor the top of the eastern slope to avoid the harsh west sun and to receive the
evaporative cooling effects of winds due to turbulence at the hilltop
Bioclimatic strategies:
1. Maximize breezes and evaporation with high canopy trees and loose open planting
patterns
2. Avoid tall solid walls that block winds
3. Seek high ground or rising slopes facing prevailing winds
4. Avoid topographical depressions
5. Use large overhangs calculated for severe sun angles (east and west)
6. Covered pergolas or screened terraces adjacent to structure will help drew air currents
7. Avoid excessive earth mounding which might trap moist or stagnant air
8. Use high ceilings and vent all roof systems
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Temperate Regions
• Characterized by hot, often humid summers (>20 C) and cold winters (<0 C)
• Annual precipitation is fairly high
• Subject to repetitive freezing/thawing action, and significant seasonal temperature fluctuations are
common
• Site planning and design should seek to promote shade and evaporative cooling in warm periods,
block winds and promote heat gain in cool periods, without disrupting favourable summer wind pattern
• Most favourable at the southeast “military-crest” to receive both sun and breezes, but to avoid cold
winds at the true crest
Cold Regions
• Characterized by mild summer temperatures (>10-20 C) and very cold winters (<0 C)
• Annual precipitation is typically low
• Subject to extreme freezing/thawing action
• Site planning and design should seek to control winter winds, and promote solar gain and storage
• Ideal on the south to southwestern lower slope to receive solar radiation and be protected from winter
winds, but high enough to avoid cold air drainage from upper slope
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Bioclimatic strategies for temperate and cold regions:
1. Promote solar gain in winter season
2. Seek southern slopes (S-SE to S-SW) 5 to 15%
3. Block wind chill with mixed deciduous and coniferous plants
4. Maintain openings for cooling summer breezes
5. Provide afternoon shade with deciduous trees
6. Use garage, earth, and plantings to divert severe NE or NW winter winds
7. Provide architectural entry lock to block cold air infiltration in winter
8. Grade or plant for cold air drainage around structure
9. Earth sheltered architecture is useful in these regions
10. Drain all backfill soils and insulate perimeter foundation walls
11. Avoid northern entrances both for the site and architecture
12. Cold climate siting benefits from steeper slopes, up to 20%, and orientation to the southwest for
increased solar receipt potential
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Factors Modified by Hot Arid Hot Humid Temperate Cold
Landform,
Vegetation, and
Structures
Sun • Avoid heat absorbing • Maximize shade • Site structures on • Site structures on
materials use, thick through the use of southerly slopes for southerly slopes for
walls or earth plantings solar gain in winter solar gain in winter
shelters • Use pergola and • Avoid northern • Cold climate siting
• Use pergola and trellis structures for entrances to benefits from steeper
trellis structures for shade buildings slopes for better
shade • Screened terraces • Plant deciduous solar access
• Provide large provide relief from trees for afternoon • Avoid northern
overhangs on direct heating of main shade entrances to
buildings structure • Use earth shelters to buildings
• Avoid large area of • Provide large protect from summer • Plant deciduous
exposed glass overhangs on sun trees for afternoon
buildings shade
• Use high ceilings and • Use earth shelter to
vent all roof systems protect from summer
sun
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Landform,
Vegetation, and
Structures
Wind  Site structures at  Site structure at top  Site structure on  Site structure on
toe of slopes for of slope for middle to upper middle to lower
exposure to cold air exposure to slope for access to slope for wind
flows at night breezes light winds, but protection
 Use plant material  Avoid excessive protection from  Plant coniferous
to block desiccating earthmounding that high winds shelter belts to
winds may trap moist air  Landforms, plants block cold winds
 Deflect hot winds  Maximize breezes and structures can  Avoid topographic
with walls and through use of high be used to divert depression that
screens canopy trees and northerly winter collect cold air
with a loose open winds while  Use earth shelters
planting pattern allowing cooling to protect from
 Avoid tall solid summer breezes winter winds
walls that block  Use earthshelters
wind to protect from
winter winds
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Landform,
Vegetation, and
Structures
Water  Use moisture  Avoid siting next to  Use of retention/  Use of retention /
conserving plants stagnant bodies of detention ponds for detention ponds for
(xeriscape) water stormwater stormwater
 Limit impervious  Maximize infiltration provides for provides for
surface to minimize of stormwater evaporative cooling evaporative cooling
runoff porous runoff of the site of the site
paving can be used  Foundations for  Foundations for
structures and structures and
pavement must pavement must
drain well to drain well to
prevent damage prevent damage
from frost/ thaw from frost/ thaw
action action
• Specialized site design and construction methods allow each microclimate zone to be further adapted to
maximize human comfort for both indoors and outdoors and to minimize energy expenditure required for heating
and cooling. The site zone is typically adapted for human use through structural orientation, vegetative clearing
and planting patterns, grading, stormwater drainage, wind pattern augmentation, and the placement of paved
surfaces.
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HUMAN COMFORT FACTORS
• Human comfort is determined by ambient air temperature, humidity, and the velocity of air movement which
allows the body to feel comfortably warm (not overheated) and comfortably cool (not chilled). Architectural
interiors are heated and cooled using a bioclimatic chart which tracks these three factors. Bioclimatic charts
used for outdoor spaces must consider mitigating factors of human comfort such as the R-value of clothing
and the way people move about a particular site to cope with changing weather conditions (i.e. moving into
or out of the sun, or seekingleeward shelter as breezes begin to accelerate). These factors are likely to alter
the ideal conditions for human comfort.
SOLAR PATH, RECEIPT, & SHADOWS

• Each climate zone has an ideal solar orientation based upon theoretical models which track solar receipt and
loss throughout the daily and annual solar cycles. However, modern super-insulated structures and sound
site planning strategies combine to establish a general principle favouring S-SE to S-SW structure siting in
northern latitudes, with eastern or western biases determined by local conditions. Solar charts were designed
to plot the actual sun path as it would appear from the ground looking at the sky from various northern
latitudes. Charts are useful for identifying the altitude angle of the sun at various times of year, to insure that
buildings, topography, or vegetation do not obscure the sun from solar collectors, outdoor gathering spaces,
or windows designed for passive gain.
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Tree Shadows:
• Calculate the ultimate shadow length of an existing
or proposed tree in northern latitudes can be
calculated by using the altitude angle of the sun at
noon on December 21. The height of the tree
divided by the tangent value of the altitude will
provide the distance required between the structure
and the tree or object that is casting the shadow.
• Building Spacing:
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WIND MANAGEMENT
• Wind, both favourable cooling and unfavourable chilling can be diverted by altering vegetative cover, using
mitigatin structural devices, and by the strategic use of existing and proposed earthforms.
Shelterbelt Design Principles:

• Windward Siting – activities requiring the benefits of prevailing cooling breezes should not be located too
close to the windward side of a building, tree group, or topographic feature, because the breeze will lift over
the mass and create a stagnant air pocket
• Leeward Siting – activities requiring protection from chilling winds should be located within the 4-6H zone of
reduced wind velocity for maximum effect, but should not preclude the beneficial effects of prevailing cooling
breezes, which typically emanate from the opposite direction. If cooling breezes are important in a particular
climate zone, then the face of the structure or activity should be located 5-6H from the shelterbelt.
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WIND MANAGEMENT
Structural Orientation to the Wind:
• The proportions of architecture are important with regard to
wind augmentation. Generally, ventilating effects of the
wind can be promoted by tall thin structures which are one
room wide to allow cross flow, or by structures elevated on
columns to promote under-venting. Best ventilation occurs
when structures are slightly oblique (20-30 degrees) to
wind flow due to Venturi acceleration effects
EARTH SHELTER STRATEGIES

• In cold, temperate, and hot arid climates, temperature
stabilization may be promoted by using earth sheltering
construction techniques. In warm climates, it is easier to
maintain a cool ambient interior temperature, and in cold
climates, it takes less heat energy to raise the interior
temperature to achieve comfort.
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BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN AT THE SITE PLANNING SCALE
Objectives:
1. To protect outdoor spaces, entryways and structures form the winter wind and to promote solar heat in winter or
underheated periods
2. to resist solar gain by shading and to promote cooling by ventilation in summer or overheated periods (evaporative
cooling by ground cover and water can be made effective in temperate and hot dry climates)
Bioclimatic design techniques at the site planning scale include:

1. Wind breaks – use neighboring land forms, structures, or vegetation for winter wind protection
– Analyze if there are existing wind protected areas in the site
– Avoid open areas, hilltops and valley floors that are directly exposed to prevailing winter winds
– Check for availability of existing windshields (e.g. hedgerows, hillocks and tree stands)
– Study if the arrangement of housing units in cluster plans and planned unit developments can be taken advantage of for
wind breaking
– Cold air flows downhill like water. While valleys seem to be shielded
from cross winds, the best protected sites are those on leeward slopes
– Barriers can be created for wind control. Berms, fences and walls can
provide benefit but the most commonly used are trees and shrubs. Solid or
wind-impenetrable barriers are undesirable as they create turbulent areas
on the leeward side. The most desirable windbreaks are those that are
25% to 60% porous
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General Rules of Windbreak Design
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BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN AT THE SITE PLANNING
SCALE
Man-made Features: Fences and Walls
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Bioclimatic design techniques at the site planning scale include:

2. Sun shading – shade spaces and building openings from the sun during summer while allowing the sun’s heat
to reach spaces and window surfaces in winter
– Use neighboring land forms, structures, or vegetation for summer sun
– Provide seasonal shading, including deciduous trees
– In siting, analyze the area such that the building can be positioned to the east of existing trees and land masses for
natural shading or reduction of solar gain from low afternoon summer sun. For subdivisions, streets should be laid out
(east-west) to create lots having the best possible solar orientation.
– Plant tall growing plant species on the south side for wall and roof shading
– Plant lower, more compact trees and tall, dense shrubs on the west to provide screening from the low afternoon sun.
– Other shading devices for south and west walls include overhead trellises and shade walls and fences. Trellises can be
built with louvers or slats to block the sun or may have a light framework to support a climbing ivy
– The garage can be located on the western side of the house and may be sited to create a breezeway or shaded patio
area between it and the house.
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Plant tall canopy trees on south side of house to shade roof and walls
Plant dense trees, shrubs, hedges on west side of house to intercept afternoon sun.
Attached overhead shading structures can provide multiple benefits.

This patio cover shade the wall and also reduces reflected gain from loading on the wall.
Look for sites shrouded by trees on the west side.
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Bioclimatic design techniques at the site planning scale

include:
3. Natural ventilation – is a simple concept by which to cool
outdoor spaces and buildings
- Use neighboring land forms, structures, or vegetation
to increase exposure to summer breezes
• Trees and shrubs can be used to channel air flow

toward the structure, and may even be used to increase
air velocity through the building by “funnelling” air into
openings.
• Fences, walls, and adjacent structures can create air
dams that increase the inflow pressures.
• The location of planting outside of the house can either
aid in deflecting air into the structure or hurt by
deflecting it away from open.
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BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN AT THE SITE
PLANNING SCALE
Bioclimatic design techniques at the site

planning scale include:
4. Plants and water – landscaping techniques
that provide cooling by the use of plants
and water near building surfaces and
outdoor spaces for shading and
evaporative cooling should be used
– Use ground cover and planting for site
cooling
– Maximize on-site evaporative cooling
– vegetation should be maximized, and
where possible, manmade surfaces
such as streets and roofs should be
shaded by trees
– Outdoor evaporative cooling
mechanisms can help to provide
outdoor comfort as well as to lower
indoor cooling costs by lowering air
temperature surrounding the building.
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ARPLAN 1
SITE DEVELOPMENT

Site Development & Layout
Steps:
1. Thorough analysis and assessment
2. Prepare diagrammatic concepts
• Objective: organizing all proposed built elements to achieve effective fit between site and
proposed development
• Main goal: to minimize energy and resource consumption during construction and after
occupation
• Note: reclamation of disturbed sites will require higher than normal initial expenditures
and should be balanced by ongoing landscape management strategies
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Steps to guide initial conceptual design process:
• Develop general area takeoff and overall building footprint to measure total site coverage of impermeable surfaces
and determine run-off pollution potential. The site plan should be analyzed to ensure an efficient layout with regard
to required road, utility, and service access.
• Identify alternative site design concepts to minimize resource costs and disruption. Develop several alternatives
that explore grading and vegetation-removal consequences, as well as resulting infrastructure costs.
• Identify topographic and hydrological impacts of proposed design and building use. Measure cut-and-fill potential
and assess potential for erosion, siltation, and groundwater pollution.
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Steps to guide initial conceptual design process:
• Review financial implications of site development, building, and projected maintenance costs. Total cost of the
project must include ongoing costs associated with the site design, development, and operations, as well as hidden
energy costs associated with specific materials.
• Develop matrix of use and site compatibility index. Each site may be assessed to reveal its development
compatibility index with regard to a specific type of development. This index may reveal a pattern of
incompatibilities, suggesting a different site be chosen or appropriate mitigation measures be taken.
***Site development must consider the requirements of infrastructure, the proposed building, and the site.
Strategies for each can inform site development and layout.
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INFRASTRUCTURE
1. Transportation: The best way to minimize transportation needs is to a) select a site which is located within or
adjacent to residential, shopping, and/or work opportunities; or b) provide a mix of uses on site to meet the
needs of the residents and/or employees. These can also be considered:
– Use existing vehicular transportation networks: minimizes the need for new infrastructure, and reduces impervious
surface, parking requirements, and related costs
– Support use of alternative transportation: Mass-transit infrastructure and shuttle buses should be used, carpooling should
be encouraged, and the use of bicycle should be fostered by providing showers and lockers in places of employment.
These methods will reduce parking space requirements and transportation costs for residents and/or employees.
– Considered increase use of telecommuting: telecommuting and teleconferencing can reduce commute time and number
of vehicular trips to and from the site. Plan for telecommuting infrastructure and access in commercial and residential
design.
– Consolidate service, pedestrian, and automobile circulation: endeavour to provide compact road patterns, walkways, and
parking to minimize pavement costs, improve efficiency and centralize runoff, hence, reduced impervious surface
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INFRASTRUCTURE
2. Utilities: sites located within or adjacent to existing development allow for the most efficient and cost effective
extension of utilities. These could be considered:
– Minimize road length, building footprint and the actual ground area required for intended improvements: this decreases the
length of utility connections
– Use gravity sewer systems wherever possible as they don’t require power/energy
– Reuse chemical-waste tanks and lines:
– Consolidate utility corridors when feasible: common site utility corridors should be consolidated along previously disturbed
areas or along new road or walk construction, both to minimize unnecessary clearing and trenching and to ensure ease of
access for regular maintenance.
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BUILDING & SITE REQUIREMENTS
1. Land Features: Unused urban lots and commercial sites may already be affecting the environmental quality of
neighboring properties, watersheds, and other features. Adaptive reuse of existing buildings or redevelopment
of disturbed sites should be encouraged as they require minimal disruption of natural systems. Redevelopment
is also likely to improve the immediate community, potentially create jobs, and increase land values that have
been affected by the abandoned or blighted property.
Stream channels, flood plains, wetlands, steep erodible slopes, and mature vegetation should be protected from
development. To avoid high site-preparation costs and to improve visual and ecological features, development
activity should be configured to occupy those spaces between critical resources.
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2. Building Orientation: climatic conditions, particularly solar access, should guide the placement of building and
site features in energy-conserving design. The following practices should be considered:
– Plan site clearing and planting to take advantage of solar access. Solar orientation, cloud cover, and topography are
interrelated. A site’s latitude determines the sun’s altitude and associated azimuth for any given time of the day, each day
of the year. Site clearing and planting strategies may be used to maximize solar access to the building or critical areas of
the site.
– Orient the building to take advantage of solar energy for passive and active solar systems. The building should take
advantage of shade and airflows for cooling in summer, and of passive solar energy for heating and wind protection in
winter. If solar collectors or photovoltaic systems are proposed, orientation should allow maximum access to sunlight.
– Provide a north-wall design that minimizes heat loss. Provide entrances with airlocks, and limit glass to prevent heat loss.
Large buildings in cold or temperate climates require air-handling systems that balance interior building pressure in such
circumstances.
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2. Building Orientation: climatic conditions, particularly solar access, should guide the placement of building and
site features in energy-conserving design. The following practices should be considered:
– Provide a building entrance orientation that maximizes safety, ease of access and protection from the elements.
– Minimize solar shadows. Landscaped areas, open spaces, parking, and septic fields should be aggregated to provide the
least solar shadow for southern orientations of the building project and adjoining buildings. Calculating total site shadow
can prevent the creation of solar voids and cold-air-drainage dams. This is especially useful in cold and temperate
climates.
The orientation of buildings and other site elements can also influence the extent of site disruption required for
construction. Earthwork and clearing of the site can be reduced by aligning long buildings and parking lots with
landscape contours. Half-basements and staggered floor levels can be used in areas of excess slope.
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3. Site Improvements: Landscape design should seek to maximize human comfort, particularly in high-use areas
such as plazas and outdoor gathering spaces. The designer needs to consider seasonal weather patterns and
climate variables such as vapour pressure in hot-humid zones, desiccating winds and diurnal extremes in hot-
arid zones and annual temperature extremes in temperate and cold zones.
– Existing water sources and landforms can be used to create winter heat sinks in cold climates, and temperature
differentials for cooling air movement in hot climates. Existing streams or other water sources can contribute to radiant
cooling for the site. Color and surface orientation may also be used to favourably absorb or reflect solar energy.
– Existing vegetation may be used to moderate weather conditions and provide protection for native wildlife. Vegetation
can be used to provide shade and transpiration in the summer and wind protection in the winter. Additionally, vegetation
can provide natural corridors for wildlife movement when provided in conjunction with a regional landscape plan.
– Access roads, planting, grading and ancillary structures should be designed to channel wind toward main buildings for
cooling or away from them to reduce heat loss.
– Introduce structures and plantings that provide shelter from harsh elements and highlight desirable features. Modulation
of tree-canopy heights and inclusion of water fountains and other built structures can fine-tune an exterior site by
accelerating or decelerating site winds, casting shadows, or cooling by evaporation.
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4. Construction methods and materials: Employ construction methods that will ensure that each step of the
building process is focused on eliminating unnecessary site disruption and resource degradation. The said
strategies should also harness features such as cold temperatures, moist air, desiccation winds, and increased
storm water runoff.
Strategically chart the stages in the construction process to achieve an orderly construction sequence from site
clearing to site finish. This reduces costs and damage to the site and requires close coordination between all
sub-contractors.
Use recycled, regionally available and/or those with low life-cycle cost materials. Albedo (SRI attributed to
color) should be considered in choosing site materials.
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OUTDOOR ACCESSIBILITY
Types of Impairments to consider:

• Visual impairment
• Mobility impairment
• Hearing impairment
• Manual impairment
• Learning impairment
Important Design Concepts:

1. Temporarily Able-bodied
• As a designer, it is better to embrace the attitude that the majority of the population is temporarily able-
bodied (TAB) than to embrace the attitude that a minority of the population is handicapped. Environment
could be designed to reflect the said attitude by incorporating all design elements into a functionally and
aesthetically integral package, rather than designing environment primarily for life’s periods of
unhampered physical ability with discrete design details added on for those who are handicapped.
• Full physical capability is a temporary condition. At one point, everyone becomes handicapped (i.e.
carrying an armload of groceries, a sprained ankle, pregnancy, wearing high heel shoes, normal
consequences of aging).
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Important Design Concepts:

2. Pedestrian accessible network
• These are absolutely necessary if handicapped individuals can expect to move around from place to
place. Design details for handicapped access are of minimum value if the connections between parts are
incomplete.
• Coordination should exist between parking areas, curb ramps, paved areas, rest areas with adequate
seating, lighting, signage, building entries and interiors. Continuous accessibility should exist between and
within buildings, between parking areas and corresponding destinations, and between alternative
destinations.
• Pedestrian circulation should include loops rather than dead ends.
3. Graduated difficulty of access

• A system of graduated difficulty of access is most applicable to the design and management of outdoor
recreational facilities (hiking and camping areas).
• Designing two distinctly different types of facilities for the handicaps and able-bodied is not recommended.
It is better to provide a wide variety of facilities (e.g. trails) as a wider spectrum of opportunity with diverse
experiences can be provided that will accommodate or challenge all people regardless of their abilities.
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Design Details for Outdoor Accessibility

1. Walkways and Paved Surfaces
• Closed networks of pedestrian accessible routes are essential and should include periodic places to stop
and rest.
• Minimize irregularities in pavements
• Maintain all walkways and provide adequate lighting to safety and accessibility
• Use tactile warning strips to warn/guide the visually impaired. They are recommended at both top and
bottom of stairways, in front of doors that lead to potentially hazardous areas, at curb ramps and street
crossings
• Linear tactile strips can define walkways to create a clear path without obstructions. Street furniture and
trees should be located on the outer edge of walkways
• Textural contrasts should be strong but should not constitute a safety hazard
• Color (tone) contrasts should be strong, if used
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2. Outdoor stairs and landings
• Stairs should include at least 2 steps for safety reasons and always be easily visible. Hand railings are
necessary on all stairs and landings.
• Locate unexpected level changes out of the main line of traffic. Visual and textural warning cues are
recommended at the top and bottom of all stairways.
• The nose of each step should be easy to see and not obscured by confusing surface patterns. Treads
should be visually distinct from one another.
• Open treads and shadow line recesses can cause tripping and should be used with discretion.
• Outdoor landings to stairways should be adequately dimensioned to allow room for the convenient
movement of people. The maximum height between landings should be 1.50m for visual coherence and
psychological invitation between adjacent levels.
• Maintain and provide adequate lighting for all stairs and landings.
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3. Outdoor ramps
• Provide visual and textural cues at the top and bottom of all ramps.
• Design ramps to carry a minimum live load of 474 kg/sq. m.
• For open ramps, provide low curbs (50mm high) along the edges of ramps and landings for stopping,
detection by cane, etc.
• Maintain and provide adequate lighting at all ramps and landings.
• 1:12 ramps are acceptable when enclosed and protected. 1:20 ramps are more appropriate for the
outdoors.
4. Hand railings
• Hand rails are important for normal reasons of safety, for the physical support of individuals with mobility
impairments, and for guidance of those with visual impairments.
• Specify hand railings that are easy to grip and comfortable to handle
• Provide a second rail below the top rail, at a height of 0.67 m or lower for detection by cane users,
children, etc.
• Eliminate sharp or protruding ends or edges from hand railings, fastening devices, and the like.
• Always provide hand rails on both sides, or a central hand railing. On wide stairways, intermediate hand
railings at 2.00 to 6.00 m should be provided.
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5. Walls, benches and outdoor seating
• Outdoor seating should be maintained and kept free of dirt and debris
• Seat surfaces should be pitched to shed water
• Weep holes should not drain out on to walking surfaces where wetness may constitute a hazard
• Elderly people require arm rests when getting into or out of a seated position. Heel space is also
necessary to make rising from a seated position easier. Wheelchair users often desire places to stop and
rest and places to set packages.
• Walls with or without hand railings can aid negotiation, providing both physical and psychological support
for people.
• A wall height of 0.45 to 0.55 m for seating is preferable for the elderly while a height of 0.60 to 1.00 m
provide a surface to lean against in a half-sitting position and is preferred by people with limited strength
and wheelchair users for setting of packages.
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6. Walkway furnishings and street crossings
• Walkways should be designed to accommodate a wide diversity of people, including those with visual and
mobility impairments. Walkway furnishings should be carefully organized and easily detectable for safety
and easier negotiation for those with visual impairments.
• Bollards or post barriers, trees, light standards, parking meters and the like should not be placed in the
main line of pedestrian travel and should be centered on parking stalls when applicable, to allow free
pedestrian travel to and from parking areas.
• Discretion should be used when designing chain barriers as they can be hazardous to pedestrians,
bicyclists, and motorcyclists. They are difficult to see especially when lower than 0.79m. Therefore, a
means to increase their detection should be devised. Chains at a height of 0.67m or less are more easily
detected by visually impaired cane users.
• Guard rails should also be constructed high enough to be easily seen but should also be designed for
easy detection by those who are visually impaired.
• Provide ample seating along walkways with places to stop, rest and set packages
• Provide easy to use trash receptacles
• Provide visual and textural cues to advertise the location of crosswalks
• Provide crosswalk widths that are as wide or wider than adjacent sidewalks
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7. Parking and passenger loading zones
• Passenger loading zones shall be adequately dimensioned to allow room for doors, movement of
wheelchairs, etc.
• Provide clear signage for handicapped parking space and loading zones.
• Consult state and local building codes.
8. Bus shelters and lifts
• Bus shelters should have an unobstructed view of arriving vehicular traffic for both standing and seated
individuals. The drop-off zone should be part of an extensive pedestrian accessible network.
• The street adjacent to accessible bus stops should not have a high crown which would cause the bus lift
to tilt, and the curb upon which the lift descends should be low enough to allow full deployment of the lift. A
maximum curb height of 0.19m allows for the operation of standard lifts.
• Eliminate obstructions such as newspaper boxes, benches, planters, tree gratings, mailboxes, guy wires,
or sprinkler heads from the lift area to allow full deployment of the lift.
53

9. Outdoor plantings and gardens
• Plants can effectively be used to control the movement of pedestrians through public spaces and to keep
unwary individuals from hazardous areas.
• Visual cues such as strong contrasts or use of strikingly silhouetted forms can aid orientation for those
with limited vision.
• Plantings along public walkways should not constitute a potential hazard or nuisance (e.g. branches
breaking under ice or snow, produce excessive litter, droop down over walkways, have dangerous thorns
or produce poisonous or slippery fruits.
• Plants can be used to mitigate the discomforting effects of wind, glare, reflection, temperature and
humidity.
• Suitably paved walking surfaces are necessary in garden used by elderly or physically handicapped
individuals.
• Create a pleasingly tactile environment in gardens. Opportunities to pick fruits, smell flowers, pull weeds,
etc. should be provided.
• Understanding the kinetospheres (reach abilities) of elderly people and of people with limited abilities is
important when designing gardens for use and maintenance by those who are handicapped.
• Suitable space for maneuvering, proper levels for work surfaces, accessible tool storage, watering
facilities, and adequate floor drainage should be provided.
54

10. Outdoor lighting
• Lighting is especially important in places potentially hazardous to elderly and handicapped people. Lighting
schemes should be designed with fixtures and locations responsive to the more sensitive needs of those who
are handicapped. Higher levels of illumination or a greater distribution of fixtures is beneficial to those with
limited vision.
• Posts and light standards should not be placed where they may present a potential hazard to handicapped
pedestrians. Mitigate glare to lessen trouble for the elderly.
11. Signage
• Signage is a crucial aid to negotiation. Therefore, all information must be clear and precise. Placement, scale
and graphic style are important.
• They should be readily observable for all people. Braille strips can be added to the edges of signs that are
reachable and located for that purpose.
• Graphic symbols should not be too abstract, nor should they be the only means of communication, because
they have no applicability for the blind.
• Signage for sighted people is most easily seen at approximately eye level, but areas frequented by
wheelchair users may warrant placing signs at a lower lever. They should not be obscured or confused with
other graphics and should be easily recognized.
• Site-related areas requiring signage include public lavatories, handicapped parking areas, vehicular and
pedestrian circulation routes, accessible points of buildings and facilities, and accessible rest stops. 55
Parks and Playgrounds

• Should be accessible from adjacent communities and include a continuous pedestrian accessible network
throughout
• Hard surfaces to accommodate wheelchairs to be provided
• Accessible routes should be multifunctional to discourage social segregation between handicapped and able-
bodied children
• The design should minimize the likelihood that able-bodied children would ostracize those with physical or
learning impairments
• Both structured play facilities and opportunities for creative, imaginative, non-structured play are important
features of a play environment
• The physical organization of a park or playground should be readily comprehensible by those with visual
impairments who rely on cognitive mapping for orientation
Jogging Paths
• They should be made safe for all types of users. An adequate means of separation or cooperation between
users groups is advisable.
• Signage, textural and visual cues are helpful and thus, should be provided. Access for wheelchair users should
be clearly understood so that an understanding exists between all user groups. Path dimensions depend on
type of use.
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FENCES, SCREENS & WALLS
Fences, screens and walls are used for visual privacy, physical exclusion or control of people and animals, and
modification of environmental factors such as noise, wind, and sunlight, and purely aesthetic reasons. The design of
such barriers shall be responsive to functional requirements and aesthetic qualities of the site.
Major Purposes of fences, screens and walls:

1. Privacy – implies a degree of protection against visual and/or physical intrusion. The extent of privacy desired
and its context will greatly influence the design and materials used for privacy barriers. Blocking views from
adjacent land is a primary way to achieve a sense of privacy. The most effective privacy barrier is often a high,
solid barrier as close as possible to the source of intrusion.
2. Safety and security – barriers can discourage deliberate trespassing, keep people away from such potentially
dangerous items as mechanical equipment, electric transformers, or swimming pools, and keep children and/or
animals in safe areas. Transparent or semitransparent barriers are sometimes preferable because they permit
supervision from either side by property owners, police, or security personnel. Solid barriers shall be truly
impenetrable because once inside, an intruder may be more protected than an owner.
3. Boundary Definition – defining boundaries to prevent trespassing is a use of fences and walls
57
4. Circulation Control – barriers can control or direct the movement of people, animals, or vehicles. It is often
desirable to see over a wall or fence to know what is ahead or what may be approaching. A gate or portal can
be designed to be unintentionally uninviting or as a symbolic entryway, inviting people into a space
5. Environmental Modification – barriers can reduce unpleasant nuisances such as heavy winds, noise, drifting
snow, glare, and strong sunlight. Strategically placed windbreaks and shaded areas can reduce the energy
required for heating and cooling.
6. Aesthetics – fences, screens and walls can complement their architectural surroundings by extending the lines
of a building out into the landscape. They can also be used to dramatize selected views, form backdrops for
specific settings, or add interest to an otherwise featureless or monotonous landscape. In most cases, fences or
walls should be visually attractive on both sides.
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Design Criteria:
1. Meeting stated needs – the type, size and materials needed will depend on the purpose of a particular barrier
and the desired degree of exclusion
– Site context – design objectives for fences, screens and walls are merely abstract concepts until they are related to the
larger site context in which they must be achieved. (e.g. security for a factory or retail store would normally require far
more elaborate solutions than security for a home)
– Off-site impacts – all potentially adverse off-site impacts need to be assessed during the design stages and certainly well
before any construction begins. Poorly styled or improperly built fences, screens and walls can detract from the
appearance of adjacent properties, become a nuisance for neighbours by blocking views, cut-off desired local breezes, or
create annoying ponding or saturation problems.
– Temporary fences – barriers can be used temporarily until plants are mature enough to perform their intended function
and/or until a later stage of construction is completed.
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Design Criteria:
1. Meeting stated needs – the type, size and materials needed will depend on the purpose of a particular barrier
and the desired degree of exclusion
– Design expression – design elements and details which make up the barrier must also be carefully worked out and
coordinated:
• Compatibility – the design should respond to its landscape context and adjacent architecture. Compatibility can be
enhanced by using the same or similar materials and the same details and proportions of nearby buildings,
streetscape elements and plant materials.
• Scale – large barriers can be scaled down to relate to human scale by the use of textures and shadow lines and by
the articulation of individual elements such as posts, panels rails and caps.
• Proportions – the relationship of the height to the width of panels, post sizing, etc. should be carefully managed to
respond to the established design expression of major horizontal or vertical elements nearby.
• Rhythm – the rhythmic use of elements such as posts, slats or panels can affect the perceived size or scale of a
barrier especially with regard to perception from a moving vehicle.
• Color – lighter colors tend to call attention to the individual elements of a fence or wall, while darker colors appear
to unify the appearance. The number of colors used in a barrier should be kept to a minimum.
• Texture – the type of materials used and the kind of finish selected will affect the texture of the barrier.
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Design Criteria:
2. Legal and code requirements – a propose barrier or screen must comply with all relevant legal and building code requirements
including: a. rights of access; b. health and safety; and c. design and aesthetic controls
– Boundaries – a boundary survey should be made to precisely determine the property lines and avoid legal disputes
– Easements – utility and drainage easements across a site generally preclude using those areas for permanent walls or
fences, but non-permanent or moveable features are usually permitted
– Fire lanes and police surveillance – fire and police departments require readily identifiable, barrier-free access to certain
types of sites
– Permits and codes – sometimes, permits are required for fences and walls beyond a certain height or length. Design
minimums or other performance standards for structural integrity, safety, or visual quality may also be included in local
building codes.
– Design controls and covenants – choice of materials and colors and even on the design expression and placement of
fences, screens and walls may also be regulated
3. Feasibility
– Costs – budget decisions about fences or walls should be based upon a careful assessment of both short-term and long-
term costs.
– Availability of materials, labor, and equipment
– Time – time to construct is an important consideration depending on the construction deadline
– Maintenance responsibility
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SITE FURNITURE & FEATURES
Site Furniture – refer to all elements placed in a landscape or streetscape for comfort, convenience, information,
circulation control, protection, and user enjoyment. Examples are benches, bollards, signage, lighting, tree grates
and utility boxes. The design and placement of site furniture require careful consideration.
Design Objectives
• Appropriateness – it is important to respond to the character of a site as well as its existing and proposed
functions.
• Response to setting – design should respond to the essential identity or inherent character of a place.
Successful, lasting design will flow out of its setting, continually responding to the needs of its users, meeting
functional requirements, and adapting to the environmental stresses affecting it.
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Design Determinants
1. Cultural Factors
a. Social context
– Determining what is needed is a basic responsibility of the designer which often opens up opportunities to explore new
design ideas.
– Attention to existing and proposed large-scale social setting will indicate who is currently using the site and who will likely
use it in the future.
– The traditions and habits of particular user groups provide a basis for unique design departures that can enliven the
setting as a whole, while at the same time serving specific needs. This can be reflected in site organization and on the
design of individual elements.
– The use of themes or vernacular forms which have no local cultural root seldom contribute to the evolving identity of a
place.
b. Political context
A complex and contradicting array of administrative, operational, regulatory and legal issues can compromise a design.
Designing solely to meet these regulations often produces nothing of present or enduring value.
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Design Determinants
2. Physical Factors
a. Climate
– Different climates and/or dramatic seasonal changes can significantly influence the design of site furniture and the
consequent comfort of the users.
– A thorough understanding of the consequences of seasonal variation, including both advantages and disadvantages, is
an essential prerequisite for the design of site furnishings.
b. Natural physiography
– Particular landforms, vegetation, and other qualities which give an area its special regional or local character should be
responded to in a congruent manner.
– Special attention should be given to examining local landscapes and materials before translating program requirements
into built elements.
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Design Determinants
2. Physical Factors
c. The existing built environment
– Site furnishings can strengthen the link between a development and its surroundings, can personalize the setting, and
can enhance the positive aspects of the surrounding built landscape.
– A careful inventory of the existing built environment should precede decisions of scale, pattern, color, sequence, age,
quality, materials, and construction detailing.
– Furniture elements should reflect the character of the built environment, be internally integrated between themselves and
not promote a cluttered appearance.
– There should be a balance between the visual importance of individual furniture elements and their compatibility within
the visual context of the setting.
– It is important to incorporate the vistas, views, and visual composition of the entire site.
65
Design Determinants
3. Environmental Factors
a. Temperature
For hot climates:
– Climate is a key consideration in determining whether permanent, partial, or temporary shade and glare reduction
measures are needed.
– Furniture elements (e.g. permanent benches) should not be placed near extensive areas of paving or wall surfaces which
radiate excessive heat, unless adequately buffered by shade.
– Benches, handles, and handrails exposed to full sunlight shall not be metallic and/or should be light in color to remain
comfortable to the touch.
For cold climates:
– Site furniture should be placed to take advantage of natural sun traps, thereby extending the usefulness of the site.
– Materials which absorb and radiate heat are advantageous in cold climates. Materials used should not become brittle
when cold.
– Furniture should be designed to minimize water or ice accumulation.
66
Design Determinants
b. Precipitation
• Some furniture used for sitting should be placed in sheltered locations. Benches should drain well and be
located to take advantage of the warming effects of sunlight.
• In humid climates, all materials should be naturally decay- and fungus-resistant, or specially treated to
minimize mildew, rot, and consequent staining.
c. Wind
• Site furniture should be located to minimize any negative gusting impacts upon users.
• Furniture can be located to take advantage of natural cooling breezes.
• Trees can provide shade and, to some extent, control the movement of air.
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Design Determinants
d. Light
• Site furniture should take advantage of the quality and character of light available on the site.
• Minimize the glare from light fixtures and intense sunlight. Locate furniture and especially, outdoor signs, in
such a way as to minimize the glare from them caused by low sun angles on wet or reflective surfaces.
e. Noise
• The sounds of songbirds, children, street performers, and the like can be so pleasant that site furniture
may be focused toward the source.
• Undesirable sounds can be blocked by using sound barriers like walls, earth mounds, and other
techniques of noise control.
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Design Determinants
4. Operational Factors
a. Human body dimensions and movement
• The physical dimensions and movement characteristics of the human body are common denominators in
setting all working distances, and operational dimensions in the design of furniture components and their
aggregate layout.
b. Regulatory standards
• Site furniture must also stand up to a host of regulatory standards imposed by municipal and state
governments. The designer must understand the purpose and rationale for the regulation, and then be able
to interpret its most appropriate application and be prepared to negotiate creatively.
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Purposes of outdoor lighting:

1. Improving the legibility of critical nodes, landmarks, and circulation and activity zones in the landscape.
2. Facilitating the safe movement of pedestrians and vehicles, promoting a more secure environment, and
minimizing the potential for personal harm and damage to property
3. Helping to reveal the salient features of a site at a desired intensity of light in order to encourage nighttime use
of a particular environment
General Design Principles:

1. Orientation
a. Lighting Hierarchy
– Driver and pedestrian orientation can be aided by providing a hierarchy of lighting effects that correspond to the different
zones and uses of a site.
– Subtle but recognizable distinctions can be made between major and minor roads, paths, and use areas by varying the
distribution and brightness of the light and by varying the height, spacing and color of the lamps.
b. Clear lighting patterns
– Clear optical guidance can be provided with the positive alignment of light fixtures positioned in consistent, recognizable,
and ambiguous patterns.
– A staggered layout of road and pathway lights tends to obscure rather than reinforce the direction of the circulation
alignment and the location of intersections.
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING

2. Identification
a. Intersection Articulation
– Intersections, decision points, crossings, bus stops, steps, arrival points, etc. should be articulated in a manner that
signals their presence, shape, and nature. The illumination pattern should serve as a visual cure to what conditions may
lie ahead.
b. Placement of Luminaires
– Luminaire spacing, height, and distribution pattern should be specified that avoids foliage shadows and gives good
uniformity and vertical surface illumination.
– Lower mounting heights and closer spacings between fixtures can create a more uniform distribution, and the
pedestrian’s sense of security is promoted by the uniformity of the light.
– Deciding what to light
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING

3. Safety
a. Glare
– It is a major inhibitor of good visibility and the most unpleasant aspect of visual discomfort.
– Glare is more of a problem when exposed light sources such as lamps or lenses can be seen directly.
– Luminaire location and mounting height, fixture type, and lamp intensity must be carefully selected to optimize light
distribution and minimize glare.
b. Underlighting
– Underlighting is potentially hazardous if not enough light is provided to protect pedestrians and/or vehicles from potential
injury and damage.
– Sufficient light is important in crosswalks where heavy pedestrian traffic is expected.
– Parking areas, access and egress points, loading areas, etc. should have adequate lighting to help protect drivers,
passengers, and vehicles.
– Overlighting can generate high amounts of glare which create hazardous conditions.
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING

4. Security
a. Walkway Lights
– Walkway lights should have enough peripheral distribution to illuminate the immediate surroundings.
– Vertical light distribution over walkway areas should cover or overlap at a height of 2.0m so that visual recognition of
other pedestrians is maintained.
– The most effective approach when pedestrian safety is a primary consideration is by employing low mounting heights
with close spacing and vertical illumination pattern.
b. Surveillance
– Lighting requirements should permit the detection of suspicious movement rather than provide for the recognition of
definitive details.
– It is more effective to light backgrounds to generate silhouettes rather than lighting the foreground. (e.g. lighting the
vertical face of a building instead of its horizontal foreground)
– It is desirable to highlight entrances and to direct lighting away from points of surveillance
c. Vandalism
– The best way to reduce vandalism of light fixtures is to use fixtures that are durable enough to withstand abuse, or to
place them out of reach. An alternative is to use hardware that is less expensive to replace.
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING

5. Atmosphere and character
A consistency of design expression can be achieved by identifying the common elements in a landscape that give it
character, and then using similar approaches to their lighting. The clarity with which an object is perceived is
influenced by its context.
a. Background
– Exterior spaces should have a well-defined sense of background. Background spaces should be illuminated as
unobtrusively as possible to meet the functional needs of safe circulation and of protecting people and property.
b. Foreground
– Foreground spaces or objects can be major elements and should be treated accordingly.
– Foreground spaces should utilize local lighting which produces maximum focus, minimum distractions, and no glare.
– Objects of interest and activities can be brightly illuminated while the background produces only minimal distraction.
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING

5. Atmosphere and character
c. Illumination of Objects (Shape Accentuation)
– The direction of light source is important for perception of three-dimensional objects.
– The ability to perceive volumetric forms is influenced by the gradient if light and shadow falling on the object.
– The best way to illuminate standing objects is with a combination of these types of lighting: 1) one source should
accentuate shape and form by contrasting the surface with sharp shadows, and 2) the other source provides fill-lighting
for details
d. Color Perception
– Differences in lamp light color are often used with great effect in public lighting to color code roadways or to clearly
delineate one area from another.
– Accurate color rendition will aid recognition and improve the perception of outdoor environments. This is especially
important at the pedestrian scale, where the color contrast of paving and landscape materials is often subtle.
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Categories of Light Fixtures

1. Low-level Landscape Lights
– Heights usually less than 2.0m but sometimes up to 3.0m
– Lamps may be incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapour or high pressure sodium
– Low wattage capabilities, with limited intensities
– Substantial variety, with some sizes and shapes fitting within modules of finish materials
– Finite light patterns, with directing capabilities
– Light sources are usually below eye level, so glare must be controlled
– Low maintenance requirements but high susceptibility to vandalism
2. Intermediate Height Landscape Lights
– Average heights of 3 to 5 meters
– Lamps may be incandescent, mercury vapour, metal halide or high pressure sodium
– Substantial variety of fixtures and respective lighting patterns
– Generally used in and around pedestrian pavements, and considered pedestrian in scale
– Lower fixture mounting heights are susceptible to vandalism
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Categories of Light Fixtures

3. Parking Lot and Roadway Lights
– Average heights of 6 to 15.2 meters
– Lamps may be mercury vapour, metal halide or high pressure sodium
– Used to light streets, parking lots, and recreational, commercial, and industrial areas
4. High Mast Lights
– Average heights of 18 to 30 meters
– Lamps may be mercury vapour, metal halide or high pressure sodium
– Used for large parking lots, highway interchanges, and recreational areas
– Fixtures must be lowered to be maintained
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Landscape Lighting Effects

1. Uplighting
– For directional viewing: If a lighted object can be seen from one direction only, above-grade accent lights can be used. To
prevent glare, fixtures should be aimed away from observers and, if possible, concealed to keep the landscape
uncluttered.
– For all-around viewing: If the lighted object can be seen from any direction, then well lights with louvers should be
considered. With newly planted trees, place uplights as close as possible to the outside of the root ball.
– Placing fixtures midway between trees is rarely satisfactory. The light typically misses the trunk and most foliage.
2. Moonlighting
– Up-and-down lighting is used to create this effect, which requires that fixtures be carefully placed in trees. Ground lighting
is accented by shadows from leaves and branches.
3. Silhouette lighting
– Trees and shrubs with interesting branching structure can be dramatically expressed when silhouetted against a wall or
building façade. Such lighting also provides additional security near the building.
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OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Landscape Lighting Effects

4. Spot lighting
– Special objects like statues, sculptures, or specimen shrubs can be lighted with well-shielded fixtures using spot lamps.
– By mounting lights overhead in trees or nearby structures, glare and fixture distraction can be eliminated.
– Ground-mounted fixtures should be concealed with shrubbery.
5. Spread lighting
– Spread lights produce circular patterns of illumination for general area lighting.
– Effective from ground covers, low shrubs, walks, and steps but to take full advantage of the light throw, fixture should be kept to open areas
so that shrubbery does not restrict light distribution.
6. Path lighting
– Path lights are spread lights at a lower height.
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ARPLAN 1
LANDSCAPE DESIGN

LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Architectural Landscape
• the result of the extension of the space and concept of the building to its natural
surroundings
• the architectural principles applied in the structures are generally imposed upon their
natural surroundings
• nature plays a minor role and supporting role to architecture
• developed and nurtured by the western European countries chiefly characterized by its
formalism, symmetry, regularity and other architectural features
2
Site Planning
3
Site Planning
4
Site Planning
5
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
6
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Architectural Landscape
• Islamic landscape design adopted the axial geometric pattern
• characterized by its simplicity and discipline and restraint
7
8
9
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Natural Landscape
• Closer to nature
• application of architectural principles are subordinated or completely ignored
• England has adopted this concept to a large degree
• Chinese and Japanese landscape designs fall under this classification, their space
concepts are different from the English Naturalism as the other oriental countries are more
preoccupied with pictorial gardens and employed symbolism extensively
10
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Landscape Design…
• is guided by the principles of balance, unity,

harmony, rhythm, proportion, scale, character
and others
11
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Landscape Design…
• through ages, the standard of beauty

(quality and taste) for landscape design has
been largely directed by the whims of the
rulers, current vogue, architectural period,
environment, and others
12
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Landscape Design…
• should be thought of in terms of art

elements: line, shape, mass, color and
texture
13
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Landscape Design…
• uses materials like stone,

bricks, concrete, wood,
pebbles, rocks, moss, grass,
trees, plants, etc.
14
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Landscape Design…
• considers the physical features

of any place or region especially
in relation to their position and
elevation
15
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Landscape Design…
• can be applied to sites that are either

level, sloping, or rolling
16
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Garden Elements
• Since some gardens are extensions of architectural concepts of structures, some building
materials are common to both, such as stone, bricks, concrete, wood, etc. which are
judiciously handled to conform with shapes for: outdoor applications such as stairs, wall,
statues, vases, fountains, pools, etc.
17
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Garden Elements
• The natural garden elements cover

a long list consisting of pebbles,
rocks, moss, grass, trees, plants,
variety of lines, shapes, masses,
color and texture. There is an
unlimited field of originality and
creativeness.
18
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
GEOGRAPHY
Level Site Sloping Terrain Rolling Terrain
(offers the best and easiest (provides the planner with a (More difficult to manage but creates
solution to site development) variety of building types and a far more interesting land
groupings; different street patterns development)
Advantages could be employed)
• economical Advantages
• adaptable Advantages • more interesting land development
• adequate to all types of street • allows variety of building types • economy in sewer and drainage
patterns. and building groupings lines
• drainage problems are simpler • probability of reduced cost of
Disadvantages • adaptable to a great variety of construction, grading and filling
• difficulty in creating a street patterns
satisfactory system of drainage Disadvantages
• requires some pitch for • excessive development cost.
discharging water to surface inlets • adaptability to terrain is imperative
• drainage may require a workable
system of channelling
• less variety of street pattern.
• less variety of building type.
19
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
Types of Building
Layouts Suitable
for Level Sites
20
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
21
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
22
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
1. Circulation
2. Activity Spaces
3. 3D Elements
4. Signs and Symbols
5. Utilities
6. Planting Scheme
23
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Circulation
1. Design Theme - Formal Layout, Informal Layout, Straightforward & Grand Paths,
Meandering and Cozy Paths
24
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Circulation
2. Efficiency
25
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Circulation
3. Sequential Movement
26
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Circulation
4. Cultural Influences
27
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Circulation
5. Spatial Perception
create a sense of anticipation
Huge open space

Narrow path wide path
28
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Circulation
5. Spatial Perception
introduce an element of surprise
Dead
Narrow path Huge open space wide path end
29
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Circulation
6. Transition Areas
30
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Activity Spaces
Degree of Enclosure
- physical boundary
- change in floor material
- change in character
31
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Activity Spaces
Defined Spaces
32
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
3D Elements
Buildings
Sculpture
33
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
3D Elements
Furniture
Sun shading & water features
34
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Signs and Symbols

Memorials
35
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Signs and Symbols

Way finding
36
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Utilities
Lighting and diurnal character
Lighting and sense of security
37
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Utilities
Drainage
Seasonal characters
38
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Planting Scheme
Plant masses and symbolisms
39
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Planting Scheme
Plants as edges and boundaries
40
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Planting Scheme
Plants as screens / cover
41
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Planting Scheme
Plants as visual elements
42
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
COMPONENTS
Planting Scheme
Plants for wayfinding
43
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
VISUAL ELEMENTS
1. Points
44
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
VISUAL ELEMENTS
2. Lines
45
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
VISUAL ELEMENTS
3. Forms
46
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
VISUAL ELEMENTS
4. Colors
47
LANDSCAPE DESIGN
VISUAL ELEMENTS
5. Texture
48
ARPLAN 1
SUSTAINABLE SITE DESIGN

Sustainable Design
- represents a set of principles of planning, design, and construction that endeavour to preserve and improve
the environmental health of people and contingent rural systems
- It places environmental understanding at the core of design of urban places and cities, conceived as part of
their natural context that must be preserved and improved if the human community is to survive.
- Sustainable design requires an understanding of environmental consequences of natural system

requirements of the built environment.
- Sustainable design influence site design, rainwater harvesting, aquifer recharge, waste prevention and
reclamation, and improved quality of air, water and vegetation by elimination of toxic chemicals.
Sustainable design dramatically enlarges the range of issues and opportunities that the design professions must
address, in order to:
• preserve biological diversity and environmental integrity,
• contribute to the health of air, water, and soils,
• incorporate design and construction that reflect bioregional climatic conditions, and
• reduce and eliminate the deteriorating impacts of human use
2
Sustainable Design
Sustainable design is inspired by and learns from the lessons of nature. Example:
• The natural organism makes use of immediately and locally available materials to construct itself, and
does so with economy and efficiency. The same strategies when used in development can minimize global and
local impacts on resources.
• The natural organism adapts to its environment through instinctive reaction and an evolutionary
process of generations. Through the ability to rationalize and mechanize, humans have the ability to adapt
psychologically and physically in a matter of hours, but often with little natural instinct or understanding of
feedback and interrelationship with the environment.
• The natural organism maintains a sustaining relationship with its environment by a balance between its
needs and available resources. Similarly, sustainable design adjusts demands, lifestyles, and technologies to
evolve a compatible balance with the natural and cultural systems within its environment.
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Sustainable Design
The Concept of Sustainable Design
The term sustainability has emerged in the past several decades as a broad set of principles that address economic,
social and environmental development at nearly any local, regional and global scale:
• The term was first applied to forestry and agricultural practices since the 1970s, to describe management
policies to preserve their natural resource capacity.
• It was then enlarged to address any large-scale development policies and practices leading up to the United
Nations 1992 Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro. Sustainability was given its most widely used definition, as
“meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.”
• The term has been used by architects, landscape architects and urban designers, evident in the AIA/UIA World
Congress of Architects June 1993 in Chicago, which adopted a “Declaration of Interdependence” to affirm a
professional commitment to principles of sustainability.
• The term has appeared in urban and regional planning proposals, such as the 1994 Seattle Regional Plan
where sustainability was referred to as a “three legged stool, combining economic opportunity, social equity, and
environmental responsibility.”
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Sustainable Design
The Concept of Sustainable Design
The term sustainability has emerged in the past several decades as a broad set of principles that address economic,
social and environmental development at nearly any local, regional and global scale:
• The continuing effort to apply sustainability worldwide to urban design, architecture and planning is represented
in the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) held in Turkey, in 1996, which promulgated
goals to “stop the deterioration of human settlement conditions, and, ultimately, to improve the living
environments of all on a sustainable basis…” and to include “sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing
world” and “adequate shelter for all.”
• While architectural and building practices play a part in the technology of industrialization and use of resources,
the greatest impact of population growth and demographics occurs in large-scale urban infrastructure, evident in
unplanned growth of megacities throughout the world.
• This reinforces the importance of urban design, history, preservation and planning, and a commitment to
sustainability in the life of our cities, defined comprehensively in economic, cultural, environmental and aesthetic
terms.
• Sustainable design requires interdisciplinary teamwork in areas where economic, social and environmental
issues have been previously considered separately.
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Sustainable Design
• The operating premise of sustainable design is that built infrastructure and facilities must function within the
ecosystem and its constraints, not only for foreseeable circumstances, but for a very long time. Ecosystems
provide direct ecological services which for the built environment include passive solar heating, cooling and
daylighting, vegetative screening, water/wastewater purification, and the physical and spiritual health we gain
from natural resources (e.g., beaches, forests, reefs, and wildlife).
• The first level of sustainable design is precautionary, based on the principle of health to “Do no harm.” Many
negative impacts of design and construction practices are established by prevailing habits, conventions and
even regulations. Potential impacts are categorized into three: pollution, physical processes, and biological
systems.
Design for integration of urban development with natural resources includes:

• Natural behavior within an ecosystem. A basic understanding of the natural behavior of an ecosystem is
required before designing facilities to function within it, established by a resource inventory prior to a project
design.
• Links between ecosystems. There are links between ecosystems that may be geographically separate, that is,
between mountain forests and coastal mangroves, between mangroves and coral reefs, Changes in one
ecosystem may have consequences in another.
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Sustainable Design
Design for integration of urban development with natural resources includes:
• Fragmentation of habitats. Whether caused by constructing a specific facility or because of land-use decisions
throughout an ecosystem, habitat fragmentation causes loss of biological diversity and must be minimize, and
wherever possible, reversed by reconstitution of wildlife preserves and corridors.
• Human demands on ecosystems. The demands of human use on an ecosystem are cumulative. New proposals
must account for the previous use of resources so that effects of past activity, proposed development, and
anticipated future use do not exceed the ecosystem’s capability. The scale and type of any potential
development should be determined by the capability and resiliency of the ecosystem rather than by the physical
capacity of the site
• Acceptable limits of change. Change in the system is inevitable, but limits of acceptable environmental
change—often called the carrying capacity—should be established before development begins. Acceptable
change should not approach the upper limit of capacity because unpredictable events such as droughts and
hurricanes may go beyond that limit and cause the entire system to collapse.
• Ecosystem monitoring. The effects on surrounding resources of developing and operating facilities should be
routinely monitored and evaluated, and actions taken immediately to correct problems.
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Sustainable Design
SITE DESIGN
• Site design of sustainable environments requires low-impact planning, construction and property maintenance,
with strategies that do not alter or impair but instead help repair and restore existing site systems. Site systems
such as plant and animal communities, soils, and hydrology must be maintained and improved as essential
processes of a healthy environment..
• Site selection for sustainable developments is a process of identifying, weighing, and balancing the
attractiveness (natural and cultural environments, access) of a site against the costs inherent in its evelopment
(natural and cultural environments, access, hazards, operations).
The following general considerations apply to sustainable site design:

• Preserve and enhance the native landscape and its resources.
• Plan landscape development according to the unique features of the surrounding context rather than by
overlaying standardized patterns and solutions.
• Understand the site as an integrated ecosystem with changes occurring over time in dynamic balance; the
impacts of development must be confined within these natural changes.
• Allow simplicity of functions to prevail, while respecting basic human needs of comfort and safety.
• Assess feasibility of development in long-term social and environmental costs, not just short-term construction
costs.
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Sustainable Design
SITE DESIGN
The following general considerations apply to sustainable site design:

• Analyze and model water and nutrient cycles prior to development intervention.
• Minimize areas of vegetation disturbance, earth grading, and water channel alteration.
• Locate structures to take maximum advantage of passive energy design and technologies to provide for human
comfort.
• Provide space for processing all wastes created onsite (collection/recycling facilities, digesters, and lagoons) so
that reusable/recyclable resources will not be lost and hazardous or destructive wastes will not be released into
the environment.
Determine environmentally safe means of onsite energy production and storage in the early stages of site planning.
• Phase development to allow for the monitoring of cumulative environmental impacts of development.
• Allow the natural ecosystem to be self-maintaining to the greatest extent possible.
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Sustainable Design
SITE DESIGN
The following factors should be considered in site selection:

• Capacity— Every site has a carrying capacity for development and human activity. Site analysis should
determine this capacity based on the sensitivity of site resources.
• Density—Siting of facilities should weigh the merits of concentration versus dispersal. Natural landscape values
may be easier to maintain if facilities are carefully dispersed. Conversely, concentration of structure leaves more
undisturbed natural areas.
• Climate—Environments for resource-related developments range from rain forest to desert. The characteristics
of a specific climate should be considered when locating facilities so that human comfort can be maximized
while protecting the facility from climatic forces such as violent storms and other extremes.
• Slopes—In many environments steep slopes predominate, requiring special siting of structures and costly
construction practices. Building on slopes considered too steep can lead to soil erosion, loss of hillside
vegetation, and damage to fragile wetland and marine ecosystems. Appropriate site selection should generally
• Locate more intensive development on gentle slopes, dispersed development on moderate slopes, and no
development on steep slopes,
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Sustainable Design
SITE DESIGN
The following factors should be considered in site selection:

• Vegetation—Retain as much existing native vegetation as possible to secure the integrity of the site. Natural
vegetation is often an essential aspect of the visitor experience and should be preserved. Site selection should
maintain large habitat areas and avoid habitat fragmentation and canopy loss. In some areas such as the
tropics, most nutrients are held in the forest canopy, not in the soil—loss of canopy therefore causes nutrient
loss as well. Plants live in natural associations (plant communities) and should remain as established naturally.
• Views—Views are critical and reinforce a visitor experience. Site location should maximize views of natural
features and minimize views of visitor and support facilities.
• Natural hazards—Sustainable development should be located with consideration of natural hazards such as
precipitous topography, dangerous animals and plants, and hazardous water areas. Site layout should allow
controlled access to these features.
• Access to natural and cultural features—Good site design practices can maximize pedestrian access to the
wide variety of onsite and offsite resources and recreational activities. Low-impact development is the key to
protecting vital resource areas.
• Energy and utilities—Siting should consider possible connections to offsite utilities, or more likely, spatial needs
for onsite utilities, The potential exists for alternative energy use in many places, particularly solar- and wind-
based energy systems.
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Sustainable Design
SITE DESIGN
Site access, road design and construction

• Site access refers to the means of physically entering a development and also the en route experience.
Considerations for enhancing the experience of site access include:
• Select routes that minimize environmental impacts and that allow control of site development.
• Provide anticipation and drama by framing views or directing attention to landscape features along the access
route and to provide a sense of arrival at the destination.
Site utilities and waste systems

• Utility systems. Early in the planning process, utility systems must be identified that will not adversely affect the
environment and will work within established natural systems. After appropriate systems are selected, careful
site planning and design is required to address secondary impacts such as soil disturbance and intrusion on the
visual setting.
• Utility corridors. When utility lines are necessary, they should be buried near other corridor areas that are
already disturbed, such as roads and pedestrian paths. Overhead lines should not be located in desirable view
sheds or over landform crests. Many utility lines can be concealed under boardwalks and thereby eliminate
ground disturbance.
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Sustainable Design
SITE DESIGN

• Night lighting. The night time sky can be dramatic. Light intrusion and over lighting glare can obscure what little
night vision is available to humans. Care is required to limit night lighting to the minimum necessary for safety.
Light fixtures should remain close to the ground to minimize eye level glare.
• Storm drainage. In undisturbed landscapes, storm drainage is typically handled by vegetation canopy, ground
cover plants, soil absorption, and streams and waterways. In a modified landscape, consideration must be given
to the impacts of storm drainage on the existing natural system of drainage and the resulting structures and
systems that will be necessary to handle the new drainage pattern. The main principles in storm drainage
control are to regulate runoff to provide protection from soil erosion and to avoid directing water into
unmanageable volumes. Removal of natural vegetation, topsoil, and natural channels that provide natural
drainage control should always be avoided. An alternative would be to stabilize soils, capture run-off in
depressions—often called a bioswale and which have plants that help store and clean water and to help
recharge local groundwater supply—and to revegetate areas to replicate natural drainage systems.
• Irrigation systems. Low-volume irrigation systems are appropriate in most areas as a temporary method to
help restore previously disturbed areas or as a means to support local agriculture and native traditions.
Captured rainwater, recycled gray water, or treated effluent could be used as irrigation water.
• Waste treatment. It is important to use treatment technologies that are biological, nonmechanical, and do not
involve soil leaching or land disposal that causes soil disturbance. Constructed biological systems are being put
to use increasingly to purify wastewater.
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Sustainable Design
SITE DESIGN

• Night lighting. The night time sky can be dramatic. Light intrusion and over lighting glare can obscure what little
night vision is available to humans. Care is required to limit night lighting to the minimum necessary for safety.
Light fixtures should remain close to the ground to minimize eye level glare.
• Storm drainage. In undisturbed landscapes, storm drainage is typically handled by vegetation canopy, ground
cover plants, soil absorption, and streams and waterways. In a modified landscape, consideration must be given
to the impacts of storm drainage on the existing natural system of drainage and the resulting structures and
systems that will be necessary to handle the new drainage pattern. The main principles in storm drainage
control are to regulate runoff to provide protection from soil erosion and to avoid directing water into
unmanageable volumes. Removal of natural vegetation, topsoil, and natural channels that provide natural
drainage control should always be avoided. An alternative would be to stabilize soils, capture run-off in
depressions—often called a bioswale and which have plants that help store and clean water and to help
recharge local groundwater supply—and to revegetate areas to replicate natural drainage systems.
• Irrigation systems. Low-volume irrigation systems are appropriate in most areas as a temporary method to
help restore previously disturbed areas or as a means to support local agriculture and native traditions.
Captured rainwater, recycled gray water, or treated effluent could be used as irrigation water.
• Waste treatment. It is important to use treatment technologies that are biological, nonmechanical, and do not
involve soil leaching or land disposal that causes soil disturbance. Constructed biological systems are being put
to use increasingly to purify wastewater.
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Sustainable Design
SITE DESIGN
Site-adaptive design considerations

Natural Characteristics. When natural systems and climatic resources are incorporated into site designs, spaces
can be more comfortable, interesting, and efficient. They include:
• Wind—The major advantage of wind in recreational development is its cooling aspect. For example, trade winds
in the Caribbean come from the northeast to the southeast quadrant, so many of the structures and outdoor
gathering places of the native population are oriented to take advantage of this cooling wind movement, or
“natural” air conditioning.
• Sun—Where sun is abundant, it is imperative to provide shade for human comfort and safety in activity areas
(pathways, patios), The most economical and practical way is to use natural vegetation, slope aspects, or
introduced shade structures. Additional solar considerations for environmentally responsive site design include
orientation of facilities to capitalize on day lighting and photovoltaic opportunities.
• Rainfall—Even in tropical rain forests where water is seemingly abundant, clean potable water is often in short
supply. Many settings must import water; which substantially increases energy use and operating costs, and
makes conservation of water important. Rainfall should be captured for a variety of uses (drinking, bathing) and
this water reused for secondary purposes (flushing toilets, washing clothes).
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Sustainable Design
SITE DESIGN

• Topography—In many areas, flatland is at a premium and should be set aside for agricultural uses. This leaves
only slopes upon which to build. Slopes do not have to be an insurmountable site constraint if innovative design
solutions and sound construction techniques are applied. Protection of native soil and vegetation are critical
concerns in high slope areas. Reducing the size of the footprint of development, eliminating the use of
automobiles and their parking requirements, elevating walkways, and using point footings for structures are
appropriate design solutions.
• Vegetation—Exotic plant materials, while possibly interesting and beautiful, are not amenable to maintaining
healthy native ecosystems. Sensitive native plant species need to be identified and protected. Existing
vegetation should be maintained to encourage biodiversity and to protect the nutrients held in the biomass of
native vegetation.
• Geology and soil—Designing with geologic features such as rock outcrops can enhance the sense of place.
Integrating rocks into the design of a deck or boardwalk brings people in direct contact with the character and
uniqueness of a place.
• Aquatic ecosystems—Development near aquatic areas must be based on an understanding of sensitive
resources and processes. In most cases, development should be set back from the aquatic zone and protective
measures taken to address indirect environmental impacts, such as streamside vegetated buffers.
• Wildlife—Sensitive habitat areas should always be avoided. Encouraging wildlife to remain close to human
activity centers enhances the visitor experience. This can be achieved by maintaining as much original habitat
as possible.
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Sustainable Design
SITE DESIGN

Native landscape preservation and restoration
• Preservation of the natural landscape is of great importance during construction. It is much less expensive to
retain it, rather than to remove and more ecologically sound than subsequent restoration. Preservation entails
carefully defining the construction zone. Construction traffic can have the effect of compressing soils and
• making those areas incapable of absorbing water and holding oxygen necessary to support plant life in future.
Avoid the specification to“clear and grub” any unnecessary soil areas because it encourages volunteer exotic
growth in scarred areas. Restoration of native planting patterns should be used when site disturbances are
unavoidable. All native plants disturbed by the construction should be saved, healing them first in a temporary
nursery. The site should be replanted with native materials in a mix consistent with that found in a natural
ecosystem. In some instances, native materials should be used compositionally to achieve drama and visual
interest for human benefit.
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Sustainable Design
WATER SUPPLY
Water is a nourisher of plant and animal life, a bearer of food, a prime element of industrial processes, and a medium
for transportation. It is an essential element of recreation, aesthetic and spiritual life. To ensure global, regional
and local water resources can meet the demands of the future, all infrastructure, urban development and
buildings require design for water conservation, collection, storage, treatment, and reuse.
Water sources
• Groundwater (wells and springs). An uncontaminated groundwater source or spring usually requires the least
input (energy, chemical, financial) to provide safe water for drinking, bathing, and cooking. Extreme efforts
should be made to protect existing and potential groundwater sources from contamination. Use of groundwater
is probably the least energy-intensive because renewable energy sources (wind, photovoltaic) can be used to
pump the water to a hillside storage reservoir for distribution by gravity.
• Surface water (fresh). Fresh surface water can be used when groundwater is not available. Some locations
have an abundance of fresh surface water such as streams, rivers, and lakes.
• Lack of groundwater or surface water. In those cases where there is a lack of water, rain catchment becomes an
option as a standalone supply of water or a supplement to a limited ground or surface supply. Rainfall catchment
from the roofs of structures is a recognized option for water supply, provided the necessary treatment processes
are used prior to distribution. Care should be used in selecting a roofing material (e.g., hard and smooth) that
does not collect dirt. Metal roofs may release heavy metals into drinking water if the rainwater is acidic.
Rainwater collected from ground surfaces can be used for secondary uses such as toilet flushing and irrigation
of food crops, or groundwater recharge.
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Sustainable Design
WATER SUPPLY
Water sources
• Extraction of freshwater from seawater, brackish water, or water vapor in the air. Some areas have no readily
available supply of freshwater and must rely on converting salt water to freshwater, reverse osmosis,
electrodialysis, distillation, and vapour compression are processes used. All are complex, extremely energy
consumptive, costly, and difficult to operate and maintain, and present significant disposal problems caused by
the brine concentrate.
• Water treatment The type(s) of treatment required will depend on the source of water and the quality of source
water.
• Groundwater. Treatment of groundwater is accomplished by simple disinfection using sodium hypochlorite
(laundry bleach). The sodium hypochlorite can be proportioned into the water being delivered to the storage
tank using a water-powered or photovoltaic metering pump. An emerging water disinfection technology involves
the use of liquid chlorine dioxide (Aqua Chlor), This technology provides excellent bacterial qualities while
minimizing the formation of environmentally harmful disinfection by-products.
• Surface water with low turbidity. Before disinfection, surface water requires filtration. For resource-related
developments, the recommended filtration processes would be slow sand filtration or cartridge filtration. Only
the water used for drinking, washing, and cooking would need to be completely treated. Dual distribution
systems are required—one for drinking water and one for lesser quality uses such as toilet flushing or garden
and crop watering.
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Sustainable Design
WATER SUPPLY
Water sources
• The slow sand filter is an old technology that has recently been used in contemporary applications. An evenly
graduated natural sand, approximately 3 ft. deep (.9 m) is placed in a constructed basin. The supply water is
introduced into the top layer of sand and travels downward through the sand filter to perforated collection pipes
on the bottom of the filter. Impurities in the water are removed in the top layer of the filter and accumulated for
periodic removal by scraping. The removed impurities and top 1/2-in. (1.25 cm) of sand can be dried and used
as a soil conditioner. No chemical additions or additional power are required. Operations and maintenance
requirements are low. However, a certain land area is required for the filter basin. Disinfection with bleach is the
final step. Cartridge filters using microporous filter elements (ceramic, paper, or fiber) with small pore sizes are
suitable for low turbidity surface water. (Use a graduated series of cartridge sizes to prevent rapid clogging of
filter.) Again, a dual distribution system is recommended to lessen the volume of high-quality water needed.
Head loss through a cartridge filter is higher than through a slow sand filter, so a booster pump may be required
to maintain adequate pressure in the water system. The paper and fiber filters are consumptive as they must be
disposed of when full of sediment (disposal frequency depends on turbidity in supply water). The ceramic
cartridge filter can be cleaned mechanically (scraped) and reused. Sediment cleaned from the ceramic cartridge
can be dried and used as a soil amendment.
• Operations and maintenance is minimal. Disinfection with bleach is the final step.
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Sustainable Design
WATER SUPPLY
Water sources
• Surface water with high turbidity. If the source water has turbidity above 15–20 NTUs (nethelometric turbidity
units), complete conventional treatment is required. This involves the addition of synthetic chemicals such as
alum and polymer in a coagulation stage, followed by a flocculation stage before filtering in a rapid sand filter.
The filter is hydraulically backwashed (usually once per day) to remove accumulated sediment from the filter.
This backwash waste (containing the added chemicals) must be dried and disposed of in an approved manner.
The complexity and cost of operation is high, maintenance costs are high, and chemical and power inputs are
required. Dried waste sediments cannot be used as a soil amendment without further processing. The final step
is disinfection with bleach.
• Rainwater harvesting, collecting rainwater from building roofs, provides a means to collect water for seasonal
and annual landscape watering and related water needs, including potable water, if treated. water to a higher
elevation. A hydraulic ram is noisy, but the noise can be successfully mitigated with the use of sound-attenuating
materials in an enclosure. It is practicable to operate a ram with a fall of only 18 in. (.46 m), but as the fall
increases, the ram forces water to proportionately greater heights. The hydraulic ram is well suited for areas
where electrical power is not available and where an excess supply of water is available. As a gravity storage
tank will be located in an elevated location, visual quality will be important. Multiple smaller tanks may be easier
to screen than one tank. Multiple tanks also provide greater flexibility in operation. Tank materials should be
noncorrosive and sectionalized for minimal transportation requirements to the tank site.
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Sustainable Design
WATER SUPPLY
Water distribution
• Most distribution systems are either buried or placed at grade. At grade distribution systems have minimal effect
on the site and vegetation during construction, but are subject to problems with accidental breakage, frost
exposure, vandalism, and visual quality. Burying has the advantage of protecting against accidental breakage,
but leaks are more difficult to locate on a buried distribution system. Leak detection and repair is imperative
when dealing with such a precious resource as water.
• Dual distribution systems are very effective in that different qualities of water can be delivered to different use
points. Pipe contents should be color-coded so that cross-connection problems can be prevented. Especially in
environmental education facilities, water-related features provide a basis for distinctive design and may include
indigenous landscaping (Fig. 10), water harvesting (Fig. 11), and gray water systems (Fig. 12),
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Sustainable Design
WASTE PREVENTION
There is no completely safe method of waste disposal. All forms of disposal have negative impacts on the
environment, public health, and local economies. Landfills have contaminated drinking water. Garbage burned in
incinerators has poisoned air, soil, and water. Many water and wastewater treatment systems change the local
ecology. Attempts to control or manage wastes after they are produced fail to eliminate environmental impacts.
The only way to avoid environmental harm from waste is to prevent its generation. Pollution prevention means
changing the way activities are conducted and eliminating the source of the problem.
Preventing pollution in a sensitive resource-related setting requires thinking through all of the activities and services
associated with the facility and planning them in a way that generates less waste. Waste prevention leads to thinking
about materials in terms of the three “R’s,” to reduce, reuse, recycle. The best way to prevent pollution is to avoid
using materials that become waste problems. When such materials must be used, they should be reused onsite.
Materials that cannot be directly reused should be recycled.
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Sustainable Design
WASTE PREVENTION
• Use products that minimize waste and that are nontoxic.

• Recovery nutrients from waste streams by composting, anaerobically digest biodegradable wastes, or
constructed wastelands and solar-assisted aquaculture.
• Reuse materials onsite or collect suitable materials for offsite recycling.
• Use of products that minimize waste.
• Much of the growing volume of garbage is from the use of disposable consumer products and excess
packaging. Consideration must be given to materials or products that minimize waste disposal needs—
purchase items with minimal packaging, buy in bulk, and replace disposable products with durable, reusable
items. Use of plastics for packaging is increasing, thereby replacing recyclable products and materials. Plastics,
which account for about 20% of solid waste by volume, are not biodegradable, difficult or impossible to recycle,
have a high volume-to-weight ratio, and are toxic when burned.
• When selecting materials and goods, nothing should be purchased that will ultimately become toxic. Nontoxic
materials can often be substituted for products that cause contamination problems during disposal.
• Materials should be purchased locally whenever possible. Locally produced goods needing less transport and
less storage should have less packaging waste.
• Nutrient recovery and biodegradation. In the process of biodegradation, microorganisms break down the
products of other living things and incorporate them back into the ecosystem. Biodegradable or bioconvertible
material includes anything that is organic. Most of the organic components of garbage, such as paper and food
wastes, can be eliminated through composting. Between 60 and 75% of the solid waste is bioconvertible.
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Sustainable Design
WASTE PREVENTION
• The biodegradable or bioconvertible percentage of the waste stream is large enough to consider at least two
options for the conversion process. Two obvious options for conversion are composting and anaerobic
digestion.
• Composting. Composting is a familiar concept, and is used for handling yard waste and even sewage sludge.
Both of these organic wastes require mixing of other materials to achieve a nutrientbalance. Large chunks of
relatively inert material (most commonly wood chips) add bulk and aeration to make the process work. This is
typically done in open wind rows or piles, with mixing done daily to provide aeration and homogeneity. This
takes land space on a drainable surface, and a collection of any runoff for dispersal of the liquid to the process.
It produces a quality soil amendment and reduces the bulk of the original material by approximately 40–50%.
Composting does off-gas ammonia and carbon dioxide and produces offensive odors. It typically takes 50–60
days to process, Screening of the final product is necessary to remove the bulking material and provide
granulation before use in the soil bed.
• The use of this product as a soil amendment is valuable, particularly in a tropical environment, because the soil
is essentially sterile, with only about 2% organic content. Affected by humidity, rainfall, temperature, and normal
soil activity, the organic material placed on the soil will typically last only 30–40 days in the tropics. In a
temperate climate, that same material may last as long as six months.
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Sustainable Design
WASTE PREVENTION
• Anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is used extensively worldwide for processing food waste, animal
waste, the solids of human waste systems, and for the total array of solid waste such as waste paper, green
waste, and landscape waste. This wet fermentation process converts the waste stream into three usable by-
products: (1) biogas—an energy-rich gas stream, comparable to natural gas that can be used to offset the cost
of energy utilities of the development, (2) a high-quality organic fertilizer solid that may be useful in landscaping
efforts or crop production; and (3) a diluted liquid organic fertilizer that may be used in drip irrigation as an
additive to any planting program, for feeding ornamentals, or in landscape plots for replenishing native or
endangered species of plants.
• Recycling. A material doesn’t become waste until it is thrown in the garbage can. If a material can be reused it is
a resource, not waste. Reuse is the best form of recycling. Recycling can be maximized through the purchase of
products for which there is a ready market as recycled materials. In circumstance where there is no available
market for a given material, often a beneficial end use can be developed locally. Every effort should be made to
work with the local community to determine if any of the materials generated by the facility can be used—e.g.,
glass beverage containers can be ground up and incorporated into materials for construction and road building.
Efficient recycling requires sorting of materials; convenient bins should be provided at the facility for the
materials being recycled.
• Offsite disposal. If a garbage prevention strategy has been fully executed, actual remaining waste should be
minimal. Remaining residuals mean that the facility is not entirely environmentally sustainable. All residuals must
be collected separately and disposed of offsite. In most cases residuals should be returned to their place of
origin. Toxic material residuals must be segregated and disposed of separately.
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Sustainable Design
CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
The impetus for sustainable design came from outside of the design professions—essentially from international
development community responding to global issues of population, poverty, threatened and diminishing natural
resources and the imbalances of global development, evident in unattended growth of unplanned megacities.
Sustainable design is thus central to the agenda of thought and action that responds to the root issues of global
development. A number of significant ideas emerge from the concept of sustainability to shape an agenda for
sustainable design, representing the contribution that can be made by the architecture, urban design and planning
professions.
1. Bioclimatic design
• Energy-efficient and environmentally responsible design has continuously evolved in architecture evident in the
1930s interest in solar design by early modernists such as the Kechs, but also Wright, Gropius, Breuer and Le
Corbusier; the 1950s development of bioclimatic design by the Olgyays, 1970s research into energy-efficient
eating, cooling and daylighting of buildings; and 1980–90s concerns for human health, air quality, and
environmental impact of buildings on the natural landscape.
• The microclimate provides opportunities to create comfort conditions in buildings by design strategies that
include natural ventilation, daylighting, and passive heating and cooling (Watson and Milne 1997). In these
approaches, architecture and environmental systems are conceived as integral to the microclimate of the site,
modified by the design of healthy environments inside and outside spaces, which in turn create more favorable
microclimates for gardening, wildlife and the restorative role of its impinging natural systems (Fig. 13). 27
Sustainable Design
2. Life-cycle and “cradle-to-cradle”materials reclamation
• The “life-cycle” or “cradle-to-cradle” concept envisions all materials production as a continuous and sustainable
process of use and reuse, essentially the recycleability of all materials design and production. The application of
life-cycle thinking and materials reclamation to building suggests emphasis upon longevity, continuous
preservation and renewal of building assets, adaptable systems and replaceable subcomponents,
demountability, and reclaimed construction products and systems.
3. Sustainable community design

• Sustainable community design combines architecture, landscape design and planning, in which towns and
communities are conceived of in terms of environmental flows and resources (Van der Ryn and Calthorpe
1986). In addition to holistic environmental design approaches, community involvement is seen as essential, for
which the design charrette and community design clinics provide models, as is the emphasis upon economic,
social and community empowerment models that have been advanced in community development and
advocacy disciplines.
4. Metro-regional planning
• As an extension beyond the community scale, sustainability design issues can be best addressed by the
inclusion of transportation, land use and metropolitan-scale environmental impacts of air and water, properly
conceived as bioregional planning. This view is not beyond the architectural tradition, evidenced by the
contributions to transit-oriented development approaches by Peter Calthorpe and to the town planning by
Andreas Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk.
28
Sustainable Design
5. Bioregionalism
• Bioregionalism is the approach to design urban places and infrastructure within the environmental context of
their regions, defined by contingent landforms, vegetation and watersheds, and codependent living species,
climate and resources (Box E). These issues are integrated in design by methods cited in this article pioneered
by Ian McHarg (1969) and John Lyle (1994), Water conservation and waste nutrient recovery are also best
conceived as regional strategies.
• Recharging of local aquifer through absorptive landscaping is a traditional but necessary alternative to
conventionally engineered storm-water drainage, the neglect for which is now measured by the magnitude of
major floods throughout the world. Sewer treatment that restores nutrients to topsoil is an economically viable
and far more sustainable alternative to conventional disposal, demonstrated in biologically regenerative waste
recovery systems at the municipal scale.
• Bioregional design balances human needs with the carrying capacity of the natural and cultural environments.
Designing within the carrying capacity of the land minimizes negative environmental impacts, importation of
goods and energy, and seeks to restore and increase the carrying capacity by water and nutrient recovery,
establishment of water courses and vegetated zones and the biotic systems they support.
29
Sustainable Design
6. Restoration of biological diversity and conservation
• Beyond the enterprise of designing the built environment for human habitation, sustainability gives voice to the
biological role of all living species in the web of life (Wilson 1992). The detrimental impact of building and land-
use practices is now directly correlated to critical biological species decline in all areas of the world through
habitat reduction, production of toxic chemicals and waste, combustion of fossil fuels, and related agricultural
and industrial resource exploitation.
• Proposals that are part of bioregional planning at a regional and even continental scale call for the recovery of
wilderness to preserve the range of endangered species as an international biological conservation strategy.
30
Sustainable Design
7. A global perspective
• The discussion of sustainability that emerged from the Earth Summit in Rio has reconfigured the international
view away from a geopolitical division of “first-, second-, and third-worlds” to “one world,” increasingly
interdependent in economic and environmental development. This aspiration has often become stalemated in
political and ideological debate, surrounding economic issues of international aid and obligations of
industrialized nations to support the economic development and conservation practices of developing nations.
All the while, rapid industrialization continues apace especially in the developing world, largely uninformed by
sustainable design practices.
• Regardless of these apparent expediencies, the sustainability discussion has given an unprecedented and
undeniable perspective of the essential interconnectedness of all economies and environments that must be the
framework of future design education and practice. Implicit in all these discussions is a commitment and
concern for the future well beyond our personal roles and realms—what author Robert Gilman has called “future
fairness,” offered as a succinct two-word definition of the concept of sustainability. Just as human impact has
negative impact upon the global environment and thus upon future resources, the obverse can also be true, that
human impact can have positive benefit through design intention. The role of stewardship through design
conceives of human intelligence and creativity as integral in the evolution of life on earth. The capacity to design
is our one best way to prepare for an unpredictable yet more sustainable future. While the interdependencies of
global environmental health and biodiversity appear overwhelming, we do not yet know the upper limit of the
human capacity for global education, stewardship, and sustainable design.
31
PARKING
INTRODUCTION
 PARKING IS THE MOST DIFFICULT AND THORNY
PROBLEM TO CONFRONT THE SITE PLANNER.
 THE USER HAS AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT ATTITUDE

TOWARD PARKING.
 ANYONE INVOLVED IN THE RENTAL OR LEASING

OF RESIDENTIAL, RETAIL, OR COMMERCIAL SPACE
WILL TESTIFY TO THE CONCERN ANY USER HAS
FOR PARKING.
• IN URBAN COMMERCIAL AREAS, PARKING IS
CRITICAL TO THE ABILITY OF MANY MERCHANTS
TO SURVIVE ECONOMICALLY.
• THAT SAME ATTITUDE IS PARAMOUNT TO THE

RESIDENTIAL USER WHO PREFERS A “BED-TO-
BATHROOM” RELATIONSHIP REGARDING PARKING
AND DWELLING.
• ALTHOUGH AN ADEQUATE AMOUNT OF SPACES IN

A VISIBLE LOCATION IS VALUABLE, THE AESTHETIC
QUALITY OF THE PATH IS ALSO IMPORTANT.
• ALTHOUGH YOUR COMMUNITY WILL PROBABLY
HAVE A TRANSPORTATION PLAN, IT IS UNLIKELY
THAT IT WILL HAVE A PARKING PLAN.
• MOST COMMUNITY RELY ON ORDINANCES THAT

STIPULATE MINIMAL OFF-SITE PARKING BASED ON
SPECIFIC LAND USES.
• THE PROBLEM IS THAT MANY MUNICIPALITIES

HAVE WAIVED OFF-STREET PARKING
REQUIREMENTS FOR RETAIL AND OFFICE
ACTIVITIES IN CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS
WITH RATIONALE THAT “THE PRIVATE SECTOR
WILL SUPPLY THE NEED.”
• STREET SYSTEMS AND PARKING ARE RARELY
CONSIDERED AS INTEGRATED COMPONENTS: ONE
AS MOVEMENT, ONE AS STORAGE.
• PARKING IS A PARASITE AS A LAND USE. THE

VEHICLES CONTRIBUTE NOTHING POSITIVE TO
THE LANDSCAPE. AS A PARASITE, AND LEFT TO
THE WHIM OF THE INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPER,
PARKING IS FOUND AS A PRIMARY LAND USE
EATING AWAY AT THE FABRIC OF THE CITY.
• COMMUNITIES HAVE ANGUISHED OVER THE LOSS OF A
LOCAL HISTORICAL LANDMARK REDUCED TO A PILE OF
PARTIALLY RECYCLABLE MATERIAL TO MAKE WAY FOR A
PARKING GARAGE.
• IF THERE WAS EVER A REASON FOR ZONING, PARKING IS IT.
• THE POSITIVE ASPECT OF LETTING AN UNFETTERED FREE

MARKET PROVIDE PARKING MEANS THAT THE MUNICIPALITY
WILL NOT BE OBLIGATED TO COMMIT ANY OF ITS FINANCIAL
OR HUMAN RESOURCES TO PROVIDING ANOTHER
“SERVICE.”
• THAT ATTITUDE IS A MANIFESTATION OF A PHILOSOPHY
PREVALENT IN MANY COMMUNITIES WHICH CONSIDERS ANY
MEDDLING OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR IN THE PRIVATE
SECTOR’S TRADITIONAL DOMAIN TO BE INAPPROPRIATE.
• PARKING AS A DESIGN PROBLEM IS FURTHER COMPOUNDED

BECAUSE OF THE INCONSISTENCIES ASSOCIATED WITH
SIMPLE STANDARDS.
• BECAUSE OF THE INCONSISTENCIES BETWEEN LOCAL

GOVERNMENTS, THE SITE PLANNER MUST CONSULT HIS OR
HER LOCAL ZONING ORDINANCES FOR SPECIFIC PARKING
CRITERIA AND REQUIREMENTS.
FOUR BASIC FORMS OR
CONFIGURATIONS OF PARKING
• THE 90° TWO WAY LOT
BECAUSE THIS CONFIGURATION HAS THE SMALLEST

AMOUNT OF WASTED SPACE (IN CORNERS AND AISLES), IT IS
THE MOST EFFICIENT. ALTHOUGH SOME CONSIDER IT TO BE
THE MOST DIFFICULT TO NEGOTIATE, MANUEVERING IN AND
OUT OF A 90° PARKING SPACE IS NOT THAT DIFFICULT IN
THIS AGE OF POWER-ASSISTED STEERING.
• THE ANGLED ONE-WAY LOT
THE ANGLED ONE-WAY LOT HAS THREE VARIATIONS: 60°,

45°, AND 30°, RANGING FROM THE MOST EFFICIENT TO THE
LEAST EFFICIENT. SINCE ANYTHING LESS THAN 90°
CREATES TWO TRIANGLES OF WASTED AREA, IT IS EASY TO
SEE WHY THE EFFICIENCY GOES DOWN AS THE ANGLE IS
INCREASED. SINCE ANGLED ONE-WAY PARKING CAN
FUNCTION WITH A NARROWER AISLE WIDTH THAN ANY TWO-
WAY SYSTEM, IT HAS OBVIOUS ADVANTAGES IN THOSE
SITUATIONS WHERE ONE-WAY SYSTEM ARE NECESSARY
• TWO-WAY ANGLED PARKING
THE ADVANTAGE OF TWO-WAY ANGLED PARKING IS ITS

EASY INGRESS AND EGRESS. SUBURBAN RETAIL CENTERS
OFTEN USE THIS FORM, AS IT ACCOMODATES TWO-WAY
ACCESS DOWN ANY AISLE AND HAS LESS THAN A
PERPENDICULAR ANGLE FOR THOSE DRIVERS WHO
STRUGGLE WITH THE PERPENDICULAR DOUBLE-LOADED
LOT.
• PARALLEL PARKING
IT IS THE MOST DIFFICULT FOR PEOPLE TO NEGOTIATE AND

THE LEAST EFFICIENT OF THE FOUR MODELS. ONE BASIC
RULE ASSOCIATED WITH PARALLEL PARKING IS THAT IT
SHOULD NEVER BE MIXED WITH ANY OTHER FORM OF
PARKING.THE CHANCES FOR A COLLISION AS A DRIVER
BACKS OUT OF A SPACE AND INTO THE SIDE OF A CAR
PARKED PARALLEL TO THE ISLE ARE EXCELLENT.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
WHEN DESIGNING A PARKING LOT THAT WILL BE BOUNDED
ON ONE EDGE BY A BUILDING, MAKE CERTAIN THAT ONE OR
TWO THINGS TAKES PLACE.
• FIRST, A WHEEL STOP IS ABSOLUTELY CRITICAL TO KEEP

AUTO BUMPERS AWAY FROM A BUILDING WALL.
• SECOND, SOMETIMES A SCREEN OR GUARD IS NECESSARY

TO PROTECT WALLS OR STRUCTURES.
• SCREENING METHODS INCLUDE BERMS, FENCING, WALLS,
VEGETATION, AND IN SOME CASES COMBINATIONS OF
THESE BASICS, AS VEGETATION ALWAYS ADDS A SOFTER
QUALITY TO ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS.
• THE CONCEPT OF SCREENING PARKING SHOULD ALSO

INCLUDE THE DEVELOPMENT OF BUFFER AREAS ALONG THE
EDGE OF THE STREET.
HANDICAPPED PARKING
• THE CRITERIA ASSOCIATED WITH HANDICAPPED PARKING

NEED SPECIAL ATTENTION.
• FIRST, WALKING DISTANCES SHOULD BE HELD TO MINIMUM.
• SECOND, EVERY EFFORT SHOULD BE MADE TO LOCATE

HANDICAPPED PARKING SUCH THAT THE PHYSICALLY
IMPAIRED PEDESTRIAN CAN AVOID CROSSING A
CIRCULATION DRIVE.
• MOST ORDINANCES REQUIRE A WIDER SPACE TO PERMIT

WHEELCHAIR ACCESS BETWEEN CARS.
HANDICAPPED PARKING
• SIGNS IDENTIFYING HANDICAPPED PARKING SHOULD BE
LOCATED NEXT TO THE WHEELCHAIR RAMPS.
• COMMON SENSE SUGGESTS THAT NEITHER WHEEL STOPS

NOR DRAINAGE GRATES SHOULD BE LOCATED IN THE
DIRECT PATH TO THE WHEELCHAIR RAMP.
• IF THE HANDICAPPED PARKING AREA AND RAMP ARE AT

THE END OF THE PARKING LOT, BOLLARDS SHOULD BE
USED TO DEFINE THE EDGE OF THE PEDESTRIAN ZONE.
• SIMILAR TO HEAD-IN HANDICAPPED PARKING, PARALLEL

PARKING SHOULD ALSO BE WIDER BY 1.05 METERS. SIGNS
AND RAMPS SHOULD ALSO BE VISIBLE AND ACCESSIBLE.
DROP--OFF ZONE
DROP
• THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE PEDESTRIAN AND THE AUTO
IS ONE OF THE MOST DIFFICULT PROBLEMS IN THE DESIGN
OF THE PARKING LOT.
• UNLIKE THE FIRE LANE, WHICH IS BASED ON A PUBLIC

SAFETY ISSUE, THE DROP-OFF ZONE IS GENERALLY NOT A
REQUIREMENT AND MUST BE PROMULGATED BY THE SITE
PLANNER.
• THE DROP-OFF ZONE SHOULD BE CLEARLY SEPARATED

FROM THE MAIN STREAM OF TRAFFIC.
• ALTHOUGH BOLLARDS MAY BE USED TO DEMARK THE

LIMITS OF THE ZONE, NO CHAINS OR OTHER HORIZONTAL
OBSTRUCTIONS SHOULD BE USED.
DROP--OFF ZONE
DROP
• DRAINAGE GRATES AND OTHER SURFACE IRREGULARITIES
SHOULD ALSO BE EXCLUDED FROM THIS ZONE.
• THE DROF-OFF ZONE IS ALSO ONE OF THOSE CONDITIONS

IN WHICH LIGHTING IS IMPORTANT.
• WHEN GENERAL PEDESTRIAN-LEVEL FIXTURES WOULD BE

A PROPERTY OF THE NORMAL LIGHTING PLAN,
SUPPLEMENTARY FIXTURES ARE NECESSARY TO PROVIDE
A HIGH LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION ON RAMPS AND CURBS OF
THE ZONE.
• THE INCLUSION OF A CANOPY OR SIMILAR DEVICE CAN,

FUNCTIONALLY AND AESTHETICALLY, ENHANCE AN
IMPORTANT TRANSITION BETWEEN PARKING AND
STRUCTURES.
RULE XIX: NATIONAL BUILDING
CODE
PARKING AND LOADING

SPACE REQUIREMENTS
• THE SIZE OF AN AVERAGE AUTOMOBILE PARKING SLOT
SHALL BE COMPUTED AS FOLLOWS:
PERPENDICULAR/ 2.40 METERS X 5.00

DIAGONAL PARKING METERS
PARALLEL PARKING 2.00 METERS X 6.00
METERS
TRUCK OR BUS 3.60 METERS X 12.00
PARKING/LOADING METERS
SLOT
MINIMUM OFF-
OFF-STREET REQUIREMENTS FOR
SPECIFIC USES
LOW –INCOME SINGLE DETACHED POOLED PARKING AT 1 SLOT/10

LIVING UNITS IN HOUSING LIVING UNITS
PROJECT AREAS WITH INDIVIDUAL
LOTS NOT MORE THAN 100 SQ.M.
MULTI-FAMILY LIVING UNITS WITH
AN AVERAGE LIVING UNIT FLOOR
AREA OF:
1. UP TO 50 SQ.M. 1 SLOT/8 LIVING UNITS
2. ABOVE 50 SQ.M. TO 100 SQ.M. 1 SLOT/4 LIVING UNITS
3. MORE THAN 100 SQ.M. 1 SLOT/LIVING UNIT
HOTELS 1 SLOT/10 ROOMS
RESIDENTIAL HOTELS AND 1 SLOT/5 UNITS
APARTELS
MOTELS 1 SLOT/UNIT
MINIMUM OFF-
SPECIFIC USES
NEIGHBORHOOD SHOPPING 1 SLOT/100 SQ.M. OF SHOPPING

CENTER FLOOR AREA
MARKETS 1 SLOT/150 SQ.M. OF SHOPPING
FLOOR AREA
RESTAURANTS, FAST-FOOD 1 SLOT/30 SQ.M. OF CUSTOMER
CENTERS, BARS AND AREA
BEERHOUSES
NIGHT CLUBS, SUPPER CLUBS, 1 SLOT/20 SQ.M. OF CUSTOMER
AND THEATER-RESTAURANTS AREA
OFFICE BUILDINGS 1 SLOT/125 SQ.M. OF GROSS
FLOOR AREA
PENSION/BOARDING/LODGING 1 SLOT/20 BEDS
HOUSES
OTHER BUILDINGS IN BUSINESS/ 1 SLOT/ 125 SQ.M. OF GROSS
COMMERCIAL ZONES FLOOR AREA
MINIMUM OFF-
SPECIFIC USES
PUBLIC ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS 1 SLOT/50 SQ.M. OF SPECTATOR

SUCH AS THEATERS, CINEMAS, AREA
AUDITORIA, STADIA, ETC.
PLACES OF WORSHIP AND 1 SLOT/50 SQ.M. OF
FUNERAL PARLORS CONGREGATION AREA
SCHOOLS
1. ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY, 1 SLOT/10 CLASSROOMS
VOCATIONAL AND TRADE
2. COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 1 SLOT/5 CLASSROOMS
HOSPITALS 1 SLOT/25 BEDS
BOWLING ALLEYS 1 SLOT/4 ALLEYS
AMUSEMENT CENTERS 1 SLOT/50 SQ.M. OF GROSS
FLOOR AREA
CLUB HOUSES, BEACH HOUSES 1 SLOT/100 SQ.M. OF GROSS
AND THE LIKE FLOOR AREA
MINIMUM OFF-
SPECIFIC USES
FACTORIES, MANUFACTURING 1 CAR SLOT/1000 SQ.M. OF GROSS

ESTABLISHMENTS, MERCANTILE FLOOR AREA
BUILDINGS, WAREHOUSES AND
STORAGE BINS
TOURIST BUS PARKING AREAS 2 BUS SLOTS/HOTEL OR THEATER
RESTAURANT
PARKING REQUIREMENT
COMPUTATION
THE OFF-STREET PARKING REQUIREMENT RATING MAY BE
REDUCED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ANY OR ALL OF THE FOLLOWING
APPLICABLE CONDITIONS, PROVIDED SUCH CONDITIONS ARE
PERMANENT:
1. ONLY OFF-STREET SERVICE AND LOADING BAY

REQUIREMENTS ARE TO BE PROVIDED IF THE AREA WHERE
THE BUILDING/STRUCTURE TO BE ERECTED IS DESIGNATED
AS A PEDESTRIAN-DOMINATED ZONE.
2. IN MIXED OCCUPANCIES, THE PARKING REQUIREMENTS

SHALL BE THE SUM OF 100 PERCENT OF THE DOMINANT
USE AND 50 PERCENT OF EACH OF THE NON-DOMINANT
USES.
PARKING REQUIREMENT
COMPUTATION
3. FIFTY PERCENT OF ALL AVAILABLE ON-STREET PARKING

SLOTS ALONG ROADS FRONTING THE PROPERTY LINES,
WHETHER POLICE-CONTROLLED OR METER-CONTROLLED,
MAY BE INCLUDED IN COMPUTING PARKING
REQUIREMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
LOCATED THEREAT.
4. IN AREAS WHERE ADEQUATE PUBLIC PARKING

LOTS/MULTI-FLOOR PARKING GARAGES ARE AVAILABLE
WITHIN 200 METERS OF THE PROPOSED
BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES, ONLY 20 PERCENT OF PARKING
REQUIREMENTS MAY BE PROVIDED WITHIN THE PREMISES.
PARKING REQUIREMENT
COMPUTATION
5. IN COMPUTING FOR PARKING SLOTS, A FRACTION OF 0.5

AND ABOVE SHALL BE CONSIDERED AS 1 SLOT. IN SOME
CASES HOWEVER, A MINIMUM OF 1 PARKING SLOT SHALL
BE PROVIDED EXCEPT IN CASES FALLING UNDER LOW-
INCOME SINGLE DETACHED LIVING UNITS IN HOUSING
PROJECT AREAS WITH INDIVIDUAL LOTS NOT MORE THAN
100 SQ.M. AND MULTI FAMILY LIVING UNITS
SPECIAL PROVISIONS
(FOR BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES INTENDED FOR THE USE OR OCCUPANCY OF
THE HANDICAPPED, THE FOLLOWING MINIMUM PROVISIONS SHALL BE
OBSERVED)
1. 1 ACCESIBLE PRKING SLOT FOR THE HANDICAPPED PER 50

PARKING SLOTS UP TO 150 SLOTS AND AN ADDITIONAL
SLOT FOR EVERY 100 SLOTS THEREAFTER
2. WHEEL CHAIR TRANSFER AREA: ONE BETWEEN EVERY TWO
SPACES
3. PARKING AREAS FOR THE PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED
SHALL BE WITHIN 60 METERS OF THE FACILITY BEING
SERVED.
4. ALL ACCESSIBLE PARKING SPACES FOR THE HANDICAPPED
SHALL HAVE THE INTERNATIONAL SYMBOL OF ACCESS.
LOADING SLOT REQUIREMENTS
STORES, 1 LOADING SLOT FOR
MANUFACTURING, EVERY 5000 SQ.M. OF
WHOLESALE OR GROSS FLOOR AREA WITH
MERCANTILE A MINIMUM OF 1 TRUCK
BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES, LOADING SLOT
OR SIMILAR OCCUPANCIES
HOTELS AND HOSPITALS 1 TRUCK LOADING SLOT
7 cities where parking is a nightmare
• The survey assessed parking in 20 cities around the world based on the
following: longest amount of time looking for a parking place; inability to find
a parking place; disagreement over parking spots; percent of parking tickets
received for illegal parking; total number of parking tickets received.
• The results show that in seven cities parking is an absolute nightmare. Here
they are in order from the worst:
• 1. New Delhi, India
• 2. Bangalore, India
• 3. Beijing, China
• 4. Moscow, Russia
• 5. Shenzhen, China
• 6. Paris, France
• 7. Milan, Italy
Here are some other interesting notes from
the survey:
• -Six out of 10 drivers have abandoned their search for a space at least once
in the past year.
• -One in four (27 percent) respondents self-reported being involved in an

argument with a fellow driver over a parking space within the last year.
• -Drivers have spent an average of nearly 20 minutes in pursuit of a coveted

spot.
• -Thirteen percent of drivers in Nairobi reported driving around for more than
one hour for a parking spot within the last year. On the other end of the
spectrum, citizens in Chicago (28 percent), Montreal (24 percent) and
Stockholm (24 percent) fared much better, finding a spot in less than five
minutes.
• Clearly, drivers worldwide are facing frustration and pain, not only
during the daily commute, but also when searching for a parking
spot. It’s easy to see how this parking ‘pain’ can impact productivity
of citizens and economic opportunities in a city. The ability to
combine transportation information being collected with a better
understanding of their citizens’ parking needs can help cities not
only better match parking supply with demand from commuters, but
also better anticipate and avoid gridlock and make significant
inroads to reduce congestion.
• One solution to parking woes might be new technology that

connects parking information to your mobile device. It can literally
show you where parking is available in real time.
•
ARPLAN 2
PLANNING 2 : FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN
& COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
BACKGROUND OF URBAN DESIGN AND

COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
References:
Mahdavi, A. & Habib, F. (2016). Explaining the role of cultural, social and economic factors on quality of residence in urban neighborhoods: A case study of Kerman. Journal
of Geography and Regional Planning, 9(5), 59-69. https://doi.org/10.5897/jgrp2016.0559
McAdams, M. (2007). Global cities as centers of cultural influence: A focus on Istanbul, Turkey. Journal of Global Cultural Studies, 3(2007). https://doi.org/10.400/transtexts.149
Poon, S.T.F. (n.d.). Understanding the impact of cultural design and aesthetics and socio-economic shifts: Approaches to urban resilience empowers place-making.
Photos searched from Google
BACKGROUND OF URBAN DESIGN AND COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
Historical Background of urban aesthetics &

community architecture
APPROACH ECONOMIC TRAITS SOCIAL TRAITS OPERATING IDEAS FOR CHARACTERISTICS IN
CULTURAL DESIGN ARCHITECTURE
VERNACULAR Village, provincial or rural - Single-family unit - Defined and structured - Hearth
activities e.g. agriculture, - Intimate neighbourhood - Concentrated, simple layouts for - Farm
farming, cottage-based - Urban low-income classes interaction spaces - Outhouses
industries - Spontaneous and unstructured with - Religious buildings
intermediaries - Community halls
- Squatter homes
- Activity centers
RENAISSANCE Small-scale commerce and - Small town with extended - Insulated social interactions within - Piazza
trading involving distribution families and neighbors townships - Courtyards
of goods to other rural or - Intimate, connective transport - Villas
larger towns and networks to rural areas - Indoor markets
marketplaces - Unpretentious settings and facades - Street markets
- Squares
- Town halls
- Community halls
MODERN Large city manufacturing, - Diverse cosmopolitan - Centralized and planned complex - Malls
URBANISM distribution, business, retail, populace spaces for open social interactions - Amphitheaters
- Nuclear family units - Mass-scale landscaped spaces - International event and
- Surveillance and access systems exhibition halls
(e.g. CCTV, smartcard) - Landscaped parks
- Mixed development (e.g.
residential and commercial with
leisure amenities and city hotel)

Characteristics of Vernacular Architecture
• evolved organically; people arranged their activities and interactions according to natural
systems like land contour, socio-cultural orientations and local climates (Artibise, 2010)
• relates to domestic, non-foreign constructions and local lifestyles and the use of local materials
in traditional methods of living were based on available resources (Oliver, 2006)
• Vernacular forms exemplify local character: affiliating material and building traditions with the
identity and relations of inhabitants’ social surroundings, both immersed in and deriving from,
the history and culture that dictates survival patterns or needs within the given environment
(Oliver, 2006).
• domesticated structures employ stone, clay, wood, skins, grass, leaves, sand and water (Oliver,
2006)

• The early architectural forms evolved into structures that support small settlements, which grew
into towns, municipalities and districts, and are the forerunners of today’s urban cities (Upton
and Vlach, 1986)
• It has been contended that since it comprised of simple constructions built by unskilled
architects who depended on local materials and raw construction methods, formal studies of
historical designs cannot establish such “unskilled architecture” as their construction lacked
intelligence from a range of documented perspectives.
• Further analysis shows the concept does not always reflect native or traditionalist practices: for
instance, the manner of European provincialization depicted in South and Southeast Asian
architecture seems to be a merger of what a place engenders, adapted to what it needs to
develop, factoring in local elements, people, climatic parameters and technology resources.

• Courtyards as a vernacular archetype of urban design have also been a subject of interesting
case studies by urban environmental design scholars. It has been found that they reach their
height of functionality by being built in orientation to solar exposure, enabling users to fully
maximize the surface-to-volume ratio of lighting potential, and is thus a pragmatic “heat sink”
design solution which allows heat to be redistributed indoors and externally during cool nights in
arid regions
• Rappaport observes squatter dwellings, shantytowns and slums to be spontaneous, culturally-
rich, activity-centered vernacular settlements albeit forced out of economic circumstances,
space constraints and the system of abusivisimo or illegal construction due to insurgent
sentiments against the mandated housing schemes.

Characteristics of Renaissance Architecture
• The birth of new cultural approaches in the development of societies began in the 15th to 16th
century Renaissance when widespread economic boom set the foundation of place-making
urban identities
• It features idealist European urban architectural construction, town planning activities that
allowed architecture and engineering disciplines to flourish, the design, planning and creation of
appearance-centered, social environments, often presented in grandeur forms of ostentatious
settings, fittings, and edifices, reflecting genteel classes, partisan tastes, and harmonized
symmetry
• It was a result of urban planning having a role to play in the process of cultural revival: “The
development of the street and square contributed much to the emerging elegance and amenity
of a town’s built environment.

Characteristics of Renaissance Architecture
• Renaissance urbanism bears hallmarks of culture: baronial, classical architecture, fashionable

facades and furnishings, reminders of prestigious social pastimes merged with the attraction of
design quality systematically created to uphold place aesthetics.
• It has been observed that changes of the city’s look had been of crucial symbolic importance in
urban design. The uses of topographic elements for architectural planning like landmarks, roof
profiles, building height, hues and textural characteristics provides a comprehensive, unified
place-making identity to market the city.

Characteristics of Modern Urbanism
• The more urban a city shapes itself, the less tangible would rustic culture and vernacularism
appear to be. Building designs under modernist approaches emphasize the design principle of
form follows function.
• It is depicted by “hard-edged architecture” as the natural manifestation of architectural planners’
wish to fill cities with iconic designs that symbolize progress. The desire to shift away from
traditionalism reinforces globalization’s purpose in the destinies of contemporary cities through
embracing internationalism
• It is viewed as essentially a culturally-shaped movement characterized by architecture’s
powerful role in capturing and presenting postwar leaders’ vision of miraculous transformation,
symbolized by the manner which architects and design fraternities engage with politicians and
business capitalists, resulting in socio-economic growth frequently and tumultuously chasing
with city planning policies, causing environmental degradation at the same time

Characteristics of Modern Urbanism
• The main factor for the movement towards modern urbanism is the tendency to conceptualize
the city as a singular entity, where buildings are either repetitive units or one entire entity. The
modernist employs rationalistic approaches to achieve the objectives of efficiency and continuity
(Hall, 2014).
• The “grand theory” of the built environment, expressed in other branches if the arts and in
intellectual culture, is supplanted by the alternative perspective of “form follows emotion”, i.e.
Postmodernism, where stylishness, experiential habits, eclecticism and symbolic discontinuity is
embraced through flexible design modes of cultural subjects
Socio-cultural Basis of Design of Communities
• Cities for over 3,000 years have been the centers of culture and creativity. They have
been the foci where the human and material resources of civilizations have been
concentrated.
• In the past, cultures may have been contained within regions or national borders. With
the increasing rate of communication, cultures are being rapidly mixed on a global
scale. The influence of music, art, consumer products, architecture, food and other
elements of culture are global.
• Today, the world is a “cultural supermarket” where different individuals across the
globe decide what items of other cultures that they want to adopt or reject.
• The city, according to Lewis Mumford, is both a physical utility for collective living and a
symbol of those collective purposes and unanimities that arise under favouring
circumstances.
• Culture is innately geographical. It emanates from one place or another.

• The residential environments provide the main tools for developing different types of
life indicators such as health, family, job and leisure. These environments can create or
provide the appropriate conditions for increasing the satisfaction of their dwellers by
accessing the required criteria.
• The qualitative aspects of urban contexts and residential neighbourhoods are the most
important sectors that are affected by the turmoil of the world of industry and mass
production.
City
Social, commercial and environmental interactions happen and
affect the quality of residence.
District A relatively known area at the heart of the city with life
sensation which meets the resident’s demands. Residence
means belonging to a real place.
Neighbourhood A population living in a specific part of city and having

organized a formal and informal network of social interaction
and are illustrating their common identity with organization of
general region.
Social Factors
• Social interactions are important and are believed to be inseparable from district properties and human
society.
• Social relationships and humanity connection are known as serious factors in life and residence of people,
although industrial and modern life consequences have faded the human relationships in current years.
• People’s dignity in a society is defined as another element which has affected the residence quality and
social relationships. An individual’s dignity in a society can be effective for their interactions and also for the
amount of these acts and how they interact with other certain groups.
• Plato believes the ethnic and cultural homogeneity of citizens will cause more unity for them, and on the
other hand, heterogeneity will increase local conflicts within the urban population (Fakoohi, 2006).
• Some researchers believe that within the low income families, there is a lower tendency to respect privacy
and there is no attempt in order to confront with social heterogeneity (Liao, et al, 2014).
• In modern societies, urban life will decrease social relations and the communication network of people
seems time-worn in comparison to prior periods and this has caused the development of social isolation in
district level.
Social Factors
Properties of district communities with high social principals according to Bullen (2000):
• People feel being part of the district
• People feel being useful and helpful and also their abilities will be promoted for real participation in
district
• Districts belong to them and they have safe feeling inside
• Many networks of mutual relationships are formed
Cultural Factors
• Culture is a focal of social relations and lifestyle of social units. It is always defined as the most important
factor of urban life and cultural changes are obvious in societies (Habib and Khastoo, 2014).
• It is known as a capital which provides an exclusive access to rare rewards and has the ability to be
transmitted between generations. Cultural capital includes special skills, tastes, how to talk, academic
degrees and the ways in which a person can distinguish himself/herself from others.
• Cultural capital is a collection of terms, information and privileges which a person uses to protect or achieve
a social situation. It is permanently owned by a class, group, tribe or clan.
• The relationship between human and cultural aspect is a phenomenon in which human and environment are
partners to form it (Hall, 2014).
Economic Factors
• Researches show that there is a positive correlation between wealth and satisfaction.
• Richard Wilkinson and Kate Picket (2009) posits the effective role of social equity in order to protect the
freedom and prosperity in different societies. They also believe that the absence of this equity weakens
people’s lifestyle and trust plummeting with violence increasing.
• Wilkinson and Picket studied the income inequality impacts on the health of the community and made it clear
that societies with more equal income, with lower income levels, are happier and healthier than the societies
with higher levels of income but unequal. They believe that equality and homogeneity have more effect on life
quality.
• Societies with homogenous economy can provide more peace for their occupants and this issue is a
requirement of better quality of life.

A research by Mahdavi and Habib (2016) sought to answer the question: “Does class
homogeneity enhance the life and quality of residence?”
The assumption was that social, cultural and economic heterogeneity will cause great
gap between the various social groups in residential areas. This grouping and class
dependency is introduced based on indexes like income, education, occupation, place of
residence and housing. As much as the gap is less, the higher the quality of life is.
The findings are as follows:

• There is a significant relationship between neighborhood services and quality of life. This means that as
much as more neighborhood services exist, the residence quality will be better.
• There is a significant relationship between interaction of citizens and quality of residence. This means that
the more the citizens interact, the better the quality of residence will be.
• There is not a significant relationship between the neighborhood services and the social interaction of
citizens.

Mahdavi and Habib (2016) concluded that the same level of social classes impact people’s mental
comfort as well as social interaction, which lead to improvement in the quality of the residential
environment.
Access to the neighborhood services increases citizens’ comfort objectively, leading to the
improvement of environmental quality, but these services do not increase social interaction in areas
such as centers of old neighborhoods.
It can be suggested that by improving the quality of urban spaces in services and facilities centers
and promoting social interaction could help increase the quality of life in urban areas.
The creation of homogenous neighborhoods in terms of socio-cultural classes will increase spiritual
security, reduce mental stress of citizens and promote the quality of life. These will lead to increased
uniformity, social interactions and cultural exchanges which are considered as effective solutions.
These events will be possible in public spaces of the neighborhood.
UNDERSTANDING URBAN DESIGN IN THE
PHILIPPINES: THE SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS
FAMILY, FOOD, FAITH, FRIENDS,

FUN, GIVING & SHARING
IMPACTS OF SOCIO-CULTURAL
FACTORS TO THE POOR FILIPINO’S
LIFESTYLE & RESIDENCE QUALITY
TYPICAL SCENARIOS IN PHILIPPINE

URBAN AREAS STREETSCAPE
Food/Fun/Gathering
EXAMPLE OF HOW CULTURE IS
INCORPORATED IN URBAN DESIGN
Value for Health

(skin care)
EXAMPLE OF HOW CULTURE IS

INCORPORATED IN URBAN DESIGN
Food
Festivals
Fun/Gathering
HOW CAN WE INCORPORATE

FILIPINO CULTURE IN URBAN
DESIGN?
ARPLAN 2
PLACEMAKING

PLACEMAKING
Placemaking
• Photos first or questions

PLACEMAKING
Urban Design aims for:

1. Placemaking
2. Environmental stewardship
3. Social equity
4. Economic viability
Placemaking
• It is a people-centered approach to the planning, design and management of public places. It

can be used to improve all of the spaces that comprise the gathering places within a
community—its streets, sidewalks, parks, buildings, and other public spaces—so they invite
greater interaction between people and foster healthier, more social, and economically viable
communities. (Placemaking Chicago, 2008)
• Placemaking is not just the act of building or fixing up a space; it is a process that fosters the
creation of vital public destinations—the kind of places where people feel a strong stake in their
communities and commitment to making things better. Placemaking capitalizes on a local
community’s assets, inspiration and potential, creating good public spaces that pro mote
people’s health, happiness, and economic well-being. (Placemaking Chicago, 2008)
PLACEMAKING
Placemaking
• Placemaking inspires people to collectively re-imagine and re-invent public spaces as the heart
of every community. Strengthening the connection between people and the places they share,
placemaking refers to a collaborative process by which we can shape our public realm in order
to maximize shared value. More than just promoting better urban design, placemaking facilitates
creative patterns of use, paying particular attention to the physical, cultural, and social identities
that define a place and support its ongoing evolution. (Project for Public Spaces, 2007)
Placemaking is: Placemaking is not:

Community-driven Dynamic Top-down Static
Visionary Trans-disciplinary Reactionary Discipline-driven
Function before form Transformative Design-driven One-dimensional
Adaptable Flexible A blanket solution or Dependent on
quick fix regulatory controls
Inclusive Collaborative Exclusionary A cost/benefit analysis
Focused on creating Sociable Car-centric Project-focused
destinations
Context-specific One-size-fits-all
PLACEMAKING
Placemaking
• Photos first or questions

PLACEMAKING
CREATING & IDENTIFYING SENSE OF PLACE &

SENSE OF TIME
Sense of Place
• identifiable neighbourhoods
• unique architecture
• aesthetically pleasing public places and vistas
• identifiable landmarks and focal points
• human element (compatible scales of development and ongoing public stewardship)
***Health, happiness and well-being
Sense of Time
• The experience of a city or parts of a city classified as either “fast” or “slow”
• It is inter-subjective and location-specific, sensory and meaningful.
• It is experienced and performed collectively; jointly perceived and shared.
(Wunderlich, 2013)
PLACEMAKING
SPACE IN URBAN DESIGN, URBAN AESTHETICS,

URBAN PATTERN
Urban Space
• without imposing aesthetic criteria, we are compelled to designate all types of space between
buildings in towns and other localities as urban space
• the clear legibility of its geometrical characteristics and aesthetic qualities which allows us
consciously to perceive external space as urban space
Elements of Urban Space

• SQUARE
• STREET
• HOUSE
PLACEMAKING

URBAN PATTERN
Square
• was the first way man discovered of
using urban space
• produced by the grouping of houses
around an open space
• high degree of control of the inner
space
• ready defense against external
aggression by minimizing the
external surface area liable to attack
• residential use, inner courtyard or
atrium, marketplaces, parade
grounds, ceremonial squares,
squares in front of churches and
town halls
PLACEMAKING

URBAN PATTERN
Street
• a product of the spread of a settlement
once houses have been built on all
available space around its central square
• has a more pronouncedly functional
character
• planned to the scale of the human being,
the horse and the carriage
House
PLACEMAKING

URBAN PATTERN
Building Sections affecting Urban Space
PLACEMAKING

URBAN PATTERN
PLACEMAKING

URBAN PATTERN
PLACEMAKING

URBAN PATTERN
PLACEMAKING
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
• Buildings – form the street walls of the city; if designed well, creates a sense of place
• Public Space - the living room of the city
• Streets - connections between spaces and places
• Transport - include road, rail, bicycle, and pedestrian networks, and together form the
total movement system of a city
• Landscape - helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting
spaces and elements
Buildings
Streets
Landscape
Transport
Public Space
PLACEMAKING
ORIENTATION & IDENTITY IN COMMUNITY

ARCHITECTURE
Solar Access
• the ability of one property to continue to receive sunlight across property lines without
obstruction from another’s property (buildings, foliage or other impediment)
• it is calculated using a sun path diagram
• the desire for sun rights, as well as the need to develop a sustainable architecture that relies
upon sunlight for winter heat and day lighting
Solar Envelope
• presents the maximum heights of buildings that do not violate the solar access of any existing
buildings during a given period of the year
• is a way to assure urban solar access for both energy and life quality
• regulates development within imaginary boundaries derived from the sun's relative motion
• buildings within this container will not overshadow their surroundings during critical periods of
the day and year
PLACEMAKING

ARCHITECTURE
Historical Precedents
• Houses have two fronts: one
to the sun and one to the
street
Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico

• rows of houses step down to
the south
• walls are of thick masonry
• roofs and terraces are of
timber and reeds, overlaid
with a mixture of clay and
grass
PLACEMAKING

ARCHITECTURE
Effects of orientation on changing street qualities
PLACEMAKING

ARCHITECTURE
Influence of street orientation on the
solar envelope
• solar envelopes over E-W blocks have
the most volume and the highest ridge,
generally located near the south
boundary
• N-S blocks produce less volume and a
lower ridge running length-wise down
the middle
• the diagonal blocks produce the least
volume and a ridge along the south-
east boundary
PLACEMAKING

ARCHITECTURE
Space-time Construct
• The solar envelope is a construct of space and time: the physical boundaries of
surrounding properties and the period of their assured access to sunshine decides the
envelope’s final size and shape.
• Shadow fences
• Cut-off times
PLACEMAKING

ARCHITECTURE
Design Implications
• Rhythm
PLACEMAKING

ARCHITECTURE
Design Implications
• Ritual
PLACEMAKING
THE IMAGE OF THE CITY

• mental picture of the parts of the city in physical
relationship to one another
• a collective image-map or impressions-map of a
city
• every work of architecture affects the details and
often, the whole of the collective image which is
largely formed by many works of architecture
seen in concert or in chaos, but definitely seen
together
Kevin Lynch
• an American urban planner and author
• conducted a study of what people mentally
extract from the physical reality of a city
• The Image of the City (pub. 1960)
PLACEMAKING

Elements of the Image of the City
1. Pathways - the major and minor routes of circulation (e.g. urban highway network, footpaths of a college); these
are the channels of movement – alleys, streets, motorways, railways and the like – and many people include them
as the most important features in their images of the city.
2. Districts - component neighbourhoods (i.e. center, uptown, midtown, its in-town residential areas, trainyards,
factory areas, suburbs, college campuses)
3. Edges - termination of a district; these are linear elements which are either not used as paths, or which are
usually seen from positions where their path nature is obscured. When two districts are joined at an edge they form
a seam.
4. Landmarks – the prominent visual feature/s of the city. They are an important element of urban form -- point
references which most people experience from outside that help people to orient themselves in the city and help
identify an area. A good landmark is a distinct but harmonious element in its urban setting.
5. Nodes – refer to a center of activity. It is a type of landmark but is distinguished from a landmark by virtue of its
active function. It is a distinct hub of activity. They are focal places, such as junctions of paths (e.g. roundabouts,
market squares).
PLACEMAKING
Pathways
Districts
PLACEMAKING PLACEMAKING
Landmarks
Edges
Nodes
PLACEMAKING
RESPONSIVE ENVIRONMENTS
Ian Bentley
• He is an architect and urban designer in Britain, Holland and Middle East. His interests include
designing development strategies for the regeneration of run-down inner-city areas, and
researching the effects of the property development process on urban form, building imagery and
architectural theory.
Alan Alcock
• He is an architect in Britain. His interests include researching the historical development of urban
blocks, in their social and economic context.
Paul Murrain
• He is a landscape architect and urban designer. His interests include the detailed physical design
of outdoor space, and of the interfaces between buildings and the public realm.
Sue McGlynn
• She is a town planner and urban designer in Britain. Her interests are in urban history.
Graham Smith
• He is an artist with particular concern for the relationship between architecture and urban design.
PLACEMAKING
Urban Design Principles
1. Permeability
2. Variety
3. Legibility
4. Robustness
5. Visual Appropriateness
6. Richness
7. Personalization
PLACEMAKING
Permeability
• It is the quality of places or environment which offer people a choice to access through it, from place to
place.
• The permeability of any system of public space depends on the number of alternative routes it offers
from one point to another. But these alternatives must be visible, otherwise only people who already
know the area can take advantage of them. Hence, visual permeability is important.
• Both physical and visual permeability depend on how the network of public space divides the
environment into blocks. A place with small blocks gives more choice of routes than one with large
blocks. Smaller blocks give more physical permeability and also increase visual permeability, improving
people’s awareness of the choice available: the smaller the block, the easier it is to see from one
junction to the next in all directions.
• Public and private access must be complementary.
PLACEMAKING
Permeability
• A successful movement system provides the maximum
choice of how people will make their journey takes into
full account all modes of movement: by foot, by cycling,
by public and private transportation (in that order of
importance)
• It makes clear connections to existing roads and facilities.
What needs to be done:

• Consider how best the site can be connected with nearby
main routes and public transport facilities
• The typical cul-de-sac approach creates an introverted
layout which fails to integrate with the surroundings. They
must be added to a permeable layout, not substituted for
it.
• A more pedestrian-friendly approach that integrates with
the surrounding community links existing and proposed
streets, and provides direct links to bus stops.
PLACEMAKING
Variety
• Accessible places are only valuable if they offer experiential choice, hence, variety is the second
key quality to consider.
• Variety = diversity spice of life
• Variety of experience implies places with varied forms, uses and meanings. Variety of use
unlocks the other levels of variety:
• A place with varied uses has varied building types, of varied forms
• It attracts varied people, at varied times, for varied reasons
• Because the different activities, forms and people provide a rich perceptual mix, different
users interpret the place in different ways: it takes on varied meanings
USES
FORMS PEOPLE
MEANINGS
PLACEMAKING
Variety
• A successful mix of use results when the uses are compatible and interact with each other
positively.
• Achieve vitality by making places exciting – vibrant, safe, comfortable, varied, fun, active
• Places are more active when they have windows and doors which connect to the street rather
than blank facades.
• Places feel safer with buildings overlooking them. Living spaces above shops will encourage
evening activities on city streets because the streets are overlooked and feel safer.
PLACEMAKING
Legibility
• It is the quality which makes a place graspable, provides a
clear image and makes easy understanding.
• Two levels: physical form and activity patterns
• The point of a legible layout is that people are able to form
clear, accurate images of it. The user forms the image, not the
designer. The designer only arranges the physical layout.
• Physical features play a key role in the legibility of a place.
Kevin Lynch suggested that these features are the five
elements of the Image of the City.
PLACEMAKING
RESPONSIVE
ENVIRONMENTS
Robustness
• It is the quality of a place or environment
which refers to its ability to be used for
many different purposes, offering their
users more choice than places whose
design limits them to a single fixed use.
PLACEMAKING
Visual Appropriateness
• The appearance of places strongly affects how people interpret

it. Whether the designers want or not, people will interpret
places as having meanings. When the meanings support
responsiveness, the place has a quality we call visual
appropriateness.
• Visual appropriateness is particularly important in the places
which are most likely to be frequented by people from a wide
variety of different backgrounds; particularly when the place’s
appearance cannot be altered by the users themselves.
• What makes the visuals appropriate?
The interpretations people give to a place can reinforce its
responsiveness at three different levels:
• By supporting its legibility, in terms of form and use
• By supporting its variety
• By supporting its robustness, at both large and small
scales
Almost monotonous
There is variation in details

PLACEMAKING
Richness
• Pertains to the variety of sense-experiences which users can enjoy

• Richness is not a purely visual matter; other sense also have design implications:
• Sense of motion
• Sense of smell
• Sense of hearing
• Sense of touch
• For richness, we must design places to offer sensory choice. This implies designing so that
people can choose different sense-experiences on different occasions.
PLACEMAKING
Personalization
• An environment which bears the stamp of

their own tastes and values
• Types: (users personalize in two ways)
• To improve practical facilities
• To change the image of a place
• Why personalize images?
People personalize a building’s image for
two main reasons:
• As an affirmation of their own
tastes and values: affirmative
personalization
• Because they perceive its
existing image is inappropriate:
remedial personalization
There is variation in the design
Houses all look the same

PLACEMAKING
Putting it all together
1. Permeability – designing the overall layout of routes and development blocks

2. Variety – locating uses on the site
3. Legibility – designing the massing of the buildings and the enclosure of public spaces
4. Robustness – designing the spatial and constructional arrangement of individual buildings and
outdoor spaces
5. Visual Appropriateness – designing the external image
6. Richness – developing the design for sensory choice
7. Personalization – making the design encourage people to put their own mark on the places
where they live and work
ARPLAN 2
SIGNS & SYMBOLS IN URBAN DESIGN

REPRESENTATION
• Drawings are useful to the urban designer in their capacity to provide:
• information on the particulars of urban form and
• help to substantiate important regulating systems
• The typical survey drawing provide significant information on a city’s streets, blocks
and fabric.
• This kind of drawing, traditionally a roof plan, provides accurate information about
building heights, the nature of ground plane conditions and the location of parking and
sidewalks.
REPRESENTATION
• The City Map - an invaluable urban design
tool with a lengthy tradition reaching back
to the Renaissance
• Two graphic conventions are important to
this drawing type—first that the physical
form of the city, its buildings and open
spaces, is represented accurately and at
some uniform level of specificity;
• and second, that a graphic distinction is
made between the solid elements of the
city or its buildings and its void elements
• contributes to making public space such
as street edges and plaza walls
REPRESENTATION
• An equally important aspect of urban space, however, is its three dimensional
qualities, including the height and volumetric composition of buildings as well as the
character of street walls and building facades.
• orthographic projection and the aerial perspective are two drawing types that marry
the conceptual organization of plan representation with significant three-dimensional
detail
REPRESENTATION
• Orthographic Projection
• presents a single orientation,
significant detail on building
facades and roof compositions
• rather than a generalized solid
mass of uniform height and
composition, blocks can be
understood in terms of their
composition of individual
buildings, whose specific
character is suggested
• the number of stories, the
general pattern of windows and
facade details and the
composition of significant public
buildings can all be discerned
REPRESENTATION
• Orthographic Projection
• articulates semi-private space within blocks and suggests the character of
formal open spaces with elemental renderings of landscape
• roof detail, including features such as the massive mansards, unique gables,
towers and cupolas are shown
• basic composition of facades - number of stories, window patterns, and
ground floor conditions including primary entries can all be discerned
• no distortion between foreground and background images
• allows an equivalency of detail for blocks and areas throughout the city
attempting to provide a complete accounting of the three-dimensional form of
the city’s surfaces and volumes, whether solid or void
REPRESENTATION
• Aerial Perspective
REPRESENTATION
• Aerial Perspective
• a perceptual representation of a city view as though one was flying above it
• unlike orthographic projections, the same distortions present in normal
sight—the shrinking of elements in the distance, the convergence to a horizon
line—are present in this drawing
• has the ability to marry an experiential image, derived from the perspective
construction, with the conceptual organization of the plan offered by the aerial
vantage point
• the selection of vantage point, composition on the page and drawing media
profoundly influence the reading of the image
REPRESENTATION
• Normal View Perspective
- provides a perceptual,
experiential
understanding of the
city—a fragment rather
than a whole is
presented.
REPRESENTATION
• Diagrams &
Regulating Drawings
• created to regulate its
growth or particularize
one aspect of its
organization
• goal of the diagram is to
isolate and
communicate a single
idea or aspect of a city’s
form
• associated with codes
or other regulating
systems
VISUAL SURVEY
• A visual survey in
urban design is an
examination of the
form, appearance, and
composition of a city
• An evaluation of its
assets and liabilities
• A visual survey also
enables us to see
where the city needs
reshaping
VISUAL SURVEY
• A visual survey in
urban design is an
examination of the
form, appearance, and
composition of a city
• An evaluation of its
assets and liabilities
• A visual survey also
enables us to see
where the city needs
reshaping
VISUAL SURVEY
• Landform and Nature
VISUAL SURVEY
• Climatic Factors
VISUAL SURVEY
• Shape
VISUAL SURVEY
• Size and Density
• Pattern and Grain
VISUAL SURVEY
• Urban Spaces and Open Spaces
VISUAL SURVEY
• Routes
VISUAL SURVEY
• Routes
VISUAL SURVEY
• Districts of a City
VISUAL SURVEY
• Details
VISUAL SURVEY
• Pedestrian Areas
VISUAL SURVEY
• Vistas and Skyline
VISUAL SURVEY
• Problem Areas
VISUAL SURVEY
• A full set of survey maps might include the following:
• Topography
• Microclimate—sun, wind, and storm directions
• Shape
• Patterns, textures, and grains
• Routes
• Districts
• Landmarks and nodes
• Open spaces
• Vistas
VISUAL SURVEY
• A full set of survey maps might include the following:
• Magnets, generators, and linkages
• Special activity centers and overall activity structure
• Hubs of intense visual experience
• Strong and weak areas of orientation
• Sign areas
• Points of conflict
• Historic or special districts
• Community structure
• Areas for preservation, moderate remodeling, and complete overhaul
• Places needing clarifying design elements
• Sketch maps produced by the “man on the street” to discern the urban
features and forms prominent in the public’s eye.
conclusion
• the city is familiar to everyone and can always be described in simple terms
ARPLAN 2
NEW URBANISM
PREPARED BY: AR.HERACLES A. MANALILI, JR. Rmp

CHECKED BY: AR./ENP RACHELLE S. MORALES
NEW URBANISM
WHAT IS NEW URBANISM?

New Urbanism is an urban planning and design
movement that began in the United
States in the early 1980s. Its goals are to reduce
dependence on the car, and to create
livable and walkable, neighborhoods with a
densely packed array of housing, jobs and
commercial sites.
-“THE PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM” by AMANDA BRINEY
https://www.archdaily.com/963314/exploring-new-urbanism-principles-in-
the-21st-century
NEW URBANISM
New Urbanism also promotes a return to the traditional town planning seen in places
such as downtown Charleston, South Carolina and Georgetown in Washington, D.C.
https://www.extraspace.com/blog/moving/city-guides/best-neighborhoods-
in-charleston-for-families/
Charleston, South Carolina
https://pixabay.com/photos/charleston-south-carolina-america-3996236/
NEW URBANISM
https://www.historicgeorgetownsc.com/
Georgetown in Washington, D.C.
https://marinas.com/view/harbor/w4t8e3_Georgetown_Harbor_Georgetow
n_SC_United_States
NEW URBANISM
How “NEW URBANISM” is

created?
-Beginning of 19th century, with the development of the streetcar and affordable rapid
transit ,cities began to spread out and create streetcar suburbs.
-The later invention of the automobile further increased this decentralization from
the central city which later led
to separated land uses and urban sprawl.
-“THE PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM” by AMANDA BRINEY

NEW URBANISM
What is Urban Sprawl?

-Urban sprawl is the pattern of uncontrollable growth near or on the perimeter of
cities
-it is often characterized by “low-density residential housing, single-use zoning,
and increased reliance on the private automobile for transportation.” stated by
BRITANNICA
https://www.racetoacure.org/post/the-5-ws-of-urban-sprawl
https://www.britannica.com/topic/urban-sprawl https://www.racetoacure.org/post/the-5-ws-of-urban-sprawl
NEW URBANISM
-Due to uncontrolled Urban Sprawl, wildlife, and trees were destroyed to adapt to
the growing urban population and to continually grow the economy. Oftentimes
conflicts with the environment relate back to an economic advantage, where people act
from self-interest and short-term gain that exploits the environment in a way.
https://www.racetoacure.org/post/the-5-ws-of-urban-sprawl
https://environmentalpolicy101.wordpress.com/category/urban-sprawl/
NEW URBANISM
CORE NEW URBANIST IDEAS

4 KEY IDEAS
1. Ensure that a city is walkable.
-This means that no resident should need a car

to get
anywhere in the community and they should be
no more than a five minute walk from
any basic good or service. To achieve this,
communities should invest in sidewalks and
narrow streets.
“THE PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM” by AMANDA BRINEY
https://thinksustainabilityblog.com/2018/02/13/what-are-walkable-cities/
NEW URBANISM
2. De-emphasize the car
-placing garages behind homes or in alleys.

There should also only be on-street parking,
instead of large parking lots. (not applicable on
All places specially on socialized subdivision
e.g. “severa”, “fiesta communities”, etc
https://kapionews.kapiolani.hawaii.edu/kcc-needs-to-address-parking-
situation/
http://thetimesweekly.com/news/2019/apr/10/parking-challenges-local-
community/
NEW URBANISM
3. Buildings should be mixed both in their style,

size, price and function.
a small townhouse can be placed next to a larger, single family home. Mixed-use
buildings such as those containing commercial spaces
with apartments over them are also ideal in this setting.
https://www.completecommunitiesde.org/planning/landuse/mixed-use-
development/
NEW URBANISM
4. Strong emphasis on the community.

This means maintaining connections between
people with high density, parks, open spaces
and community gathering centers like a plaza
or neighborhood square.
https://www.infinitee.com/demand-for-mixed-use-development-spurs-economic-growth/
NEW URBANISM
EXAMPLES OF NEW URBANIST CITIES
HARBOR TOWN, MEMPHIS, US
https://www.henryturley.com/harbor-town-1/ https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/harbor-town-
community-association-in-memphis-tn-with-skyline-in-background/SSB-4017-
2093
NEW URBANISM

designed by architects Andres Duany and
SEASIDE, FLORIDA Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk.
Construction began there in 1981 and almost

immediately, it became famous for its
architecture, public spaces and quality of
streets.
https://www.selling30a.com/seaside
https://bungalower.com/2020/02/26/straight-trippin-to-seaside-florida/
NEW URBANISM
The Stapleton neighborhood in Denver, Colorado,
https://www.uncovercolorado.com/best-neighborhoods-in-denver-co/
It is on the site of the former Stapleton

International Airport and
construction began in 2001. The neighborhood
is zoned as residential, commercial and
office and will be one of the largest in Denver.
Like Seaside, it too will de-emphasize the
car but it will also have parks and open space.
sentinelcolorado.com
NEW URBANISM
CRITICISMS OF NEW URBANISM

-The first of these is that the density of its
cities leads to a lack of privacy for residents.
Some critics claim that people want
detached homes with yards so they are
further away from their neighbors. By having
mixed density neighborhoods and possibly
sharing driveways and garages, this privacy is
lost.
https://www.indiewire.com/2013/06/the-criticwire-survey-advice-for-
-New Urbanist towns feel inauthentic and isolated aspiring-critics-127739/
-Critics of New Urbanism argue that instead of promoting diversity and

community, New Urbanist neighborhoods only attract affluent residents as they
often become very expensive places to live.
NEW URBANISM
THE PRINCIPLES OF NEW URBANISM

1. Walkability
-Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work
-Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches, windows & doors;
tree-lined streets;
on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets)
-Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-11/walkability-is-good-
for-you
NEW URBANISM

2. Connectivity
-Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking
-A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys
-High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes walking pleasurable
https://streets-alive-yarra.org/street-hierarchy/
NEW URBANISM

3. Mixed-Use & Diversity
-A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use within neighborhoods,
within blocks,
and within buildings
-Diversity of people - of ages, income levels, cultures, and races
https://knowledge.uli.org/?URL_Success=%2fen%2freading-
lists%2f2019%2fmixed-use
NEW URBANISM

4. Mixed Housing
A range of types, sizes and prices in closer
proximity
5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design
Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human
comfort, and creating a sense of place; Special
placement of
civic uses and sites within community. Human
scale architecture & beautiful
surroundings nourish the
human spirit
https://www.archdaily.com/962545/google-gets-approval-for-downtown-west-campus-designed-by-sitelab-
urban-studio
NEW URBANISM

6. Traditional Neighborhood Structure
-Discernable center and edge
-Public space at center
-Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art
-Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk
-Transect planning

NEW URBANISM

7. Increased Density
-More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable
a more
efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to
live.
-New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to
large cities
https://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/article250179425.html
NEW URBANISM

8. Smart Transportation
-A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns, and neighborhoods
together
-Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of bicycles, rollerblades,
scooters, and walking
as daily transportation
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/intelligent-transportation-systems-smart-
cities-review-choudhary/
NEW URBANISM

7. Increased Density
-More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable
a more
efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to
live.
-New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to
large cities
https://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/article250179425.html
NEW URBANISM

9. Sustainability
-Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations
-Eco-friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems
-Energy efficiency
-Less use of finite fuels
-More local production
-More walking, less driving
https://www.blogms.com/what-common-attributes-are-shared-by-
https://healthyhumanlife.com/blogs/news/how-to-start-a-
sustainable-communities/
sustainable-community-movement
NEW URBANISM

10. Quality of Life
Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create
places that enrich, uplift,
and inspire the human spirit.
https://www.millenniumftmyers.com/blog/2020/tips-for- https://www.huffpost.com/entry/10-things-i-learnt-living-in-a-first-world-
peaceful-community-living.html country_b_58b03973e4b02f3f81e44641
NEW URBANISM
BENEFITS OF NEW URBANISM

1. BENEFITS TO RESIDENTS
•Healthier lifestyle with more walking and less stress

•Less traffic
•Closer to shops and other businesses
•Access to bike trails, nature, and parks
•Opportunity for Increased social interaction
•Helps children, the elderly, and less affluent to get to work and other destinations
without owning a vehicle
•Monetary savings from driving less
•Increased leisure time
•A sense of place and community
•More open space to enjoy
https://prs3.com/8-principles-of-new-urbanism/
NEW URBANISM
2. BENEFITS TO BUSINESS
•Increased sales because easier access to residents
•Less money spent on advertising
•Better lifestyle when residing above their shops – saves stress, time, and cost of
commuting
•Lower rents due to smaller spaces and parking lots
•Healthier lifestyle because of more walking
•More community involvement, getting to know their customers
NEW URBANISM
4. BENEFITS TO MUNICIPALITIES
•Less taxes spent on infrastructure and utilities
•More tax revenue from the increased number of buildings in a smaller area
•Less traffic congestion
•Less crime and policing because of the increased number of people present throughout
the day and night
•Better image
•Easier to install and improve public transit
•Greater civic involvement
NEW URBANISM
“The sum of human happiness increases because of New Urbanism”

-Andres Duany
ARPLAN 2
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

Crime Prevention Through

Environmental Design
(“CPTED”) is the design,
maintenance, and use of the
built environment in order to
enhance quality of life and to
reduce both the incidence
and fear of crime.
www.portlandoregon.gov/oni/cp
Algendy Shaker Algendy Al-Azhar University, Department of Architecture

Cairo, Egypt
CPTED involves the balanced application of

these 5 principles:
Natural Surveillance.
Natural surveillance is achieved
through design and
maintenance that allow people
engaged in their normal activity
to easily observe the space
around them, as well as
eliminating hiding places for
people engaged in criminal
activity.

Cairo, Egypt
Natural surveillance is generally

achieved by the use of appropriate
lighting, low or see through fencing or
landscaping, the removal of areas
that offer concealment, and the
placement of windows, doors, and
walkways to provide the opportunity
for easy observation of surrounding
areas by responsible users of
property

Cairo, Egypt
Territoriality.
Territoriality means
providing clear designation
between public, private,
and semi-private areas and
makes it easier for people
to understand, and
participate in, an area’s
intended use.

Cairo, Egypt
Territoriality communicates a sense of

active “ownership” of an area that can
discourage the perception that illegal
acts may be committed in the area
without notice or consequences. The
use of see-through screening, low
fencing, gates, signage, different
pavement textures, or other
landscaping elements that visually show
the transition between areas intended
for different uses are examples of the
principle of territoriality.
https://www.improvenet.com/a/9-types-of-fences-how-to-
choose-the-right-fence
Access Control. Access control is

a concept directed primarily at
decreasing criminal accessibility,
especially into areas where a
person with criminal intent
would not easily be seen by
others.
Examples of access control would
include a highly visible gate or entry
way through which all users of a
property must enter, or the
appropriate use of signage, door and
window locks, or fencing to
discourage unwanted access into
private space or into dark or Cairo, Egypt
unmonitored areas.
The principles of Natural Surveillance, Access Control,

and Territoriality can be expressed in a natural/passive
manner (designed-in, not requiring any active effort on
the part of responsible users), an organized/active
manner (planned activities or routines), and/or a
mechanical manner (installing additional equipment to
achieve the principle). Natural/passive CPTED, designed
into a space before it is even built, is the ideal.
Activity Support.
Activity support involves both passive
and active efforts to promote the
presence of responsible pedestrian
users in a given area, thus increasing
the community value of the area,
while discouraging actions by would-
be offenders who desire anonymity
for their actions.
https://www.ekeo.gov.hk/en/projects/promenade/index.html
Passive examples are design

elements that make an area
appealing to appropriate pedestrian
use, such as attractive landscaping,
safety from car traffic, and public
art. Active examples involve
scheduling events for an area to
attract appropriate users, such as
picnics, concerts, children’s play
https://theconversation.com/future-forecasting-landscape-architects-might-
groups, or sports events. save-the-world-32219
https://www.artsandscience.org/public-art-connects-kids-to-community-and-
a-local-university/
Management and
Maintenance.
Proper maintenance of
landscaping, lighting and other
features is vital to ensuring that
CPTED elements serve their
intended purpose.
Unfortunately, failure to
maintain property — and its
management parallel, the
failure to stop harmful use of
property — will rapidly
undermine the impact of even https://www.baymgmtgroup.com/blog/top-7-perks-tenants-looking-bel-air-
the best CPTED design rental-property/
elements.
While CPTED principles supplement effective

maintenance and management practices,
they can not make up for the negative
impacts of ineffective management.
Damaged fencing, overgrown hedges,
graffiti left to weather and age, litter and
debris, broken windows, as well as such
factors as inattentive or overly-permissive
management practices will attract would-be
offenders and, equally, drive away
responsible users of the space. While
effective design is an important part of good
crime prevention, following through with
consistent maintenance and management https://www.ludlowservices.com/2019/03/14/home-value-benefits-to-well-
maintained-lawn-and-curb-appeal/
practices ensures that the designed-in
elements keep their effectiveness.
Examples of GOOD Crime Prevention Through

Examples of GOOD Crime Prevention Through

Examples of BAD Crime Prevention Through

Examples of BAD Crime Prevention Through

For CPTED principles to accomplish the goals of enhanced livability

and better natural safety, each principle must work together with the
others. For example, activity support can be undermined if a
property is stripped bare of landscaping in the interests of natural
surveillance alone. Installing a tall opaque wall or fence will take
the concept of territoriality too far by undermining natural
surveillance benefits. Access control solutions that are aggressive in
appearance (such as window bars, harsh lighting treatments, or
hostile-looking fencing) can undermine activity support. The intent,
therefore, is to use the combined balance of these principles to
promote a safer, more livable environment for all.
ARPLAN 2
TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

Transit Oriented Development

is the exciting fast
growing trend in creating
vibrant, livable, sustainable
communities. Also known as
TOD, it the creation of compact,
walkable, pedestrian-oriented,
mixed-use communities
centered
around high quality train
systems. This makes it possible
to live a
lower-stress life without
complete dependence on a car https://www.som.com/projects/mrt_jakarta_transit-oriented_development_master_plan
for
mobility and survival.
http://www.tod.org/
Transit oriented development is

regional planning, city revitalization,
suburban renewal, and walkable
neighborhoods combined. TOD is
rapidly sweeping the nation with the
creation of exciting people places in
city after city. The public has
embraced the concept across the
nation as the most desirable
places to live, work, and play. Real
estate developers have quickly
followed to meet the high demand
for quality urban places served
by rail systems.
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/singapore-mass-rapid-transit-kallang-
http://www.tod.org/ station-royalty-free-image/505451904?adppopup=true
Transit oriented development is

also a major solution to the
serious and growing problems
of climate change and global
energy security by creating
dense, walkable communities
that
greatly reduce the need for
driving and energy
consumption. This
type of living arrangement can
reduce driving by up to 85%.
http://www.tod.org/
https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/pedestrians-walk-past-an-
entrance-to-the-bundaran-hi-news-photo/1146411056?adppopup=true
FACTORS DRIVING THE TREND TOWARD TOD
-Rapidly growing, mind-numbing traffic

congestion nation-wide
-Growing distaste for suburbia and fry-pit strip
development
-Growing desire for quality urban lifestyle
-Growing desire for more walkable lifestyles
away from traffic
-Changes in family structures: more singles,
empty-nesters, etc
-Growing national support for Smart Growth
-New focus of Federal policy https://www.change.org/p/change-the-office-timing-to-avoid-heavy-traffic
http://www.tod.org/
“Traffic congestion has increased so much in virtually every

metropolitan area that two-hour
commutes now are routine. Attempts to alleviate the
problem by constructing more highways
almost always have led to more sprawl and, eventually, more
congestion.”
-Jim Miara
http://lukeroxas.com/fun-philippines-5-timeless-tips-surviving-heavy-traffic/
COMPONENTS OF TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT
-Walkable design with pedestrian as the highest priority

-Train station as prominent feature of town center
-Public square fronting train station
-A regional node containing a mixture of uses in close proximity (office, residential, retail,
civic)
-High density, walkable district within 10-minute walk circle surrounding train station
-Collector support transit systems including streetcar, light rail, and buses, etc
-Designed to include the easy use of bicycles and scooters as daily support transport
-Large ride-in bicycle parking areas within stations
-Bikeshare rental system and bikeway network integrated into stations
-Reduced and managed parking inside 10-minute walk circle around town center / train
station
-Specialized retail at stations serving commuters and locals including cafes, grocery, dry
cleaners
http://www.tod.org/
BENEFITS OF TOD
-Higher quality of life with better places to live, work, and play
-Greater mobility with ease of moving around
-Increased transit ridership
-Reduced traffic congestion, car accidents and injuries
-Reduced household spending on transportation, resulting in more affordable housing
-Healthier lifestyle with more walking, and less stress
-Higher, more stable property values
-Increased foot traffic and customers for area businesses
-Greatly reduced dependence on foreign oil, reduced pollution and environmental
damage
-Reduced incentive to sprawl, increased incentive for compact development
-Less expensive than building roads and sprawl
-Enhanced ability to maintain economic competitiveness
http://www.tod.org/
-Transit investment has double the economic benefit to a city than does highway
investment.
-Transit can enable a city to use market

forces to increase densities near
stations,
where most services are located, thus
creating more efficient subcenters and
minimizing sprawl.
- From Sustainability and Cities, by Newman &
Kenworthy
https://thecityfix.com/blog/people-oriented-cities-demystifying-transit-oriented-
development-robin-king-luis-zamorano/
-Transit enables a city to be more corridor-oriented, making it easier to provide

infrastructure.
-Transit enhances the overall economic efficiency of a city; denser cities with less car
use and more transit use spend a lower proportion of their gross regional product or
wealth on passenger transportation.
- From Sustainability and Cities, by Newman &
Kenworthy
https://lasvegassun.com/native/rtc-of-southern-nevada/2018/apr/19/how-
an-enhanced-transportation-system-could-improv/
ARPLAN 2
TACTICAL OR GUERILLA URBANISM

TACTTICAL or GUERILLA URBANISM
Tactical urbanism is an
umbrella term used to describe a
collection of low-cost,
temporary changes to the
built environment, usually in
cities, intended to improve local
neighborhoods and city
gathering places. Tactical
Urbanism is also commonly
referred to as guerilla
urbanism, pop-up urbanism,
http://www.turbonashville.org/tactical-urbanism
city repair, or D.I.Y. urbanism.
https://www.bdcnetwork.com/blog/tactical-urbanism-why-bigger-
isn%E2%80%99t-always-better-urban-revitalization
Tactical Urbanism leverages

the creativity and local
knowledge of residents to
provide meaningful interventions
with the greater purpose of
transforming the way their public
space is constructed and used.
http://aba-arch.com/about/news/article/65
https://www.corporateknights.com/channels/built-environment/tactical-
urbanism-14903316/
Different kinds of tactical urban design strategies:

DEFAMILIARIZATION: Determine new opportunities in taken-for-granted spaces of the city
-Chair bombing
The act of removing salvageable materials and using it to build public seating. The chairs are
placed in areas that either are quiet or lack comfortable places to sit.
-Open Streets
E.G -Summer Streets in New York City, Park Avenue Viaduct
To temporarily provide safe spaces for walking, bicycling, skating, and social activities;
promote local economic development; and raise awareness about the impact of cars in
urban spaces.
Urban Planning and Architecture Design for Sustainable Development, UPADSD 14- 16 October 2015 Tactical Urbanism “A pop-up Local change for Cairo's built
environment” Ahmed S. Abd Elrahman* Ain Shams University, Department of Urban Design and Planning, Cairo, Egypt
-PARK(ing) Day
An annual event where on street parking is converted into park-like
spaces. (Park(ing) Day was launched in 2005 by Rebar art and design
studio.)
-Pop-up cafes
Pop-up cafes are temporary patios or terraces built in parking spots to provide overflow
seating for a nearby cafe or for passersby. Most common in cities where sidewalks are narrow
and where there otherwise is not room for outdoor sitting or eating areas.
https://thecityateyelevel.com/stories/a-movement-to- https://www.grubstreet.com/2021/03/how-does-nyc-open-streets-
reimagine-the-streets-of-japan/ work.html
https://ggwash.org/view/64816/here-are-your-
photos-of-parking-day
REFAMILIARIZATION: Re-occupation of estranged spaces in the city.
-Protected bike lanes

Bike lane protections are usually done by placing potted plants or other physical
barriers to make painted bike lanes feel safer. Sometimes there is no pre-existing bike
lane and the physical protection is the only delineator.
-De-fencing
The act of removing unnecessary fences to break down barriers between neighbors,
beautify communities, and encourage community building.
-De-paving
The act of removing unnecessary pavement to transform driveways and parking into
green space so that rainwater can be absorbed and neighborhoods beautified.
-Pop-up parks
Pop Up Parks temporarily or permanently transform underused spaces into community
gathering areas through beautification.
https://momentummag.com/turns-motorists-want-protected-bike-lanes/ https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/23081016815853250/
https://nextcity.org/daily/entry/pop-up-parks-lead-to-more-biodiversity-in-cities-
study-finds
DECOMMODIFICATION: Emphasizing of use values over exchange values in urban

space.
-Pavement to Plazas
Popularized in New York City, pavement plazas involve converting space on streets to
usable public space. The closure of Times Square to vehicular traffic and its low-cost
conversion to a pedestrian plaza is a primary example of a pavement plaza.
-Guerilla gardening
Guerrilla gardening is the act of gardening on land that the gardeners do not have the
legal rights to utilize, such as abandoned sites, areas not being cared for, or private
property.
https://thediscourse.ca/scarborough/pavement-to-plazas https://fieldnotesfromfatherhood.com/2013/06/04/someones-
around-heres-a-guerilla/
https://www.pinterest.ph/
ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIES: such as recycling and dedicating economies actions, stepped by

the everyday citizens.
-Better block initiatives

Temporarily transforming retail streets using cheap or donated materials and
volunteers. Spaces are transformed by introducing food carts, sidewalk tables,
temporary bike lanes and narrowing of streets.
-Food carts/trucks
Food carts and trucks are used to attract people to underused public spaces and
offer small business opportunities for entrepreneurs.
-Pop-up retail
Pop-up shops are temporary retail stores that are set up in vacant stores or property.
https://pdx.eater.com/2019/7/18/20699422/the-alder-street-food-
cart-pod-confirmed-new-location-north-park-blocks
https://www.wpp.com/wpp-iq/2020/08/the-future-of-retail-formats---pop-
ups-pick-ups-and-unmanned-stores
Tactical Urbanism represents

the final reaction to our basic
human senses: progressive
and self-directed action
toward many issues like
general livability, increasing
social capital and economic
opportunity.
https://artsandplanning.mapc.org/tactical-urbanism/
These senses are cleared up as macro-scale strategies that facilitate counting on effective
development of built environment like building and streets, in addition to micro-scale tactics
that include the observance of recreation, commerce, and arts. Streets are considered the
backbone and public space's main reservoir, accordingly, citizen-led urbanism's sprit in the
reiterated process of creating the necessary needs of urban street. (Lydon, M., Garcia, A.,
2015)
https://christicompass.com/tactical-urbanism-lesson-plan/ http://aba-arch.com/about/news/article/65
ARPLAN 2
SOCIALLY RESTORATIVE URBANISM

Socially restorative
urbanism seeks to
operate at the interface of
human and material
realms, removing the
duality maintained by
current disciplinary
categorization.
Socially Restorative Urbanism: The Theory,
Process and Practice of Experiemics
Book by Alice Mathers, Ian Simkins, and
Kevin Thwaites
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2019.00071/full
it has two mutually interdependent concepts:
“Experiemics” – a participative process that

acts to redress imbalances in territorial
relationships
“Transitional edges” – a socio-spatial concept

of the urban habitat.
Socially Restorative Urbanism: The Theory, Process and Practice of

Experiemics
Book by Alice Mathers, Ian Simkins, and Kevin Thwaites
At a fundamental level this includes the form of language used to talk about the
human–environment relationship, emphasizing a strong territorial leaning, which
we refer to as relations between awareness of mine, theirs, ours, yours (MTOY).
It will also include some implications for practice and participatory

processes, emphasizing a much more inclusive approach which recognises the
importance of social gains as well as material changes (Experiemics).
It will also include ideas about the socio-spatial anatomy of the urban realm,
developed from Experiential Landscape principles, highlighting the importance of
edge settings which define the interface between human habitation and material form
(transitional edges).

Experiemics
MTOY relations are, therefore, the socio-spatial building blocks of socially restorative
urbanism and tools with which new understandings of human–environment
relationships can be articulated and related to decision-making processes.
Socially Restorative Urbanism: The Theory, Process and Practice of Experiemics
www.childhealthindicatorsbc.ca https://www.shutterstock.com/search/social+relationships
If you died and had to be reincarnated as a street, would you prefer

to be the one on above or below?
SRU wants to set agendas with
innovative ways of thinking
about urban spatial structure
and social processes, especially
using a more people-centred
approach to into urban place
making. Its uniqueness lies in a
focus on how social activity is
intimately connected with the
spaces where this takes place,
and cross-disciplinary
development of theoretical
and practical principles of
urban socially sustainable
design.
How Places Shape Social Activity and Vice Versa
Kevin Thwaites
Sustainable living is
fundamentally about human-
environment interactions yet
their holistic nature is
inadequately understood in
mainstream practice. This
limitation rests in part on
persistent disciplinary
boundaries and over-
specialisation that separates
spatial, social and ecological
dimensions of urban open
space provision.
How Places Shape Social Activity and Vice Versa
Kevin Thwaites
https://sola-blog.com/2016/02/04/how-places-shape-social-activity-and-
vice-versa/
Excessively form-dominant infrastructure can inhibit expression of

place occupation beyond the confines of the private interior space
and so weaken the development of common understanding
necessary to encourage and sustain the sense of belonging and
mutual cooperation necessary to the embedding of community. On
the left, ubiquitous form-dominant apartment block, Amsterdam;
centre, human-scale urban edge encouraging temporary territorial
occupation, Uppsala; right, expression of mutual cooperation and
understanding, Dehli flower market.
Experiemics
ARPLAN 2
SMART CITIES

SMART CITIES
A SMART CITY is a
municipality that uses
information and
communication
technologies (ICT) to
increase operational
efficiency, share
information with the
public and improve both
the quality of
government services
https://gcn.com/articles/2019/10/07/4-types-smart-cities.aspx
and citizen welfare.
https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.
com/definition/smart-city
SMART CITIES
Several major characteristics are used to determine a city's smartness. These

characteristics include:
•a technology-based infrastructure;
•environmental initiatives;
•a high functioning public transportation

system;
•a confident sense of urban planning and
•humans to live and work within the city and https://www.theagilityeffect.com/en/article/smart-cities-face-

utilize its resources. interoperability-challenge/
SMART CITIES
A smart city's success depends on

its ability to form a strong
relationship between the
government -- including its
bureaucracy and regulations --
and the private sector. This
relationship is necessary because
most of the work that is done to
https://politicstheorypractice.com/2016/05/30/bureaucracies-and-crisis/
create and maintain a digital, data-
driven environment occurs outside
of the government. Surveillance
equipment for busy streets could
include sensors from one
company, cameras from another
and a server from yet another.
https://www.iotevolutionworld.com/iot/articles/443853-smart-cities-
expand-benefits-modern-surveillance-come-into.htm
SMART CITIES
Smart cities use a combination of the

internet of things (IoT) devices, software
solutions, user interfaces (UI) and
communication networks. However, they
rely first and foremost on the IoT.
Smart cities use a combination of the internet
of things (IoT) devices, software solutions, userhttps://www.urban-hub.com/cities/smart-cities-good-decision-making-vital-
interfaces (UI) and communication networks. for-turning-technology-into-real-solutions/
However, they rely first and foremost on the
IoT.
The IoT devices sometimes have processing
capabilities called edge computing. Edge
computing ensures that only the most
important and relevant information is
communicated over the communication
network.
https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget. https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/news/news/portlands-procurement-aims-to
com/definition/smart-city minimise-sensor-waste-4765
SMART CITIES
A firewall security system is

also necessary for the
protection, monitoring and
control of network traffic within
a computing system. Firewalls
ensure that the data constantly
being transmitted within a
smart city network is secure by https://www.kratikal.com/blog/sophisticated-cyber-attacks/
preventing any unauthorized
access to the IoT network or
city data.
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/types-of-firewall-and-possible-attacks/
SMART CITIES
Other smart city technologies include:
•application programming interfaces (APIs)
•artificial intelligence (AI)
•cloud computing
•Dashboards
•machine learning (ML)
•machine to machine (M2M)
•mesh network
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Smart-features-in-a-smart-
building_fig1_333853002
SMART CITIES
Features of a smart city

A classic example is the smart parking meter that uses an application to help
drivers find available parking spaces without prolonged circling of crowded
city blocks. The smart meter also enables digital payment, so there's no risk of
coming up short of coins for the meter.
https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/smart-city
https://in.nec.com/en_IN/solutions_services/intelligent_transport_solutions/
smart_parking.html?
SMART CITIES
Energy conservation and

efficiency are major focuses of
smart cities. Using smart
sensors, smart streetlights dim
when there aren't cars or
pedestrians on the
roadways. Smart
grid technology can be used to
improve operations,
maintenance and planning, and
to supply power on demand
and monitor energy outages.
https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget. https://www.ierek.com/news/index.php/2019/01/24/importance-of-energy-
com/definition/smart-city transition-in-smart-cities/
SMART CITIES
Smart city initiatives also aim to monitor

and address environmental concerns
such as climate change and air pollution.
Waste management and sanitation can
also be improved with smart technology,
be it using internet-connected trash cans
and IoT-enabled fleet
management systems for waste
collection and removal, or using sensors
to measure water parameters and
guarantee the quality of drinking water
at the front end of the system, with
proper wastewater removal and https://www.raffrescatorievaporativi.it/il-superbonus-110-sostegno-
efficienza-energetica/
drainage at the back end.
SMART CITIES
How a smart city works

Smart cities utilize their web of connected IoT devices and other technologies to achieve
their goals of improving the quality of life and achieving economic growth. Successful
smart cities follow four steps:
1.Collection - Smart sensors throughout the city gather data in real

time.
2.Analysis - Data collected by the smart sensors is assessed in order to
draw meaningful insights.
3.Communication - The insights that have been found in the analysis
phase are communicated with decision makers through strong
communication networks.
4.Action - Cities use the insights pulled from the data to create
solutions, optimize operations and asset management and improve the
quality of life for residents.
SMART CITIES
Existing Smart Cities
SINGAPORE
DUBAI
SMART CITIES
OSLO, NORWAY
COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
SMART CITIES
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
AMSTERDAM
SMART CITIES
ARPLAN 2
Sustainable Communities

SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES
A sustainable
community manages
its human, natural,
and financial capital
to meet current
needs while ensuring
that adequate
resources are https://rareearthmarketing.ca/2016/06/forward-thinking-for-innovative-
available for future sustainable-communities/
generations.
https://sustain.org/about/what-is-a-sustainable-community/
Sustainable communities can be described as

places where:
•the needs of everyone in the community are

met and people feel safe, healthy and
ultimately happy
•our environment is appreciated, protected

and enhanced and damage to the
environment is minimized
•our economy is vibrant, employment

opportunities are improved and our working https://www.towards-sustainability.com/5-ways-sustainable-communities-
are-becoming-more-popular/
lives are more rewarding
https://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/Low-Carbon-and-Sustainable-Communities
Creating a Sustainable Society/Communities

involves:
Protecting and Enhancing the Environment

•use energy, water and other natural resources
efficiently and with care
•minimize waste, then re-use or recover it

through recycling, composting or energy
recovery, and finally sustainably dispose of
what is left
•limit pollution to levels which do not damage

natural systems https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a928-8-ways
to-create-more-sustainable-community-living-on-an-urban-scale/
•value and protect the diversity of nature

Meeting Social Needs
•create and enhance places, spaces and

buildings which work well, wear well and look
good
•make settlement 'human' in scale and form
•value and protect diversity and local

distinctiveness and strengthen local http://www.except.nl/en/services/117-urban-design-planning
community and cultural identity
•protect human health and amenity through

safe, clean and pleasant environments
•emphasize health service prevention

action as well as cure
•ensure access to good food, water,

housing and fuel at a reasonable cost
•meet local needs locally wherever

possible
maximize everyone's access to the skills

•maximize
and knowledge needed to play a full part
in society
https://wearerestless.org/2016/11/17/13-top-sustainable-cities/
•empower all sections of the community
to participate in decision-making and
consider the social and community aspects
of decisions
5 Ways Sustainable Communities Are

Becoming More Popular
1. They help protect the environment

One of the main requirements of living in a
sustainable community is adhering to rules
about eco-conscious living. This can include
using sustainable or renewable materials
when building your home, driving low-
emission cars (carpooling and public
transportation are also encouraged), and
reducing energy consumption. When the
community follows these rules, it helps reduce
the carbon footprint of the community as a
wehavekids.com
whole, which helps reduce greenhouse gases.
https://www.towards-sustainability.com/
2. They help educate the city

around which they are built
Sustainable communities help
to educate the public as a
whole by showing the eco-
responsible options available
to everyone. Whether it’s
learning about composting,
how to use less electricity, or
how to work with local
governments for help with
sustainability, these
communities educate the
https://wsimag.com/culture/60264-education-in-venezuela-the-americas-
public by leading by example. and-the-world
3. They promote the community as a

whole
In many large cities, neighbors have
become strangers, and the common
bond that used to be central to a
neighborhood is missing. In
sustainable communities, the
community as a whole works
toward a greener neighborhood,
forcing neighbors to interact with
each other. This fosters new lines of
communication, and brings back
friendly neighborhoods that seem to
be disappearing elsewhere. https://www.towards-sustainability.com/
4. They offer an economic

advantage to cities in recession
Sustainable communities engage
in environmentally conscious
activities, such as rejuvenating
areas that have fallen into
disrepair (rather than building
on new land). In economically
depressed cities like Cleveland,
OH, Greenville, SC, and even
parts of Seattle, the population
was revitalized when sustainable
communities renovated
neighborhoods. https://www.terramai.com/blog/sustainable-green-cities/
5. They promote change at

the governmental level
As many in the communities

become eco-activists, they also
become political activists by
ensuring that their elected
officials take note of the new
developments. Once the
government begins to notice
the benefits these
communities have for
residents, they begin to push
for change throughout the
city. https://grist.org/fix/green-sustainable-cities-future-government/
EXISTING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES
VANCOUVER, CANADA
STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN
EXISTING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES
SINGAPORE
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

ARPLAN 2
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR: Cluster Housing

and Planned Unit Development (PUD)

Source: DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENTS

For Village of Plain Field
By:LINDEN LENET DESIGN GROUP
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR: Cluster Housing and Planned Unit Development (PUD)
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION
Consistent with the Village’s philosophy, Planned Unit Developments will be
required of the following:
• ***All developments over twenty acres (8 hectares) or in excess of fifty (50)
dwelling units should be submitted and processed under the Planned Unit
Development provisions.
• A process for density bonuses will be considered which equates a percentage of the
value of extra dwelling units with monies spent on additional amenities such as
extra landscaping, wider landscaped boulevards, streetscaping, or similar upgrades.
• At the discretion of the Village, architectural excellence may also be a basis for the
density bonus.
***Foreign standard
RESIDENTIAL PLANNING GUIDELINES

Street design:
New developments must place considerable emphasis on the relationship between
buildings, streets, and dedicated open space. Neighborhoods developed under these
guidelines should place significant importance on the designation of public open space
and on the provision of sidewalks, footpaths, and trails in an effort to foster a pedestrian
friendly community atmosphere: this is one of the key elements of good residential
design that distinguishes a good neighborhood from "just another subdivision."
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/487796203370115193/
The following are a number of technical recommendations regarding street design

considerations:
1. Avoid Long, Straight, Uninterrupted Segments: From an aesthetic,
safety, and speed control perspective, it is important to avoid long
straight street segments. This situation can be avoided through the
use of a couple simple techniques as follows:
a) Curving roads in an informal rural cluster layout
b) A series of shorter, straight street segments, connected by 90-degree
turns, creating a formal, traditional townlike neighborhood
https://www.millionacres.com/real-estate-basics/what-is-a-planned-unit-development-
pud/
2. Provide Terminal Vistas: Whenever possible, street systems should be designed so that
their curvature or alignment produces terminal vistas of open space elements, such as
village greens, water features, or other public open space elements.
https://www.forbes.com/advisor/mortgages/what-is-a-planned-unit-development/
3. Introduce Reverse Curves: The use of S shaped or reverse curves is often prohibited by
subdivision ordinances; the rationale for this prohibition is usually safety. These curves are
suggested for PUD’s because of their graceful beauty and because they serve to significantly
slow traffic on local streets.
It is important that these curves be employed only with relatively long horizontal curve radii of
at least 250 feet and on local streets where the speed limit is between 25 and 30 miles per
hour.
https://asapplans.co.nz/blog/common-pitfalls-in-large-scale-housing-development-asap-plans/
4. Incorporate "T" Intersections: In order to keep traffic speeds within the neighborhood as low
as possible, residential streets that interconnect with other streets should do so through T-
shaped intersections where cars cannot proceed forward in a straight line but instead must
come to a full stop and turn left or right, thus slowing traffic and significantly increasing safety
https://www.allbusiness.com/barrons_dictionary/dictionary-planned-unit-
development-pud-4955804-1.html
5. Provide Street and Trail Connections: Interconnection of subdivisions creates a

greater sense of neighborhood rather than isolated developments. Some developers
may resist such connections, preferring to market their housing as isolated
neighborhoods. This program of interconnections should be considered because it tends
to create neighborhoods rather than a series of isolated subdivisions. A street passing
through open space corridors prior to approaching new housing creates both terminal
vistas and identifies the new neighborhoods.
https://www.snyder-associates.com/projects/corridor-plan-creates-unifying-
connection/
6. Introduce Wide Usable Boulevards: Wide usable boulevards are strongly encouraged to
augment the pedestrian system and to further soften the streetscape. Boulevards are
especially effective at major entrances and collector streets.
In order to incorporate these features the following neighborhood

design guidelines are suggested:
1. Each residential neighborhood will consist of a local street system;

connections to adjoining neighborhoods through pedestrian and
vehicular systems are encouraged.
2. Multiple street entrances in and out of each neighborhood are
strongly encouraged.
3. Neighborhoods are encouraged to be composed of small rather than

large residential blocks to further encourage pedestrian friendly
environments.
4. Each neighborhood will incorporate neighborhood scale open space,

preferably at its center, as well as a transition to the adjoining
neighborhood.
5. To the extent possible, detention areas shall be placed to further

enhance open areas.
Street frontage and building massing:

1. For single family detached homes: In an effort to reduce the perception of
overbuilding, as viewed from the street, and enhance the appearance of open space, a
maximum house facade is recommended consistent with the Village’s zoning ordinance
and minimum side yards. Streetside facade width should create an expression of a main
body of the house. Side wings should be setback from the property line to reduce the
apparent building mass.
2. Street orientation: Front doors and windows to major rooms within the house are strongly
encouraged to address the street. Walkways that lead to the front door, separated from any
driveway are also encouraged. The front door should be a prominent and welcoming feature.
Open front porches that face the street are also advocated.
3. Rear and side elevations: Rear elevations of all residential dwellings shall be subject
to the provisions of these guidelines. Articulation of the rear elevation is very important,
especially where the rear elevation is visible by the public.
Side elevations without windows are strongly discouraged. Side elevations facing a
street (corner lots) must have windows and shall continue the same materials treatment
as the front elevation and in the same proportion.
Key lots:
Key lots are defined as those lots within a residential development that are located at
highly visible intersections as well as other strategic points within the development.
Where through lots are unavoidable and back up to high volume streets, the rear of
these buildings shall also be treated as "key lots."
Architectural treatment of key lots:
a) Front doors and windows to major rooms shall be oriented to the street.
Walkways that lead to the front door, separated from any driveway are also
encouraged. The front door should be a prominent and welcoming feature.
Open front porches that face the street are also advocated.
b) Any elevation, which has exposure to a street, shall feature the use of brick or
other natural materials on these elevations.
c) Simple roof forms, such as gable or hip are encouraged. Dormers are also
encouraged. Multiple gables and overly-pronounced roof forms should be
avoided.
d) All elevations shall have windows.

Landscape architectural treatment of key lots:
a) Front yards, parkways, and sidewalks shall be designed as a cohesive whole. A naturalistic
treatment is preferred, utilizing a combination of overstory trees, understory trees, shrubs,
and flowers.
b) Landscape treatment approaching key lots shall serve to frame and emphasize these lots,
especially the entrance.
https://www.wise-geek.com/what-is-a-planned-unit-development.htm https://rismedia.com/2019/02/26/pros-cons-choosing-house-cul-de-sac/
Streetscaping:
1. Incorporated in the plan shall be boulevards, brick paving, monuments, bike paths,
special effect fencing, and seating areas.
2. A higher quality of landscaping shall be required in these areas.
3. Irrigation of common areas should be considered.
4. Boulevards using a terminus can direct visual attention from monotonous streets.
5. Landscaping in boulevards should be structured not to block safety.
6. All boulevards shall be maintained by the homeowner’s association.
7. The land planner should be encouraged to design passive sitting areas in the boulevard.
https://www.pinterest.es/pin/841188036620284697/
8. Where boulevards are incorporated into the development plan it is strongly

recommended that such boulevards be not less than thirty (30) feet in width, although
they may taper at either or both ends.
Boulevards should be landscaped appropriately. This would include, but not be limited to
the following:
a) Boulevards should be landscaped with 75% live plant materials.

b) The balance of the boulevard islands should include hardscape elements such as;
benches, unit pavers, decorative fencing, natural rock outcroppings, art sculpture, or
other elements deemed appropriate by the village.
https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/streets/residential- https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/moscow-russia-june-4-2014tverskoy-
boulevard/ boulevard-197188637
NON-RESIDENTIAL GUIDELINES These guidelines are intended

to provide a framework for future retail developments. This
framework requires a basic level of architectural variety,
compatibility of scale with surrounding uses, pedestrian and
bicycle access.
Large commercial uses: In order to promote a desirable land plan for a large commercial site,
the planner should be aware of the Village’s posture as to how buildings should be viewed from
the access roads leading to the proposed development. The Village’s vision of a large
commercial site is as follows:
1. Access road traffic shall be clear and unencumbered by parking stalls. Such access shall
provide for all necessary traffic lanes.
2. Access points shall be minimized.
3. The perimeter of the property shall provide for a 30’ minimum landscape strip.
4. The perimeter of the site adjacent to a street shall provide for commercial outlots, if
possible.
5. Parking for all outlots shall be placed away from the access roads.
6. Parking for all outlots shall be screened from the adjoining street system by the building
and shall be provided on the exterior ring road or between buildings, but not on access
road frontage.
7. 7. All entrances to the development shall be allowed to provide for a large monument
sign.
Street orientation:
1. Facades should be articulated to reduce long unbroken lines and
provide interest. Facades greater than one hundred feet (100’) in
length should incorporate wall plan projections or recesses.
2. Ground floor facades that front on public streets shall have arcades,
display windows, entry areas, awnings, or similar features.
3. Buildings shall incorporate architectural features and patterns that
provide visual interest, at the scale of the pedestrian.
4. The elements noted in these guidelines shall be an integral part of
the building rather than superficially applied trim, graphics, or
paint.
5. Building facades must include a repeating pattern that shall include
no less than two of the elements noted in these guidelines. At least
one of the elements shall repeat horizontally. These elements shall
include: a) Color change b) Texture change c) Material module
change
I. Cluster Housing and Planned Unit Development (PUD)
Cluster Housing
- a subdivision technique where dwelling houses are grouped close together with a common shared
area left for recreation (e.g. small yard or garden) on the middle of a clustered group for dwellers to
enjoy and share
- a group of residential properties on a development site with the use of an open space for
recreational activities and agriculture
- an alternative concept where development is grouped, involving several adjacent parcels, leaving
larger blocks of open space and preserving both rural character and the natural environment
Advantages Disadvantages
Promotes green / public space Restriction to façade construction
Closer community for social interaction If planned incorrectly, privacy issues
Optimal storm water management Shared garden can be a source of conflict for
claiming of land use
Enhances security
Promotes more area for open space, recreation
Availability of common facilities
- Purpose of Cluster Development

o Minimize non-point source pollution through reducing the area of impervious surfaces on
site
o Encourage saving costs on infrastructure and maintenance through practices such as
decreasing the area that needs to be paved and the decreasing distance that utilities need
to be run
o Promote integrated site design that is considerate to the natural features and topography
o Protect environmentally sensitive areas of the development site
o Preserve important natural features, prime agricultural land and open space
o Create more area for open space, recreation and more social interaction (primary purpose)
- Benefits of Cluster Development
o More porous ground coverings and fewer impervious surfaces such as asphalt and
concrete, the risk of flooding and erosion from stormwater is reduced.
o Economical benefits can include there being less infrastructure to build – fewer roads,
sewers and utility lines
o The higher density of the clusters of housing tends to mean more efficiency for services
such as public transit, and can also promote increased bicycle usage and the
encouragement of pedestrians
o The extra open space made available by this type of development leaves room for parks,
trails, and community-supported agriculture
- Types of Cluster Development
o Townhouse Development – a type of medium-density housing, usually but not necessarily
terraced (row housing) or semi-detached
o Super Development – a type of high-density large scale housing in cities and provides
industrial and commercial establishments
- Design Guidelines
o Locating building envelopes
 Building envelopes should avoid open fields or minimize the visual impact with a
preserved or restored natural buffer
 Building envelopes should be located on the edges of fields and in wooded areas to
minimize the visual impact of development
o Public Roads
 Roadways should follow existing contours to minimize the extent or cuts and fills
 Where sites include linear features such as existing access roads, tree lines, and
stone rows, roadways should follow these features to minimize their visual impact
 Roadways should be buffered by existing or restored natural features to minimize
visual impact
o Driveways
 The appropriate use of common driveways is encouraged
 Where lots will access an off-site public street, common driveways should be used
where appropriate to minimize the number of curb cuts required
 The maximum number of units served by a common driveway should be four
 Paving should be required in areas where driveways grade is an excess of six
percent
o Landscaping and Lawns
 Existing vegetation should be preserved in areas where disturbance is not necessary
outside the building envelope
 Where building envelopes are located in woodlands, a treed area of at least 9.15
meters between the building envelope and the common drive or roadway should be
retained
o Fences
 It is constructed flat and level, with the sections stepped to accommodate any
change in grade, and with the finished side out
 Any gates match the fence itself or conform to the design of the cluster standard gate
Planned Unit Development
- A type of development where there is a grouping of both varied and compatible land uses (e.g.
housing, recreation, commercial establishments and industrial parks, all within one contained
development or subdivision) in a proper and orderly function.
- It is a tool to encourage designers to require flexibility, creativity and innovation when planning and
designing a development to achieve diversified objectives.
Advantages Disadvantages
Convenient access to shops, restaurants and Restrictions meant to enforce uniformity can
other commercial buildings while staying inside strip away any character or personal feel to the
the development community
Security is enhanced by gates around the Homes are closer together than in traditional
development and monitoring and management subdivisions. A higher density of people on
by the homeowner smaller lots means less privacy.
The community takes care of all common area Association dues are additional expenses for the
maintenance homeowners
Extensive sidewalks, bicycle paths and wide
roads make it convenient to get around the
development and reduces carbon footprint
Socialization is easier as houses are near each
other and they share public spaces like parks
and recreational areas
- Design Principles:
o Houses and placement of houses – must have access to a large open space surrounding
the house as well as a smaller private yard. Types of housing include single-family, two-
family and multiple-family.
o Streets – are one of the most important elements in establishing the neighbourhood
character of a residential community. Hierarchy of street types based on usage should be
employed.
o Sidewalks and pedestrian ways – supplement and complement the street systems in
establishing the character of the neighbourhood. Circulation systems are provided to link
residential groupings, open space areas, schools, and local shopping areas and to enable
walkability.
II. Areas for Priority Development (APDs) and Mixed-Use Development
Areas for Priority Development
- Areas that are capable of handling more development due to several factors, including good
access, available infrastructure (water, sewer, public transportation), an absence of environmental
constraints, and local support
- Can be areas that have undergone extensive area-wide or neighbourhood planning processes and
may have detailed recommendations for future actions
- Areas within existing communities that local city or country governments have identified and
approved for future growth
- May involve new construction, redevelopment or adaptive reuse of existing buildings
- In the Philippines, APDs are also known as Urban Land Reform Zones (ULRZs) and are covered by
the Urban Land Reform Law or Presidential Decree 1517.
- Under PD 1517, APDs refer to the 244 areas in Metro Manila specifically described and identified in
Proclamation 1967, and other sites later identified and proclaimed (Proclamation No. 2284 = 1 APD;
Proclamation No. 1810 = 19 APDs; by NHA Approval = 20 APDs)
Mixed-Use Development
- A type of urban development that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or industrial
uses, where those functions are physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian
connections
- MUDs create vibrant urban environments that bring compatible land uses, public amenities, and
utilities together at various scales
- They seek to create pedestrian-friendly environments, higher density development and a variety of
uses that enable people to live, work, play and shop in one place, which can become a destination
- MUDs are meant to provide a town-like experience. People who choose to live there can usually
count on having almost everything they need right within the development.
- Types of MUDs
o Vertical Mixed-Use Buildings – combines different uses in the same building; lower floors
are for public uses while the upper floors are for private uses
o Horizontal Mixed-Use Sites – combines single-use buildings on distinct parcels in a range of
land uses in one planned development project
o Mixed-Use Walkable Areas – combine both vertical and horizontal mix of uses in an area
ideally within a 10-minute walking distance or a 0.25-mile radius of a core of activities
- Objectives of MUDs
o Vitality – place-making
o Sustainability – mixing uses and allowing for higher development intensities create more
efficient and less consumptive buildings and spaces
o Sense of community – provide opportunities for social interaction
o Convenient access – reduction of vehicle trips and encouragement of transit ridership
o Pedestrian-friendly environment – provide opportunities for convenient and safe pedestrian
access
o Sharing of utilities and amenities – efficient use of land and infrastructure
o Longer hours of active street life – range of uses can be active at different times of the day
or on different days of the week, which activates the place for longer hours than is possible
for any one single use
o Safety – mixed activities within a compact area ensures activity throughout the day and
evening, creating a sense of safety
o Historic renovation and adaptive reuse of structures – helps preserve the older urban fabric
while providing architectural diversity in MUDs
- Benefits of MUDs
o Spurs revitalization
o Encourages high quality design by providing both greater flexibility and more control
o Preserves and enhances traditional village centers
o Promotes a village-style mix of retail, restaurants, offices, civic uses, and multi-family
housing
o Provides more housing opportunities and choices
o May increase affordable housing opportunities
o Enhances an area’s unique identity and development potential
o Promotes pedestrian and bicycle travel
o Reduces automobile dependency, roadway congestion, and air pollution by co-locating
multiple destinations
o Promotes a sense of community
o Promotes a sense of place
o Encourages economic investment
o Promotes efficient use of land and infrastructure
o Guides development toward established areas, protecting outlying rural areas and
environmentally-sensitive resources
o Enhances vitality
ARPLAN 2
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR: Educational

Campuses

SOURCE: PENN University of Pennsylvania “Design Guidelines and Review of Campus

Projects”
Link: https://www.facilities.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/BldgDesignGuidelines.pdf
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR: Educational Campuses
Design Principles for Buildings and Spaces that Promote Intellectual and
Social Exchange
The purpose of a campus is to bring together diverse people and their

ideas in an environment that creates potential for intellectual and social
exchange. While the physical character and quality of a campus is defined
by both its buildings and its open space, it is the open space which has
the greatest potential for unifying and equalizing the shared space of the
campus. https://www.facilities.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/BldgDesignGuidelines.pdf
https://www.sasaki.com/voices/building-the-new-global-campus/
It can promote the sense of community derived from actively shared space, and
provide for the enriching experiences of both planned and chance encounter.
Comprised of streets, walkways, greens, courtyards, plazas, gardens and playfields,
open space has the potential to knit together the diverse elements of the campus in
a coherent way. https://www.facilities.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/BldgDesignGuidelines.pdf
https://www.hec.edu/en/doctoral-program/hec-community/campus https://www.exchangeresidential.com/blog/choosing-student-accommodation-
in-newcastle-read-this-first/
Individual buildings should also be designed to maximize the opportunities for social and
intellectual exchange. Public spaces should be generous, provide places for conversations,
and be visible to those using buildings and passing by them.
https://www.facilities.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/BldgDesignGuidelines.pdf
https://www.stthomas.edu/admissions/undergraduate/campus-visits/
Each school should have both indoor and outdoor spaces suitable for gatherings
and social occasions. While there will always be pressure to maximize the
proportion of dedicated spaces in buildings, their success will ultimately depend
upon balancing the public and private spaces.
https://www.facilities.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/BldgDesignGuidelines.pdf
https://www.goshen.edu/campuslife/ https://ryandonnell.com/EDUCATION/50
Building Orientation
Most campus buildings are seen from perimeter streets as well as the campus interior,
and lower ones from above as well, and should be designed so that they contribute to
the buildings, streets, and pedestrian ways on each side.
Building entrances should be visible to those arriving on the campus, and should
contribute to the life and activity of streets and walks. Where buildings front on public
streets there should be public entrances and attractive, open streetscape facing the street.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fountain_at_the_ https://www.hau.edu.ph/campus_services/whereenter.php
Holy_Angel_University_in_Angeles_City,_Pampanga,_Philip
pines.jpg
The academic activities of the University, in so far as they are compatible, should be
visible to passers-by. Windows should be placed to light and provide views to internal
spaces, but also to give walks and streets the security and richness that derives from the
visibility of adjacent activity. Highly reflective or deeply tinted glass should not be used
on the camp
https://aviser.school.blog/2019/01/17/holy-angel-university/
Landscape, Streetscape and Signage
Structures should be sited and designed to form lively and secure public ways, that
have surveillance from occupants throughout the day and night. The object is to
provide spaces that are defensible and used.
Each project should take responsibility for improving adjacent streets and pedestrian
ways, by including funds in its budget to bring these up to campus standards. The
campus palate of landscape materials, walkways, lighting, signage and street furniture
must be used on all public spaces that are part of building projects.
https://www.shu.edu/
Commitment to Accessibility
The university is committed to providing equal access to all buildings for those with
disabilities, and to doing so in a dignified manner.
https://www.facilitiesnet.com/ada/tip/ADA-on-Campus-University-
Targets-Accessibility--39963
Renovations of historic buildings should seek to improve access for disabled persons
in a manner compatible with their historic integrity.
https://www.hau.edu.ph/campus_services/donjuan.php https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/489414684500093671/
Functional and Mechanical Facilities
Areas devoted exclusively to building loading and services, to the removal of trash, or to
mechanical equipment should be designed so that their visibility from public areas,
including walkways, is minimized. Rooftop mechanical equipment should be enclosed in
structures that are integrated into the building design. Acoustic mitigation should be
required to ensure the quality of the pedestrian environment.
https://me.nirmauni.ac.in/laboratory-facilities/laboratory-facilities/
https://www.surrey.ac.uk/department-mechanical-engineering-
sciences/facilities
Architectural Style
Buildings on the campus reflect many styles, and the essential quality of the campus is one
of buildings that speak in their own voice about their purposes and the era in which they
were built. It is the landscape and public spaces that integrate these buildings into a
coherent whole.
https://www.palafoxassociates.com/projects/holy-angel-university
New buildings should express the aesthetic ideas of our times, so that as we look back
on them they also become a cultural record of ideas about architecture and campus
life.
Holy Angel University: Alviera Campus
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2aFJS8C3Q0M
Respect for Cultural Resources
Many of the existing structures on campus have local, regional or national historic significance,
and are included on the corresponding registers of historic structures. Portions of the campus
are included in locally designated historic districts. An inventory of all campus buildings should
be prepared by the University, outlining each structure’s level of importance as a cultural
resource, and the specific aspects of the buildings that deserve special protection. New
buildings, or adaptations to existing structures must take this into account.
https://www.hau.edu.ph/campus_services/donjuan.php https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/489414684500093671/
ARPLAN 2
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR:

Government/Civic Centers & Plazas

SOURCE: Civic Building and Civic Center Architecture: Design for the Public BY HMC Architect
Link: https://hmcarchitects.com/thought-leadership/civic-building-and-civic-center-architecture-design-for-the-
public/
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR: Government/Civic Centers & Plazas
What is Civic Center? A building complex which houses similar

functions. Municipal entertainment center The administrative hub of a
town, city or district A prominent land area within a community that is
constructed to be its focal point or center.
https://www.slideshare.net/dabdabeedabs/civic-center
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:City_and_County_Building_-
_Civic_Center_Park,_Denver_-_DSC01193.jpg
Civic center planning can be very challenging, as architecture and

design options are as diverse as the members of the public the
buildings will serve. Planning also involves weighing the importance
of short-term issues against long-term objectives and can often mean
dealing with conflicting political agendas. These things can be
particularly challenging given that taxpayers are footing the bill.
https://www.thesfnews.com/civic-center-shooting-1-dead-1-injured/32634
While all civic center projects are different, there are 10 primary design tactics that
experienced architectural firms implement to create a beautiful and highly functional
civic center that reflects the diversity and values of the community it will serve:
1.Design for Functionality

2.Choose the Most Effective Layout
3.Inject Character
4.Offer Community Amenities
5.Set the Tone Through Landscaping
6.Provide Efficient Wayfinding
7.Design with Technology on Top of
Mind
8.Foster a Sense of Security
9.Design for Sustainability
10.Prioritize Cost-Efficiency
1. Design for Functionality

Civic centers serve many purposes and people and, therefore, must operate
efficiently. For that reason, civic planners and their architects must consider the
external needs of the community, the internal operational needs of the center’s staff
and the building itself, and city, state and local regulations.
2. Choose the Most Effective Layout

Layout is one of the most important aspects of civic center architecture design. You’ll
want to thoughtfully choreograph the visitor experience while making the center
efficient for staff. Be innovative but also scrutinize the difficult quickly, keeping
an eye out for the unexpected in terms of logistics and budget.
Seamless Flows
Design your civic center around the most frequently used spaces.
Information centers, multipurpose halls, and the cafeteria or cafe should all be
easily accessible and placed at the entrance or in the center of the complex.
Specific-purposes spaces, such as permit and license offices, can be located
farther away.
https://www.infodocket.com/2019/06/04/report-coworking-in-libraries-and-
other-ways-these-civic-spaces-are-evolving/
Wide Corridors
Wide corridors foster improved navigation and better accommodate wheelchairs,
motorized scooters, and visitors with service animals.
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/wide+hallway
Comfortable, Appealing Courtyards

Your courtyard should be beautiful enough to draw the public and comfortable
enough that people will sit for a time to enjoy it. Include local plants, trees, and
sculptures, and position outdoor seating in areas that provide shade throughout the
day. Also consider indoor-outdoor transition spaces, such as eco-atriums.
https://www.hess.eu/en/news/experten-interviews/urban-public-spaces
https://ny.curbed.com/2017/6/29/15895268/fort-greene-300-ashland-public-
plaza-debut
Future Needs
Always include soft spaces that can easily be adapted to a community’s future
needs. A room currently used to store voting materials, for example, might be
designed with more outlets to easily convert it into an electronic voting center as
your community’s needs evolve.
Purposeful Lighting
Parking lots and exterior pathways that are well lit will make visitors feel safe and
can help prevent theft and vandalism. Indoors, use thoughtful lighting to highlight
artwork and impressive civic center architecture design elements.
Acoustics
In order for your center to best serve the public, it must be conducive to clear
communication. Acoustic panels on interior walls will absorb excess noise and
improve efficiency. Outside, a smartly placed fountain can drown out the sounds of
traffic.
3. Inject Character
Civic center architecture design should mirror the qualities and values of the
community it serves and be a source of public pride. Experienced architects help
their clients incorporate the center’s ethos and logo or motto into the design, as
well as understand the most admirable trends in color and design versus those
that are fleeting.
Diversity
People are the first priority in any civic project. So, a civic building must not simply
respond to diversity, but also respect and embrace it. A good balance between
traditional and divergent perspectives must exist.
https://builtin.com/diversity-inclusion/types-of-diversity-in-the-workplace
History
To attract visitors, a civic center should provide a wealth of information and a taste
of history from the local region.
Local Artwork
Commission local artists to create murals and sculptures that represent
community values and exude positivity.
https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/5-artworks-that-celebrate-
philippine-independence-day-reflecting-on-a-revolution-that-ended-colonial-
rule-1.1032598
4. Offer Community Amenities

In addition to meeting the needs of your community and staff, consider additional
amenities that will draw more visitors to your civic center and make them feel
comfortable while there,.
Public Transportation Access

When possible, site your civic center close to public transportation to not only provide all
community members with easy access to the facility, but also to help the environment by
reducing automobile emissions. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
(LEED) program provides credits to projects that are close to public transportation.
Classes
Offering classes, such as yoga, art, and computer training provides your community
with resources they might not have access to at home, and will give them reasons to
come back to the center frequently.
Coffee Shop
A coffee shop or café can make your center more attractive to visitors. Consider
partnering with a local business to further support the interests of the community.
5. Set the Tone Through Landscaping

The landscape design you choose for your civic center, especially at its entrance,
will set the tone for the entire plaza. It should be aesthetically pleasing and
welcoming to visitors, yet easy for groundskeepers to maintain.
https://blog.mdbinsight.com/how-public-amenities-can-drive-citizen-satisfaction
Grow Local Plants

Plants that are native to a town will tie the center’s landscape to the community
and, in some regions, will require fewer resources to maintain.
Use Hardscaping Elements that Reflect the Natural Environment
Hardscape features, such as stone or brick pathways and short walls, can add both
color and texture. Rather than using grey concrete as a wall material in a desert
environment, for example, use rough native stone that closely matches the rugged
rock formations and colors of the region.
https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2018/08/27/gilbert-eyes-new-
public-amenities-to-boost-growth.html
Carve Interesting Pathways

Design scenic, calming pathways around the complex that your visitors will enjoy
walking. Paths that wind around beautiful gardens and that are lined with
comfortable seating areas will encourage visitors to take their time and stop to relax
as they navigate from one building to another.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/bouldercolorado/21684421049
6. Provide Efficient Wayfinding

From the moment visitors arrive at a civic center, clear directions should lead
them to their final destinations. To ensure that your campus is easy to navigate,
implement wayfinding design elements outside and inside your center:
Street Wayfinding
Entrances and parking areas should be clearly marked from the road or roads that
lead to them. Colorful numbered or lettered signs will help visitors better navigate a
large campus.
Exterior Wayfinding
Plenty of parking should be available and parking spaces should be placed near
wide walkways. Parking for visitors with limited mobility should exist closest to the
main entrance. Signage on all walkways should be clear and lead visitors to the
main entrance.
https://www.mailboxesandsigns.com/products/ https://www.smashingmagazine.com/street-
wayfinding-signage/ and-wayfinding-signs-part-4/
Interior Wayfinding
Place directional signs throughout the entrance hall, in elevator and stair bays, and in
corridors. Every room should also be clearly labeled. Many civic centers now include at
least one digital welcome station at the front entrance to provide visitors with maps and
visual aids to help them navigates the building.
https://www.behance.net/gallery/36579789/Wayfinding-Signage-Interior-
Design
7. Design with Technology Top of Mind

Modern technology allows you to offer more and better services to your
community. But, given the speed at which technology advances today, your
building must also be designed to adapt to the changing needs of tomorrow.
Charging Centers
Create areas where visitors can charge their mobile devices. Design them
with plenty of outlets and furnishings with built-in chargers.
Online Resources
Offer computer workstations that are centered around the resources your
community needs most. For example, electronic voter registration stations
encourage members of your community to register to vote and to keep their
records up to date. They won’t have to ask for assistance, as the screen will
walk them through every step of the process
8. Foster a Sense of Security

City planners and architects face a slew of security concerns when designing new
public buildings. There are a number of effective security measures that you can
take to ensure that visitors feel safe in your civic center.
Consult the Experts
Train Staff
Improve Lines Of Sight
Use Materials that Support Security
Install Security Cameras

9. Design for Sustainability

With the advent of LEED and zero net energy goals, more civic center architecture
design planners are seeking ways to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings and
create more sustainable spaces. By looking at existing LEED-certified civic spaces
you can discover ways to create a more environmentally-friendly civic center in your
neighborhood.
Promote Energy Efficiency
Reduce Water Consumption
Improve Cost Efficiency

10. Prioritize Cost-Efficiency

Nearly all civic center projects are paid for by tax dollars. As a result, budgets are
usually tight. To make the most out of a limited budget and focus on cost efficiency,
you should:
Use Durable Materials
Avoid-Over Designing
Plan For Expansion
Plan for Expansion

ARPLAN 2
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR: Coastal

Community

Source: Ten Principles for Coastal Development by Michael Pawlukiewicz , Prema Katari Gupta, Carl Koelbel
Link: https://uli.org/wp-content/uploads/ULI-Documents/Ten-Principles-for-Coastal-Development.pdf
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR: Coastal Community
The coast is a dynamic place and its dynamism makes it susceptible to stresses
and changes in a number of ways. Because the coast is where the land interacts
with the sea, it is open to the action of wind, waves, tides, and currents that
not only erode the shore but also can expand it with sedimentary deposits.
Storm systems gather energy from the ocean and intensify natural coastal forces
with wind, waves, and rain powerful enough to severely damage property and
hasten erosive processes. The coast is made more vulnerable to these natural
dynamic forces by rising sea level. Although sea level has been steadily rising
for centuries, the process may be accelerating because of global warming.
10 Principles in Coastal Development:

1. Enhance Value by Protecting and
Conserving Natural Systems
The best way to protect and conserve

natural coastal systems is to allow
them full freedom to be dynamic.
When the dunes, the channels, the
beaches, and their interaction with
the wind and the water are not
disturbed, they can sustain habitats
and fend off erosive forces.
Conventional coastal development
does not protect or conserve natural
systems.
https://venuesworld.com/portugal/the-coastal-region/
In conventional practice, houses

are built along the shore close to
the water where the greatest
likelihood exists of interference
with coastal dynamics. The
beachfront property owner
views the beach as his or her
backyard and has privacy issues
about its use by others. Even
when the entire beach is public,
lack of public access points or
parking can keep the public away
and deter use. In these cases, the
value of the waterfront accrues
primarily to the waterfront
owners.
2 Identify Natural Hazards and Reduce Vulnerability

Everyone agrees that storms
are a significant hazard for
coastal communities, but a
number of different hazards
actually come packaged with
storms. Storm frequency is one.
Obviously, a stretch of coast
that has a high storm frequency
is more hazardous than another
with fewer storms. Storm
intensity is another. The Saffir-
Simpson Hurricane Scale is a 1
to 5 rating based on a
hurricane’s intensity.
Although severe erosion occurs

during storm events, where erosion
is a problem, the process can
continue in the context of everyday
weather and currents and with the
ebb and flow of tides. Ironically,
groins, bulkheads, jetties, and other
structural measures meant to
control erosion often exacerbate it.
Erosion can be relentless and
unstoppable. Nevertheless, it can be
measured and understood in terms
of how quickly the shoreline is
retreating and what that rate of
retreat means in terms of threat to
coastal development.
Reduce Vulnerabilities Taken together, combining a better understanding of the

nature of the coast with an assessment of hazards should lead to balanced
decisions about development and use of the coastal zone. For example,
recognizing and adapting to natural forces and change are important. The
following elements should be factored into the land use decision-making process:
Coastal hazards: Long-term change:
■ Extreme events; ■ Shoreline fluctuation;
■ Storm frequency and intensity; ■ Erosion;
■ Probability of tsunamis; and ■ Climate change;
■ Erosion. ■ Sea-level rise; and
■ Barrier island movement.
Emergency management:
■ Evacuation;
■ Insurance;
■ Poststorm mitigation;
■ Open-space acquisition;
■ Science-based decision making in which zoning is aligned with land capability;
and
■ Public and individual responses to change, including the need for education.
Establish Accountability In the conventional

policy environment on the coast, many
decisions are made, approvals given, and
projects implemented even as hazards are
ignored, inappropriate development is
allowed, or natural processes are disturbed.
Yet when disaster strikes and property and
lives are lost or hazards worsened, no one
is held accountable. Consequently, the costs
of protection of infrastructure are borne by
the taxpayer rather than those directly
benefiting from the development. The
balance needs to be altered so that the true
cost of any development is taken into
account, including any long-term protection
needs.
3 Apply Comprehensive Assessments to the Region and Site

Each parcel of land is unique. Each landscape is the singular manifestation of the physical,
biological, and cultural forces that act upon it. It is the product of a particular geologic, natural,
and cultural history. The word “place” is used here to mean the uniquely personal aspect of the
landscape or parcel of land. We get to know and understand a place much as we would get to
know and understand a person, by becoming familiar with it and, in the case of a place, by
studying it and learning about its characteristics, history, and special qualities.
Begin by identifying the natural

systems functioning on the site.
Taking an assessment or inventory
identifies the natural systems.
Because this assessment forms
the database for the analysis of
the place’s natural systems, using
an ecological or natural resources
expert to conduct the inventory is
important.
4 Lower Risk by Exceeding Standards for Siting and Construction

From the experience of many
storms along the Atlantic and
Gulf coasts, storms of all types
and sizes, we have gained a lot
of knowledge about
construction practices that
provide the best protection
from storm hazards. These
practices can be used to build
in a way that reduces risk and
enhances the resiliency
community. Nevertheless, risk
cannot be eliminated.
Siting
Although superior design and construction are critically important, the proper siting of
structures can significantly improve the resilience of the community and decrease its
vulnerability. Proper siting, however, requires an integrated approach so vulnerability and
resilience are considered at the regional, neighborhood, and site levels. Following are
some of the factors to be considered:
■ Location of hazard areas;

■ Locations suitable for development;
■ Regional open-space network, including habitat areas and sensitive environments;
■ Regional transportation network, including roads and public transportation;
■ Regional water and sewer system;
■ Watersheds; and
■ Existing land use.
Again, exceeding state and local siting requirements is a good practice.
Remember, conservation of land reduces

vulnerability. Asset exposure can be reduced
with a strong environmental protection policy.
Leave the smallest ecological footprint while
promoting economic vitality. The highest and
best use may not always be in the public good.
Protect the built environment that exists, but
use rezoning and other public policy tools to
reduce the ecological footprint and build with
less impact.
5 Adopt Successful Practices from Dynamic Coastal Conditions

I n addition to the standard coastal hazards,
such as storms and storm surges, tsunamis,
erosive waves and currents, shoreline
fluctuation, and barrier island movement,
other forces contribute to the dynamism of the
coast. Solid agreement now exists that global
warming, caused by human activity, will bring
changes to the coast. The acceleration of sea-
level rise from the expansion of warming
ocean waters and the melting of glaciers and
ice sheets globally will make more-responsible
and comprehensive development along the
coast imperative.
The global warming problem

may also lead to changes in
weather patterns and storm
intensities that will make
living along the coast more
precarious. Consequently,
communities on the coast
must learn from each other
which practices effectively
increase resilience, decrease
vulnerability, and reduce the
potential threat of any given
hazard, including
accelerated sea-level rise. https://ourworld.unu.edu/en/sea-level-rise-is-inevitable-but-we-can-still-
prevent-catastrophe-for-coastal-regions
6 Use Market-Based Incentives to Encourage Appropriate Development

Incentives can encourage developers to
locate and cluster coastal development
in less vulnerable and more resilient
sites. Incentives come in a number of
forms: public investment,
public/private partnerships for land
assembly and financing, preferred
treatment for timely regulatory
approvals, tax incentives that add to
the bottom line, and others. Market-
based incentives also can help direct
the development toward more
environmentally compatible design, for
example, with public investments in
infrastructure such as water, sewer,
and stormwater management.
Incentives are also provided by

backing off costly hard-edged
engineering code requirements
that serve only to exacerbate
environmental disturbance.
Probably the least expensive
incentive to implement is
regulatory—organize the
development review process so
that good design and siting, as
well as good practices for
environmental protection, are
the path of least resistance to
quick project approval. This
strategy is called making the
right thing easy to do.
Create incentives for redevelopment that protects natural areas, clusters uses, and
raises development standards.
■ Conserve fragile landscapes and essential natural resources.
■ Protect open natural areas with or without public acquisition through conservation
easements or transfer of development rights.
■ Use density bonuses to encourage affordable housing.
■ Replace substandard development with hurricane and storm-resistant

development.
7 Address Social and Economic Equity Concerns

In the not-so-distant past, many
American communities included a
variety of housing types with
residents of all incomes and
backgrounds. These communities
were not considered “social
experiments” or “mixed-income”;
they were rightly thought of as
simply where we live. The fact
that the wealthiest residents
lived within walking distance of
some of the poorest was a
naturally accepted part of these
healthy and balanced
communities.
To restore balance and move

toward sustainability, developers
need to provide more housing
choices that appeal to various
market segments and demographic
groups. Of critical importance is a
mix of housing types, price points,
and other uses that provide a more
diverse and vital community. By
clustering compact development,
walkable mixed-use neighborhoods
can be created that offer the
opportunity for a variety of
housing types rather than
conventional homogeneous
subdivisions.
8 Balance the Public’s Right of Access and Use with Private Property Rights
According to centuries of common law

in the United States and Great Britain,
the public has the right to enjoy the
benefits of navigable waters and their
shores for commerce, travel, fishing,
and recreation. The right is protected
under the Public Trust Doctrine, which
the courts have used in weighing
public rights of access and use against
private property rights to determine
the balance between public and
private interests.
The best way to avoid imbalance in public and private rights is to avoid the
conflict wherever possible. Where feasible, conflict is easily avoided by making
the entire shoreline system a community amenity open to the public, so no
private rights exist to be concerned with.
This strategy not only avoids the public rights versus private rights conflict but
also has the advantages of transferring the value of the waterfront property to
the community at large and making preservation of coastal systems and
processes easier.
To function well, a community with an open beach system must have some of the
following characteristics:
■ Free and uninterrupted access along the beach, ideally inland to the line of established
upland vegetation;
■ An access to the beach at least every half-mile in highly populated areas;
■ A diverse range of access types—pedestrian, vehicular, view—with a range of amenities

to meet user needs, such as parks, walkways, boardwalks, and streets, but with minimal
adverse environmental effects;
■ An accurate and up-to-date inventory of access sites;
■ A dedicated funding source for land acquisition;
■ A policy of no net loss of beach access;

■ Regular collection of beach attendance records and analysis of supply and demand,
including an economic evaluation of beaches;
■ Public education about beach access, including customary or prescriptive right to

beach access;
■ Good public access to the coast and bay shores with the acquisition of land and
easements and by building trails and stairways;
■ Low-cost accommodations along the coast, including campgrounds and hostels;

■ A policy of protecting and enhancing coastal wetlands, streams, and watersheds;
■ Available urban waterfronts for public use and coastal-dependent industries,

especially commercial fishing;
■ Protection of agricultural lands; and
■ A policy welcoming donations and dedications of land and easements for public
access, agriculture, open space, and habitat protection.
9 Protect Fragile Water Resources on the Coast

Coastal water resources play a critical
role in the ecosystem of the coast and
determine how well development fits
into the coastal environment. Coastal
waterways are often estuaries or have
important characteristics of estuaries.
Technically, an estuary is a semi-
enclosed body of water that has a free
connection to the sea where seawater
mixes with freshwater. Tidal influence
maintains a dynamic relationship
between freshwater and saltwater
where they meet.
Estuarine habitats are essential nursery grounds for many marine fish and shellfish.
Estuaries often contain salt marshes, mangroves, and other wetlands, which are
important habitats for many species.
Rainfall feeds freshwater into the estuarine system when it runs off as stormwater and
recharges groundwater systems when it percolates into the ground. How development
affects the balance between recharge and runoff is critically important to both: first,
because groundwater is a major source of drinking water in coastal areas; and
second, because stormwater runoff from developed areas can degrade delicate
estuarine habitats.
10 Commit to Stewardship That Will Sustain Coastal Areas
Stewardship means the responsible

management of our environment,
economy, and society for the
benefit of present and future
generations of people, plants, and
animals. The complexity of
environmental, economic, and
social interactions requires that a
good steward enhance and balance
all three. For example, from an
environmental perspective,
stewardship obliges us to plan
development in a way that
enhances environmental and social
systems.
Committing to stewardship means planning to sustain and enhance the natural assets of
a site while understanding its context in the broader regional system by adopting
environmental design strategies that enhance sustainability, such as the following:
■ Design a land plan that preserves the character of the landscape.
■ Use a whole-system design approach to site resources, materials, energy use,

function, and aesthetics.
■ Optimize the use of natural features and resources of the site by orienting
buildings for passive solar heating and natural cooling.
■ Reduce building size and footprint to minimize site disruption and destruction of
habitat; use less land and expend less energy and water.
■ Combine vernacular designs with local materials and modern, high-efficiency

technologies.
■ Design in flexibility to accommodate future needs.

■ When tradeoffs are necessary, choose solutions that favor energy efficiency and
durability.
■ Imitate natural drainage and other features.
■ Save existing vegetation and trees where possible.
■ Use locally adapted native plants to minimize irrigation; discourage the use of
exotic invasive species.
https://www.dw.com/en/philippines-natural-riches- http://www.pfpi.org/culion_islands_reefs.html
face-dire-threats/a-17301439
■ Commit to habitat restoration and protecting sustainable habitat areas—plan to

sustain natural site assets and their broader regional system. Develop plans to
recover disturbed, deteriorated areas.
■ Cluster development to increase density and preserve open space.
■ Keep open spaces connected and unite fragmented systems.
https://www.thegef.org/news/sea-future-expanding-coastal-and- https://www.cntraveler.com/story/boracay-set-to-ban-
marine-protection-philippines tourists-for-six-months-during-island-rehabilitation
ARPLAN 2
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR: Resort

Community Design

Source: 10 Things to remember when designing a Resort by Ar. Bhakti Doria

Link:
//www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/rtf-fresh-perspectives/a1310-10-things-to-remember-when-designing-a-resort/
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR: Resort Community Design
Designing of resort pivots around various factors that must be

considered during the process and planning. As it is constructed in
appealing recreational locations to serve as an accommodation facility, it is
an essential element for tourist places. Resort design includes building
strategies that develop the whole site as well as facilitates the people in and
around.
https://www.cntraveler.com/galleries/2014-12-11/worlds-best-beach-resorts-
readers-choice-2014
The planning and designing predominantly depend on the site location and the
environmental conditions along with the relevant building materials available in
its immediate context combined with the facilities that the resort will furnish.
Resort design and planning must amalgamate aesthetic, high-quality build
structure, and user-friendly facilities to attract visitors to such recreational
places.
https://www.cataloniahotels.com/en/blog/difference-between-a-hotel-and-
resort/
Site Planning
Site planning for a resort is the initial
step towards the construction of the
development. It requires in-depth
research and analysis of the site
conditions, the geography, and
topography of the site and the
elements present on the site.
https://arcmaxarchitect.com/beach-resort-planning-and-design
It is also very essential to recognize contextual

components such as a nearby lake, beach, mountains, or
any other natural settings as they play a pivotal role in the
design process. The natural environment of the proposed
site acts as a guideline to start site planning and control
the effects of the environment for the effective design
outcome.
https://guidetothephilippines.ph/articles/ultimate-guides/best-beachfront-
boracay-resorts
Contextual Elements
The design must resonate with the context of the site in the construction along with the
social and economic entities. The contextual elements based on the housing
typology, ideologies and the materials used are often the reflections of customs
and traditions of the place. The design and planning process can incorporate the
features of the context, selection of materials, and the design elements considered for
the typology of the resort and the facilities that it will serve.
https://www.freelancer.com/u/sap10/portfolio/Sentul-resort-
conceptual-planning-1856740?w=f&ngsw-bypass=
Environmental Consideration
Environment consideration is an essential

component during a resort development
because of the impact it will have on the site
and the environment. It must pre-analyze
certain factors while designing such as pollution
the construction will cause and damage to the
fertile soils, discard of waste, solid waste, and
sewage.
https://www.greenandgrowing.org/consequences-of-water-pollution/
The design should aim to conserve the flora and fauna as much as
possible and build considering it. The design development could lead to
alteration in the skyline, views from the site, and vision of the natural
landscape hence, it must develop responsibly.
http://www.tropical-landscaping.com/projects/
Exterior Design
The exterior design depends on the building materials that are easily available and
suitable for the site. It can vary as per the context of the site from stone, timber to
bricks, and mud or bamboo. There is a direct relationship between the materials used
and the building considering the climatic conditions.
https://www.fohlio.com/blog/local-culture-trend-resort-design/
The wall structure and roof depends upon the weather to withstand
powerful winds to a heavy downpour. The exterior design also reflects
on the courtyard, porch design, which is essential for the ventilation to
establish maximum air circulation within the built body.
Interior Design
The interior design of the building determines the theme of the resort and sets
the ambience of the space. The interior design must complement the
exteriors through proper accessibility and ventilation systems in all
spaces. The furniture and other fittings, the shades of colour, and essential
facilities such as a bathroom, wash area must be in sync with the overall
design format of the resort.
Hierarchy of spaces
The layout of the resort plays a vital role in the overall
functionality and success of the design. It should base the
layout on a hierarchy of spaces that differentiate between
public, semi-public, and private spaces.
https://www.jbanksdesign.com/portfolio/resorts/
The connection between the indoor and outdoor spaces is very

important and a smooth transition from one space to another. The
spaces should cater to all age groups and needs to have a provision
of special facilities for disabled people.
https://www.bestproducts.com/fun-things-to-do/g20708957/best-resorts-in-
the-world/
Aesthetic Appeal
Aesthetic appeal is very essential apart from the exterior and interior
design as the resort acts like a retreat for people to connect with the
natural environment and enjoy their leisure time. The structure should
seamlessly blend with the surrounding environment that uplifts the
natural beauty of the site.
Landscape Design
The resort design depends on the
landscape on a vast portion as it is
effective to create an environment in
and around the site. It also helps in
developing spaces of ambience and
adds greenery that is usually missing
in the cityscapes. Green zones in and
around the building help to bind
indoors and outdoors.
https://coopershill.design/project/
Structure
The structure of the resort depends on the
geographic location, the materials used
and the construction methods. It is vital to
have a structure that respects the
natural elements of the site and is not
too superimposing on it. The design can
use materials and local methods of
construction that are sustainable and
engage the local craftsmen.
One the Architectural masterpieces of Architect Francisco 'Bobby' Manosa,

the PEARL FARM in Davao
at Pearl Farm Beach Resort, Davao City, Philippines
Accessibility
The resort needs to have fair
connectivity with the surrounding
context for easy accessibility. There
needs to be more that one way to
approach the site for the
evacuation of a maximum number
of people during an emergency.
The layout must also have different
entry and exit points considering the
road network around the site for easy
mobility.
“Fin”
ARPLAN 2
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR: Parks & Open

Spaces

Source: open space design guidelines by LANDCOM

Link:
https://www.landcom.com.au/assets/Publications/Statement-of-Corporate-Intent/612d4e710e/open-
space-design-guidelines-lr.pdf
DESIGN REQUIREMENT FOR: Parks & Open Spaces
What we mean by Public Open Space

Parks ranging in size from 0.5 hectares (Ha) to 2 Ha or more offering a range of
recreation opportunities extending from a place to sit in the shade through
playgrounds, circuit paths, water bodies, picnic and kickabout areas to larger
parks with sports facilities.
While new parks should ideally be no smaller than 0.5Ha this may vary in urban
infill sites, where a minimum 0.3 Ha is generally considered the smallest viable
size for most local informal recreation activities.
https://theconversation.com/most-people-just-park-themselves-so-how-do-we-
promote-more-healthy-activity-in-public-parks-56421
Corridor Open Spaces often associated

with creeks, rivers and harbour foreshores
or bushland with a focus on pedestrian
and cycle paths in a setting of linked open
spaces.
http://naturalwalkingcities.com/green-corridors-
essential-urban-walking-and-natural-infrastructure/
https://www.archdaily.com/876373/loop-nyc-wants-to-bring-driverless-
expressways-and-green-corridors-to-manhattan/597525bcb22e38d07f00021c-
loop-nyc-wants-to-bring-driverless-expressways-and-green-corridors-to-
manhattan-photo
Design Principles
Be meaningful to place and community
Successful and enduring parks and open spaces are those that remain relevant to people’s
day-to-day lives. Such success is not only a function of the available recreational facilities
but more importantly for people, the connections that those places make with their
community, their environment and their history.
• Integrate physical geographic features of the place into new designs where these are
central to the environmental values of the site (eg topographic features, trees, water
bodies etc).
• Conserve and integrate historical and heritage features of both Aboriginal and Non-
Aboriginal origin in a manner that enhances their values (i.e. protection that optimizes
access, provides an appropriate landscape setting to buildings, memorials and places
to appreciate their former context and uses etc).
• Use landform, landscape, public art, and interpretive media (signs, brochures etc)
to tell the story of the place.
• Stimulate imaginative play through the design of spaces that respond to the
geography and history of the place (eg sculptural play, use of water etc).
• Optimize the sensory experience of the place through design. In particular

offer opportunities for those with sensory or physical disabilities to use smell,
sound and touch to enhance the user experience.
• Employ materials and designs that are local and particular to the place wherever
practical.
• Design spaces that enable/accommodate community based events, celebrations, memorials,

markets, etc.
Be multi-functional and adaptable

Communities and their recreational needs change over time. Multi-functional and
flexible spaces adapt well to those changes, allowing for a range of users to enjoy the
same space at different times and also for the space to evolve, mature and adapt over
time to meet the changing needs and aspirations of the community it serves.
• Identify physical and cultural features (topography, heritage etc) that might
determine potential opportunities for multi-functionality and co-location of
facilities (eg existing buildings as visitor centres or function spaces).
• Explore design opportunities to locate recreation facilities close to other

compatible facilities (eg community facilities such as indoor sports venues, schools,
community halls etc) to maximise joint use and minimise duplication of facilities
and infrastructure.
• Identify design opportunities to create flexible spaces for community events (eg
playing fi elds for community fairs, hard stand areas for community markets) and provide
permanent infrastructure for spaces intended for special events (eg water, three phase
power, sewer connections for temporary toilets, etc).
• Design sports facilities for the optimum practical range of multi-users (eg multi-court
line markings, artificial surfaces, removable sporting infrastructure) and co-locate active
sports and passive recreation facilities to maximize use during and outside training and
competition periods (eg children’s playground, picnic facilities, etc).
• Use amenity night lighting to encourage safe evening use and sport lighting to extend
the usable hours and training/competition options (consider potential impacts on native
fauna and residential amenity of any lighting strategy).
• Implement sustainable multi-functionality through the use of robust materials, design

and management (to sustain intense sporting use of fi elds, consider the use of artifi cial
surfaces, options to re-orientate fi elds to change direction of wear, using recycled water
for irrigation, soil profile specifi cation, effective drainage, etc).
• In early phases maintain a simple and adaptable design that will allow for future
enhancement of the space as funds become available and as the community’s recreation
preferences become clearer.
Provide diversity
Every community is diverse in its character and needs, so landscapes and spaces that
are equally diverse will meet a wide range of those needs, whilst also being unique in
their particular character.
Planning and design of open spaces play a critical role in conserving and enhancing
that uniqueness and diversity.
• Apply universal design principles (i.e. consider the design’s accessibility, functionality
and useability for a diverse group of users) and provide basic facilities with the widest
appeal to the maximum number of users (eg sun, shade, trees, lawn, paths, seats,
picnic facilities, etc).
• Connect and relate to adjoining land uses and open spaces in the area, to
maximise opportunities for a diversity of experiences.
• Provide facilities that cater to or are adaptable to a range of age groups and cultural
backgrounds (eg playgrounds that cater for various age groups, pit barbeque areas for
cultural celebrations, seating for elderly, graded paths suitable for wheelchair access,
etc). Use demographic analysis of the area or future community to determine particular
cultural requirements.
• Design for seasonal variation to provide a diversity of experience all year round (eg
deciduous trees for variations in sun, shade, spring and autumn colour, etc)
• Ensure that sports focused facilities also provide for passive recreation opportunities
that cater for spectators and those who have accompanied the sports participant (shade,
play, seating, walking paths and the like). In family situations this encourages parent as
well as grandparent involvement and sibling engagement.
Encourage social interaction

For many new communities and for residents joining existing communities the public
domain is a focal meeting place for establishing new and enduring relationships. Whether it
be individuals meeting while walking their dogs in the park, parents meeting other parents
with toddlers at the playground or children and adults playing or watching sport, well
planned spaces promote opportunities to interact socially; such healthy public spaces
encourage healthy communities.
• Design paths, crossing spaces and seat locations to encourage incidental social
interaction (shaded seats within play spaces, sports spectator seating and shaded standing
areas, kiosks, drinking taps for dogs and the like are all features and places that encourage
incidental conversation and social interaction).
• Provide opportunities in the design for spaces that are adaptable to local cultural activities
throughout the year (eg level spaces for temporary market stalls, marquees, etc). Incorporate
infrastructure and facilities that are suitable for - or adaptable to - community events (eg
stage/amphitheatre, external power connections, water connections, suitable lighting etc).
https://heartofthecity-dmc.com/bringing-universal-design-to-life-in-heart-of-
the-city/
https://kssarchitects.com/design/our-work/remy-theatre
• Ensure park design structure will allow for future enhancement of the space as the
community’s appreciation of the space evolves with time and use.
• Plan and designate appropriate future locations for community-generated memorials
and icons (eg memorial plaques, interpretation, tree plantings, sculpture and public art).
• Plan and design spaces to minimize user conflicts (common conflict issues include off-
leash dog behavior, cycle and pedestrian clashes, noise generating activities adjoining
quieter areas or local residences, ‘hogging’ barbeques by occupying the space for hours at
a time etc).
• Involve the new community, where possible,
in the design, maintenance and progressive
enhancement of the space through consultation
and participation (eg meet the neighbour
barbeques, planting days, adopt-a-park
programs, social events, volunteer rangers etc).
• Identify opportunities to integrate open space into existing community and social
plans and programs (eg Bushcare, youth programs, Streamwatch, etc).
• Provide information to new residents
on recreation opportunities and
special events in parks through their
Welcome Package.
Promote health and wellbeing

Ongoing research around the world demonstrates a direct relationship between our
quality of life and our access to open space and nature. With 90% of Australia’s
population now living in urban environments in which the quantum of private open
space is also decreasing, community access to high quality, safe public open space plays
an increasingly critical role in the community’s health and wellbeing.
• Provide on and off-road pedestrian and cycle

connections to open space to encourage
walking and cycling access and incidental
physical activity, to promote environmentally
friendly transport options and to cater for
independent mobility, especially for
adolescents needing access to sports facilities.
• Integrate circuit or boundary paths wherever possible to provide for walkers, joggers,
cyclists, dog walkers, etc (boundary paths around sports fields can often also act as a
maintenance boundary and a controlled drainage collection point where sports facilities
adjoin bushland or waterways).
• Provide space for rest and relaxation where interaction with the natural environment
can best be experienced (contact with nature - trees and birds - is one of the principal
reasons cited for visiting parks).
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/337699672044859783/ https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/resting-place-park.html
• Create a comfortable microclimate throughout the year and through variations in weather.
Design to maximize seasonal opportunities for summer shade and cooling breezes (includes
shade structures over larger play facilities, until such time as trees can provide the same
shade), winter sun and protection from cold winds (use of deciduous trees and planting as
wind barriers) and shelter from rain (trees, picnic shelters, etc).
https://phys.org/news/2016-06-microclimates-city-life.html
• Design, specify and maintain sports surfaces to minimize the potential for sports
injury (eg cross falls to standards, design of soil profi les to avoid compaction and
maintain drainage etc).
• Design, specify and maintain

sports surfaces to minimise the
potential for sports injury (eg cross
falls to standards, design of soil profi
les to avoid compaction and
maintain drainage etc).
• Orientate and design the space to maximize the impact of local and distant views. A
sense of space and one’s place in the landscape are important to personal wellbeing,
especially in dense urban areas, where middle and distant views provide these valuable
connections.
• Maximize the visibility of open spaces from within the development. The aesthetic value
of parks and open spaces and the knowledge of them ‘just being there’ enhance
wellbeing, even for those who rarely visit them.
• Enhance the sense of safety and personal security through the application of ‘Crime
Prevention Through Environmental Design’ (CPTED) principles.
https://30seconds.com/health/tip/6734/Play-It-Safe-Park-
Playground-Safety-Checklist-for-Parents
https://greensboro.com/opinion/columns/lincoln-larson-and-s-scott-ogletree-can-
parks-help-cities-fight-crime-it-depends/article_485661be-6521-51d8-af80-
4d11fae09bce.html
Provide equity and accessibility

There is strong evidence from research in Europe and the USA that residents and workers
with easy access to parks tend to exercise more; furthermore there are also direct
correlations between park access for young people and their mental health and
socialization. It is therefore not surprising that well used and much loved public open
spaces are invariably those that are easily accessible to all members of the community.
• Ensure designs cater for people who have sensory or mobility impairments and
also for those with prams.
Other facilities and design features such as drinking bubblers that allow wheelchair
access, seats with armrests and companion spaces for wheelchairs beside seats
should be common features.
• Ensure that the layout and design offers recreation opportunities that are inclusive of
all members of the community, whatever the age, gender, socioeconomic or cultural
background.
• Maximize all connections to the space, especially for pedestrians, cyclists, and users of
public transport.
• Use riparian and bushland

corridors to enhance
accessibility within the open
space network (where use will
not compromise the
biodiversity functions of the
corridor) and as an access
route to and from other day-
to-day destinations such as
schools, shops, public
transport and work.
https://www.urbaneffects.co.nz/the-importance-of-parks-and-open-spaces/
• Ensure that all public spaces are visibly and evidently public in nature to encourage use by
all members of the community wherever environmental robustness permits (gates, fences
and other barriers should be limited in use except for playgrounds or where they ensure
public safety or secure highly sensitive environments).
• Provide facilities that are

responsive to the cultural as well
as the recreational needs of the
community that the space will
serve (eg traditional picnic
shelters and barbeques may not
adequately respond to cultures
that socialize in large extended
family groups or that have
special food preparation
requirements).
https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-history-of-manilas-walled-
city-of-intramuros/
• Design access to sensitive landscapes to manage impacts and enhance wider

appreciation of the values and sensitivity of these locations (eg boardwalks are equally
as effective in controlling access in sensitive bushland environments as they are in
wetlands; interpretative information panels also express the importance of place and
sensitivity to access).
• Design safe access to the edge of

waterways or to elevated
viewpoints wherever possible and
practical. Safety elements such as
railings and safety barriers should
be designed to minimize their
visual impact on the landscape
while maximizing the visitor
experience. Level changes can
often be used to achieve the same
effect with limited visual impact.
• Design paths and wayfinding signage to improve accessibility, orientation and

connectivity of spaces and functions (i.e. recognize desire lines and provide direct path
routes or controls that preclude worn tracks across planting or turf).
https://queensmuseum.org/2014/04/wayfinding-100-nyc-public-sculptures
Embody environmental sustainability

We often describe our parks as the ‘green lungs’ of our towns and cities, supporting
mental and physical health and wellbeing and the diversity of recreation experiences.
So at a time when development within urban catchments is intensifying, when climate
change is a recognized phenomenon and when drought cycles are impacting the health
of open space areas, the role of our public spaces in conserving and enhancing the
natural environment and returning ecological values to our environment becomes ever
more critical.
• Retain and extend the existing

natural values of the space wherever
practical, including enhancement of
biodiversity, flora and fauna habitat
value, energy conservation, and
microclimate.
• Locate, orientate and design the open space network to maximize wildlife
connectivity and reduce habitat fragmentation.
• Protect conservation areas and manage parklands as buffers to such environments,
providing controlled access between the managed parklands and natural or rehabilitated
areas where this will not compromise the environmental values of the conservation area.
• Provide opportunities for the environmental values of the place to

be interpreted and used as an educational and research resource.
• Locate open spaces for maximum

walkable and public transport access
by as many in the community as
possible to reduce car dependent
access.
• Design and plan the open space and facilities for energy and water conservation,
optimized lifecycle and selection of materials with low embodied energy.
Such initiatives might include:
– Managing stormwater to improve water quality and integrate with Water
Sensitive Urban Design.
– Harvesting of water for reuse in irrigation and toilets.
– Rehabilitating waterways.
– Low water low maintenance demand planting.
– Use of mulch to retain soil moisture and composting leaf litter and grass
clippings.
– Use of recycled materials in construction including materials salvaged from site
and reused.
– Use of solar energy for lighting and low voltage electrical facilities (barbeques
etc).
– Minimized mowing requirements.
– Minimised and balanced cut and fi ll in earthworks design.
Ensure financial sustainability

An understanding of the long term financial sustainability of the open spaces we create is
essential if community aspirations are to be realized and the quality of those spaces is to
endure. In reality many of the most important and basic elements in our public spaces are
not expensive to construct and have low ongoing maintenance costs.
• Establish realistic budgets for open space at the outset of the project
budgeting
• Design open space with minimization of maintenance costs in mind, wherever

practical.
• Consider the life cycle costs of materials in constructing and managing the open
space including, operating, maintaining, replacing, and de-commissioning facilities
and services.
• Use robust and enduring materials and

products that are affordable to replace
and where practical focus one-off items
and features that are not readily
replaceable to landmark locations and
features.
• Incorporate revenue raising opportunities where appropriate (eg cafes, kiosks, events,
bike hire, film licensing, etc) where these meet the criteria of:
– Being leisure and recreation oriented;
– Compatibility with adjoining land uses and being actively integrated into the open space;
– Being effectively and financially operated; and
– Directly contributing revenue to the cost of maintaining and upgrading the open space
or facilities.
• Consider long term financial sustainability in the design processes, particularly

with relation to Council’s maintenance after handover. Matters to consider include:
– Maintenance requirements (staff and equipment).
– Required expertise of the maintenance team.
– Service levels and community expectations.
– Maintenance and replacement budgets.
– Preference for the use of certain materials, finishes, furniture and fixtures.
– Vandal resistance of materials, finishes, furniture and fixtures.
HOUSING NEED,
DEMAND & SUPPLY
PREPARED BY:
Ar./Enp. Rachelle S. Morales
POPULATION STATISTICS
Annual Growth Rates

2010 - 2015 = 1.72
2000 - 2010 = 1.90
1990 - 2000 = 2.34
HOUSING SITUATION
Administration Housing Need No. of housing units

provided
Aquino 2.6 million 268,279
Ramos 3.72 million 1,357,025
Estrada 3.3 million 274,727 (within 2.5 years)
HOUSING STATISTICS
Projected Housing Need (2017-2022) = 6.5 million housing units
***Without intervention, the housing backlog by 2040 may reach 22 million units.
Average Annual Housing Need (2017-2022) = 1.083 million

housing units
Average Annual Supply of Housing (2016-2019) = 203,000 to

205,000 housing units
Housing Need (as of Dec. 2020) = 6.57 million housing units

HOUSING CONSUMPTION PATTERN
1. Increase in income = demand for housing

(mostly confined only to basic improvements in housing
facilities  no minimal change on tenure)
Expenditure pattern of households shows:

50 % of income  food
10-20%  housing
20-30%  other basic needs (clothing, fuel, transport,
education, etc)
2. Lifecycle: Married head of the family vs. single or

widowed
Housing expenditures of married-headed households tend to

be more responsive to change in income compared to single-
headed households.
This may be because married-headed households tend to be

less mobile than single headed households.
3. Price of housing: compatibility?
The minimum low-cost housing unit under government

programs costs P150,000. If households provide an equity of
25%, the loan amount required to obtain the P150,000 unit
house would be about P112,500.
Loan amortization for this loan would amount to about P800

per month for 30 years at a subsidized rate of 9%.
In the case of rural areas, it may be argued that the cost of

housing is cheaper.
4. Financing capability
The number of families unable to afford homeownership in the formal sector

further increases when the low savings capacity of households is taken into
account.
Providing the required equity portion of housing loans has been a major
constraint for most households.
Incremental housing is a scheme whereby housing is acquired in

progression.
initially secure tenure by buying undeveloped land
another loan for land and housing development
This scheme has been acceptable specifically among informal urban dwellers
occupying private and public lands.
.
Housing demand analysis is primarily a question of how

households adjust their housing consumption given factors that
place them out of equilibrium.
Housing adjustments maybe done by:
1. relocating to another unit

2. modifying existing units
3. tenure change
The decision on housing adjustment depends on a number of

factors:
1. from the peculiar attributes of housing as a tradeable

good (e.g. location specificity, heterogeneity,
“neighborhood” effects, etc.)
2. the characteristic of the households
3. the nature of the housing market

HOUSING DEMAND IN THE PHILIPPINES
Scenario
Housing demand in the Philippines has been mainly

dictated by housing affordability.
- capability to pay
- price of housing in the market
- financing schemes available.
Housing affordability is low in the country.
This is attributed to several factors:
1. The ratio of unit housing cost to income is rapidly rising.
Housing price appreciation is highest in the Philippines

among countries in Asia and this is mainly due to rising
land prices.
High cost of urban land in the country is due to constraints in the

supply side of the market (Ballesteros 2000)
1.) Poor planning and infrastructure developments limit the

supply of housing land.
2.) Administrative bottlenecks in land and housing

developments due to contradicting land laws, unclear
standards and overlapping turfs cause delays in
obtaining development permission.
High cost of urban land in the country is due to constraints in the

supply side of the market (Ballesteros 2000)
3.) Problems on property rights, e.g. fake titling, delays in

agreements of road rights of way, land grabbing, etc.
further increase transaction costs in land development.
4.) Land ownership is highly concentrated and low land and

property tax in the country encourage holding land idle.
2. There are few low-cost alternatives to homeownership in

the formal market.
Many households cannot afford homeownership. Only

about 50% of households in the country can afford to
buy a home in the formal market. The situation can be
worse in some areas.
Government housing programs’ emphasis is

HOMEOWNERSHIP which is NOT REALISTIC.
NOT all families can afford it.
Others prefer mobility  renting

Therefore: The rental market could serve as a “staging area”

for these families.
FACTS:
1. Rental housing market for low-income households in the
Philippines is not well-developed.
2. The rent control law has not been effective in providing
low rents for low-income families since non-poor
households also have access to low rents (Ballesteros
2002).
3. Low-cost rental housing, is limited, thus, households
engage in various informal housing arrangements (e.g.
rent-free occupation, squatting) and multi-occupancy
dwelling.
3. Innovative housing finance is limited and the micro-

finance schemes available suffer from liquidity
problems and bureaucratic delays.
Lack of long-term financing for housing which could provide

a way to offset the high unit cost of housing relative to
income.
Long-term funds for housing are constrained and highly

dependent on funds from government social security
systems.
Government housing finance programs have been unsustainable
because of the following reasons:
1. Graft and corruption in the approval and release of loans

for the low-income sector. It has been reported that
payments are released to participating housing
developers with no existing household beneficiary.
2. Poor subsidy transfer mechanisms. Loans to targeted
beneficiaries have been released based on formula
lending (i.e. loan amount is computed as a percentage
of income) which does not recognize borrowers’
probable lack of capacity to pay or incur additional
indebtedness
3. The government thus assumes the full credit risk on
these loans.
HOUSING SUPPLY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Factors affecting the supply:
1. Land Use and Management
The cost of urban land in the Philippines increased tremendously

between 1987 and 1996, especially in Metro Manila. One study
noted that the stiff competition for land tipped the scales against
middle and low-end residential housing as both local governments
and builders preferred the more profitable condominiums and
commercial complexes. (URC, 1998)
a. Land tenure, land titling and administration - Poor land records

management and inadequate land mapping plague the country's
system for land administration. The lack of consolidated and
accurate records of titled and untitled property has made the
resolution of disputes over land tenure difficult and expensive, and
fueled the business in spurious land titles.
b. Land use and conversion of agricultural land - The lack of land-

use policy and the constricted supply of urban land often create a
situation in urbanizing areas where the use of land for residential
or commercial purposes conflicts with agrarian reform and food
security objectives.
c. Land valuation and taxation - The absence of standards for

valuation, low valuation of real property for tax purposes,
inadequate cadastral maps and the influence of local government
politics on the local assessor's valuation all contribute to
inefficiencies in tax administration.
d. Cumbersome regulatory framework for housing and land

development - The rigid regulatory requirements attending
housing and land development contribute significantly to
higher costs and increased inaccessibility for the majority.
-Permits have to be secured from various agencies which
lengthens the completion of the requirements.
-The process is vulnerable to corruption and this “hidden cost”
is passed to end-users in the form of high-priced and/or sub-
standard housing products.
2. Inadequate Infrastructure
Basic infrastructure services – roads, electricity, water and

sanitation systems – are unable to keep pace with the expanding
urban population.
Infrastructure services are a critical precondition for residential

investments; availability of serviced or developed lands
contributes immensely in bringing down the cost of housing,
encourages the development of housing sites outside urban
centers, and stimulating private investments in housing.
3. Weak Urban Governance
Many local officials, especially in urbanizing and rural areas, made

use of their new powers by tapping various funds and private
sector support for economic activities and development programs.
However, others continued to lag because of lack of funds, lack of
skilled and technically proficient personnel, and lack of
infrastructure support that could boost economic potentials.
4. Policy Bias toward Homeownership
Llanto and Orbeta Jr. (2001) noted that government's housing programs favor
the promotion of homeownership over other forms of tenure. This policy bias
stems from the "prevailing public viewpoint" that prefers homeownership –
regardless of the would-be owner's economic status – "because of the
assurance of a place to live in, its investment value, the status given by society
to
homeownership and the uncertainties of its opposite – renting.
The "real problem" then is not the lack of homeownership but the lack of
shelter provision and security, which could be promoted in many forms besides
ownership, such as rental, lease-purchase, long-term land lease, and the like.
5. Public Provisioning of Housing Finance
An important consequence of the policy bias toward homeownership is that

government has shouldered much of the responsibility in providing housing
finance especially to lower-income segments of the population.
Massive government involvement in housing finance not only failed to

adequately address housing needs especially of the poorer segments of the
population, but also brought about enormous fiscal burden and public risk
exposure.
6. Subsidized Private Sector Participation
The government must provide the necessary financial support if builders and
developers are to participate in housing programs for low-income segments of
the population. It is argued that the hesitation of private commercial banks and
financial institutions to lend to poorer groups because of perceived credit risk,
on the one hand, and the lack of opportunities for profitability on the other,
necessitate government intervention in housing finance to jumpstart socialized
housing.
The government has to address the problems of housing in a
broader context.
The issues are not only confined in providing households

income transfers through subsidies or in giving access to
housing and security of tenure but also in looking at the
larger issue of urban development.
HOUSING DELIVERY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Ar./Enp. Rachelle S. Morales
OBE Facilitator, Dept. Of Architecture
NATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT & HOUSING
FRAMEWORK
It is the development framework for urban and urbanizable areas

aimed at achieving the objectives of the Urban Development and
Housing Act of 1992 (UDHA): urban development and housing.
The framework consists of a vision, policy statements and
strategies, and encompassing core development sectors and
spatial elements.
It is intended to guide the efforts of the Philippine government,

private sector and other stakeholders in improving the
performance and efficiency of the country's urban systems.
FRAMEWORK
NUDHFs (for years 1993-1998, 1999-2004, 2009-2016, and the

latest, 2017-2022) were prepared by the Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board (HLURB), under the direction of Housing and
Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC).
It needs to be updated as often as necessary and as warranted by

existing and projected urban development trends locally and
internationally.
FRAMEWORK
It is updated in conjunction with the Philippine Development

Plan (PDP) which is prepared every six (6) years by the National
Economic and Development Authority (NEDA).
It captures the urbanization and spatial policies of the PDP and

considers the New Urban Agenda, Sustainable Development Goals,
the National Framework for Physical Planning, and other
overarching urban development frameworks.
FRAMEWORK
Legal Bases:
1. Art. II, Sec. 9 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
"The state shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and
independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social
services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living and an improved quality of life for all."
“The State shall, by law and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the private sector,
a continuing program of urban land reform and housing, which will make available at affordable cost, decent
housing and basic services to underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlement
areas. It shall also promote adequate employment opportunities to such citizens. In the implementation of
such program, the State shall respect the rights of the small property owners."
2. Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992

- mandates the HLURB, under the direction of HUDCC, to formulate the NUDHF. This shall be done in
coordination with all LGUs and other concerned public and private sectors.
FRAMEWORK
Legal Bases:
3. Climate Change Act of 2009 (CCA)
and its amending law seeks to build national and local resilience to climate change related disasters
and protect and advance the people’s right to a healthful ecology
4. Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act of 2010

“provides for the development of policies and plans and the implementation of actions and measures
pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including good governance, risk
assessment and early warning, knowledge building and awareness raising, reducing underlying risk
factors, and preparedness for effective response and early recovery.”
5. Section 16 of the Local Government Code

directs local government units (LGUs) to exercise their powers for efficient and effective governance
and to promote general welfare
FRAMEWORK
Anchors:
a. Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Specifically, SDG 11 aims to “make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and
sustainable.” Within this goal are targets that constitute the built environment agenda, and ensure
that issues are addressed through the spatial lens.
b. The New Urban Agenda

aims to address urban poverty and social exclusion, enhance and extend human rights perspectives
in their application to cities and human settlements, and embrace a shift in the predominant urban
pattern to minimize socio-spatial injustices and enhance equity, socio-spatial inclusion, political
participation, and a decent life for all inhabitants.
c. AmBisyon Natin 2040

represents the long-term vision and aspirations of the Filipino people for themselves and for the
country. It describes the kind of life that people want to live and how the country will be by 2040
FRAMEWORK
S T R A T E G I E S
FRAMEWORK
Housing Strategies:
a. Develop inclusive, integrated housing.

Housing development should be culturally sensitive and must adhere to appropriate standards and
design. It should pay special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, including
indigenous peoples (IPs), persons with disabilities (PWDs), the elderly, informal settler families (ISFs),
internally displaced populations from disaster-stricken or internal-conflict areas, women, and
children. Mixed income housing is encouraged to promote inclusive communities.
b. Operationalize the National Informal Settlements Upgrading Strategy

The NUDHF recognizes the value of providing security of tenure for urban settlers, both formal and
informal. As policy reforms move toward improving land management and land valuation, rights-
based instruments (RBIs) or other forms of secure tenure instruments—such as usufruct, other lease
variants, and right to occupy or build—are now recognized as secure tenure instruments and
collateral substitutes. RBIs offer a less costly approach to providing secure tenure to segments of
society unable to secure freehold titles, particularly the urban poor.
FRAMEWORK
Housing Strategies:
c. Improve affordability of housing programmes and projects.

Government must seek to improve, enhance, expand, and sustain financing programmes for
government housing projects, especially those that focus on community-based housing and self-help
such as the Community Mortgage Programme. More importantly, improving affordability through
housing finance must be coupled with initiatives to increase families’ capacity to pay. This means fully
integrating sustainable livelihood and employment into the housing process, and looking at economic
development as a function of shelter delivery. Operationally, this translates to the implementation of
an integrated housing strategy requiring the collaboration of shelter, economic, and social welfare
agencies beyond their current or traditional mandates.
d. Promote resilient housing.

The framework promotes the development of climate resilient, affordable housing. This can be
achieved through the adoption of appropriate housing standards or building codes, technologies, and
innovations, incorporating conditions for resilience and resource efficiency. These new standards
and technologies must be in accordance with the thrust toward affordability and social equity. For
instance, retrofitting of existing housing structures based on climate change vulnerability and disaster
risk can be explored, addressing the conditions of resilience, affordability, and rights-based housing.
FRAMEWORK
Housing Strategies:
e. Enforce the balanced housing provision of the UDHA.

Rep. Act No. 10884, which amends the UDHA, requires owners and developers of proposed
subdivision and condominium projects to develop an area for socialized housing equivalent to at
least 15% of the total subdivision area or total subdivision project cost and at least 5% of the
condominium area or project cost. Significant in this amendment is the inclusion of vertical housing
developments in socialized housing compliance. It must be noted that these are minimum
requirements, and developers may opt to increase the percentages.
f. Update appropriate housing unit size requirements based on local context.

Local governments and developers are encouraged to further assess the needs of end users with
regard to their space requirements, without income discrimination and considering various factors
such as location, culture, economic linkages, and livelihood opportunities, among others.
People-centered planning processes can address this gap, and allow stakeholders to determine
appropriate unit sizes.
FRAMEWORK
Housing Strategies:
g. Make land available and accessible for housing.

There are several ways to increase the supply and reduce the cost of urban land, thereby addressing
physical and artificial shortage of land for development:
• Unlocking unused or underused government-owned land
• Land pooling/readjustment
• Land banking
• Land cost adjustment for affordable housing
• Reducing land speculation through fiscal measures
• Making land information accessible to the land market
h. Promote local shelter planning to encourage broad-based participation and ensure

implementation of housing and land strategies
Citizen participation and localized capacity serve as foundations for effective and efficient shelter
provision. Empowering communities also increases accountability and transparency in the
implementation and monitoring of housing strategies. Local shelter planning enables LGUs to
determine housing needs, conduct inventory of resources, identify priority housing programmes
and projects, and initiate needed partnerships for housing projects.
LOCAL SHELTER PLANNING
A shelter plan provides LGUs with a grounded perspective of the shelter situation
through a purposive analysis of shelter issues and concerns. It enables the
LGU to determine their housing need, conduct an inventory of its resources
that may be earmarked for shelter and develop strategies to address their
housing and urban development concerns based on an assessment of the
capacity of the LGU and existing local dynamics.
Formulation Process:
Data Gathering
Data Gathering
Data Gathering
Data Gathering
*The Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) are to be used as
references during the shelter plan formulation to ensure that the LSP is harmonized with the overall development
plan of the LGU.
Situational Analysis
The situational analysis stage involves scrutiny of the current housing and development
situation of the LGU.
It is important for the LGU planners to examine the extent of the housing need and
housing and urban development related problems, assess the capability of the LGU to
address its shelter needs based on available resources and determine the affordability
level of the target beneficiaries for availing housing programs.
The conduct of situational analysis is crucial as this will be the basis for the formulation
of applicable shelter strategies and implementation plan for addressing the housing
needs.
In the light of climate change adaptation (CCA) and disaster risk reduction
management (DRRM), it is important to consider available studies on local hazard
and vulnerability assessments in the situational analysis and how these hazards can
potentially affect housing and development investments.
The results of the risks and vulnerability assessments for instance can help in
determining what hazards are present in the locality and which areas are exposed to
hazards, whether geologic, hydro-meteorological, or man-made.
These assessments will also serve as a guide in ascertaining the range of sensitivity and
adaptive capacity of the people and areas at risk and aid the LGU planners and
decision-makers in identifying and prioritizing the households that need housing
assistance and support. Aware of such risks and vulnerabilities, the LGU can then
proceed to identify areas which are suitable for habitation or settlement.
This stage also provides information on current and future shelter development needs
based on current trends and population growth including those in the context of CCA
and DRRM.
The situational assessment should be able to answer the following key questions:
• Which areas require particular attention?
• Who would require shelter support (construction of new units and upgrading of
existing units)?
• Are there specific vulnerable groups identified?
• What are the existing assets (tangible and intangible) available to address the
requirements/demand?
• Which areas require particular attention?
This task seeks to present spatially, or in a map, the areas that need particular
attention. The action plan is correlated with the CLUP and CDP of the local government.
This makes it easy to tag informal settlements, thus facilitating a relevant vulnerability
assessment.
In this task, the planning team should be able to identify or map the following kinds of
settlement areas:
 Sites approved to be used for major government projects and/or sites with court
order for eviction;
 Areas with informal settlements in government and private lands;
 Sites and areas which are identified as danger zones or at high risk due to hazards.
• Who would require shelter support (construction of new units and upgrading of
existing units)?
This task will help deliver a number of key analyses.

• First, it will determine the accumulated housing need at the beginning of the
planning period.
• Second, it will facilitate an understanding of future shelter requirements due to
population growth.
• Third, it will identify settlements requiring upgrading of tenure, housing structure,
and basic community infrastructure and services.
Steps to compute accumulated housing need:
1. Establish Base Data
*Use latest Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) census data of the LGU.
Example: Data from PSA Census Base Data
• Household Population in the last census year (2010) 120,999
• Annual Population Growth (%) 1.17%
• Average Household Size 4.5
• Housing Stock (2010) 26,513
2. Establish Planning Period and Base Year
• Planning Period covers the timeline that will be needed to realize the housing
vision of the LGU. (This should be the same period covered by the CLUP).
• Base Year is the year before the first planning period.
3. Compute for the Base Year Data

Data from PSA Census Base Data (from Base year data Planning Period
latest census year – (2012) (2013-2022)
2010)
Household Population in the last census year (2010) 120,999 123,847
Annual Population Growth (%) 1.17% 1.17%
No. of Households 26,889 27,522

Average Household Size 4.5 4.5
Housing Stock (2010) 26,513 27,138
No. of Homeless Households 28
• To compute for the household population for the base year data, use the formula in computing for Population Projection
• To compute for the number of households for the base year, divide the household population by the average household size.
• For Household Size and Annual Growth Rate, the assumption is that these are constant for both the base data and base year
data throughout the entire planning period
• To compute for the housing stock for the base year data, use the formula in Step 4
• To compute for the homeless household, see Step 5
4. Compute the number of DOUBLED-UP HOUSEHOLDS (number of dwelling units shared by

two or more households)
•To compute for the Percentage of Household per Dwelling unit in base year, deduct the number of homeless from
the number of households and divide by the number of occupied dwelling unit.
Where:
Number of homeless household = 28
Number of household for the base year = 27,522
Number of occupied dwelling unit for the base year= 27,138
Solution: 27,522 – 28/ 27,138 = 1.0131 or 1.31%
4. Compute the number of DOUBLED-UP HOUSEHOLDS (number of dwelling units shared by

two or more households)
Data on Housing Stock is needed for computing the doubled-up households. If the number of housing stock in the base
year is not available, it can be counted by subtracting homeless households from the number of households and dividing
this by the number of households per dwelling unit.
5. Determine the number of the HOMELESS population in the locality.
“Homeless” refers to individuals or households living in public spaces (such as parks and on sidewalks) and all those
without any form of shelter. The contention is that new units should be provided for these people.
• To determine the total housing need of the

homeless, add up homeless individuals and
homeless households.
• To compute for homeless households,

subtract the number of homeless individuals
(those homeless individuals who are not a
member of any household) from the total
homeless population and divide by the
average household size.
6. Compute for the DISPLACED HOUSEHOLDS or new units required due to

the resettlement needs
To compute, add up the following:
the number of dwelling units in
danger areas; the number of units
affected by planned government
infrastructure projects; the number
of units subject or might probably
be subject to a court order for
eviction or demolition; and, the
estimated number of units for
future displacement due to natural
disasters. The number of units
required should be itemized by
project or specific area, with their
corresponding program period
based on the priority of
implementation.
7. Sum up the Total Accumulated Housing Need

Steps to compute for new units needed due to population growth:
1. Find out the annual growth rate of the locality

2. Compute and present the population projection using the growth rate derived
above.
Assumption: Growth rate is assumed to remain constant over the entire planning period.
3. Sum up and present the computation of the number of units needed due to
population growth according to the planning period or the coverage or time-frame of
the LSP.
Steps to compute for upgrading needs
1. Establish the definition of upgrading needs
a. Tenure Upgrading Need

b. Infrastructure and
Basic Services Upgrading Need
c. Structural Upgrading Need
2. Summarize and review your results

• Are there specific vulnerable groups identified?
Steps:
1. determine the total number of the following groups: women, men, youth, children,
senior citizens, persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples, other sectors whose
situations may be of interest with regard to the principle of inclusion
2. From the total number of persons per group, further disaggregate the numbers per
barangay and for every area identified as those requiring particular attention
3. The baseline numbers of gender and vulnerable groups should also be produced
• Determine the income levels, as well as the affordability and housing options of the
identified households
This Task will help determine and analyze information on the affordability levels of
households identified in Tasks 1 to 3. Task 4 will determine the income groupings in the
LGU and the loan-carrying capacity of the income groups.
Steps:
1. Categorize
households into
income groups.
Steps:
1. Categorize
households into
income groups.
Steps:
2. Compute the typical (or mean) income of households in each income group.
3. Compute the percentage of income which can be allocated for housing by each
income group.
Steps:
4. Compute for housing loan affordability of each income group.
5. Develop affordable housing options.

•After determining the affordability levels of each of the income groups, the next step is to determine what
affordable housing options can be provided accordingly. The housing options should ideally include a dwelling
unit, either to be rented or leased on a long-term basis, or amortized. The “lot only” option is discouraged since
this cannot guarantee the provision of decent shelter nor can it ensure the safety of the target clientele from
natural and man-made hazards.
•Low-rise buildings and medium-rise buildings have higher indirect cost because of expenses related to the
maintenance of common areas, such as the lobby, hallways, and stairways.
•The total cost of the various affordable housing options will depend on site location, level of land development to
be introduced and the housing design.
• What are the existing assets (tangible and intangible) available to address the
requirements/demand?
The identification of local resources for housing is a key task of the LGU. The LGU must
conduct an inventory and assessment of its available local resources such as land,
infrastructure, budget, manpower, sources of construction materials, facilities, services,
equipment and supplies, etc.
The LGU should also list down other resources and programs of national government
agencies, civil society organizations and private sector as well as international
organizations that the LGU can potentially access through partnerships and networking
to address the resources required for implementing the housing projects earlier
identified in the situational analysis.
• Compute for Land Needed for Housing
In computing the land requirement, the LGU planners should consider the affordability
and preference of target beneficiaries. This will most likely vary between urban and non-
urban areas.
Land need for the duration of the planning period should be estimated on the basis of
the different housing options as well as present design standards. The minimum lot sizes
specified under Batas Pambansa 220 (BP 220) and/or under the Subdivision and
Condominium Buyer’s Protective Decree (PD 957), whichever is applicable, should be
used as reference. For non-multilevel dwellings, at most 70% of the land area is reserved
for residential lots.
LGUs are encouraged to go beyond the minimum 30% allocation for open or public
space. Advance and pro-active planning anticipates that a neighborhood will grow in
terms of population and economic activities. Thus provision for adequate public or open
space of at least 40% is recommended. This would prove to be more sustainable in the
long-term in maintaining good circulation, environmental stability, and a healthy social
mix.
The World Health Organization recommends at least 9 square meters open space per
person and should be accessible within 15 minutes’
walk.
In computing for the land need low-rise buildings,( LRBs) which are usually two to five
floors, the open space should be bigger than the aggregate area of the building’s
footprint.
For a one-hectare lot, the ratio ranges from 30% : 70 % to 40% : 60% vis-à-vis building to
open spaces and community facilities. This means that 3,000 to 4,000 sqm pertain to the
building, and 6,000 to 7,000 sqm pertain to open spaces and community facilities (roads,
parks, parking spaces, playground, chapel, day care center, school, health center or other
facilities).
The 3,000 to 4,000 sqm area allotted for the building is further segregated into private
areas, or dwelling units (60% or 1,800 to 2,400 sqm), and common areas such as
hallways/corridors, lobby, stairways, and stair landings (40% or 2,400 to 2,800sqm).
Steps:
1. List Land Available for Housing
Considerations:
a. Topography
b. Environmental considerations (buildable areas)
c. Provision of basic services
d. Access to employment opportunities and relevant institutions
e. Transportation opportunities and cost
f. Land classification
g. Vacant
The list of available land should indicate the location, land area and remark on the status or condition of the land
i.e. whether vacant or partially occupied, current land use or notable feature for planning purposes.
Steps:
2. Compare Land Requirement Vis-à-vis Land Available
The LGU planner should now compare the land requirement of each of the housing
projects as identified in the previous steps with the list of land available.
Steps:
3. Estimate the Need for Infrastructure And Basic Services For Housing
The UDHA mandates the LGU and the NHA, together with private developers and
concerned agencies, to provide basic services and facilities (infrastructure) for socialized
housing and resettlement areas. These basic services and facilities include the following:
• Potable water;
• Power and an adequate power distribution system;
• Garbage collection and disposal
• Sewerage facilities and sanitation systems;
• Access to primary roads and transportation facilities;
• Drainage system
LOCAL SHELTER
PLANNING
• Compute for Land Needed for

Housing
Steps:
4. Compare Infrastructure and Basic
Services Required for Housing vis-à-
vis What
is Available
A comparison of need versus

available infrastructure resources
and basic services is
reviewed annually.
Steps:
5. Estimate Housing Finance Requirement
calculating the amount of funds needed to implement the housing component of the
shelter plan for the following:
• land acquisition
• land development, including installation of basic services
• house construction
6. Identify Potential Sources of Housing Finance
7. LSP Steps in a Post-disaster Context

ARPLAN 1
AESTHETIC & PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS

SITE ANALYSIS
1. Natural Features
2. Spatial Patterns - spaces and sequences
3. Visual Resources – views and vistas
4. Site Context
5. Image/Symbols
6. Sensuous Qualities
7. Vocabulary of space
8. Sensuous Forms
SITE ANALYSIS
1. Natural Features
When sites are

characterized by
outstanding natural
features of earth, rock,
water or plant material,
these may be
incorporated in the site
development as natural
assets of the land.
SITE ANALYSIS
2. Spatial Pattern - is defined as the way an open space of a given site is configured
according to an arrangement of elements that evoke activity or flow, both physically
or visually
SITE ANALYSIS
3. Visual Resources
1. View – is a scene observed from a vantage point.
A view can be a theme that may suggest The full view is not always the best
and give added meaning to buildings. view.
SITE ANALYSIS
3. Visual Resources
2. Vista – is a confined view, usually directed toward a terminal or dominant feature. It
has three components: a viewing station, a view, and a foreground.
A view is usually better if

enframed or seen through
an appropriate screen.
SITE ANALYSIS
4. Site Context
There are many factors that make a site unique. These relate to the landscape,
the buildings and structures on and around the site, the people who inhabit and
use the buildings and spaces, and the way they move to and through the site.
Good design responds to these features which should be identified and
interpreted through the analysis process.
SITE ANALYSIS

SITE ANALYSIS
SITE ANALYSIS
SITE ANALYSIS
SITE ANALYSIS
5. Image/Symbols
Are there images/symbols in or around the site that could benefit the
development?
Does the site offer the opportunity to create a remarkable image or symbol of
the place?
6. Sensuous Forms & Qualities
Building form
need for visual amenity – backdrop of an area
Sense of place – ambience, memory of the place, identity/character
desired lighting
7. Vocabulary of space
Interior Spaces – function and space layout
Space organization and massing
ARPLAN 1
MOVEMENT SYSTEMS

CIRCULATION
rationale
Most constructions have meaning only to humans, and only as we experience them.
Thus, circulation pattern is a major function of any planned development because it
establishes the rate, sequence, and nature of its sensed realization or visual unfolding.
Every object as a perceptible entity exists in time as well as in space, through a flow of
impressions. Perception involves all senses and the rate, order, type, and degree of
perception are a matter of design control. Much of this control is effected by planned
patterns of circulation.
PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION
Pedestrian Experience
1. Convenience
The quality of the functional aspect of a pedestrian

system is convenience. Aside from connecting origin
and destination points with walkways of adequate
width, the factors of orientation and negotiation also
play important roles.
- Orientation: landmark features and visual cues such

as walkway width, formality, paving material, and the
presence and quality of ancillary features can suggest
purpose and expected behaviour to the pedestrian.
- visual cues can aid the pedestrian in way-finding

and general orientation within a larger environmental
context.
1. Convenience
- Negotiation: the relative ease of moving

from one destination to another.
- Pedestrian density, physical obstructions,

presence of water on the walkway,
nuisance of excessive litter, seed and fruit
droppings, excessive wind problems, etc.
contribute to the relative difficulty in terms
of negotiation.
-Pathways should be accessible to all types

of pedestrians, and on a selective basis, to
emergency vehicles such as police cars,
ambulances and fire fighting equipment.
2. Amenities
Social interaction, both passive and active, is

extremely important and in many cases, the
primary determinant regarding enjoyment of a
place. Since people-watching is an universally
appealing activity, spaces to gather with
ample opportunities to sit are crucial to the
success of most places, especially those in
urban contexts.
Vendors are often encouraged to operate in

pedestrianized environments because the
availability of food and the activity of eating
are strong stimuli attracting significant
numbers of people to a place.
3. Spatial considerations
The most appreciated human environments

are those with a relatively strong degree of
spatial enclosure. It is important to recognize
not only the weak spatial structures in outdoor
environment but also, the differences between
transitional space and nodal space.
Because movement is a visual-spatial

sequential experience, the modulation of
transitional space and the hierarchical
ordering of nodal space have become design
principles of paramount importance.
4. Sensory stimuli and related considerations
Aesthetic aspects of pedestrian circulation refer to the myriad sensory and intellectual
experiences enjoyed by pedestrians.
Designers should always keep in mind the many environmental factors that contribute to the
experiential enjoyment of outdoor places and seek to provide a richness of experience and a
depth of meaning to all who potentially may enjoy participation in designed or managed
environments.
Tactile Auditory
temperature normal traffic noise
humidity excessive truck traffic
wind and breezes underground rumblings
precipitation air traffic
benches and seat walls distant highway noise
sittable ground surfaces echo
bars, knobs and handles conversation
handrailings and arm rests play activity
telephones, vending and banking machines music and song
textures under foot professional and amateur entertainment
vegetation within reach wind
water water
architectural facades wildlife
food and drink bells, chimes, and whistles
human contact wind-blown flags and fabrics
movable furniture
vendors
machinery
heating, ventilation, and cooling systems
foot traffic on various pavements
Visual Olfactory
spatial perception (form, scale, etc.) street furniture and features vehicular emissions
form of objects overhead wires and cables industrial odors
proportion and scale of objects architecture odorous smoke
social activity vegetation fresh air
vehicular activity wildlife fragrant vegetation
prominent landforms overall character of a place restaurant doorways
vegetation sites under construction outdoor cafes
water features surface textures odoroud litter and debris
miscellaneous natural features color compositions refuse areas
sun and shadow tonal contrasts exhaust fans
rain, snow, fog, mist diurnal change
smoke seasonal change
litter moonlight
signage night-lighting
storefront advertisements glare and albedo
window displays viewsheds from important vantage points
posted bills general order
billboards overall congruencies
walls and fences
Basic information on the pedestrian is useful in those instances in design where spatial
standards do not exist or where existing spatial standards are inapplicable.
1. Dimensional Criteria
- Human dimensions and activity
- Forward spatial bubbles (extent of
unobstructed forward vision while walking)
2. Movement Criteria
- Walking rates Type ft./min. m./min. km./min.
- Acceptable walking distances Average adult 260 72 4.3
Elderly (75 years) 215 67 4.0
- Pedestrian density Bunching 200 61 3.7
Stairways (going 152 46 2.8
3. Visual Criteria down)
- Eye levels and cone of vision Stairways (going up) 113 34 2.0
- Visual perception
Spatial Standards
1. Pathway width and slope criteria
- Rule of thumb: 0.60 m. or 24 in. width for each pedestrian is necessary

- Minimum pathway width for public walkways = 1.20 m.
Note: The edges of walkways adjacent to a curbed roadway (0.75 m. or 30 in. from street
edge) and those along a building façade (0.50-0.70 m. or 18-30 in.) are not often used. They
are used only under conditions of high pedestrian density.
Calculation of walkway width:
Pathway width = V(M) / S
Where V = volume, pedestrian per minute

M = space module (forward spatial bubble), sq.ft. or sq.m. per pedestrian
S = walking speed, ft. or m. per minute
Spatial Standards
1. Pathway width and slope criteria Walkway Slope Criteria:
- User abilities
Example: - Design objectives
Given: Volume of pedestrians = 100/minute; - Need for positive drainage
minimum space module desired = 18 sq.ft./pedestrian (dependent on paving material)
pedestrian walking speed (normal) = 260 ft/minute
Solution: Pathway width = V(M) / S

= 100(18) / 260 = 1800/260
= 6.92 ft or 2.11 m
*In the example, the walkway width shall be at least 2.11 meters.
*If you yield an answer suggesting very narrow walkway widths, recommend 1.20 to 1.60 m.
widths. These shall be adequate to accommodate the expected traffic load.
*The formula does not take into account the spatial requirements for street furniture, social
gathering places, minimal use of walkway edges, etc.
Spatial Standards
2. Stairways
Widths : 1.50 m – minimum width for public stairways;

: 1.10 m - minimum width for private stairways
Tread-Riser Ratio – for ease of ascent and descent, and for safety reasons, tread-riser ratios
are always held constant within any particular stairway or set of stairways. The choice of ratio
will depend on the kinaesthetic effect desired by the designer, and on appearance. The
following formula is commonly used to determine acceptable tread-riser ratio for outdoor
stairways:
2R + T = 26 to 27 inches or 0.65 to 0.675 meter

Spatial Standards
2. Stairways
- Outdoor stairways should be made easier to ascend and descend than interior stairways.
People tend to move at greater rates outdoors than they do indoors.
- Inherent to the tread-riser ratio are the ease of ascent and descent, and the sense of rhythm
to be enjoyed by the pedestrian. The kinaesthetic character of a stairway should be congruent
with the character of the environment in which the stairway is a part.
- Single steps in a walkway are very dangerous and should never be specified. minimum of
two, but preferably three steps should be specified, and their presence should be announced
conspicuously with railings, plantings, lighting, etc.
- Risers for outdoor stairways should be within the range 4.5 to 7 in. or 112 to 175 mm.
- Treads should be pitched downgrade 2% for drainage.

Spatial Standards
2. Stairways
Height between landings – Height between stairway landings is an important criterion for
psychological reasons as well as for reasons of human endurance. They should be best
designed so that an adult of average height standing on one landing can see the ground plane
of the next higher landing (i.e. 1.60m). In terms of human endurance, all changes in elevation
should be designed with an understanding of the diversity of human ability that exists among
the members of the population.
3. Ramps – follow the standards specified in BP 344
4. Seating criteria – Benches should be designed to ensure greatest comfort for the individual.
Seat walls are typically 16 to 18 inches wide and between 14 to 18 inches high (400 to
450mm)
Spatial Standards
5. Hand railings – the cross section of the hand railing should allow a secure and comfortable
grip for maximum support. Hand railing heights for outdoor stairs and ramps range from 0.75-
0.80m.
- Hand railings on both sides of a stairway or ramp are important because some people have
one-sided strength.
- Extra wide stairways should have center railings for greater convenience and should no more
than be 6.0 m. apart.
- Railings should continue across intermediate landings.
- Railings should be capable of supporting 250 lbs or 114 kg of weight.
- Lower hand railings for the use of children and individuals on wheelchair are advisable.
6. Pedestrian signage – the design and placement of signs for use by pedestrians involves
consideration of visual field, scale of letters, proportion of letters, and tonal contrast between
letters and background.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Types of Bikeways
1. Bicycle Path (Class I) – a completely
separated right-of-way for the primary use
of bicycles
2. Bicycle Lane (Class II) – a portion of a

roadway which has been designated by
striping, signing and pavement markings for
preferential or exclusive use by bicyclists
3. Shared Roadway (Class III) – a right-of-way

designated by signs or permanent markings
as a bicycle route, but which is also shared
with pedestrians and motorists.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Route Selection and Planning Factors

1. Bicycle Traffic Generators – schools, parks and recreational facilities, community and
activity centers, employment concentrations, shopping and commercial centers
2. Scenic and Recreational Amenities – the value of a bikeway as an amenity is enhanced

by close proximity and connection to parks or other scenic and recreational attractions.
The most varied and attractive routes will be used the most.
3. Terrain – cyclists avoid steep grades.
4. Widths of Bikeways – factors to consider when determining widths for bikeways must
include:
• spatial dimensions of bicyclist and bicycle
• maneuvering space required for balancing
• additional clearances required to avoid obstacles
Note: assume that 2-way travel will occur on bicycle paths regardless of design intention
5. Negative Factors – elevated embankments, freeways and interchanges, busy arterials,

areas with frequent periods of adverse weather conditions
BICYCLE CIRCULATION

BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Design Criteria
1. Bicycle Speed
Design speed is a term referring to the speed for which a bicycle path is designed. In
general, a minimum design speed of 32 kph should be used. For downhill grades
exceeding 4% or where strong tail winds often exist, a higher minimum design speed of
48 kph is advisable. On unpaved surfaces, a lower minimum design speed of 24 kph
can be used.
2. Sight / Stopping Distance

Sight / Stopping Distance is the physical distance required for a bicyclist to see an
obstruction and come to a complete stop.
3. Curve Radii
The design speed chosen determines the appropriate curved radii. If bikeways are part of a
motor vehicle roadway, then no changes in radii are needed. If separate facilities are
planned, then the curves should be designed to allow unbraked turns at a prescribed
design speed.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Design Criteria
Minimum Curve Radii for Unbraked Turns:
R = V2______
15(e + f)
Where: R = minimum radius of curvature, ft or m

V = design speed, mph or kph
e = super elevation, ft/ft or m/m (varies from 0.02-0.05 ft/ft or 0.006-0.015 m/m)
f = coefficient of friction (varies from 0.17-0.27 for paved surfaces; for unpaved
surfaces, the values would be less than half of those for paved surfaces)
4. Intersections
A large share of bicycle-related accidents occurs at intersections of streets and
bikeways because of the confused comingling of bicycles, motor vehicles and
pedestrians. Major problems occur from the following conditions:
• Bicyclists turning left across traffic
• Bicyclists crossing an intersection when vehicular traffic is entering from or turning to
the right
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Design Elements
1. Barriers and Separators – for delineation
• Bikeway Plantings – can prevent screen headlight glare and accidental crossovers
and can improve the aesthetic quality of a bikeway. The disadvantages include
consumption of a substantial amount of space and possible confusion at intersections
where planting strip need to be broken. Trees are better than shrub massing as they
take up less space and provide a visual, psychological and limited physical barrier.
• Painted Lines – are the simplest and cheapest bikeway delineation. It can continue
through intersections, allow bicyclists to leave the lane to make left turns, and permit
automobiles to enter driveways. However, it lacks a physical barrier or tactile warning
to prevent the encroachment of motor vehicles.
• Traffic Buttons – Raised and reflectorized traffic buttons provide a visual and tactile
warning to motorists while still allowing lane changes and access to driveways.
However, they may also be dangerous and make left turns difficult.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Design Elements
2. Paving and Surfacing – the pavement should be a smooth, non-slick surface and have a
thickness capable of supporting normal-size maintenance vehicles. Materials that can be
used for paving are asphalt, concrete, soil cement, stone chip aggregate and stabilized
earth.
3. Drainage of Bikeway Surfaces – bikeway surfaces should have a 2% slope depending

on the texture and composition of the surfacing material. Drains should be designed and
located to minimize danger to bicyclists. The use of transverse or angles bars or
honeycomb grates are preferred.
4. Information Systems – all signs and markings placed on public streets and highways for
the benefit of the motorist also apply to the bicyclist.
• Traffic control devices
• Types of signages: regulatory, warning, guide
• Placement of signs
• Pavement markings
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Comfort and Convenience

Plant materials and site furnishings can enhance the experience of those using the
bikeway. The need for storage lockers, comfort stations, lighting, picnic facilities and shelter
from the elements depends upon the length of the bikeway, the time necessary to travel on
it, type of user and the extent to which such facilities exist nearby.
1. Bikeway plantings
• Plants can reduce headlight glare and traffic dust when used to provide a visual and
physical barrier between bicycle and motor vehicle traffic.
• Plants can mitigate the discomforts of weather.

 A canopy of deciduous and coniferous trees can reduce the amount of rainfall
reaching cyclists.
 Dense planting of trees in a row, perpendicular to prevailing winds and parallel
to the bikeway, can reduce wind speeds.
 Deciduous trees can provide shade from the sun in the warm seasons, allow
sunlight to penetrate to the ground in cool seasons, and minimize diurnal
temperature changes by trapping heat and reducing its loss through radiation to
the atmosphere.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION

2. Site furnishings
• Racks and locking devices for bicycles – bicycle racks and parking facilities should
be located as close to destinations as possible without interfering with pedestrian
traffic. Storage facilities too far away (more than 15 m) encourage the bicyclist to
attach the bicycle to the nearest tree, light pole, or parking meter. Locate storage
facilities where there is visual supervision, lighting and shelter from inclement weather.
• Fixtures for bicycle routes – elements such as shelters, benches, tables, grills, rest
rooms, trash receptacles, bulletin boards, telephones, and drinking fountains may be
provided. Simple rest stops where bicyclists can pull off the bikeway and rest or enjoy a
fine view are obviously much less expensive and can add to the attractiveness of a
recreational facility.
• Bikeway lighting – luminaires should be positioned such that bicyclists are

backlighted against approaching traffic. Lighting requirements vary from 0.6 footcandle
(6 lux) in parks and similar areas, to 1.0 fc (10 lux) in commercial areas, to 2.0 fc (20
lux) at intersections with heavily trafficked streets.
VEHICULAR CIRCULATION
The automobile has become a basic unit in site planning and design, and often sets the
scale and pattern of future development. As a result, the integration of vehicular circulation
in the site planning process is critical in order to satisfy its functions. Vehicular circulation
on a site accommodates one or more of the following purposes:
1. To provide access to land uses and buildings

2. To provide linkage between land uses
3. To provide for the movement of goods and people
Classification of Vehicular Circulation Systems

1. Freeway Systems – includes expressways and parkways; these systems allow rapid
and efficient movement of large volumes of through traffic between and across urban
areas. They have limited access with grade-separated interchanges
2. Major arterial systems – these systems allow through-traffic movement between and
across urban areas with direct access to abutting properties. They are subject to
control of entrances, exits, and curb use.
3. Collector street systems – these systems allow traffic movement between major arterial
and local streets, with direct access to abutting properties. Traffic control is usually
provided by stop signs on the side streets.
4. Local street systems – these systems allow local traffic movement and direct access to
abutting land.

Criteria for Vehicle System Classification
Classification Principal Service Function Typical Trip Elements linked by facility Desirable
length (km) spacing (km)
freeway through movement exclusively 4.83 CBD major generators 1.61 - 4.83
arterial through movement, some land access 1.61 CBD secondary generators 1.61
collector through movement and land access 1.61 Local areas 0.80
local land access 0.80 Individual land sites
*Parkways are a very important type of recreational, circulation route, facilitating the
efficient movement of large volumes of through-traffic through areas of high scenic quality.
They usually disallow commercial vehicles, such as trucks and buses.
*On-site drives and roads refer to vehicular access routes within a site; they represent a
category of classification finer than that of the local street system.
Circulation
Patterns
Basic Design Guidelines and Principles

The design of vehicular circulation systems involves both aesthetic judgment and sound
engineering practice. A well-designed roadway should possess internal harmony (i.e. the
driver should be able to see smooth lines ahead and have a clear vision of the landscape)
and also possess external harmony (i.e. to the eye of an onlooker, a roadway should fit into
its surroundings). Primarily a transportation medium, a roadway should be designed
incorporating the criteria of strength, safety, and uniformity.

General design guidelines and principles:
1. The location of a roadway should be based on a survey of all determinants which include
but are not limited to:
• Present and proposed land uses and traffic ways
• Areas where redevelopment or change is desirable
• Existing and planned transportation facilities
• Traffic “desire lines”
• Topographic features
• Ecological factors
• Historical factors
• Permanent areas and features to remain
• Scenic opportunities
• Social, economic, and political structures
• Safety
• Acquisition and development costs
• Operation and maintenance costs

2. The location and design of a roadway must include consideration of its effect on
contiguous uses in terms of noise and fumes.
3. The location of a roadway must be responsive to natural forces and features.
4. A roadway should be so aligned and constructed as to preserve and accentuate the best
qualities of the landscape.
5. The vertical and horizontal alignment of a roadway should be carefully coordinated.
6. A roadway should provide for a variety of visual experiences.
7. Where used as an approach or entry, a road, by its location and design, should respond
to interesting views

Minimum widths for 2-lane roads (m)

Design speed (kph) ADT 50-250 ADT 250-400 ADT 400-750 DHV 200-400 DHV over
400
48 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.7 7.3
64 6.1 6.1 6.7 6.7 7.3
80 6.1 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.3
97 6.1 6.7 6.7 7.3 7.3
105 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.3 7.3
113 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.3 7.3
ADT = Average Daily Traffic

DHV = future Design Hourly Volume

Recommended Pavement Widths (by type of use)
Use type widths (m)
Driveways (residential) 2.13-3.05
Minor residential streets
no parking 6.1-7.3
parking on one side 7.9-8.5
one-way, parking on one side 5.49
Major residential streets
no parking 7.3-4.9
Streets with truck traffic 7.3-7.9
Recreational sites
heavy vegetation 5.5-6.7
rough terrain 5.5-6.7
scenic drives 6.1-7.3
Industrial areas 7.3 minimum (no parking)
Parking
Thorough consideration of all factors pertaining to parking should be given to the overall
plan of any project at its inception in order to integrate the design of buildings and
structures with parking areas and related improvements. Residential, commercial,
industrial, institutional, recreational, and other types of projects all have particular
requirements relative to parking and should be planned accordingly. When detailed parking
layouts are developed simultaneously with building plans, oversights leading to inefficient
control of traffic and similar errors of design can be avoided.
A major consideration in the design of any parking area is simplicity. Parking areas should
not be complex or designed in such a manner as to test a driver’s ability.
The three basic dimensions of any parking layout are:

1. Length and width of the car stalls
2. Width of aisles
3. Angle between car stall and aisle
ARPLAN 1
MOVEMENT SYSTEMS

CIRCULATION
rationale
Most constructions have meaning only to humans, and only as we experience them.
Thus, circulation pattern is a major function of any planned development because it
establishes the rate, sequence, and nature of its sensed realization or visual unfolding.
Every object as a perceptible entity exists in time as well as in space, through a flow of
impressions. Perception involves all senses and the rate, order, type, and degree of
perception are a matter of design control. Much of this control is effected by planned
patterns of circulation.
1. Convenience
The quality of the functional aspect of a pedestrian

system is convenience. Aside from connecting origin
and destination points with walkways of adequate
width, the factors of orientation and negotiation also
play important roles.
- Orientation: landmark features and visual cues such

as walkway width, formality, paving material, and the
presence and quality of ancillary features can suggest
purpose and expected behaviour to the pedestrian.
- visual cues can aid the pedestrian in way-finding

and general orientation within a larger environmental
context.
1. Convenience
- Negotiation: the relative ease of moving

from one destination to another.
- Pedestrian density, physical obstructions,

presence of water on the walkway,
nuisance of excessive litter, seed and fruit
droppings, excessive wind problems, etc.
contribute to the relative difficulty in terms
of negotiation.
-Pathways should be accessible to all types

of pedestrians, and on a selective basis, to
emergency vehicles such as police cars,
ambulances and fire fighting equipment.
2. Amenities
Social interaction, both passive and active, is

extremely important and in many cases, the
primary determinant regarding enjoyment of a
place. Since people-watching is an universally
appealing activity, spaces to gather with
ample opportunities to sit are crucial to the
success of most places, especially those in
urban contexts.
Vendors are often encouraged to operate in

pedestrianized environments because the
availability of food and the activity of eating
are strong stimuli attracting significant
numbers of people to a place.
3. Spatial considerations
The most appreciated human environments

are those with a relatively strong degree of
spatial enclosure. It is important to recognize
not only the weak spatial structures in outdoor
environment but also, the differences between
transitional space and nodal space.
Because movement is a visual-spatial

sequential experience, the modulation of
transitional space and the hierarchical
ordering of nodal space have become design
principles of paramount importance.
Aesthetic aspects of pedestrian circulation refer to the myriad sensory and intellectual
experiences enjoyed by pedestrians.
Designers should always keep in mind the many environmental factors that contribute to the
experiential enjoyment of outdoor places and seek to provide a richness of experience and a
depth of meaning to all who potentially may enjoy participation in designed or managed
environments.
Tactile Auditory
temperature normal traffic noise
humidity excessive truck traffic
wind and breezes underground rumblings
precipitation air traffic
benches and seat walls distant highway noise
sittable ground surfaces echo
bars, knobs and handles conversation
handrailings and arm rests play activity
telephones, vending and banking machines music and song
textures under foot professional and amateur entertainment
vegetation within reach wind
water water
architectural facades wildlife
food and drink bells, chimes, and whistles
human contact wind-blown flags and fabrics
movable furniture
vendors
machinery
heating, ventilation, and cooling systems
foot traffic on various pavements
Visual Olfactory
spatial perception (form, scale, etc.) street furniture and features vehicular emissions
form of objects overhead wires and cables industrial odors
proportion and scale of objects architecture odorous smoke
social activity vegetation fresh air
vehicular activity wildlife fragrant vegetation
prominent landforms overall character of a place restaurant doorways
vegetation sites under construction outdoor cafes
water features surface textures odoroud litter and debris
miscellaneous natural features color compositions refuse areas
sun and shadow tonal contrasts exhaust fans
rain, snow, fog, mist diurnal change
smoke seasonal change
litter moonlight
signage night-lighting
storefront advertisements glare and albedo
window displays viewsheds from important vantage points
posted bills general order
billboards overall congruencies
walls and fences
Basic information on the pedestrian is useful in those instances in design where spatial
standards do not exist or where existing spatial standards are inapplicable.
1. Dimensional Criteria
- Human dimensions and activity
- Forward spatial bubbles (extent of
unobstructed forward vision while walking)
2. Movement Criteria
- Walking rates Type ft./min. m./min. km./min.
- Acceptable walking distances Average adult 260 72 4.3
Elderly (75 years) 215 67 4.0
- Pedestrian density Bunching 200 61 3.7
Stairways (going 152 46 2.8
3. Visual Criteria down)
- Eye levels and cone of vision Stairways (going up) 113 34 2.0
- Visual perception
Spatial Standards
1. Pathway width and slope criteria
- Rule of thumb: 0.60 m. or 24 in. width for each pedestrian is necessary

- Minimum pathway width for public walkways = 1.20 m.
Note: The edges of walkways adjacent to a curbed roadway (0.75 m. or 30 in. from street
edge) and those along a building façade (0.50-0.70 m. or 18-30 in.) are not often used. They
are used only under conditions of high pedestrian density.
Calculation of walkway width:
Pathway width = V(M) / S
Where V = volume, pedestrian per minute

M = space module (forward spatial bubble), sq.ft. or sq.m. per pedestrian
S = walking speed, ft. or m. per minute
Spatial Standards
1. Pathway width and slope criteria Walkway Slope Criteria:
- User abilities
Example: - Design objectives
Given: Volume of pedestrians = 100/minute; - Need for positive drainage
minimum space module desired = 18 sq.ft./pedestrian (dependent on paving material)
pedestrian walking speed (normal) = 260 ft/minute
Solution: Pathway width = V(M) / S

= 100(18) / 260 = 1800/260
= 6.92 ft or 2.11 m
*In the example, the walkway width shall be at least 2.11 meters.
*If you yield an answer suggesting very narrow walkway widths, recommend 1.20 to 1.60 m.
widths. These shall be adequate to accommodate the expected traffic load.
*The formula does not take into account the spatial requirements for street furniture, social
gathering places, minimal use of walkway edges, etc.
Spatial Standards
2. Stairways
Widths : 1.50 m – minimum width for public stairways;

: 1.10 m - minimum width for private stairways
Tread-Riser Ratio – for ease of ascent and descent, and for safety reasons, tread-riser ratios
are always held constant within any particular stairway or set of stairways. The choice of ratio
will depend on the kinaesthetic effect desired by the designer, and on appearance. The
following formula is commonly used to determine acceptable tread-riser ratio for outdoor
stairways:
2R + T = 26 to 27 inches or 0.65 to 0.675 meter

Spatial Standards
2. Stairways
- Outdoor stairways should be made easier to ascend and descend than interior stairways.
People tend to move at greater rates outdoors than they do indoors.
- Inherent to the tread-riser ratio are the ease of ascent and descent, and the sense of rhythm
to be enjoyed by the pedestrian. The kinaesthetic character of a stairway should be congruent
with the character of the environment in which the stairway is a part.
- Single steps in a walkway are very dangerous and should never be specified. minimum of
two, but preferably three steps should be specified, and their presence should be announced
conspicuously with railings, plantings, lighting, etc.
- Risers for outdoor stairways should be within the range 4.5 to 7 in. or 112 to 175 mm.
- Treads should be pitched downgrade 2% for drainage.

Spatial Standards
2. Stairways
Height between landings – Height between stairway landings is an important criterion for
psychological reasons as well as for reasons of human endurance. They should be best
designed so that an adult of average height standing on one landing can see the ground plane
of the next higher landing (i.e. 1.60m). In terms of human endurance, all changes in elevation
should be designed with an understanding of the diversity of human ability that exists among
the members of the population.
3. Ramps – follow the standards specified in BP 344
4. Seating criteria – Benches should be designed to ensure greatest comfort for the individual.
Seat walls are typically 16 to 18 inches wide and between 14 to 18 inches high (400 to
450mm)
Spatial Standards
5. Hand railings – the cross section of the hand railing should allow a secure and comfortable
grip for maximum support. Hand railing heights for outdoor stairs and ramps range from 0.75-
0.80m.
- Hand railings on both sides of a stairway or ramp are important because some people have
one-sided strength.
- Extra wide stairways should have center railings for greater convenience and should no more
than be 6.0 m. apart.
- Railings should continue across intermediate landings.
- Railings should be capable of supporting 250 lbs or 114 kg of weight.
- Lower hand railings for the use of children and individuals on wheelchair are advisable.
6. Pedestrian signage – the design and placement of signs for use by pedestrians involves
consideration of visual field, scale of letters, proportion of letters, and tonal contrast between
letters and background.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Types of Bikeways
1. Bicycle Path (Class I) – a completely
separated right-of-way for the primary use
of bicycles
2. Bicycle Lane (Class II) – a portion of a

roadway which has been designated by
striping, signing and pavement markings for
preferential or exclusive use by bicyclists
3. Shared Roadway (Class III) – a right-of-way

designated by signs or permanent markings
as a bicycle route, but which is also shared
with pedestrians and motorists.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION

1. Bicycle Traffic Generators – schools, parks and recreational facilities, community and
activity centers, employment concentrations, shopping and commercial centers
2. Scenic and Recreational Amenities – the value of a bikeway as an amenity is enhanced

by close proximity and connection to parks or other scenic and recreational attractions.
The most varied and attractive routes will be used the most.
3. Terrain – cyclists avoid steep grades.
4. Widths of Bikeways – factors to consider when determining widths for bikeways must
include:
• spatial dimensions of bicyclist and bicycle
• maneuvering space required for balancing
• additional clearances required to avoid obstacles
Note: assume that 2-way travel will occur on bicycle paths regardless of design intention
5. Negative Factors – elevated embankments, freeways and interchanges, busy arterials,

areas with frequent periods of adverse weather conditions
BICYCLE CIRCULATION

BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Design Criteria
1. Bicycle Speed
Design speed is a term referring to the speed for which a bicycle path is designed. In
general, a minimum design speed of 32 kph should be used. For downhill grades
exceeding 4% or where strong tail winds often exist, a higher minimum design speed of
48 kph is advisable. On unpaved surfaces, a lower minimum design speed of 24 kph
can be used.
2. Sight / Stopping Distance

Sight / Stopping Distance is the physical distance required for a bicyclist to see an
obstruction and come to a complete stop.
3. Curve Radii
The design speed chosen determines the appropriate curved radii. If bikeways are part of a
motor vehicle roadway, then no changes in radii are needed. If separate facilities are
planned, then the curves should be designed to allow unbraked turns at a prescribed
design speed.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Design Criteria
Minimum Curve Radii for Unbraked Turns:
R = V2______
15(e + f)
Where: R = minimum radius of curvature, ft or m

V = design speed, mph or kph
e = super elevation, ft/ft or m/m (varies from 0.02-0.05 ft/ft or 0.006-0.015 m/m)
f = coefficient of friction (varies from 0.17-0.27 for paved surfaces; for unpaved
surfaces, the values would be less than half of those for paved surfaces)
4. Intersections
A large share of bicycle-related accidents occurs at intersections of streets and
bikeways because of the confused comingling of bicycles, motor vehicles and
pedestrians. Major problems occur from the following conditions:
• Bicyclists turning left across traffic
• Bicyclists crossing an intersection when vehicular traffic is entering from or turning to
the right
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Design Elements
1. Barriers and Separators – for delineation
• Bikeway Plantings – can prevent screen headlight glare and accidental crossovers
and can improve the aesthetic quality of a bikeway. The disadvantages include
consumption of a substantial amount of space and possible confusion at intersections
where planting strip need to be broken. Trees are better than shrub massing as they
take up less space and provide a visual, psychological and limited physical barrier.
• Painted Lines – are the simplest and cheapest bikeway delineation. It can continue
through intersections, allow bicyclists to leave the lane to make left turns, and permit
automobiles to enter driveways. However, it lacks a physical barrier or tactile warning
to prevent the encroachment of motor vehicles.
• Traffic Buttons – Raised and reflectorized traffic buttons provide a visual and tactile
warning to motorists while still allowing lane changes and access to driveways.
However, they may also be dangerous and make left turns difficult.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION
Design Elements
2. Paving and Surfacing – the pavement should be a smooth, non-slick surface and have a
thickness capable of supporting normal-size maintenance vehicles. Materials that can be
used for paving are asphalt, concrete, soil cement, stone chip aggregate and stabilized
earth.
3. Drainage of Bikeway Surfaces – bikeway surfaces should have a 2% slope depending

on the texture and composition of the surfacing material. Drains should be designed and
located to minimize danger to bicyclists. The use of transverse or angles bars or
honeycomb grates are preferred.
4. Information Systems – all signs and markings placed on public streets and highways for
the benefit of the motorist also apply to the bicyclist.
• Traffic control devices
• Types of signages: regulatory, warning, guide
• Placement of signs
• Pavement markings
BICYCLE CIRCULATION

Plant materials and site furnishings can enhance the experience of those using the
bikeway. The need for storage lockers, comfort stations, lighting, picnic facilities and shelter
from the elements depends upon the length of the bikeway, the time necessary to travel on
it, type of user and the extent to which such facilities exist nearby.
1. Bikeway plantings
• Plants can reduce headlight glare and traffic dust when used to provide a visual and
physical barrier between bicycle and motor vehicle traffic.
• Plants can mitigate the discomforts of weather.

 A canopy of deciduous and coniferous trees can reduce the amount of rainfall
reaching cyclists.
 Dense planting of trees in a row, perpendicular to prevailing winds and parallel
to the bikeway, can reduce wind speeds.
 Deciduous trees can provide shade from the sun in the warm seasons, allow
sunlight to penetrate to the ground in cool seasons, and minimize diurnal
temperature changes by trapping heat and reducing its loss through radiation to
the atmosphere.
BICYCLE CIRCULATION

2. Site furnishings
• Racks and locking devices for bicycles – bicycle racks and parking facilities should
be located as close to destinations as possible without interfering with pedestrian
traffic. Storage facilities too far away (more than 15 m) encourage the bicyclist to
attach the bicycle to the nearest tree, light pole, or parking meter. Locate storage
facilities where there is visual supervision, lighting and shelter from inclement weather.
• Fixtures for bicycle routes – elements such as shelters, benches, tables, grills, rest
rooms, trash receptacles, bulletin boards, telephones, and drinking fountains may be
provided. Simple rest stops where bicyclists can pull off the bikeway and rest or enjoy a
fine view are obviously much less expensive and can add to the attractiveness of a
recreational facility.
• Bikeway lighting – luminaires should be positioned such that bicyclists are

backlighted against approaching traffic. Lighting requirements vary from 0.6 footcandle
(6 lux) in parks and similar areas, to 1.0 fc (10 lux) in commercial areas, to 2.0 fc (20
lux) at intersections with heavily trafficked streets.
The automobile has become a basic unit in site planning and design, and often sets the
scale and pattern of future development. As a result, the integration of vehicular circulation
in the site planning process is critical in order to satisfy its functions. Vehicular circulation
on a site accommodates one or more of the following purposes:
1. To provide access to land uses and buildings

2. To provide linkage between land uses
3. To provide for the movement of goods and people

1. Freeway Systems – includes expressways and parkways; these systems allow rapid
and efficient movement of large volumes of through traffic between and across urban
areas. They have limited access with grade-separated interchanges
2. Major arterial systems – these systems allow through-traffic movement between and
across urban areas with direct access to abutting properties. They are subject to
control of entrances, exits, and curb use.
3. Collector street systems – these systems allow traffic movement between major arterial
and local streets, with direct access to abutting properties. Traffic control is usually
provided by stop signs on the side streets.
4. Local street systems – these systems allow local traffic movement and direct access to
abutting land.

Criteria for Vehicle System Classification
Classification Principal Service Function Typical Trip Elements linked by facility Desirable
length (km) spacing (km)
freeway through movement exclusively 4.83 CBD major generators 1.61 - 4.83
arterial through movement, some land access 1.61 CBD secondary generators 1.61
collector through movement and land access 1.61 Local areas 0.80
local land access 0.80 Individual land sites
*Parkways are a very important type of recreational, circulation route, facilitating the
efficient movement of large volumes of through-traffic through areas of high scenic quality.
They usually disallow commercial vehicles, such as trucks and buses.
*On-site drives and roads refer to vehicular access routes within a site; they represent a
category of classification finer than that of the local street system.
Circulation
Patterns

The design of vehicular circulation systems involves both aesthetic judgment and sound
engineering practice. A well-designed roadway should possess internal harmony (i.e. the
driver should be able to see smooth lines ahead and have a clear vision of the landscape)
and also possess external harmony (i.e. to the eye of an onlooker, a roadway should fit into
its surroundings). Primarily a transportation medium, a roadway should be designed
incorporating the criteria of strength, safety, and uniformity.

1. The location of a roadway should be based on a survey of all determinants which include
but are not limited to:
• Present and proposed land uses and traffic ways
• Areas where redevelopment or change is desirable
• Existing and planned transportation facilities
• Traffic “desire lines”
• Topographic features
• Ecological factors
• Historical factors
• Permanent areas and features to remain
• Scenic opportunities
• Social, economic, and political structures
• Safety
• Acquisition and development costs
• Operation and maintenance costs

2. The location and design of a roadway must include consideration of its effect on
contiguous uses in terms of noise and fumes.
3. The location of a roadway must be responsive to natural forces and features.
4. A roadway should be so aligned and constructed as to preserve and accentuate the best
qualities of the landscape.
5. The vertical and horizontal alignment of a roadway should be carefully coordinated.
6. A roadway should provide for a variety of visual experiences.
7. Where used as an approach or entry, a road, by its location and design, should respond
to interesting views

Minimum widths for 2-lane roads (m)

Design speed (kph) ADT 50-250 ADT 250-400 ADT 400-750 DHV 200-400 DHV over
400
48 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.7 7.3
64 6.1 6.1 6.7 6.7 7.3
80 6.1 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.3
97 6.1 6.7 6.7 7.3 7.3
105 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.3 7.3
113 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.3 7.3
ADT = Average Daily Traffic

DHV = future Design Hourly Volume

Recommended Pavement Widths (by type of use)
Use type widths (m)
Driveways (residential) 2.13-3.05
Minor residential streets
no parking 6.1-7.3
one-way, parking on one side 5.49
Major residential streets
no parking 7.3-4.9
Streets with truck traffic 7.3-7.9
Recreational sites
heavy vegetation 5.5-6.7
rough terrain 5.5-6.7
scenic drives 6.1-7.3
Industrial areas 7.3 minimum (no parking)
Parking
Thorough consideration of all factors pertaining to parking should be given to the overall
plan of any project at its inception in order to integrate the design of buildings and
structures with parking areas and related improvements. Residential, commercial,
industrial, institutional, recreational, and other types of projects all have particular
requirements relative to parking and should be planned accordingly. When detailed parking
layouts are developed simultaneously with building plans, oversights leading to inefficient
control of traffic and similar errors of design can be avoided.
A major consideration in the design of any parking area is simplicity. Parking areas should
not be complex or designed in such a manner as to test a driver’s ability.
The three basic dimensions of any parking layout are:

1. Length and width of the car stalls
2. Width of aisles
3. Angle between car stall and aisle

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ARPLAN 1

PLANNING 1 : SITE PLANNING & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

PREPARED BY: AR./ENP. RACHELLE S. MORALES

• Orientation of the building to sun, wind

Building Enclosing Space and Space Enclosing

SOLAR PATH, RECEIPT, & SHADOWS

Shelterbelt Design Principles:

EARTH SHELTER STRATEGIES

Bioclimatic design techniques at the site planning scale include:

General Rules of Windbreak Design

Man-made Features: Fences and Walls

Bioclimatic design techniques at the site planning scale include:

Attached overhead shading structures can provide multiple benefits.

Look for sites shrouded by trees on the west side.

Bioclimatic design techniques at the site planning scale

• Trees and shrubs can be used to channel air flow

Bioclimatic design techniques at the site

PREPARED BY: AR./ENP. RACHELLE S. MORALES

Types of Impairments to consider:

Important Design Concepts:

Important Design Concepts:

3. Graduated difficulty of access

Design Details for Outdoor Accessibility

Design Details for Outdoor Accessibility

Design Details for Outdoor Accessibility

Design Details for Outdoor Accessibility

Design Details for Outdoor Accessibility

Design Details for Outdoor Accessibility

Design Details for Outdoor Accessibility

Design Details for Outdoor Accessibility

Parks and Playgrounds

Major Purposes of fences, screens and walls:

Purposes of outdoor lighting:

General Design Principles:

General Design Principles:

General Design Principles:

General Design Principles:

General Design Principles:

General Design Principles:

Categories of Light Fixtures

Categories of Light Fixtures

Landscape Lighting Effects

Landscape Lighting Effects

PREPARED BY: AR./ENP. RACHELLE S. MORALES

• is guided by the principles of balance, unity,

• through ages, the standard of beauty

• should be thought of in terms of art

• uses materials like stone,

• considers the physical features

• can be applied to sites that are either

• The natural garden elements cover

create a sense of anticipation

Huge open space

introduce an element of surprise

Signs and Symbols

Signs and Symbols

SUSTAINABLE SITE DESIGN

PREPARED BY: AR./ENP. RACHELLE S. MORALES

- Sustainable design requires an understanding of environmental consequences of natural system

Design for integration of urban development with natural resources includes:

The following general considerations apply to sustainable site design:

The following general considerations apply to sustainable site design:

The following factors should be considered in site selection:

The following factors should be considered in site selection: