PAPER PRESENTATION

RESEARCH OF METHODOLGY
QUANTITATIVE CORRELATION

ARRANGED BY: GROUP 3

Arifin Khoir (2213121002)
E F Pasha Sihite (2213121001)
Jeremy Geofanni Purba (2203321032)
Ilyas Fadhil Sebayang (2203121084)

ENGLISH EDUCATION 21 F

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2024
 PREFACE

We are grateful to the presence of God Almighty, Jesus Christ, with God's grace, we were able
to complete the paper with title is “Correlation Quantitative”.
We hope, the result of material can be useful and understood by readers and writers themselves.
Previously, we apologize if there are error in writing or other things which is less pleasing. Also, the
readers can provide criticism and suggestions that can be improvement it. Thank you for your attention.

Medan, 3 May 2024

Group 3
 A. What is Correlation Quantitative research
Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research method in which a researcher
measures two variables and understands and assesses the statistical relationship between them
with no influence from any extraneous variable. In statistical analysis, distinguishing between
categorical data and numerical data is essential, as categorical data involves distinct categories
or labels, while numerical data consists of measurable quantities. Correlation research belongs
to the group of inferential research, which means that it must test a hypothesis. Hypotheses are
accepted or rejected based on the significance level of the score (sig or p-value) in the
interpretation of the results.

Mainly three types of correlational research have been identified:

1. Positive correlation: A positive relationship between two variables is when an increase in
one variable leads to a rise in the other variable. A decrease in one variable will see a reduction
in the other variable. For example, the amount of money a person has might positively correlate
with the number of cars the person owns.
2. Negative correlation: A negative correlation is quite literally the opposite of a positive
relationship. If there is an increase in one variable, the second variable will show a decrease,
and vice versa. For example, being educated might negatively correlate with the crime rate
when an increase in one variable leads to a decrease in another and vice versa. If a country’s
education level is improved, it can lower crime rates. Please note that this doesn’t mean that
lack of education leads to crimes. It only means that a lack of education and crime is believed
to have a common reason – poverty.
3. No correlation: There is no correlation between the two variables in this third type. A change
in one variable may not necessarily see a difference in the other variable. For example, being
a millionaire and happiness are not correlated. An increase in money doesn’t lead to happiness.

Correlational research also has three main characteristics. They are:

- Non-experimental: The correlational study is non-experimental. It means that researchers
need not manipulate variables with a scientific methodology to either agree or disagree with a
hypothesis. The researcher only measures and observes the relationship between the variables
without altering them or subjecting them to external conditioning.
- Backward-looking: Correlational research only looks back at historical data and observes
events in the past. Researchers use it to measure and spot historical patterns between two
variables. A correlational study may show a positive relationship between two variables, but
this can change in the future.
- Dynamic: The patterns between two variables from correlational research are never constant
and are always changing. Two variables having negative correlation research in the past can
have a positive correlation relationship in the future due to various factors.
 B. Research Focus
Quantitative correlation research focuses on examining the relationship between variables
through statistical analysis. It seeks to determine if there is a consistent association between
two or more variables and the degree to which they vary together. This type of research often
involves collecting numerical data and using statistical methods such as correlation coefficients
to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between variables. The aim is to
understand the patterns and predictability of relationships within a given context, which can
have implications for theory development, prediction, and decision-making in various fields
such as psychology, economics, sociology, and more.

C. Data Validity and Reliability

Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan terlebih dahulu diuji untuk mengertahui apakah tes
tersebut valid dan reliabel. Instrumen dapat digunakan dika telah teruji dan memenuhi
persyaratan penting, yaitu valid dan reliabel (Arikunto,2010:211)

Validity
In this thesis, there are three instruments tested, namely questionnaire on habits,
listening to news, reading newspapers, and writing news. These instruments were
tested for their suitability before being distributed to respondents. The validity test
of the questionnaire instrument uses construct validation. Construct validation is
used to determine the suitability of the questions with the theory (Nurgiyantoro, et
al., 2012:39).

Reliability
Reliability testing refers to whether the instrument can consistently measure
something over time (Nurgiyantoro, et al., 2012:341). This reliability test uses the
Cronbach's Alpha formula, here is the formula.
 D. Technique of Collecting Data, Correlation Quantitative Method
Some methods of data collection used in correlational research include: naturalistic observation
and archival data.

Naturalistic observation
Naturalistic observation is a way of data collection in which people’s behavioral targeting is
observed in their natural environment, in which they typically exist. This method is a type of
field research. It could mean a researcher might be observing people in a grocery store, at the
cinema, playground, or in similar places.Researchers who are usually involved in this type of
data collection make observations as unobtrusively as possible so that the participants involved
in the study are not aware that they are being observed else they might deviate from being their
natural self. Ethically this method is acceptable if the participants remain anonymous, and if
the study is conducted in a public setting, a place where people would not normally expect
complete privacy. As mentioned previously, taking an example of the grocery store where
people can be observed while collecting an item from the aisle and putting in the shopping
bags. This is ethically acceptable, which is why most researchers choose public settings for
recording their observations. This data collection method could be both qualitative and
quantitative.

Archival data
Another approach to correlational data is the use of archival data. Archival information is the
data that has been previously collected by doing similar kinds of research. Archival data is
usually made available through primary research.In contrast to naturalistic observation, the
information collected through archived data can be pretty straightforward. For example,
counting the number of people named Richard in the various states of America based on social
security records is relatively short.Use the correlational research method to conduct a
correlational study and measure the statistical relationship between two variables. Uncover the
insights that matter the most.

Here are some techniques of data correlation:

Scatter plot, a data visualization technique that plots data as dots at the intersection of two
values to show how one variable affects another
Correlation coefficient, a statistical technique that describes the strength of the relationship
between variables, ranging from -1 to +1
Regression analysis, a statistical technique that predicts the correlation between dependent and
independent variables
Covariance, a technique used to calculate correlation, which is a measure of how two variables
relate to each other
A scatter plot is a graph that shows the relationship between two quantitative variables, usually
plotted on two axes. The independent variable is often plotted on the horizontal (X) axis, and
the dependent variable on the vertical (Y) axis. Each data point is represented by a mark, such
as a dot or small circle, and the distribution of the data can be seen by how the points cluster
together.
Scatter plots are commonly used to identify correlational relationships. For example, a scatter
plot can show the relationship between shoe sizes and quiz scores for students in a class, with
score on the y-axis and shoe size on the x-axis. The pattern that the data points follow is called
a correlation or relationship between the variables. There are three types of scatterplots:
Positive correlation scatterplot: Follows a positive linear function
Negative association scatterplot: Follows a negative linear function
No correlation scatterplot: There is no function it can follow

E. Data Analysis Techniques

Covariance is a statistical measure of the direction of the linear relationship between two
variables in quantitative research. Correlation measures the strength of that relationship. Both
covariance and correlation are positive when variables move in the same direction and negative
when they move in opposite directions. Covariance is a population parameter that can be seen
as a property of the joint probability distribution. The sample covariance is an estimated value
of the population parameter and also serves as a descriptor of the sample. The sample
covariance of X and Y is calculated as follows:

sXY=∑Ni=1(Xi−¯X)(Yi−¯Y)n−1.

The numerical value of covariance is not important, only the sign is relevant. A major drawback
of covariance is that its value can vary from negative infinity to positive infinity, making it
difficult to interpret.

Correlational analysis is a statistical technique used to determine the degree of relationship or

association between two or more variables. In the context of the study discussed in the PDF
file, correlational analysis was employed to examine the relationship between students'
vocabulary mastery and their reading comprehension. Here is an elaboration on correlational
analysis:

1. Purpose of Correlational Analysis:

- The primary aim of correlational analysis in this study was to investigate the extent of the
relationship between students' vocabulary mastery (independent variable) and their reading
comprehension (dependent variable) [T4].
2. Methodology:
The researcher utilized the Pearson Product Moment Coefficient as the statistical method for
conducting correlational analysis. This coefficient is suitable for measuring the correlation
between two variables that are of ratio or interval type and assumes that the scores are normally
distributed [T4].
3. Interpretation of Correlation Coefficients:
- The correlation coefficient, denoted as "r," ranges from -1 to 1. A value of +1 indicates a
perfect positive correlation, -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, and 0 indicates no
correlation at all [T1].
- The interpretation of the strength of the correlation is typically categorized as very strong,
strong, medium, low, or very low based on the value of the correlation coefficient [T2].
4. Hypothesis Testing:
- In correlational analysis, hypothesis testing is conducted to determine whether there is a
significant correlation between the variables under study. The null hypothesis (Ho) states that
there is no correlation, while the alternative hypothesis (Ha) suggests a positive correlation
[T2].
5. Data Analysis Process:
- The data analysis process involved collecting data on students' vocabulary mastery and
reading comprehension, importing the scores into statistical software (SPSS), and conducting
correlational analysis using the Product Moment formula [T5].
- The researcher compared the calculated correlation coefficient (rxy) with the critical value
(rt) at a significance level of 5% to determine the acceptance or rejection of the null hypothesis
[T2].

Data Analysis Techniques in this thesis uses 2 processes, namely Testing analysis requirements
and Hypothesis Testing. There are two analytical requirements tests carried out, namely the
normality test and the linearity test.
The normality test is a statistical test used to test whether the observed data has a normal
distribution or not. This normality test aims to ensure the certainty of data distribution.
The Linearity Test aims to determine whether or not there is a relationship between the
independent variable and the dependent variable that is linear or not. Linearity Test Formula
used in this thesis:

There are 3 types of hypotheses in this thesis, the first and second hypotheses will be tested
using the product moment correlation technique. Meanwhile, the third hypothesis was tested
using multiple correlation techniques.
Product moment correlation
Independent variables and independent variables do not have an independent relationship.
Therefore, use this technique to find the relationship between a variable and other variables.
Product moment correlation formula:
Multiple correlation
Multiple correlation is used to determine the relationship between X1 and X2 together with Y.
Multiple correlation formula: