Anthology

Unit 1: Make small talk.

Grammar:
1. Tag questions
Use: used to confirm or verify information.
Structure: Affirmative statement + negative tag question/Negative statement +
affirmative tag question
Example: He isn't coming, is he?
Exercise: He is your brother, _________?
They were at the park, _________?

2. The past perfect

Use:to indicate that an action was completed before another action or moment in the
past
Structure: Form the past perfect with had +past participle
Example: She had read all the books in the series before the new one came out.
Excercise: By the time the sun set, they _______ (set up) the tent.
He _______ (not learn) to drive until he was 25.

Vocabulary:
1. Asking about proper address
Do you mind if I call you
Would it be rude to call you
What would you like to be called?
How do you prefer to be addressed?
Do you use Ms. or Mrs?

2. Intensifiers
Unbelievably
incredibly
really
so
pretty

3. Manners:
etiquette
cultural literacy
table manners
Etiquette:
punctuality
impolite
offensive
customary
taboo
Unit 2: Health Matters.
Grammar:
1. Drawing conclusion with must
Use modal must + base form of a verb to draw a conclusion and indicate that
you think something is probably true
Example 1:
Hanna: I think I just broke my tooth!
Valery: Oh no. That must hurt

Example 2:
Hanna: The doctor said I should come in next week
Valery: That's good. It must not be an emergency
(Can, could, should, will, and must are modals. Modals don't change form)

Exercises: You look awful! You ______(be) in a lot of pain.

I called the dentist's office, but not one answered. She _____ (be) in today

2. Will be able to; Modals may and might

–Use Will or Won't be able to + base form: future ability

Example: The doctor will be able to see you tomorrow

She won't be able to come to work this week

--Use May/ might or may not/ might not + base form: possibility

Example: The dentist may/ might arrive at the office a little late this morning
You may not/ might not need to come in right away
NOTE: You can use be able to with may and might for possibility or with must
for drawing conclusions.

Example: The doctor may be able to see you today

I might not be able to get there till 5.00

Exercises: A: I think I _______(be) a little sick this morning. I feel nauseous, and
i've been vomiting
B: Then you should see Dr, Anders. But he ______(have) any openings today

A: I've been calling Mr. Angel for an hour. I know he's home, but not one's answering
B: That's strange: He ______(hear) the phone

Vocabulary:
1. Dental emergencies
*Red or swollen gums
*A broken tooth
*A loose tooth
*Fillings
 2. Describing symptoms
*tooth pain
*gums swollen
*pain
*tooth moves when you touch
*teeth loose

3. Medical procedures
*a checkup/ an examination
*a shot/ an injection
*an EKG/ an electrocardiogram
*an X-ray
*a blood test

4. Types of medical treatments

*Conventional Medicine
*Homeopathy
*Acupuncture
*Herbal Therapy
*Spiritual Healing

5. Medications
*a painkiller
*cold tablets
*a nasal spray/ a decongestant
*eye drops
*an antihistamine
*cough medicine
*an antibiotic
*an antacid
*an ointment
*vitamins

Unit 3: Getting things done.

Grammar:
1. The causative
Use: to express the idea that one person persuades or “causes” another person to do
something.
Structure: Use get+ an object and an infinitive/ have+ an object and a base form as a
causative.
Example:They got him to pay for dinner.
Exercise: Will have someone at the front desk (recommend / to recommend)
Will your friend get someone (go / to go) shopping for her?

2. The passive causative

Use:used to indicate that someone causes something to be done by another person,
placing emphasis on the action and not on who performs it
 Structure:have + an object and a past participle
Example:We had our picture taken after the meeting.
Exercise: I need to / my luggage / bring / to my room.

Vocabulary:
1. Ways to indicate acceptance
No problem
I understand
No worries
Don´t worry about it

2. Services
1.dry-clean a suit
2.repair shoes
3.frame a picture
4.deliver a package
5.lengthen / shorten a skirt
6.print a sign
7.copy a report

3. Planning and running an event

1.send out the announcements
2.set up the room
3.set up the projector
4.put up the signs
5.check the sound system
6.a microphone / a mike
7.a handheld mike
8.a lapel mike
9.hand out the agenda
10.a handout
11.introduce the speaker / the guest
12.a podium

Unit: 4 Reading for pleasure.

Grammar:
1. Noun clauses
Use: A noun clause functions as a noun, often as a direct object. A noun can be introduced
by that.
Structure: Subject + verb + (clause) that + subject + verb + object
Example: We were surprised by the news that he wrote this book.
Exercises: Complete the exercises with THAT
1.- She/ knows/ he/ is/ coming
2.- They/ believe/ the/ project/ will/ succeed.

2. Noun clauses: Embedded questions

Use: A question can be embedded in a noun clause. Use if to begin an embedded yes/ no
question.
Structure: Direct Question: What is she doing?
Embedded Question: I wonder what she is doing.
Example: Where is she now? / Where she is now is a mystery.
Exercises: Complete the embedded questions.
Who is at the door?
What did he buy?

Vocabulary:
1. Genres of books
Fiction
➢ A novel
➢ A mystery
➢ A thriller
➢ A romance novel
➢ A science fiction book
➢ A short story
Non-fiction
➢ A biography
➢ An autobiography
➢ A travel book
➢ A memoir
➢ A self-help book

2. Ways to describes a book

➢ Page-turner: It’s so interesting that you want to keep reading it.
➢ Cliff-hanger: It’s so exciting that you can’t wait to find out what happens next.
➢ Best-seller: It’s very popular, and everyone is buying copies.
➢ Fast read: It’s easy and enjoyable to read.
➢ Hard to follow: It’s difficult to understand.
➢ Trash: It’s very poor quality.

3. Some ways to enjoy reading

➢ Curl up with (a book)
➢ Read aloud (to someone)
➢ Listen to audio books
➢ Do puzzles
➢ Read (articles) online
➢ Skim through (a newspaper)
➢ Read e-books/ read electronic books

Unit 5: Natural Disasters.

Grammar:
1. Indirect speech: imperatives

Use: To report what someone said without quoting the exact words.

Structure: Direct speech: Peter said, “Be careful if you go out during the storm”.
Indirect speech: Peter said to be careful if you go out during the storm”
Example: Martha told me, “Be home before the snowstorm”. Martha told me to be home
before the snowstorm.

Exercises: Rewrite each sentence in indirect speech

1.They said,”Read the weather report”.

2. Everyone is saying, “Get ready for a big storm”.

2. indirect speech: say and tell-tense changes

Use: When moving from direct speech to indirect speech, it is necessary to make certain
changes in tense.

Structure: subject + said/told + object + verb

“Use tell when you mention the listener and use say when you don’t
“The verbs in the indirect speech statement often change”

· Present becomes past (is-was)

· Past becomes past perfect (had-had had)
· Will becomes would (will be- would be)
· Can becomes could (can come- could come)

Example: They said, “The weather is awful”. -----They said (that) the weather was awful.

Exercise: Change each statement form direct speech to indirect speech

1. The Tv reported said, “The landslide is one of the worst in history”.

2. Dani said, “We all had the flu”.

Vocabulary:

1. Severe weather and other natural disasters

A tornado
A hurricane/ A typhoon
A flood
A landslide
A drought

2. Emergency preparations and supplies

Evacuate
An emergency
A power outage
A shelter
A first-aid kit
A flashlight
Non-perishable food

Unit 6: Life plans.

Grammar:
1. Expressing intentions and plans that changed: Was/were going to and would
Use: Express and ask about past intentions and plans that changed with was/were
going to + a base form.
Structure: (Sentence 1) I was going to get married (but I didn´t).
Was she going to take the course? (Yes, she was / No, she wasn´t).
Example: She was going to travel to Cancun
He was going to study law.
Exercise: Complete the sentences.
1.- She wanted to be a _______, but she changed her mind because _______
2.- He going to be an artist________, but he changed his mind because
2. Perfect modals
Use: Express feelings and beliefs about past actions and events.
Structure:
Regrets or judgments: should have + past participle.
Possibility: may have / might have + past participle.
Ability (Or possibility): could have + past participle.
Certainty: would have + past participle.
Conclusions: must have + past participle.
Example:
Regrets or judgments: I should have studied medicine. (but unfortunately, I didn´t).
Possibility: I may (or might) have failed the final exam. It was really hard.
Ability (Or possibility): The museum was closed, but she couldn't have known that.
It's usually open on tuesdays.
Certainty: You should have gone to Rio. You would have loved it.
Conclusions: Beth isn't here, she must have gone home early. (I think that´s what
happened).
Exercises: Complete the sentences.
1.- I don´t know why she married him. He _______ (must or would be) really good at
it.
2.- I _____ (should or may study) architecture. I _______ (must or would be) really
good at it.
3.- We didn't know we were going to have five children. We ______ (could not or
should not buy) such a small house.
4.- Ella still loves Ben. She _______ (must not or should not break up) with him.
5.- Jenna´s not studying Chinese anymore. It _________ (should or might be) too
hard to learn Chinese and Japanese at the same time.

Vocabulary:
1. Reasons for changing plans
- My tastes changed.
- It's hard to make a living as.
 - I didn't pass the exam.
- Talked me out of it.
- I changed my mind.
2. Qualifications for work or study
- Talents
- Skills.
- Experience.
- Knowledge.
- Qualifications.

Unit 7: Holidays and traditions.

Grammar:
1. Adjective clauses with subject relative pronouns: Who and that
Use: Adjective clauses identify or describe people or things.
Structure: (Sentence 1) A mariachi singer is someone
(Relative pronoun) WHO or THAT + sings traditional Mexican music.
Example: The teacher who helped me was very kind.
The person that called you is my friend.
Exercises: Complete the sentences.
1.- The student ____ won the prize is very talented.
a) that
b) who
c) both
2.- The movie _____ we watched last night was exciting
a) that
b) who
c) both

2. Adjective clause with object relative pronouns: Who, whom and that
Use: When the relative pronoun acts as the object of the adjective clause, who, whom, and
that can be used.
Structure: (Sentence 1) + (Relative pronoun) WHO/ WHOM/ THAT + Subject + Verb +
Complement
Example: Using who: The woman who you met yesterday is my aunt.
Using whom:The woman whom you met yesterday is my aunt
Using that: The book that you borrowed is on the shelf.
Exercises: Combine the following pairs of sentences using adjective clauses:
a. The girl is my sister. She is wearing a red dress.
b. I know the artist. He painted this picture.
c. The book is interesting. You recommended it.

Vocabulary:
1. Ways to commemorate a holiday
➢ Set off fireworks
➢ Mach in parades
➢ Have picnics
 ➢ Pray
➢ Send cards
➢ Give gifts
➢ Wish each other well
➢ Remember the dead
➢ Wear a customs
2. Getting married
The events:
➢ An engagements
➢ A (marriage) ceremony
➢ A wedding
➢ A reception
➢ A honeymoon
➢ The people:
➢ A fiancé: a man who is engaged
➢ A fiancée: a woman who is engaged
➢ A bride: A woman at the time she gets married
➢ A groom: A man at the time he gets married
➢ Newlyweds: The bride and groom immediately after the wedding.

Unit 8: Inventions and discoveries.

Grammar:
1. The unreal conditional

Use: It is used to talk about hypothetical or improbable situations

Structure: If + subject + verb simple past tense, subject + would/could + verb base form
Clause Result

Example: If you were here, we could study together

Exercises:
If she _________ more experienced, she would be more likely to get the job
a)were
b)had been
c)would be

If it wasn’t raining, we _______ a picnic today.

a)had
b)would had
c)would have

2. The past unreal conditional

Use: Describes past unreal or untrue conditions and results.

Structure: If + subject + past perfect + verb past participle, subject + would have/could have
+ verb past participle.

Example: If we had used our GPS, we wouldn't have gotten lost

Exercises:
If you had trained more, you _____ (not, lost) so easily.

If I _____ (know) that she was in town, Iwould have called her.

Vocabulary:
1. Describing manufactured products

Uses new technology

High-tech
State-of-the-art
Cutting-edge

Offers high quality

High-end
Top-of-the-line
First-rate

Uses new ideas

Innovative
Revolutionary
Novel

2. Descriptive adjectives

Low-tech / high-tech
Wacky
Unique
Efficient / inefficient

Unit 9: Controversial Issues.

Grammar:
1. Non-count nouns that represent abstract idea
Use: Nouns that represent abstract ideas are always non-count nouns.
Structure and example:
Education is an important issue. NOT: The education is an important issue.
News about politics is always interesting. NOT: News about politics are always
interesting.
Exercise:
 1.- Both candidates have programs for (the health / health) and (educations /
education)
2.- Good news (is / are ) hard to find in the newspaper these days.
2. Verbs followed by objects and infinitives
Use: Certain verbs can be followed by infinitives, but some verbs must be followed by
an object before an infinitive.
Example:
The newspaper reminded all eighteen-year-olds to vote.
We urged them to write letters against the death penalty.
Exercise:
1.- Did you remind _____ (your daughter / complete) her voter registration card?
2.- Our teacher always encourages ______ (students / study) every night, not just the
day before the exam.

Vocabulary:
1. Political terminology
- A government.
- Campaign.
- Politics.
- A democracy.
- A constitution.
- A monarchy.
- An election.
- A dictatorship.
- Vote.
- A constitutional monarchy.
2. A continuum of political and social beliefs
- Radical.
- Liberal.
- Moderate.
- Conservative.
- Reactionary.
3. Some controversial issues
- Censorship of books and movies.
- Compulsory military service.
- Lowering the driving age.
- Raising the voting age.
- Prohibiting smoking indoors.
4. How to debate an issues politely
- That may be true, but…
- I see what you mean, but…
- Well on the one hand, but on the other hand…
- That's one way to look at it, but…