REVIEWER for Reading 6

For the FOURTH PERIODIC TEST

List of Topics:
• Cause and Effect
• Fiction and Nonfiction
• Problem and Solution
• Author’s Point of View
• Analogies

ON CAUSE AND EFFECT

A Cause is the reason why something happened. It answers the question: WHY DID THIS
HAPPEN? The effect is the result. It answers the question: WHAT HAPPENED?

Words like because of, why, , since, and as a result often signal a cause-and effect relationship.
A cause states why something happens. An effect states a result or outcome. At times, a single
cause leads to several effects. For example, “Stress leads to both short term and long-term effects.”
Other times, several causes contribute to a single effect. For example, “Several factors contribute
to success on the job.”
ON FICTION AND NONFICTION

Fiction books represents make-believe stories. These books are read for entertainment purposes.
Nonfiction books give true and real information. They are written to teach about a topic or to
provide information.
Fiction books transport readers into imagined worlds, often filled with characters, events, and
settings created by the author's imagination. These narratives may draw inspiration from reality
but are ultimately products of creative invention, offering escapism, entertainment, and exploration
of themes and emotions.

On the other hand, Nonfiction Books delve into factual accounts of real events, people, and ideas,
aiming to inform, educate, or persuade readers about aspects of the world around them. Whether
it's history, science, biography, or self-help, non-fiction books provide insights, analysis, and
knowledge grounded in verifiable truths and real-life experiences, fostering understanding and
sometimes even challenging readers' perspectives.

THE GENRES OF FICTION

• Science Fiction: Stories set in the future or in alternative realities, often involving futuristic
technology, space exploration, and speculative scientific concepts.
• Fantasy: Often set in imaginary worlds with magical elements, mythical creatures, and
supernatural phenomena.
• Mystery: Focuses on solving a puzzle or crime, often featuring a detective or amateur
sleuth.
• Thriller: Intense and suspenseful stories that often involve danger, espionage, or
psychological suspense.
• Romance: Stories that revolve around romantic relationships and emotional connections
between characters.
• Historical Fiction: Set in the past and often incorporates real historical events, figures, and
settings into the narrative.
• Adventure: Exciting and action-packed stories that involve travel, exploration, and often
feature daring protagonists overcoming obstacles.
• Horror: Designed to evoke fear, dread, or terror in the reader, often involving supernatural
elements, monsters, or psychological horror.
• Literary Fiction: Focuses on the quality and depth of writing, often exploring complex
themes and character development.
Humor: Intended to provoke laughter or amusement through wit, satire, or comedic situations.

THE GENRES OF NONFICTION

• Biography: An account of a person's life written by another person.
• Autobiography: An account of a person's life written by themselves.
• Memoir: A narrative focusing on specific events or periods in a person's life, often with a
subjective perspective.
• History: Accounts of past events, often focusing on specific time periods, cultures, or
civilizations.
 • Science: Explores scientific theories, discoveries, and phenomena, often aimed at both
general and specialized audiences.
• Self-Help: Offers guidance and advice on personal development, relationships, health,
and achieving success.
• Travel: Accounts of journeys, experiences, and adventures in different locations or
cultures.
• Cookbooks: Provide recipes, cooking tips, and sometimes cultural or historical context
for various types of cuisine.
• Essay: Short pieces of non-fiction writing that explore a particular topic, idea, or
argument in depth.
• True Crime: Focuses on real-life criminal cases, investigations, and legal proceedings.

ON PROBLEM AND SOLUTION

Problem-Solution Text Structure is a format of writing where the structure of written text is laid
out to show a problem and then how the problem is solved. It generally presents a problem with
details and then a solution with accompanying details.
A problem is a question or issue that has not been resolved. Its solution is the opposite—the
resolution of the problem.
HOW TO WRITE A PROBLEM-SOLUTION TEXT?
Writing a problem-solution text structure involves five key steps to effectively address an issue
or challenge and propose viable solutions. Here's a guide on how to write a problem-solution text
structure:
1. Identify the Problem:

Choose a specific problem or issue to focus on. It could be a social issue, environmental concern,
policy challenge, or any other problem relevant to your audience.
Clearly define and articulate the problem. Provide background information to help readers
understand the context and significance of the issue.
2. Write the Introduction:

Begin with an engaging introduction that hooks the reader's attention and provides context for
the problem.
Clearly state the problem and its significance. Explain why it is important to address this issue.
3. Write the Problem Statement:

Present a detailed description of the problem, including its scope, impact, and consequences.
Use evidence and examples to support your claims and demonstrate the severity of the problem.
Help readers understand why the problem needs to be addressed urgently.
 4. Write the Solution(s):

Introduce potential solutions to the problem. These solutions should be realistic, feasible, and
directly address the root causes of the problem.
Explain each solution thoroughly, outlining how it works and why it is effective. Provide
evidence, data, or examples to support your arguments.
Anticipate and address potential objections or challenges to implementing the solutions.
5. Write the Conclusion:

Summarize the main points made in the text, including the problem and the proposed solutions.
Reinforce the importance of taking action to address the problem.
End with a compelling call to action, encouraging readers to support efforts to implement the
proposed solutions or take steps to address the problem in their own lives.

PROBLEM

SOLUTION

List of Keywords for Describing the Problem:

• One major problem is…
• Another issue is…
• The primary challenge is…
• The main difficulty is…
• A significant barrier is…

List of Keywords for Introducing Solutions:

• To solve this problem…
 • One possible solution is…
• A potential approach is…
• An effective strategy is…
• One way to address this issue is…
• An alternative method is…
• To overcome this challenge…
• In response to this difficulty…
• To tackle this barrier…
• To mitigate the consequences…

ON THE AUTHOR’S POINT OF VIEW

In writing, an author's Point of View (POV) refers to the perspective from which a story or text is
told. Authors choose a specific POV based on the narrative style they want to achieve and the
effect they want to have on the reader. Each POV offers unique advantages and limitations in terms
of narrative depth, intimacy, and perspective.
There are three main points of view commonly used by authors:
1. First Person POV:
In first person POV, the narrator is a character within the story, and the narrative is told from their
perspective using "I" or "we", or other first-person pronouns.
This POV provides an intimate and immediate connection between the reader and the narrator,
offering insight into the narrator's thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Example: "I walked through the forest, feeling the crunch of leaves beneath my boots."
2. Second Person POV:
Second person POV addresses the reader directly as "you", creating a sense of direct engagement
and involvement.
It is less common in narrative fiction but is often used in instructional or self-help texts, as well as
in choose-your-own-adventure stories.
Example: "You open the door and step into the dimly lit room, unsure of what you will find."
3. Third Person POV:
In third person POV, the narrator is outside of the story and refers to characters by their names or
pronouns such as "he", "she", or "they".
There are variations within third person POV, including limited and omniscient.
• Third Person Limited: The narrator focuses on the thoughts and experiences of one
character.
Example: "She gazed out the window, longing for adventure."
 • Third Person Omniscient: The narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all characters
and has access to all information within the story.
Example: "He didn't realize it yet, but the key to his success lay hidden in the old chest at
the back of the attic."
ON ANALOGIES

A word analogy is a comparison between two pairs of words or phrases, typically used to highlight
similarities or relationships between them. In a word analogy, one pair of words serves as a model
or template for understanding the relationship between another pair of words.
Here's an explanation of how word analogies work:
• Pairs of Words:
A word analogy consists of two pairs of words, referred to as the "base pair" and the "target pair."
The base pair is the initial pair of words given in the analogy, serving as the model or template.
The target pair is the pair of words that the reader must analyze and complete based on the
relationship established by the base pair.
• Relationship between Words:
The key to solving a word analogy is understanding the relationship between the words in the
base pair.

Identifying the specific type of relationship between the words in the base pair is crucial for
determining the correct answer.
• Application of the Relationship:
Once the relationship between the words in the base pair is understood, the reader must apply
this relationship to the target pair.
By recognizing the same relationship between the words in the target pair, the reader can identify
the missing word or complete the analogy.
Example:
(Base Pair) Dog is to bark as (Target Pair) cat is to meow.
In this analogy, the relationship between "dog" and "bark" is that a dog produces the sound
"bark." Therefore, the relationship is one of sound and its source.
Applying the same relationship to the target pair, "cat" and "meow," we recognize that a cat
produces the sound "meow." Therefore, the completed analogy is "cat is to meow."