Various security forces and their mandate

 The Kargil War of 1999 focussed the nation’s attention on shortcomings in

India’s national security management system, which was largely inherited from
the British in 1947.
 A comprehensive review resulted in a major overhaul, ensuring tighter
coordination between the various security structures, reforming the higher
defence organisation, and bringing in a holistic approach, recognising the
political, economic, technological, ecological and sociological factors
impacting on national security.
 the revamped NSA in 2018 was designed taking cognizance of the global
geopolitical flux, a revolution in the nature of military conflict, the
transformative role of technology in every aspect of internal and external
security, and the challenges arising from India’s strategic ambitions

Armed Forces

The border of our country is defended, and its protection is ensured by the President
of India with the help of the Supreme command of the Indian Armed Forces under his
or her control.

 The proper policy framework and legislation regarding the armed forces are the
responsibility of the Defence Ministry, and it is the most important
responsibility of the ministry.
 The defence comprises the Department of Defence, Department of Defence
Production, Department of Defence Research and Development and the
Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare.
 The defence secretary heads the Department of Defence and aids the ministry
in its activities. Armed forces comprise the Army, Navy and the Air Force.
Each of the armed force works under a Commander-in-Chief with their own
designation.

Indian Army
  The Indian Army came into being since we gained independence from the
British. Head quartered in the National Capital Region of New Delhi, it is
placed under the Chief of the Army Staff, designated General, who takes
command and control of the whole system of administration of the Indian
Army.
 The Indian Army has a system of regiments, which is subdivided on the basis
of operation and geographical locations. It is subdivided as six commands in
operation and one training command. Each of the command is put under a
Lieutenant General who ranks equivalent to Vice-chief of the Army Staff.
 The Indian Army comprises almost 80% of all active personnel of defence of
India, and is one of the largest standing armies in the world.
 The only mandate of the Indian Army is to look after the country’s borders
from external aggression and sometimes internal rebellion.
 It also performs many peace-keeping operations from across the world to many
friendly nations and also provides humanitarian assistance and relief works for
disasters and offers help to civil authorities.

Indian Navy

The Indian Navy which has its headquarters in New Delhi is placed under the
Defence Ministry that protects the maritime boundary of India, which is headed by
the Chief of the Indian Navy, who is designated the Admiral.

 Before India became republic, the Indian Navy was called the Royal Indian
Navy, and then the word ‘Royal’ was removed on the day India attained
republic status.
 The Indian Navy similar to the Army plays a wide range of roles from
humanitarian assis- tance to combating in battles. The Indian Navy has three
areas of command in all three coastal borders, namely the western, southern
and the eastern naval commands in Mumbai, Kochi and Vizag, respectively,
whereas every naval command is headed by a Flag Officer. The Indian Navy
has four distinct roles
 The military role-The military role involves the use of power or force over
enemies who threaten the national security in the maritime border.
  The diplomatic role- Naval diplomacy involves the effective use of the Indian
Navy in favour of protecting foreign policy objectives and strengthening
international relations to warn off enemies.
 Constabulary role- Though the use of force is the last resort for any action, the
prime importance of the Indian Navy is to protect the Maritime Zones of India
(MZI) through Low-intensity Maritime Operations (LIMO), which is the
constabulary role. This is to ensure that law and order in the maritime zones is
under control and to protect harbours and ports on the Indian coast.
 Benign role- The Indian Navy offers various humanitarian assistance
programmes, search and rescue programmes, disposal of ordinances, etc. And
because of its speedy operations, the Navy plays a significant role in situations
of crisis by helping with relief materials and first aid.

Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force, also headquartered in New Delhi, protects the Indian air space.

 It was established in 1932 and is headed by the Air Chief Marshall, who holds
a four-star rank.
 Over the years, the Indian Air Force has undergone many changes in its
structure and composition, the most prominent of which is the induction of
women to the IAF through short service commissions.
 It has seven commands under its control, namely the western, eastern, central,
southwestern, southern, training and maintenance commands each headed by
an Air Officer.
 The IAF also performs various roles ranging from military to benign roles. It
also performs UN peace-keeping operations in Somalia, Sierra Leone, Sudan
and Congo.
Chief of defence staff

Background

 The first proposal for a CDS came from the Kargil Review Committee (KRC),
set up in 2000.
 In 2011, the Naresh Chandra Committee on defence and security also
suggested a watered-down version of the CDS proposal. The Shekatkar
Committee, in its 2016 report, opined for CDS and made recommendations
regarding tri-service integration. Concerning CDS
 The position of Chief of Defence Staff was created in the rank of four-star
general, with a salary and benefits package comparable to that of a Service
Chief.
 On all tri-services matters, the CDS will serve as the defence minister's primary
military adviser. The three Chiefs will continue to advise the Minister of
Defence on matters pertaining solely to their respective Services.
 To be able to provide impartial advice to the political leadership, CDS will not
exercise any military command, including command over the three Service
Chiefs.

Why needed ?

 Inadequate existing structure: India has a feeble equivalent to the CDS, known
as the Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee (CoSC), which is headed by the
most senior of the three Service Chiefs. However, the CoSC arrangement has
been called "unsatisfactory" on numerous occasions, and its Chairman, as a
"figurehead," was unable to further tri-service integration, resulting in
inefficiency and costly asset duplication.
 The CDS is seen as critical to the creation of “theatre commands” as well as
the integration of tri-service assets and personnel. India currently has 17
Service commands at various locations and duplicating assets, so the CDS is
 seen as crucial to the creation of “theatre commands” as well as the integration
of tri-service assets and personnel.
 To break the policy stalemate, take the following steps: A major flaw in the
planning process resulted in a lack of inter- and intra-service prioritisation,
duplication of efforts, and inefficient resource utilisation. The CDS could be
tasked with defence planning, with the Defense Planning Committee providing
overall guidance and direction.

 Lack of coordination between the government and the armed forces: According
to the KRC Report, the armed forces headquarters in India is outside the apex
governmental structure, so top executives do not have access to military
commanders' views and expertise, which hurts India's position in critical
warlike situations.

 To advance defence diplomacy: At the moment, the most important aspect of

defence diplomacy is carried out on an ad hoc basis, with no overarching
policy direction from the Ministry of Defense. It would be ideal if the CDS was
given responsibility for all aspects of defence diplomacy, with the government
issuing clear policy guidelines.
 Procurement of capital: The armed forces play a critical role in arms
procurement. To speed up the procurement process, the CDS would be well-
suited to have more delegated financial powers than those exercised at the
lower levels.
 Quality assurance is required: The Department of Defense Production (DDP)
is frequently accused of conflict of interest because of its dual role as the
administrative department for both production and quality assurance. However,
with the CDS on the horizon, it would be ideally suited to take on this
responsibility.
 Duplication of assets in infrastructure and human resources is a significant
drain on the defence budget, leaving little room for capital acquisition. As a
result, CDS is required to assist in the reduction of wasteful defence spending.
 Conclusion-The country expects a payoff in the form of lean security and
defence in the fast-changing security and defence environment.
Central Armed Police Forces

It works under the Ministry Of Home Affairs of the Indian Government The Central
Armed Police Force is a set of or a combination of seven police forces which includes
Assam Rifles, Border Security Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Central
Reserve Police Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, National Security Guard and the
Sashastra Seema Bal.

Border security forces

BSF were formed in 1965 and played a significant role in indo-pakistani war in
1971 .it performs two vital functions

 Peace time - creating a secured feeling among the border area population and
also preventing illegal activities and transborder crimes

War time -It also protect the army establishment, prisons and provide escorts .
further it also takes part in UN Peacekeeping missions.

Assam rifles

The Assam Rifles earlier referred to as Cachar Levy , is the oldest of all the central
paramilitary forces and was originally set up to protect the fertile regions of Assam
from uncontrollable tribes.
  due to their participation in development activities in North-east they are called
friends of hill people.
 Further their role in ensuring peace in Indo-china and Indo-myanmar border is
laudable
 It has participated in many counter-insurgency operations and has also played a
vital role in ensuring peace in the Indo-China and the Indo-Myanmar borders.

Indo-tibetan Border Police

 in 1992 Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force (ITBPF) Act provided a proper

framework for this force. They are multidimensional force
 It guards the Himalayan borders of India from the Ladakh region to Arunachal
Pradesh and owing to their working in high altitude they are called himveers
 they provide security to people coming from pilgrimage ,perform peace-
keeping missions and prevent trans-border crimes and illegal migrations.

Sashastra seema Bal

 It is a border guardian force which came up in 1963 during india china disputes
and further acting as intelligence agency for Moh affairs.
 Its focus areas are Indo-Pakistan, Indo-Nepal, Indo-Bhutan and Indo-China
borders.
 it provides welfare programs as well motivate,train and provide people of
bordering areas a feeling of connection
 it prevents trans-border crimes and illegal activities such as smuggling and
also checking the entry or exit of unauthorised people
Issues with Border Guarding forces

Personnel issues-

 The problem of being understaffed and overworked force making

them to do duty even for 15-18 hours
 there is disparity in allowances and wages in comparison with army
even when they are subjected to same working conditions like patrolling
throughout the day
 also they lack even basic medical facilities and had to go to HQ for the
same
 further problems like inadequate food, housing aggravate their problems
 also there is british tradition of sahayak system /buddy system where the
soldier has to do the personal chores of senior officer. it causes grievous
injury to their morale.
 also the top leading officer of forces is not from within the forces but
from IPS cadre .
 also there is lack of robust and dedicated grievance redressal system for
them unlike army tribunal for the army .for instance a BSF jawan video
was amde viral .Further article 33 prohibits them to approach civilian
judiciary .
 further they lack any form of communication with their families except
satellite phons which is important for their socio-psychological health.
 further they lack advance surveillance equipment necessary for night
surveillance like hand held thermal imagers
 also they are not accorded the status of martyr if they lose their life in
line of duty

Recommendations

 there is need to increase additional number of battalions on priority basis

  further border outposts should have telephone, medical facilities etc.
 also there must be hard allowance given varying according to the climatic and
geographical conditions which is applied uniformly to personnel of all forces
 further there must be a causative study for reason of depression among jawans
and then suitable yoga and meditation exercises are to provided
 also 7th pay recommendation to review of top position also for CAPF officer

Central Industrial security Force- It came into force in 1969 by statutory act.

 It provides security to critical industrial establishments, strategic PSU and

their employees and also civilians from fire hazards

Central reserve Police Force (CrPF)

 Central Reserve Police Force, WAS CREATED BY THE CRPF Act 1949 TO
PROTECT THE internal security of the nation.
 The role of the CRPF includes
 controlling of riots
 counter-insurgency operations
 operations against Maoists
 coordination of security during elec- tions
 protecting VIPs, democratic establishments and democratic set ups
 response during disasters, peace-keeping missions by the UN and
protecting the environment and preventing its degradation.

National security Guard

NSG FORMED IN 1984 POST the assasination fo pm Indira gandhi to deal with
internal security problems .

 they are also called black cats because of the colour of uniform they include-
  special ranger group which are mean to protect high risk VIPs and it has
a sub group meant for protencting most important members like PM,
EX-PM,PRESIDENT AND THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS.
 special action group ( inducted from the army ) which works under the
top command of organisation
 They fight for terror related actvities and support state forces in that.

Indian Coast Guard

 it was formed after recommendation of rustomji committee and 1978 coast

guard act was enacted so as to prevent the smuggling activities in coastal
border
 It enforces law in territorial and international water
 it has a motto of vayam rakshamah meaning we protect and it works under
defence ministry
 they ensure costal island safety, protection of fishermen and marine floral and
faunal species

Home Guard

 they were formed as an voluntary force during the riots in 1946 especially in
border states and few other states
 during indo-china conflict they were made into one single unit.
 their mandate today is to ensure civilian defence and minority protection
especially during communal riots
 also they assist police in providing essential services like
nursing ,transport,fire services and other things as a relief in disaster
management
 they can fight in wars on a need basis.

railway Protection Force

 though they were existent since mid nineteenth century but were given a proper
framework post enactment of railway protection force 1957
 It works under ministry of railways and ensures safety of passenger and
railway amenities
  specific role could be to combat criminal in protection of passenger ,
preventing women and child trafficking and also as connecting force between
railway police and administration

Contribution of armed forces

 Disaster: During the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, Indo-Tibetan Border Police was
the first to respond to the catastrophe.
 Organised crime: The paramilitary forces like the BSF, Sashastra Seema Bal,
ITBP deployed at borders check smuggling of drugs, fake currencies and
human trafficking along with border security.
 Law and order: The CRPF personnel provides their services when law and
order situation goes beyond the control during riots or large scale violence.
 Naxalism: The paramilitary forces are also deployed in fighting insurgencies
and violent activities like Naxalism.

Problems

 There is shortage of man power which increases the workload on existing

personnelIt is found that CISF jawans have to do continuous duty for 15-18
hours.
 There is an absence of a dedicated grievance redressal system. Ex: Recent BSF
Jawan video.
 A paramilitary soldier was against the sahayak/buddy system where soldiers
were forced to do personal chores for senior officers of the force.
 Poor working conditions like no housing facilities, poor food and low
allowances adds to problems.
 Top most positions are occupied by IPS officers which leads to a low morale
that translates into low efficiency.
 Promotion system lacks a proper path and set indicators to identify the
deserving candidate.
 They are devoid of justice. Armed forces tribunal does not cover them. Even
Article 33 deters them to approach civilian judiciary.
  No stability in terms of duration of posting and no peace posting. There are
many accompanying services like, VIP security, law and order and election
duty.
 Till lately gallantry awards such as Paramvir chakra, Shaurya Chakra and Kirti
Chakra were reserved only for the armed forces.
 Government does not accord them the status of a martyr.

Steps taken by Government

 Increased hardship allowances will be given to CAPF jawans in Naxal areas.

Posting of choice after serving in the naxal affected areas.
 To curb depression among jawans, yoga, meditation and recreation facilities
are provided
 A rational and fair leave policy and well regulated duty hours to provide
optimum rest
 Increased interaction between jawans and officers were part of the 14
measures undertaken by government to boost morale.
 Retention of housing in last posting to ensure education of children of the
forces remain undisturbed
 7th Pay Commission has recommended a review of posts earmarked for IPS
officers and recommended to open higher positions for CAPF officers as well.

The paramilitary force has never had its definition yet in any of the government
documents, but the reference is used conventionally. It is referred to as the Indian
coast guard, home guard and the railway protection force.

National Investigation Agency (NIA)

 The National Investigation Agency was brought into force through the National
Investigation Agency Act, 2008 by the Indian parliament to investigate the
outbreak of the Mumbai terror attacks.
 The NIA works under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It is of international
standards, excels in counter-terrorism oper- ations and has very well-trained
personnel. It is aimed at making out detailed terrorist-related information.
  It is not covered under Right to Information Act, 2005
 Its role is to perform in-depth investigation on any offence using scientific
methods by demonstrating scientific temper and excellent spirit while
discharging duties.
 It helps in ensuring speedy trials and it has developed into a profes- sional and
highly qualified organisation that maintains the law of the land and the dignity
of the individuals.Till 2019 the NIA has seen a 91% conviction rate in terror
cases.
 It helps the government in any investigation against any terror-related cases.

Shortcomings in NIA

 Overstretched intelligence network with limited staff and meagre budget. It is

currently operating with three-fourth of its sanctioned staff.
 NIA at most of the times takes help in intelligence gathering from local police,
who are typically poorly trained and ill equipped.
 There is lack of cooperation from state governments.
 It is potentially open to political interference and it arguably should have
jurisdiction over additional offences that have a trans-national character.
 India has multiple intelligence and investigation agencies along with the police.
The IB is the domestic unit and the RAW is an external spy agency. The
military and paramilitary organizations run their own intelligence wings. NIA
is not empowered to investigate a number of interstate and trans-national crime
hat require a national response.

NIA, 2009

 NIA has the power to investigate offences under Atomic Energy Act, 1962 ,
the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act, 1967. For the purpose of offences
under it has similar power like police officers across the country
 The Act empowers the Centre to desginate special courts for NIA’s trials.

NIA amendment act, 2019

  Type of offences that the NIA can investigate and prosecute is now expanded.
As per the Bill, the NIA will now have the power to investigate offences like
human trafficking, cyber terrorism, counterfeit currency etc.
 The Bill gives NIA officers the power to investigate offences committed
outside India, subject to international treaties and domestic laws of other
countries. The Special Court in New Delhi will have jurisdiction over these
cases.
 The Bill states that the central government may designate Sessions Courts as
Special Courts for the trial of scheduled offences.

Criticism

 Encroachment of Federal power.

 Sessions courts are already burdened with many cases.

Enforcement directoratE
 The Directorate of Enforcement was initially formed in 1956 as an economic
unit and was later renamed as the Enforcement Directorate the next year.
 It has its headquarters in New Delhi, working under the Finance Ministry and
mainly deals with the enforcement of rules that are framed under the Foreign
Exchange Management Act, 1999 and the Prevention of Money Laundering
Act, 2002.
 It is an Economic Intelligence Agency that deals with economic crimes.
 Economic crimes include illegal acquisition of foreign currency, having an
account in a foreign country with no prior information, siphoning off funds,
malpractices in the invoicing of exports and imports and remittances of funds
of Indian nationals in a foreign country that is not transferred through normal
banking channels.
 The directorate also has a cell called the Vigilance Cell to check if any illegal
activities are done by the personnel. This cell is under the direct control of the
Director of Enforcement.

directorate General of Income tax Investigation

  The Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation under the Finance
Ministry is the responsible agency that deals with criminal activities like tax
evasions, tax laws and money laundering. It is headed by the Director General
of the Income Tax Investigation unit. It generally deals with all the provisions
of the Income Tax Act and ensures that they are properly enforced. They also
gather information of those who evade taxes and seize black money

Narcotics Control Bureau

 It is an agency that has been created as India to implement DPSP as per article
47 by which the government has been morally obliged to bring about the
control of use of prohibitive drugs.
 The bureau was created under the Home Ministry in 1986. The main purpose
was to combat drug trafficking and the use of prohibitive substances. It was
headed by the Director General.
 It has much regional division in many important districts of the country.
 Its functions include the implementation of counter-measures that are taken by
international conven- tions to counter illegal trafficking and also include the
provision to assist foreign countries in action against illicit trafficking and drug
abuse.

National technical research organisation

 The National Technical Research Organisation is an agency that was formed to

provide advice on issues concerning national security to the Prime Minister of
India and his or her Council of Ministers.
 It is new of its kind and works under the control of the National Security
Advisor. It is called as a super-feeder agency because it provides all the
information that it has gathered to other intelligence agencies.
 The organisation also monitors satellites and involves in developing
technological capabilities in a variety of fields like cryptology, cyber security
and other strategic hardware and software developments.
 It also monitors, calculates and gives prior information about threats to
important installations and infrastructures.