STUDENT LAB REPORT

Program: EE242/CEEE242 Semester: 4

Ownership: Discipline of Power
Version: 4.0 Date Issued: March 2022
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III
Course Code: EPO562
Mode of Delivery: ✔ Face to Face Virtual

CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR

LAB REPORT SUBMISSION DEADLINE: 1 WEEK AFTER LAB SESSION

Prepared by : Student ID :
1. MUHAMAD NORHAFIZI BIN ABDUL HALIM 2022928499
2. MOHAMMAD NAZREEN SHAH BIN ROZLEE 2022755375
3.
4.
5.
A4 2/1/2024 9/1/2024
Group : Lab Date : Submission Date :

Lab Instructor : DR. PUTERI NUR ASHIKIN BINTI MEGAT YUNUS

 GRADING SECTION
Program: EE242/CEEE242 Semester: 4
Ownership: Discipline of Power
Date
Version: 4.0 March 2022
Issued:
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III
Course Code: EPO562
Mode of Delivery: ✔ Face to Face Virtual
UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS AND MHO DIRECTIONAL DISTANCE RELAY
Weighted Marks
(Part A) Assessment Criteria * Marks Allocated Obtained (WMO)
Results:
● List all the data collected and show them graphically. 30.00
● Present and label clearly the figures, tables and graphs.
● Exhibit significant results of the project
Discussions:
● Discuss and analyze all results thoroughly. 30.00
● Discuss and evaluate the experimental procedure to achieve the
objectives
● Include calculation and interpret them by comparing with
theoretical values.
● Explain the reason on each interpretation
Conclusions:
● Summarize the whole experimental results 10.00
● State whether your results support your theory
● Comments about its success and effectiveness.
● Explain your achievements, problems and suggestions.
Grammar:
Written with correct grammar e.g. sentence structure, tenses and 5.00
spelling

Total Part (A) 75.00

*Notes: All criteria in Part (A) and Part (B) are assessed based on the PO2 and PO10
of Lab Report Evaluation rubrics.
Marks Marks Obtained
(Part B) Assessment Criteria* Allocated Remarks
Pre-Lab 15.00
Students need to answer and submit all Pre-lab is assessed based on the
pre-lab in the report. marking scheme of the respective
laboratory
Quizzes 10.00
Students need to submit answer for quizzes in the Quizzes are assessed based on the
lab report. marking scheme of the respective
laboratory
Total Part (B)
25.00

TOTAL ( (A) + (B))

/100%
Instructor’s Comments
PRE-LAB
RESULT

1) Data obtained for experiment Series Excited DC Motor

Armature Torque, T Speed, N Output Input Efficiency

Current, IA (Nm) (rpm) Power, Po Power, Pin (%)
0.7 0 3083 0 154 0
0.9 0.10 2570 26.91 198 13.59
1.1 0.20 2310 48.38 242 19.99
1.3 0.32 2040 68.36 286 23.90
1.5 0.40 1897 79.46 330 24.08
1.7 0.55 1755 101.08 374 27.03
1.9 0.68 1618 115.22 418 27.56
2.1 0.83 1522 132.29 462 28.63
2.3 0.94 1396 137.42 506 27.16
Table 1: Result of parameter for experiment Series Excited DC Motor

2) Data obtained for experiment Shunt Excited DC Motor

Armature Field Torque, T Speed, N Output Input Efficiency

Current, IA Current, IF (Nm) (rpm) Power, Po Power, Pin (%)
1.4 0.65 0 2160 0 308 0
1.5 0.60 0.10 2143 22.44 330 6.80
1.6 0.58 0.15 2122 33.33 352 9.47
1.7 0.56 0.20 2093 43.84 374 11.72
1.8 0.54 0.25 2051 53.70 396 13.56
1.9 0.53 0.30 2047 64.31 418 15.39
2.0 0.52 0.35 2039 74.73 440 16.98
2.1 0.51 0.40 2026 84.86 462 18.37
2.2 0.50 0.45 2012 94.81 484 19.59
Table 2: Result of parameter for experiment Shunt Excited DC Motor
3) Plot the graph of torque, T versus armature current, IA for both motor

Figure 1: Graph of torque versus armature current for Series Excited DC Motor and Shunt
Excited DC Motor

4) Plot the graph of speed, N versus armature current, IA for both motor

Figure 2: Graph of speed versus armature current for Series Excited DC Motor and Shunt
Excited DC Motor
5) Plot the graph of efficiency versus armature current, IA for both motor

Figure 3: Graph of efficiency versus armature current for Series Excited DC Motor and Shunt
Excited DC Motor

6) Plot the graph of speed, N versus torque, T for both motor

Figure 3: Graph of efficiency versus armature current for Series Excited DC Motor and Shunt
Excited DC Motor
DISCUSSION

In this experiment, we observe the relationship between torque, speed and efficiency
with respect to armature current for series and shunt DC motor. The torque in a DC motor is
directly proportional to the armature current. This is because the magnetic field intensity,(H)
is dependent on the current. As the armature current increases, the magnetic field increases
which leads to the increased of the torque. For the relationship between speed and armature
current, in a series DC motor, the speed decreases gradually as the armature current increases.
This is due to the increased magnetic field intensity which leads to the increased in Induced
voltage which creates counter current that opposes the speed of the motor. It is in contrast to
shunt DC motor as the speed remains almost constant even with difference of the armature
current. This is because the field windings are connected in parallel to the armature, and the
field current is independent of the armature current. For efficiency, in both series and shunt DC
motors, efficiency tends to increase with the armature current initially. This is because the
increase in mechanical power is more than the increase in electrical power. the efficiency starts
to decrease due to increased power losses. The experiment results are consistent with the
expected result even with a slight discrepancy. These discrepancies are caused by the machine
deficiency caused by a wide range of uses. As the load increases the characteristics of the DC
motor differ. The characteristics for the series DC motor is that as the load increases, the torque
increases while the speed decreases and the efficiency increase over the loads. While the shunt
DC motor, as the load increases, the torque increases but a lot less linear than the series DC
motor. The speed of a shunt DC motor is almost constant and decreases slightly as the load
increases. This is because the field current is mostly unaffected by load changes. The efficiency
is almost constant in the wide range of load. The advantage for the series DC motor is that it
comes with a high starting torque while for shunt DC motor have a constant speed regardless
of the load. The disadvantage for the series DC motor is that it has poor speed regulation, while
for shunt DC motor field winding need to have a large conductor size which is costly
QUIZ

1. In an automobile starter, large torque is usually required at starting. Which type of

motor is suitable to be used?

- Series motor

2. For an application that required a constant speed operation, which type of motor is
suitable to be used?

- Shunt motor

3. What will happen if the load is suddenly taken off from the series motor?

- If the load is suddenly taken off from a series-wound DC motor, it can result in a hazardous
situation due to "running away" or "no-load runaway." This happens because the speed of a
series motor is inversely proportional to the load. Without load, there's no longer a
counteracting force to control the motor's speed, leading it to accelerate rapidly.

4. What is the equipment used to measure the motor’s speed.

- Tachometer

- Stroboscope

- Speed Sensors

5. How to read the ammeter and voltmeter during the experiment?

- We need to observe the position of a needle over a dial with marked gradations while reading
an analog ammeter or voltmeter. First, we need to ensure we are looking at the needle straight
on to avoid parallax errors. The scale on the meter will be marked with units, typically amperes
(A) for ammeters and volts (V) for voltmeters, although we may also see milliamperes (mA)
or kilovolts (kV) depending on the range of the instrument. It's important to read the value
where the needle points on the correct scale, especially in multi-range meters that have multiple
scales for different ranges, like 0-10V or 0-100V.
6. DC motor converts from electrical energy to mechanical energy or from mechanical
energy to electrical energy?

- A DC motor primarily converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. When electrical
power is supplied to the motor, it produces rotational motion, thereby converting the electrical
energy into mechanical energy that can be used to do work, such as turning the wheels of a
vehicle or driving a mechanical system.

7. Where did the copper losses occur?

- In a DC motor, copper losses mainly occur in the armature windings. These losses, commonly
referred to as I²R losses, arise due to the resistance of the copper windings in the armature
through which the operating current flows. When electric current passes through these
windings, the inherent resistance of the copper causes some of the electrical energy to be
converted into heat, leading to energy loss. The amount of copper loss is proportional to the
square of the current flowing through the windings (as indicated by the I²R formula) and the
resistance of the windings. This means that the copper losses increase significantly with higher
currents.

8. Give example on application of series excited DC motor.

- Electric Railways and Trams

- Cranes and Hoists

- Elevators and Lifts

- Automobile Starters

9. Give example on application of shunt DC motor.

- Lathes and Milling Machines

- Conveyors

- Fans and Blowers

- Printing Presses
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we were able to learn about the characteristics of both shunt and series
DC motors, particularly how torque, speed, and efficiency interact with one another, all of
which are affected by the armature or torque present. We could also test shunt and series DC
motors and evaluate specific performance characteristics. An examination of the DC motor
series may lead to the conclusion that there is an inverse relationship between the motor's speed
and armature current. In other words, changing the speed of a DC motor can be accomplished
by adjusting the armature current. The results of this experiment indicate that an increase in
armature current causes a decrease in motor speed. The maximum efficiency is 27.16% for the
series motor and 19.59% for the shunt motor. Series motors have high starting torque but poor
speed stability, whereas shunt motors have better speed regulation and efficiency. Because of
factors such as friction and instrumentation errors, experimental results may deviate, and
addressing these issues improves accuracy. The selection of series or shunt motors is
determined by the application's specific requirements, taking into account factors such as
starting torque, speed regulation, and overall efficiency. A series DC motor may be more
suitable for an application such as an electric trains due to its high starting torque, which
ensures that the load moves. Shunt DC motors are regarded as a practical choice for a variety
of applications such as conveyor, weaving machines and other industrial machinery, including
buses, mixers, and machine tools.