STUDENT LAB REPORT

Program: EE242/CEEE242 Semester: 4

Ownership: Discipline of Power
Version: 4.0 Date Issued: March 2022
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III
Course Code: EPO562
Mode of Delivery: ✔ Face to Face Virtual

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

LAB REPORT SUBMISSION DEADLINE: 1 WEEK AFTER LAB SESSION

Prepared by : Student ID :
1. MUHAMAD NORHAFIZI BIN ABDUL HALIM 2022928499
2. MOHAMMAD NAZREEN SHAH BIN ROZLEE 2022755375
3.
4.
5.
A4 7/11/2023 14/11/2023
Group : Lab Date : Submission Date :

Lab Instructor : TS.DR.SITI LAILATUL BINTI MOHD HASSAN

 GRADING SECTION
Program: EE242/CEEE242 Semester: 4
Ownership: Discipline of Power
Date
Version: 4.0 March 2022
Issued:
Course Name: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY III
Course Code: EPO562
Mode of Delivery: ✔ Face to Face Virtual
UNSYMMETRICAL FAULTS AND MHO DIRECTIONAL DISTANCE RELAY
Weighted Marks
(Part A) Assessment Criteria * Marks Allocated Obtained (WMO)
Results:
● List all the data collected and show them graphically. 30.00
● Present and label clearly the figures, tables and graphs.
● Exhibit significant results of the project
Discussions:
● Discuss and analyze all results thoroughly. 30.00
● Discuss and evaluate the experimental procedure to achieve the
objectives
● Include calculation and interpret them by comparing with
theoretical values.
● Explain the reason on each interpretation
Conclusions:
● Summarize the whole experimental results 10.00
● State whether your results support your theory
● Comments about its success and effectiveness.
● Explain your achievements, problems and suggestions.
Grammar:
Written with correct grammar e.g. sentence structure, tenses and 5.00
spelling

Total Part (A) 75.00

*Notes: All criteria in Part (A) and Part (B) are assessed based on the PO2 and PO10
of Lab Report Evaluation rubrics.
Marks Marks Obtained
(Part B) Assessment Criteria* Allocated Remarks
Pre-Lab 15.00
Students need to answer and submit all Pre-lab is assessed based on the
pre-lab in the report. marking scheme of the respective
laboratory
Quizzes 10.00
Students need to submit answer for quizzes in the Quizzes are assessed based on the
lab report. marking scheme of the respective
laboratory
Total Part (B)
25.00

TOTAL ( (A) + (B))

/100%
Instructor’s Comments
PRELAB
RESULT

1. Draw (or capture) the waveforms (from oscilloscope) accurately for the various types of
connections. Show the calculations you made to determine the phase shift for each of the various
types of connections.

Y-∆ and ∆-Y connections:

Figure 1.0 Voltage waveforms on the oscilloscope

for Y-∆ and ∆-Y connection

T = 1/f = ∆ x (360/T)
T = 1/625 = 0.0016 (360/0.0016)
T = 0.0016 s = 360º

Note: The result for the voltage waveform for Y-∆ and ∆-Y connection will give the same output,
therefore they will share the same result.
Y-Y and ∆-∆ connections:

Figure 1.1 Voltage waveforms on the oscilloscope

for Y-Y and ∆-∆ connections

T = 1/f = ∆ x (360/T)
T = 1/∞ = 0 (360/0)
T=0s = 0º

Note: The result for the voltage waveform for Y-∆ and ∆-Y connection will give the same output,
therefore they will share the same result.
2. From the results of the open-circuit test, calculate the values of Rc and Xm.
Open-circuit test:

Ioc
Voc = 220 V |YE| =
Voc

0.23
Ioc = 0.22 A =
220

Poc = 48 W = 0.001045

Poc
PF = cos θ = YE = 0.001045 < 18.38º
Voc.Ioc

48
cos θ = = 9.917x10-4 + j 3.295x10-4
220(0.23)

1 1
cos θ = 0.949 YE = +𝑗
𝑅𝑐 𝑋𝑚

1
θ = cos-1 (0.949) RC =
9.917𝑥10−4

θ = 18.38º = 1008.37Ω
1
XM = 𝑗
3.295𝑥10−4

= j3034.9Ω

3. From the results of the short-circuit test, plot a graph of PSC/3 versus I2ɸSC. Determine the values
of Req and Xeq.

Short-circuit test:

ISC (A) VSC (V) PSC (W) PSC / 3 (W) I2ɸSC (A)
1.00 3.80 10.00 3.33 1.00
2.00 7.40 20.00 6.67 4.00
3.00 11.00 33.00 11.00 9.00
4.00 14.40 45.00 15.00 16.00
5.25 18.30 70.00 23.33 27.56
6.30 22.30 105.00 35.00 39.69
Table 1.0 Result for paramater value from short circuit test
 Figure 1.2 Plotted graph of Psc/3 versus I2ɸsc

Gradient ~ ZSC = (23.33 – 11.00) / (27.56 – 9.00)

= 0.664 Ω
Let VSC = 22.30 V, ISC = 6.30 A and PSC = 105 W
Poc
PF = cos θ =
Voc.Ioc
105
cos θ =
22.30(6.30)

cos θ = 0.747
θ = cos-1 (0.747)
θ = 41.67º
ZSE = 0.664 ∠ -41.67°
= 0.496 – j0.441 Ω
ZSE = Req + jXeq
Req = 0.496 Ω
jXeq = j0.441 Ω
4. From the load test with resistive load, calculate the efficiency of the transformer for every
step using the formula.

Efficiency ŋ = (W2/W1),

where,

W2 is the wattmeter reading at the load side,

W1 is the wattmeter reading at the supply side.

Load test:

Primary Secondary Efficiency η

V1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) V2 (V) I2 (A) P2 (W) = (W2 / W1)

127.00 2.40 560.00 210.00 1.30 520.00 0.93

127.00 3.80 800.00 209.00 2.00 800.00 1.00
127.00 5.40 1100.00 206.00 3.00 1140.00 1.04
127.00 7.10 1500.00 204.00 4.00 1420.00 0.95
127.00 9.30 2000.00 201.00 5.25 1960.00 0.98
127.00 11.20 2300.00 200.00 6.30 2340.00 1.02
Table 1.1 Result for paramater value from load test

V-V Transformer:

Primary Secondary Efficiency η

V1 (V) I1 (A) P1 (W) V2 (V) I2 (A) P2 (W) = (W2 / W1)

127.00 2.20 300.00 209.00 1.20 270.00 0.90

127.00 9.80 1200.00 192.00 5.25 1140.00 0.95
127.00 11.00 1400.00 188.00 6.30 1280.00 0.91
Table 1.2 Result for paramater value from V-V connection load test
5. Plot a curve of ŋ versus load current IS. (Students should draw the curve using a Microsoft
Excel).

Figure 1.3 Plotted graph of efficiency versus load current

6. Determine the efficiency at full load, at 75% load, and at half load.

At full load:

At 6.3A, η = 0.97

At 75% load:

6.3 x 0.75 = 4.725

η = 0.98

At half-load:

6.3 x 0.5 = 3.15

η = 1.03
DISCUSSION

The three-phase transformer is designed to transfer the three-phase and increase or decrease the
voltage to the circuit. The primary purpose of a three-phase transformer is to regulate the
voltage level of power machinery or disconnect electricity transmission from a load when
needed. These transformers come in configurations, such as deltadelta, delta-Y, Y-delta and Y-
Y. For this experiment, each of these configurations has its own test. The objective of these
tests is to analyze the connection based on its characteristics as well as find its behavior while
finding its voltage regulation and efficiency it could contain under different load conditions.
First, it is to determine the phase shift angle. We connect the 3-phase transformer with the
isolation amplifier and connect it to the oscilloscope for its readings. We will get the difference
in phase angle different with the other connection with the transformer. Next, we will determine
the shunt circuit parameters for the 3-phase transformer. Which is to determine the value of the
Rc and Xm that are conducted in open circuit in their high voltage side, 220V. By using the real
power formula, P=VI cos θ. We will get power angle for the Ye and find the value of Rc and
Xm. In this experiment, we will use Y- ∆ for the connection will open-circuit the ∆ connections.
The value will be used to find the value of Rc and Xm after conversion with 1/Rc and 1/Xm.
After that, we will conduct an experiment to find series circuit parameters. For this experiment,
we use ∆-Y connection to find the value Req and Xeq. Opposite of the previous experiment,
this experiment short circuited the low voltage side which is 127V while the high voltage side
connected to the supply. The value of the voltmeter and wattmeter will be taken after increment
of 1 Ampere. P=VI cos θ will be used to find the angle and Ohm’s Law to find the Req and
Xeq. Next, the experiment will be the load test. The connection will be ∆- ∆ connection. In this
experiment, a load will be used to find the efficiency of the transformer. To find the correct
load, we used an ammeter to have sufficient load. Following the value source to be 127V, we
need the ammeter to have the value of 1 ampere to get the correct reading for the real power, P.
By taking the real power from both sides of the transformer, we will get Pin and Pout. Then,
Pout/Pin will get the value of efficiency wanted. Finally, the value of load decreased to
accommodate the increment of 1A. For the last experiment, we used the V-V connection which
is a connection for 2-phase transformer. This design is intended for repairing the damage
transmission while still connected to the supply. This experiment used the same procedure for
the load test but having a different design for its test. It only 2-phase in its transformer. The
efficiency will be find using the same concept for the load test.
CONCLUSION

In this laboratory report assignment, we did a series of tests on a three-phase power transformer
to evaluate its performance and features. Because of the load test, we were able to study the
transformer's efficiency, voltage regulation, and power factor at various load levels, which
offered valuable information into its operational performance. The short-circuit test was also
used to estimate series circuit characteristics including equivalent series resistance (Rt) and
equivalent series reactance (Xt), which are needed to model the transformer's impedance and
losses. Finally, the voltage ratio test, commonly known as the V-V test, was used to evaluate
the transformer's capacity to precisely transfer voltage from the primary to secondary winding.
These tests provide a thorough evaluation of the transformer's functionality, efficiency, and
consistency with rated parameters, all of which contribute to safe and dependable operation in
actual applications. To summarise, we successfully achieve all of the experiment's module
outcomes, which are the ability to operate and test on three phase transformers, the ability to
construct circuits to perform tests to determine transformer parameters, and the ability to
conduct experiments, collect data, and analyse data to determine voltage regulation and
efficiencies under various loading conditions.
QUIZ
1) A transformer
a) Changes AC to DC c) Steps up or down DC voltages
b) Changes DC to AC d) Steps up or down AC voltages

2) A transformer able to transform.

a) Voltage c) Power
b) Current d) Frequency

3) How 3-Phase Transformers are constructed?

a) A bank of 3 single phase transformer
b) A single 3 phase transformer with the primary and secondary of each wound on three legs
of common core
c) Single 3-phase transformer or a bank of 3 single phase transformer
d) Single phase transformer

4) 3-Phase Transformers compare to single phase transformers?

a) More economical c) Easy to construct
b) Easy in construction d) Easy to handle

5) If the voltage is stepped up, the current is stepped down, and vice versa
a) True b) False

6) Power transformer are designed to have maximum efficiency at

a) nearly full load c) 50% full load
b) 70% full load d) No load

7) Open circuit test on transformer is conducted to determine

a) Hysteresis losses c) Core losses

b) Copper losses d) Eddy current losses

8) While conducting short circuit test on a transformer, the following side is short circuited
a) High voltage side c) Primary side
b) Low voltage side d) Secondary side

9) No load test on transformer is carried out to determine

a) Copper loss c) Magnetising current and loss
b) Magnetising current d) Efficiency of the transformer

10) Which winding in a transformer has a greater number of turns?

a) Low voltage winding c) Primary winding
b) High voltage winding d) Secondary winding