GETTING STARTED

WITH DIGITAL REPRESENTATION

A Self-Learning Module in Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) 7 & 8
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) - Computer Systems Servicing (CSS)

RENANTE Q. BISTA JR.

First Edition, 2023

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed,

or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording,
or other electronic or mechanical methods, without prior written permission of
the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews
and certain other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law.
 GETTING STARTED
WITH DIGITAL REPRESENTATION
A Self-Learning Module in Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) 7 & 8
Information and Communications Technology (ICT) - Computer Systems Servicing (CSS)

i
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared for you, dear learners, so
you can continue your studies and learn while at home and increase your
competency level in Information and Communication Technology-Computer
System Servicing. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions
are carefully stated for you to understand the lesson.
The SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-
by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
A pre-test is provided to measure your prior knowledge of the lessons in
this module. This will tell you if you need to proceed to complete this module or
if you need to ask your teacher’s assistance for a better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test.
In addition to the material in the main text, notes to the teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how
they can best help you with your home-based learning or intervention.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions about using this module or any difficulty in
answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to ask for help from your
teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

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Parts of the Module
What I Need To Know. This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the module.
What I Know. This part includes an activity that aims to check what you
already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct
(100%), you may decide to skip the module.
What’s In. This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson
with the previous one.
What’s New. In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in
various ways: a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a
situation.
What Is It. This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This
aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More. This comprises activities for independent practice to
solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned. This includes questions to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
What I Can Do. This section provides an activity which will help you
transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment. This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery
in achieving the learning competency.
Additional Activities. In this portion, another activity will be given to you
to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned.

iii
 Table of Contents
What I Need to Know …………………………………………… 1
What I Know …………………………………………………….. 2
What’s In ………………………………………………………… 3
What’s New ……………………………………………………… 4
What Is It ………………………………………………………… 5
What’s More …………………………………………………….. 13
What I Have Learned …………………………………………… 16
What I Can Do ………………………………………………….. 17
Assessment ……………………………………………………… 18
Additional Activities ……………………………………………... 19
Answer Key ……………………………………………………… 20-24
References ……………………………………………………… 25

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the different digital representations, convert and calculate decimal
numbers to binary numbers including data storage. The scope of this module
allows multimedia resources to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The
arrangement of the lessons follows the standard sequence of the course.

Lesson: Digital Representations

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Carry out measurements and calculations: Perform calculations needed to
complete the task using the four mathematical fundamental operations addition
(+), subtraction (-), multiplication (x), and division (÷) and use calculations
involving fractions, percentages, and mixed numbers to complete workplace
tasks.

Learning Objectives:
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. identify digital representations;
2. convert and calculate decimal numbers to binary and data storage; and
3. appreciate the importance of interpretation and conversion.

1
 What I Know

Welcome to the digital world! But before you discover digital, check your prior
knowledge of the different representations! Let us see how much you know
about the topic that we are to discuss. Answer the pretest on digital
representations.

Directions: Make a binary representation of your first name (or nickname). For
each row, fill in a letter and the corresponding binary code. Leave the circle
empty for 0 and fill it for 1. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
Name Binary Code

Letter Binary Code Letter Binary Code

a 01100001
b 01100010
c 01100011
d 01100100
e 01100101
f 01100110
g 01100111
h 01101000
i 01101001
j 01101010
k 01101011
l 01101100
m 01101101
n 01101110
o 01101111
p 01110000
q 01110001
r 01110010
s 01110011
t 01110100
u 01110101
v 01110110
w 01110111
x 01111000
y 01111001
z 01111010

2
 The Digital Representation
In this lesson, you will learn about digital representations and how they are
being read, converted and calculated in data storage.

What’s In

Recall what you have learned about components to be measured in computer

servicing in the following activity.

Directions. Match items in Column A with Column B. Write your answers on

your answer sheet.

Column A Column B
1. Chips that are located on the motherboard A. Registers
2. A magnetic storage device installed inside the computer B. Flash drive or Thumb
3. Early drive controller interface that connects computers drive
and hard disk drives with an interface that uses a 40-pin C. Read-Only Memory
connector (ROM)
4. Temporary storage for data and programs that are being D. Integrated
accessed by the Central Processing Unit (CPU) development
5. A storage device that uses lasers to read data on the environment
optical media E. Floppy drive
6. A storage device that uses removable 3.5- inch disks F. Random Access
7. Soldered the memory chips on a special circuit board Memory (RAM)
8. A removable storage device that connects to a USB port G. Optical drive
9. Memory cells built right into the Central Processing Unit H. Double Data Rate
that contain specific data needed particularly the I. Hard drive
Arithmetic and Logic Unit J. Memory module
10. Technology that doubles the maximum bandwidth of
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
(SDRAM)

Notes to the Facilitator

Assist the learner in accomplishing the different
tasks. He/She can use other references or guides in
answering the module. All answers must be written
on a clean sheet of paper.

3
 What’s New

Directions: Using the concept map, write key ideas about codes. Write your
answers on your answer sheet.

CODES

4
 What Is It

In this module, you will learn how computers store information in a numerical
format and test your skills at reading and writing in binary, converting decimal
numbers to binary, and calculating data storage. But before you continue, let’s
discuss first what is code. Your knowledge of code is needed in the succeeding
activities.

01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001

Does this set of numbers look like a random jumble? Believe it or not, these
numbers hold a special message just for you!

Want to learn how to read it? Like any code, to

decipher the meaning of the message, all you need
is the right key.
A code is a system of communication that substitutes words, letters, or
symbols with OTHER words, letters, symbols, and even images. The meaning
of the message is hidden unless the reader knows what each piece of the code
represents. To understand a coded message, you have to do some translating:
moving from what the message says to what it means.
For example, if I gave you the following code:

=D =O =R =M

you could read and write some words using just those shapes.
You would write ROOM like this:

And you would write DOOR like this:

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Exercise 1
Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on your
answer sheet.
1. How would you use this code to write MOOD?
2. What other words could you spell with just these 4 characters?
(hint: they don’t all have to be four letters long!)
There are many kinds of code in the world. For example, Braille uses a
system of raised bumps to represent letters, allowing blind people to read
information from a surface using their fingertips. Morse code uses dots and
dashes—electronic signals that are very short or a little longer, if you hear
them—to spell words. Computers use a system called binary code to send,
receive, and store information.
The word “binary” means that something has TWO options. In binary
code, messages are transmitted using combination of only two symbols: the
number 1 and the number 0.

Computers use binary codes to represent and interpret letters, numbers,

and special characters with bits. A commonly used code is the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). With ASCII, each character
is represented by a string of bits. For example:
Capital letter: A = 01000001
Number: 9 = 00001001
Special character: # = 00100011
When binary code is transmitted as a series of 1’s and 0’s, each
digit in the series is called a bit. Eight (8) bits in a row are called a byte.
A computer that can only understand single-digit messages—for
example, 1 = on and 0 = off—has a single-bit processing capacity. This
computer can only send and receive two possible messages: either 1 or 0. It
can only carry out two commands.

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 A computer that understands two-digit messages has a two-bit
processing capacity. There are now FOUR possible messages that it can send
and receive: 00, 01, 10, and 11. Note that adding just one more bit to the
sequence doubled the computer’s processing capacity.
If we add one more digit—sending three-bit messages—the computer
would now be able to understand EIGHT possible messages: 000, 001, 010,
011, 100, 101, 110, and 111. We have doubled the processing capacity once
again.
______________________________________________________________
Note: Increasing the number of bits allows a computer to carry out more, and
more complex commands.
Most computers send and receive messages using an 8-bit binary
code—each letter and punctuation mark is represented by a series of 1’s and
0’s that is 8 digits long. To read a code in 8-bit binary, all you need is the key:

7
Remember the long series of 1’s and 0’s at the beginning of this lesson?

01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001

This message is written in 8-bit binary code and the table on page 7 is
the key in deciphering it. We can use the table to translate the code from groups
of 1’s and 0’s to the letters they represent. We can see from the key that:
01001000 = H
01100101 = e
01101100 = l
01101100 = l
01101111 = o
00100001 = !
The message 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111
00100001 in binary code translates to H e l l o ! in English.
For a computer, each character of this message would be equal to 8
bits—or 1 byte—of memory. The entire message, which is 6 characters long,
would require 8 x 6 = 48 bytes (6 bits) of memory.

I. Convert Decimal Numbers to Binary

To convert a decimal number to binary, follow the steps below:
Step 1: Divide the number by 2.
25
25/2 -------------- 12 1

Step 2: Get the quotient and the remainder.

Quotient Remainder
25/2 12 1
Step 3: Bring down the quotient, divide it by 2, and get the quotient and
remainder again.
Quotient Remainder
25/2 12 1
12/2 6 0

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 Step 4: Do it repeatedly until the quotient results to 0.
25/2 12 1
12/2 6 0
6/2 3 0
3/2 1 1
1/2 0 1
Step 5: Copy the remainder from bottom to top, and that is the binary
equivalent.
Quotient Remainder
25/2 12 1
12/2 6 0
6/2 3 0
3/2 1 1
1/2 0 1

25=11001

Exercise 2
Directions: Solve the problem with complete solution. You have two choices,
A and B. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
Convert decimal number to binary numbers.
1. 30 A.11110 B. 10100
2. 45 A. 111010 B. 101101

II. Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal Numbers

To convert a binary number to decimal, follow the steps below:
Step 1: Write the binary number and list down the powers of 2 from right
to left.
111001
1x2
0x2
0x2
1x2
1x2
1x2

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 Step 2: Multiply the binary numbers with their corresponding powers of
two.
111001
1 x 20
0 x 21
0 x 22
1 x 23
1 x 24
1 x 25
Step 3: Write the final value (product) of each power of two.
111001
1 x 20 = 1
0 x 21 = 0
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
1 x 24 = 16
1 x 25 = 32
Step 4: Add the final values.
111001
1 x 20 = 1
0 x 21 = 0
0 x 22 = 0
ADD
1 x 23 = 8
1 x 24 = 16
1 x 25 = 32

57

Exercise 3
Directions: Solve the problem with complete solution. You have two choices,
A and B. Write your answers on your answer sheet.
1. 111010 A. 57 B. 58
2. 101010 A. 42 B. 41

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Calculating Data Storage
While a bit is the smallest representation of data, the most basic unit of
digital storage is the byte. A byte is 8 bits and is the smallest unit of measure
(UOM) used to represent data storage capacity.
When referring to storage space, we use the terms bytes (B),
kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB).

Name of
Abbreviation Contents Bytes
Unit
1 symbol
1 bit 1 b (lower case)
either 1 or 0
1 Nibble 4 bits ½ byte
8 bits or 23
1 Byte 1B (upper case) 1 byte
bits
10
1 Kilobyte 1 KB 2 bytes 1,024 bytes
1 Megabyte 1 MB (210)2 bytes 1,048,576 bytes
1 Gigabyte 1 GB (210)3 bytes 1,073,741,824 bytes
1 Terabyte 1 TB (210)4 bytes 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
1 Petabyte 1 PB (210)5 bytes 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
1,152,921,504,606,846,976
1 Exabyte 1 EB (210)6 bytes
bytes
1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
1 Zetabyte 1 ZB (210)7 bytes
bytes

Calculating the number of documents that can be stored on a storage

medium is a straightforward process.
Suppose there are 150 music files, each of which is approximately 6
megabytes in size, and a 1 gigabyte USB memory stick on which these files are
to be stored in order to work out how much storage space is required to store
all these files on the USB memory stick? The following calculation can be used:
150 x 6 megabytes = 900 megabytes
To determine whether the USB memory stick has enough capacity to
store all 150 music files, the units used for both the files and the storage device
need to be the same. The size of the music files is in megabytes, so the capacity
of the USB will also need to be converted to megabytes. In this example, the
USB memory stick has a 1-gigabyte capacity:
1 gigabyte = approximately 1,000 megabytes

11
 The capacity of the USB memory stick is now expressed in megabytes.
The following calculation will determine how many 6-megabyte files this storage
device can hold:
1000 / 6 = 166.66 files
As there are 150 music files, they will all fit on the USB memory stick.
This process can be applied to files of any type and size:

Example: 1 Gigabyte USB memory stick

Type Typical Size
could hold
1 gigabyte = 1,000 megabytes,
Word
1,000 megabytes = 1,000,000 kilobytes,
processed 50 kilobytes
1,000,000 / 50 = 20,000 word processed
document
files
1 gigabyte = 1,000 megabytes,
Image file 100 kilobytes 1,000 megabytes = 1,000,000 kilobytes,
1,000,000 / 100 = 10,000 image files
1 gigabyte = 1,000 megabytes,
Video file 100 megabytes
1,000 / 100 = 10 video files

Exercise 4
Directions: Solve the problems indicated below with a complete solution.
1. How many 50 KB jpg files can be stored on a 2 MB folder on your hard drive?
2. How many 4 MB mp3 files can be stored on a 1 GB flash drive?

Did you understand the discussion? If yes, then we will apply what you have
learned in the next activity.

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 What’s More

This is great! Your knowledge on digital representation has indeed improved!

Let’s see how much you’ve learned from our discussion.

Activity 1. Working With Binary

The binary system uses zero and one to represent whether a card is face
up or not. Zero (0) shows that a card is hidden, and 1 means that you can see
the dots. For example:

Directions: Try to work out these coded numbers. Write your answers on your
answer sheet.
1. =
=1
=0

2. =

=1
=0

3. 😊😊☹😊☹😊😊☹=
😊 =1

☹ =0
4. =
=1
=0

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 5. =
=1
=0

Activity 2. Crack the Code

Directions: You will be given binary numbers and will need to translate these
to a binary image. Copy and convert the binary into bitmaps on your answer
sheet. Use white to represent 0 and black (shade) to represent 1.
1.

000010000
010101010
001010100
010000010
101010101
010000010
001010100
010101010
000010000

2.

000010000
000101000
001000100
001111100
010000010
100101001
010010010
001000100
000111000

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 3.

000010000
010111010
001010100
010010010
111111111
010010010
010010010
001010100
010111010

Activity 3. Decimal to Binary Conversion

Directions: Copy and complete the empty boxes by converting the decimal
numbers to binary.
1. 15 ---
2. 9 ---
3. 11 ---
4. 8 ---
5. 7 ---

Activity 4. Let’s Convert Data Storage

Directions: Convert the given quantities of bytes. Write your answers on your
answer sheet.
1. 40 GB ___________ bytes
2. 512 MB __________ bytes
3. 30 GB ___________ KB
4. 220 MB __________ KB
5. 1,672 KB _________ MB

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Activity 5. Problem Solving
Directions: Solve the problems indicated below. Show your solution. Write
your answers on your answer sheet.
1. You have a smartphone with 6GB of storage. You want to store music
on the phone. A typical mp3 encoded music file takes up 4MB. How
many tracks can be stored on the phone?
Hint – convert capacity to the same size of storage units as the photos
before you start!
2. You have a smartphone with 6GB of storage. You want to store photos
on the phone. Assume that a typical photo taken by a phone will be
around 2MB.
Hint – convert capacity to the same size of storage units as the photos
before you start!
3. On your PC, you currently have 2500 documents with an average file
size of 50KB. You also have 5 movies using 2GB of space each and
1500 photos with an average file size of 3MB. If you wanted to store all
of these things in the cloud, how much storage space would you need to
purchase per month?
Hint – convert all files to the same size of storage units before you start!

What I Have Learned

What is the importance of interpreting codes, digital representations and

converting data storage? Write your answers on your answer sheet.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________

Very good! Now it is time for you to apply what you have learned.

16
 What I Can Do

Excellent! It looks like you have already learned a lot! Let’s try to put into
practice what you have learned.

Directions: Interview a computer science or IT graduate/s physically or virtually

regarding their chosen career, their knowledge about digital representation, and
how computer affects their lives. After the interview, make a summary of their
answers through an oral video presentation and your learnings about their
stories and explanations. You may include the video clip during your interview
but ask permission from the interviewee.
Video Presentation Rubric

Excellent Good Fair Poor

CRITERIA
4 3 2 1
The video The video The video The video
presentation presentation presentation presentation
includes includes lacks relevant does not
relevant relevant elements and include
elements and elements and information. relevant
Content and
information information, elements and
Organization
and they are but they are information.
presented in a not presented
well-organized in a well-
manner. organized
manner.
Work exceeds Work is done Work is done Work is done
expectations. with good with fair with no effort
Work Quality effort. effort, but the and quality.
and Effort quality is still
not what is
expected.
The video The video The video The video
presentation presentation presentation presentation
has great is clear and lacks style lacks a clear
creativity and logical but and creativity; understanding
Style and style. lacks some however, it of the subject
Mechanics creativity and presents matter, has
clarity and adequate many errors,
with a few information. and leaves out
mistakes. vital
information.

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 The presenter The presenter There are No preparation
speaks clearly speaks confusing was done and
and shows clearly and moments the
mastery of the conveys the during the presentation
topic being expected presentation lacks expected
Presentation
presented. information. and the information.
The information
information shared is
presented is incomplete.
complete.

Assessment

General Directions: Write your answers on your answer sheet.

1. Complete the table below.

Name of Unit Abbreviation Bytes

1 bit 1 b (lower case)
1 Nibble 1.
1 Byte 1B (upper case) 1 byte
1 Kilobyte 2. 1,024 bytes
1 Megabyte 1 MB 3.
4. 5. 1,073,741,824 bytes
1 Terabyte 6. 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
7. 1 PB 8.
1 Exabyte 1 EB 9.
10. 1 ZB 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
bytes

2. Complete and answer the table below.

Example: 1 Terabyte USB memory

Type Typical Size
stick could hold
Word processed
50 kilobytes a. How many word-processed files?
document
Image file 100 kilobytes b. How many image files?
Video file 100 megabytes c. How many video files?

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 3. Convert these binary numbers to their decimal equivalent.
a. 0001 0101 =
b. 1001 0101 =
c. 0010 0100 =
d. 0010 1110 =
e. 1110 0000 =

Additional Activities

As your additional activity for this lesson, complete the task below.

Directions: Encode the gathered data from your interviewee regarding your
outputs in What Can I Do in a short bond paper and insert pictures as
documentation.

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 Answer Key

What’s In | page 3
1. I
2. D
3. F
4. G
5. E
6. J
7. B
8. C
9. A
10. H

What’s New | page 4

Answers may vary.

What Is It | pages 6-12

Exercise 1 | page 6
1.

2.

Exercise 2 | page 9
1.

2.

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 Exercise 3 | page 10
1.

2.

Exercise 4 | page 12
1. 1 MB = 1,049,576 bytes
1 KB = 1,024 bytes
Given: 2 MB = 2,097,152 bytes
50 KB = 51,200 bytes
Solution: 2,097,152 bytes
51,200 bytes
= 40.96, 50 KB jpg files
2. 1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes
1 GB = 1,073,741,824 bytes
Given: 4 MB = 4,194,304 bytes
Solution: 1,073,741,824 bytes
4,194,304 bytes
= 256, 4 MB mp3 files

What’s More | pages 13-16

Activity 1 | pages 13-14
1. 10010011
2. 10100100
3. 11010110
4. 10100101
5. 01010101

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Activity 2 | pages 14-15
1.
000010000
010101010
001010100
010000010
101010101
010000010
001010100
010101010
000010000

2.
000010000
000101000
001000100
001111100
010000010
100101001
010010010
001000100
000111000

3.

000010000
010111010
001010100
010010010
111111111
010010010
010010010
001010100
010111010

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 Activity 3 | page 15
1. 00001111
2. 00001001
3. 00001011
4. 00001000
5. 00000111

Activity 4 | page 15
1. 42,949,672,960 bytes
2. 536,870,912 bytes
3. 31,457,280 KB
4. 225,280 KB
5. 1.63 MB

Activity 5 | page 16
1. Convert GB into MB so you are using a common quantity.
6GB = 6000MB
6000 MB/4 MB = 1,500 music files
2. Convert GB into MB so you are using the same quantity. 6GB = 6000MB
6000 MB / 2 MB = 3,000 photos
3. Because the storage of each file needs to be added up, you should keep
to the same size of storage units. So, for this example we will use
megabytes.
Text files: 50KB is 0.05MB, so storage of text files is 2500 x 0.05MB = 125
MB
Video files: 2 gigabytes is 2000 megabytes so they take 5 x 2000MB =
10,000 MB
Photo files: 1500 x 3MB = 4,500 MB
Adding them all up = = MB
Convert the MB back into GB: MB = GB.
So, you would need to purchase at least 15GB of storage space.

What I Have Learned | page 16

Answers may vary.

23
What I Can Do | pages 17-18
Answers may vary.

Assessment | pages 18-19

1.
Name of Unit Abbreviation Bytes
1 bit 1 b (lower case)
1 Nibble ½ byte
1 Byte 1B(upper case) 1 byte
1 Kilobyte 1. 1 KB 1,024 bytes
1 Megabyte 1 MB 3. 1,048,576 bytes
4. 1 Gigabyte 5. 1 GB 1,073,741,824 bytes
1 Terabyte 6. 1 TB 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
7. 1 Petabyte 1 PB 8. 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
1 Exabyte 1 EB 9. 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
bytes
10. 1 Zetabyte 1 ZB 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
bytes

2.

Example: 1 Terabyte USB

Type Typical Size
memory stick could hold
Word processed a. 21,474,836 word processed
50 kilobytes
document files.

Image file 100 kilobytes b. 10,737,418 image files.

Video file 100 megabytes c. 10,485 video files.

3.
a. 22
b. 150
c. 39
d. 46
e. 224
Additional Activities| page 19
Answers may vary.

24
References
“Distance Learning Module,” McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center, last
modified March 6, 2020, www.starhop.com/blog/2020/4/1/distance-
learning-module-getting-started-with-binary-code

“Bitesize,” BBC, last modified January 12, 2018,

www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z67j2nb/revision/4

“Bits, bytes, and nibbles,” Yummy Math, last modified August 11, 2013,
www.yummymath.com/2013/bits-bytes-and-nibbles/

“Digital representation within a computer information,” Philippine Normal

University, last modified June 6, 2021,
www.coursehero.com/file/p68helu/DIGITAL-REPRESENTATION-
Within-a-computer-information-is-represented-and-stored/

“Free Binary Numbers Worksheets for the Classroom,” Teach You Kid Code,
last modified July 20, 2022, https://teachyourkidscode.com/free-binary-
numbers-worksheet-for-the-holidays/

“3-Storage: Data Capacity Calculations,” SlidePlayer.com Inc., last modified

February 16, 2019, https://slideplayer.com/slide/13600981/

“Rubric: Survival Guide: Group Video Presentation Rubric,” Reazon Systems,

Inc., last accessed May 12, 2019,
https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=K36W84&sp=yes&.

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