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8.0 Trigonometry Theory
8.0 Trigonometry Theory
TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry
opposite side a
Sin α = =
hypotenuse h
adjacent side b
Cos α = =
hypotenuse h
opposite side a
Tan α = =
adjacent side b
Cosec, Sec and Cot
1 hypotenuse h
cosec α = = =
sin α opposite side a
1 hypotenuse h
sec α = = =
cos α adjacent side b
Solution :
In ∆ ACB, we have
AC = 𝐴𝐵2 − 𝐵𝐶 2 = (29)2 −(21)2
= 29 − 21 (29 + 21) = 8 (50) = 400 = 20 units
𝐴𝐶 20 𝐵𝐶 21
So, sin 𝜃 = = , cos 𝜃 = =
𝐴𝐵 29 𝐴𝐵 29
20 2 21 2 202 +212 400+441
Now, (i) cos2 𝜃+ sin2 𝜃= + = = = 1,
29 29 292 841
21 2 20 2 21+20 (21−20) 41
and (ii) cos2 𝜃 - sin2 𝜃 = - = = .
29 29 292 841
Example 4 : In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A = 1, then verify that 2 sin A
cos A = 1.
𝐵𝐶
Solution : In ∆ ABC, tan A = =1
𝐴𝐵
i.e., BC = AB
Let AB = BC = k, where k is a positive number.
Now, AC = 𝐴𝐵2 + 𝐵𝐶 2
= (𝑘)2 +(𝑘)2 = k 2
𝐵𝐶 𝑘 1
Therefore, sin A = = = and
𝐴𝐶 𝑘 2 2
𝐴𝐵 𝑘 1
cos A = = =
𝐴𝐶 𝑘 2 2
1 1
So, 2 sin A cos A = 2
2 2
= 1, which is the required value.
Example 5 : In ∆ OPQ, right-angled at P, OP = 7 cm and OQ – PQ = 1 cm (see Fig. 8.12).
Determine the values of sin Q and cos Q.
Solution :
In ∆ OPQ, we have
OQ2 = OP2 + PQ2
i.e., (1 + PQ)2 = OP2 + PQ2 Given
i.e., 1 + PQ2 + 2PQ = OP2 + PQ2
i.e., 1 + 2PQ = 72 Given
i.e., PQ = 24 cm and
OQ = 1 + PQ
= 25 cm
7
So, sin Q = and
25
24
cos Q = .
25
Trigonometric Ratios of 0° and 90°
sin 0 =0
cos 0 =1
sin 90 =1
cos 90 =0
sin 0⁰
tan 0° =
cos 0⁰
=0
1
cot 0° = which is not defined. (Why?)
tan 0⁰
1
sec 0° = = 1 and
cos 0⁰
1
cosec 0° = which is again not defined.(Why?)
sin 0⁰
The values of trigonometric ratios for angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°.
Solution : To find the length of the side BC, we will choose the trigonometric ratio involving BC and the
given side AB. Since BC is the side adjacent to angle
C and AB is the side opposite to angle C, therefore
𝐴𝐵
= tan C 5
𝐵𝐶
5 1
i.e., = tan 30° =
𝐵𝐶 3
which gives BC = 5 3 cm
To find the length of the side AC, we consider
𝐴𝐵
sin 30° = (Why?)
𝐴𝐶
1 5
i.e., =
2 𝐴𝐶
i.e., AC = 10 cm
Note that alternatively we could have used Pythagoras theorem to determine the third side in the example
above,
Solution :
1
Since, sin (A – B) = , therefore, A – B = 30° (Why?) (1)
2
1
Also, since cos (A + B) = , therefore, A + B = 60° (Why?) (2)
2
Solving (1) and (2), we get : A = 45° and B = 15°.
Trigonometric Ratios of Complementary Angles
Solution :
cot 85° + cos 75°
= cot (90° – 5°) + sin (90° – 75°)
= tan 5° + sin 15°
Thank You
8.5 Trigonometric Identities
Using these identities, we can express each trigonometric ratio in terms of other
trigonometric ratios, i.e.,
if any one of the ratios is known, we can also determine the values of other
trigonometric ratios.
Let us see how we can do this using these identities. Suppose we know that
1
tan A = Then,
3
1
cot A =
tan 𝐴
= 3.
8.5 Trigonometric Identities
cot A = 3.
Since, sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A
1
=1+
3
4
=
3
2
sec A = and
3
3
cos A =
2
Again, sin A = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
3
= 1−
4
1
=
2
Therefore, cosec A = 2.
Steps for proving the Trigonometric Identities
Getting Started:
1. Start by determining which side of the identity is simpler and which side is more
complicated. Rewrite the identity with the simpler side on the left and the more
complicated side on the right.
2. We will establish a trigonometric identity by working the right–hand side until it looks
like the left. (Occasionally we may have to work the left side a little so that we can
make sure both sides match.)
2. On both sides of the equation express tan q , csc q , sec q , and cot q in terms of sin q
and cos q .
Steps for proving the Trigonometric Identities - Algebraic Steps to Consider
1. Look at the number of terms on both sides, then determine if you need to combine fractions
or break up fractions so that the number of terms will match.
sec A (1 – sin A)(sec A + tan A) = 1
· Combine two or more fractions over a common denominator to produce a single fraction.
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴
+ = 2 tan A
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴
· Split up a single fraction with two or more terms in the numerator by putting each term in the
numerator over the common denominator.
2. Multiply the numerator and denominator of a fraction by a form of the number “1”.
· For complex fractions multiply both the numerator and denominator by the LCD to clear
fractions.
· To match on a particular denominator you may need to multiply both the numerator and
denominator by the denominator you are trying to get.
· To rationalize the denominator, multiply both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate
of the denominator
· Multiply by either the conjugate of the numerator or denominator to get a Difference of Squares,
so that we can use a Pythagorean Identity.
Steps for proving the Trigonometric Identities - Algebraic Steps to Consider
Solution :
LHS = sec A (1 – sin A)(sec A + tan A)
1 1 sin 𝐴
= (1- sin A) +
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴
(1−sin 𝐴)(1+sin 𝐴)
=
cos2 𝐴
1− 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
=
cos2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
=
cos2 𝐴
=1
= RHS
cot 𝐴−cos 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 −1
Example 14 : Prove that =
cot A+cos 𝐴 cosec 𝐴+1
Solution :
cot 𝐴−cos 𝐴
LHS =
cot A+cos 𝐴
cos A
sin A
− cos 𝐴
= cos A
sin A
+ cos 𝐴
1
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴− 1
= 1
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 + 1
1
sin 𝐴
−1
= 1
sin 𝐴
+1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 −1
=
cosec 𝐴+1
= RHS
sin 𝜃 – cos 𝜃+1 1
Example 15 :Prove that = using the identity
sin θ + cos 𝜃−1 sec θ − tan 𝜃
sec2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃.
Solution : Since we will apply the identity involving sec 𝜃 and tan
𝜃, let us first convert the LHS (of the identity we need to prove)
in terms of sec 𝜃 and tan 𝜃 by dividing numerator and
denominator by cos 𝜃.
sin 𝜃 – cos 𝜃+1 tan 𝜃 – 1+sec 𝜃
LHS = =
sin θ + cos 𝜃−1 tan 𝜃+ 1−sec 𝜃
(tan 𝜃+sec 𝜃)−1 {(tan 𝜃+sec 𝜃)−1} (tan 𝜃−sec 𝜃)
= =
(tan 𝜃−sec 𝜃)+1 {(tan 𝜃−sec 𝜃)+1} (tan 𝜃−sec 𝜃)
(tan2 𝜃−sec2 𝜃) − (tan 𝜃−sec 𝜃)
=
{tan 𝜃−sec 𝜃+1} (tan 𝜃−sec 𝜃)
−1−tan 𝜃 + sec 𝜃
=
{tan 𝜃−sec 𝜃+1} (tan 𝜃−sec 𝜃)
−1 1
= =
tan 𝜃 − sec 𝜃 sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃
which is the RHS of the identity, we are required to prove.
8.6 Summary
5. The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec A or cosec A is
always greater than or equal to 1.
6. sin (90° – A) = cos A,
cos (90° – A) = sin A
tan (90° – A) = cot A
cosec (90° – A) = sec A
sec (90° – A) = cosec A
cot (90° – A) = tan A
7. sin2 A + cos2 A = 1,
sec2 A – tan2 A = 1 for 0° ≤ A < 90°,
cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A for 0° < A ≤ 90°.