Trigonometry

Solutions
Exercise 8.4
Odd questions
Question 1: Express the trigonometric ratios sin A, sec A and tan A in terms of cot A.

Answer: We know that, sin 𝐴

We know that, tan A =
cos2 A + sin2 A = 1 cos 𝐴
cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A cos 𝐴
1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
1 1 cot2 A + 1 = cosec2 A
However, cot A =
sin 𝐴
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 1
1 Therefore, tan A =
2 cot 𝐴
sin A =
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 Also, sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A
1
sin A = ± 1
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 =1+
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 will always be positive as we are adding 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴+ 1
two positive quantities. =
𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴+1
Therefore, sin A = sec A =
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 cot 𝐴
 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟔𝟑⁰+ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟐𝟕⁰
Question 3: Evaluate (i) (i)
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟏𝟕𝟎 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟕𝟑⁰

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 63⁰+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 27⁰

Answer: (i)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 170 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 73⁰
2
[sin 900 −270 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 27⁰
=
[cos 900 −730 ) 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 73⁰
[cos 27⁰]2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 27⁰
=
[sin 73⁰]2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 73⁰
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 270 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 270
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 730 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 730
1
= (As sin2A + cos2A = 1)
1
=1
Question 3: Evaluate
(ii) sin25° cos65° + cos25° sin65°

Answer:
(ii) sin25° cos65° + cos25° sin65°
= (sin25°) {cos(90°- 25°)} + cos25°{sin (90°- 25°)}
= (sin25°)(sin25°) + (cos25°)(cos25°)
= sin225° + cos225°
= 1 (As sin2A + cos2A = 1)
Question 5: Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
for which the expressions are defined. (i) (cosec 𝜃 – cot 𝜃)2 =
1+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Answer: L.H.S = (cosec𝜃 – cot𝜃)2

1 cos θ 2 cos2 A + sin2 A = 1
= − 1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
sin θ sin θ
(1−cosθ)2 cot2 A + 1 = cosec2 A
=
(𝑠𝑖𝑛θ)2
(1−cosθ)2
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ
(1−cosθ)2
=
1−cos2 θ
(1−cosθ)2
=
(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠θ)(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ)
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
=
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
= R.H.S.
Question 5: Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles
for which the expressions are defined.

cos 𝐴 1+sin 𝐴
Answer: (ii) + = 2sec A
1+sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
cos 𝐴 1+sin 𝐴
L.H.S. = +
1+sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
cos2 𝐴+(1+sin A)2
=
1+sin 𝐴 (cos 𝐴)
cos2 𝐴+1+sin2 𝐴+2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
=
1+sin 𝐴 (cos 𝐴)
sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴+1+2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
=
1+sin 𝐴 (cos 𝐴)
1+1+2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 2+2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴
= =
1+sin 𝐴 (cos 𝐴) 1+sin 𝐴 (cos 𝐴)
2(1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴) 2
= = = 2 secA
1+sin 𝐴 (cos 𝐴) (cos 𝐴)
= R.H.S.
Question 5: Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles
for which the expressions are defined.
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
(iii) + = 1 + sec𝜃cosec𝜃
1− 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

Answer: sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃

= -
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
L.H.S. = + 1 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
1− 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 1− 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= −
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1 sin3 𝜃−cos3 𝜃
1−
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1−
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1
=
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (sin2 𝜃+cos2 𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
= - (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) =
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
= secθ cosec θ + 1
= R.H.S.
Question 5: Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles
1+sec 𝐴 sin2 𝐴
for which the expressions are defined. (iv) =
sec 𝐴 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴

Answer: = (cos A + 1)
1 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)
1+sec 𝐴 1+cos 𝐴 =
L.H.S. = = 1 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)
sec 𝐴
cos 𝐴 1−cos2 𝐴
cos 𝐴+1 =
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
cos 𝐴
= 1 sin2 𝐴
cos 𝐴 =
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴+1)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴)
= = R.H.S
(cos 𝐴)
= (cos A + 1)
Question 5: Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles
for which the expressions are defined.

1+sin 𝐴
Answer: (vi) = sec A + tan A
1−sin 𝐴

1+sin 𝐴
L.H.S. =
1−sin 𝐴

(1+sin 𝐴)(1+sin 𝐴)
=
(1−sin 𝐴)(1+sin 𝐴)
(1+sin 𝐴)
=
1−sin2 𝐴
1+sin 𝐴
=
cos2 𝐴
1+sin 𝐴
=
cos 𝐴
= sec A + tan A
= R.H.S.
Question 5: Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles
sin𝜃 −2 sin3 𝜃
for which the expressions are defined. (vii) = tan𝜃
2 cos3 𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

sin𝜃 −2 sin3 𝜃
Answer: L.H.S. = cos2 A + sin2 A = 1
2 cos3 𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1 + tan2 A = sec2 A
sin𝜃(1−2 sin2 𝜃) cot2 A + 1 = cosec2 A
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(2 cos2 𝜃−1)
sin𝜃𝑥(1−2 sin2 𝜃)
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑥{2(1− sin2 𝜃)−1}
sin𝜃𝑥(1−2 sin2 𝜃)
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑥(1− 2sin2 𝜃)
= tan 𝜃
= R.H.S
Question 5: Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles
for which the expressions are defined.
(viii) (sin A+ cosec A)2+(cos A+ sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A

Answer:
L.H.S. = (sin A+ cosec A)2+(cos A+ sec A)2
= sin2 A+ cosec2 A + 2sin A cosec A + cos2 A + sec2 A + 2 cos A sec A
1 1
= (sin2 A + cos2 A) + (cosec2 A + sec2 A) + 2sin A + 2 cos A
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
= (1) + (1+ cot2 A + 1+ tan2 A) + (2) + (2)
= 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A
= R.H.S
Question 5: Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles
for which the expressions are defined.
1
Answer: (ix) (cosec A - Sin A)(sec A -cos A) =
tan 𝐴 + cot 𝐴
L.H.S = (cosec A - Sin A)(sec A - cos A)
1 1
= − sin 𝐴 − cos 𝐴
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
1
1−sin2 𝐴 1−cos2 𝐴 R.H.S =
= tan 𝐴+cot 𝐴
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
(cos2 𝐴)(sin2 𝐴) 1 1
= = =
(sin 𝐴)(cos 𝐴) sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴
+
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 sin A cos 𝐴
= sin A cos A
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
=
sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴

= sin A cos A
Hence, L.H.S = R.H.S.
Question 5: Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles
for which the expressions are defined.
1+tan2 𝐴 1−tan 𝐴 2
Answer: (x) = = tan2 A
1+cot2 𝐴 1−cot 𝐴
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 1−tan 𝐴 2
LHS = =
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 1−cot 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴−2 tan 𝐴
1+ 2 =
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴−2 cot 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴
1+ 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴−2 tan 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
=
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴−2 cot 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴+𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 1 2 sin 𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴
−
cos 𝐴
= 1 2 cos 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − sin 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 1−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 cos 𝐴
= 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= 1−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 cos 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= = = tan2 A 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = = tan2 A
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
Exercise 8.4
Even questions
Question 2: Write all the other trigonometric ratios of ∠A in terms
of sec A.

Answer: We know that, tan2A + 1 = sec2A

1 tan2A = sec2A – 1
cos A =
sec 𝐴
Also, sin2 A+ cos2
A=1 tan A = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 1
cos 𝐴
sin2 A = 1 − cos2 A cot A =
sin 𝐴

1 2 1
sin A = 1 − = sec 𝐴
sec 𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐2 𝐴−1
sec 𝐴
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴−1 1
= =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴−1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴−1 1
= cosec A=
sec 𝐴 sin 𝐴
sec 𝐴
=
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴−1
Question 4: Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.
(i) 9 sec2 A − 9 tan2 A =
(A) 1, (B) 9, (C) 8, (D) 0

Answer:
(i) 9 sec2A − 9 tan2A
= 9 (sec2A − tan2A)
= 9 (1) [As sec2 A − tan2 A = 1]
=9
Hence, alternative (B) is correct.
Question 4: Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.
(ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ − cosec θ)
(A) 0, (B) 1, (C) 2, (D) −1

Answer: (ii) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ − cosec θ)

sin 𝜃 1 cos 𝜃 1
= 1+ + 1+ +
cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃+ sin 𝜃+1 sin 𝜃+ cos 𝜃−1
=
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
(sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃)2 −(1)2
=
sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃+2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃−1
=
sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
1+2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃−1
=
sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
=
sin 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
=2
Hence, alternative (C) is correct.
Question 4: Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.
(iii) (sec A + tan A) (1 − sin A) =
(A) sec A, (B) sin A, (C) cosec A, (D) cos A

Answer: (iii) (secA + tanA) (1 − sinA)

1 sin 𝐴
= + (1 – sin A)
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴
1+sin 𝐴
= (1 – sin A)
cos 𝐴
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
=
cos 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
=
cos 𝐴
= cos A
Hence, alternative (D) is correct.
Question 4: Choose the correct option. Justify your choice.
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
(iv) Options A) sec2A (B) −1 (C) cot2A (D) tan2A
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴

Answer:
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 1+ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 1
1+𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴
1+ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴

𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

= tan2 A

Hence, alternative (D) is correct.