DIRECT and INDIRECT SPEECH

This paper was prepared to fulfill the assignment of the English course
Lecturer: Jamiatul Hasanah Harahap M.A

ARRANGED BY:
GROUP 4

Yudiestiera Arie Septian (23.1.2788)

Nabil Khairan Al Rasyid (23.1.2746)
Mastury Ermansyah ( 23.1.2732)
Suci Ramadhani (23.1.2775)
Bahrul Ulum (23.1.2920)
Afief Khoir (23.1.2691)

FAKULTAS TARBIYAH
JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM
INSTITUT AGAMA ISLAM DEPOK AL KARIMIYAH
Jl. H. Maksum, No. 23, Sawangan Baru, Kec. Sawangan, Kota Depok
2024
 FOREWORD

We offer praise and gratitude to the presence of Allah SWT. For His
grace and blessings, enabling the completion of this paper. We send blessings and
greetings to our Prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions, and
followers until the end of time.
With the permission of Allah, we, as 2D semester students, have
completed the preparation of an English paper entitled "Direct and Indirect
Speech". We fully realize that this paper is far from perfection, due to our limited
experience and knowledge. Therefore, we welcome any constructive feedback
and criticism from various parties. Ultimately, we hope that this paper will
contribute to the advancement of Education, particularly Islamic Education.

Depok, 15 May 2024

Author
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.............................................................................................................1

A. Background...................................................................................................1

B. Problem Formulation....................................................................................2

C. Writing Objectives........................................................................................2

CHAPTER II............................................................................................................3

A. Direct and Indirect.........................................................................................3

1. Direct and Indirect Speech Definition...................................................4

B. Changes At Direct and Indirect Speech........................................................5

1. Adverb of Time and Adverb of Place....................................................5

2. Pronoun and Possesive.............................................................................5

3. Tenses.......................................................................................................6

C. Differences and Use of Direct and Indirect Speech......................................7

1. Diffrences...............................................................................................7

2. Use.........................................................................................................8

CHAPTER III.........................................................................................................10

CONCLUSION......................................................................................................10

BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................................................................................11

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Language is a complex system of communication that encompasses various
forms and structures. Among these, direct and indirect speech play pivotal roles in
conveying messages, thoughts, and narratives. Understanding the nuances between
these two modes is essential not only for effective communication but also for
interpreting written and spoken language accurately.

Direct speech, often referred to as quoted speech, involves the direct

quotation of the words spoken by an individual. It preserves the originality and
immediacy of the speaker's expression, encapsulating the exact words uttered
within quotation marks. This mode of speech is commonly found in dialogue
within literary works, interviews, and everyday conversations. Its straightforward
nature lends a sense of authenticity and immediacy to the narrative, allowing
readers or listeners to connect more intimately with the speaker's words and
intentions.

On the other hand, indirect speech, also known as reported speech or

indirect discourse, involves the paraphrasing or summarizing of someone else's
words without quoting them directly. In indirect speech, the speaker's words are
reported by another person, often with adjustments in tense, pronouns, and other
grammatical elements to fit the context of the reporting sentence. This mode of
speech is prevalent in storytelling, journalism, and academic writing, where the
focus may be on relaying information rather than replicating exact speech patterns.

The distinction between direct and indirect speech extends beyond mere
grammatical differences; it carries significant implications for the portrayal of
characters, narrative style, and the overall tone of a written or spoken piece.
Writers and speakers must carefully choose between these modes based on the
desired effect and the context in which they are communicating.

In this paper, we delve into the intricacies of direct and indirect speech,
exploring their grammatical structures, functional differences, and stylistic
implications. By examining examples from literature, media, and everyday
discourse, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how these two
modes shape language use and narrative construction. Furthermore, we will discuss
the challenges and ambiguities that arise when transitioning between direct and
indirect speech, along with strategies for effectively navigating these complexities
in various communicative contexts. Through this exploration, we endeavor to shed
light on the dynamic interplay between direct and indirect speech, highlighting
their indispensable roles in the fabric of human communication.

B. Problem Formulation
1. What are the definitions of direct and indirect speech?
2. What changes occur at direct and indirect speech?
3. Where are the usage and differences between direct and indirect speech?

C. Writing Objectives
1. To understand the definitions of direct and indirect speech.
2. To elaborate on the changes in direct and indirect speech.
3. To analyze the usage and differences between direct and indirect speech.

CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Direct and Indirect

 Language serves as a multifaceted tool for communication, embodying
various forms and structures that allow individuals to convey thoughts, emotions,
and narratives. Among these linguistic constructs, direct and indirect speech
emerge as fundamental components, each bearing unique characteristics that
shape the way information is transmitted and interpreted. The exploration of direct
and indirect speech not only enriches our understanding of language mechanics
but also unveils the intricate dynamics of human interaction and expression.

Direct speech, commonly known as quoted speech, involves the direct

reproduction of the words spoken by an individual, encapsulating the exact
utterances within quotation marks. This mode of speech preserves the authenticity
and immediacy of the speaker's expression, fostering a sense of intimacy and
direct engagement with the communicated message. Conversely, indirect speech,
also referred to as reported speech or indirect discourse, entails the paraphrasing
or summarizing of someone else's words without quoting them verbatim. In
indirect speech, the speaker's message is relayed by another person, often
necessitating adjustments in tense, pronouns, and other grammatical elements to
align with the context of the reporting sentence.

Understanding the nuances between direct and indirect speech is crucial

for effective communication, as these modes serve distinct functions in different
contexts. Direct speech finds prominence in dialogue within literary works,
interviews, and everyday conversations, imbuing narratives with authenticity and
vividness. On the other hand, indirect speech prevails in storytelling, journalism,
and academic discourse, where the focus lies on conveying information in a
cohesive and coherent manner.

In this paper, we embark on a comprehensive exploration of direct and

indirect speech, delving into their definitions, grammatical structures, functional
differences, and stylistic implications. Through the analysis of examples drawn
from literature, media, and real-life interactions, we aim to elucidate the role of
direct and indirect speech in shaping language use and narrative construction.
Additionally, we will examine the challenges and ambiguities inherent in
transitioning between these modes, along with strategies for navigating them
effectively in various communicative contexts.

By unraveling the complexities of direct and indirect speech, we endeavor

to deepen our appreciation for the richness and versatility of language, while
equipping readers with valuable insights into the mechanics of human
communication.

1. Direct and Indirect Speech Definition

Direct Speech is when words or sentences are directly spoken by
the speaker, without alteration or addition. Whereas Indirect Speech is
when a sentence is spoken to convey the statement of another person.
If we look at direct speech sentences, they have distinctive
characteristics, namely the presence of quotation marks (“). This
punctuation mark is commonly used to differentiate between direct and
indirect speech. When a direct speech sentence is transformed into an
indirect speech sentence, the quotation marks are removed or replaced by
the words "that" or "to".

Example:
D : She says, “I’m very good in english”
I : She says that he is very good in english.

B. Changes At Direct and Indirect Speech

1. Adverb of Time and Adverb of Place

Direct Indirect
Now Then
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day, the day after, the following
 day
Next .... The ... after, the following...
Last ..... The ... before, the previous ...
.... ago .... before
Yesterday The day before
The day before yesterday Two days before
Here There
This That
These Those

Example:
Direct : He told me: “ I went to malang yesterday”.
Indirect : He told me that he had gone to malang the previous day.

2. Pronoun and Possesive

Direct Indirect
I He / she
You Me / he / she / them / I / her / him
My His / her
Our Their / our
Your My / his / her
We They

Example:
Direct : Bella said me: “I go to campus everyday”
Indirect : Bella said me that she went to campus everyday.

3. Tenses

Direct Indirect
Simple Present (V1) Simple Past (V2)
Lika said that she went to school that
Lika said: “I go to school today”.
day.
Present Continuous (V1+ing) Past Continuous (V1+ing)
 John said: “I am studying english John said that he was studying english
now”. then.
Present Perfect(S+have/has+V2) Past Perfect (S+had+V3)
Anggi said that she had read your
Anggi said: “I have read your letter”
letter.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
(S+have/has+been+V1+ing) (S+have/has+been+V1+ing)
Hilmy said: “I have been waiting for Hilmy said that he had been waiting
ages”. for ages.
Past Simple (S+V2) Past Perfect (S+had+V3)
Ary said me: “I drank white coffee Ary said me that he had drunk white
today”. coffee that day.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Father told me that he had been sick
Father told me: “I was sick yesterday”.
that they before.

C. Differences and Use of Direct and Indirect Speech

1. Diffrences
 a. Direct speech and indirect speech have significant differences that
can be seen from the change in tenses, time, and others.

b. Direct speech uses quotation marks ("...") to indicate someone's

words directly. Example: She said, "I am happy." Meanwhile, in
indirect speech, quotation marks are not used. Example: She said that
she was happy.

c. Pronouns in direct speech use first-person (I) or second-person

(you) pronouns. Example: He said, "I live here." Meanwhile, in
indirect speech, pronouns change to third person (she/he). Example:
He said that he lived there.

d. Tense in direct speech remains consistent with the original

statement. Example: She said, "I am a teacher." Meanwhile, tense in
indirect speech usually shifts to the past. Example: She said that she
was a teacher.

e. Time adverbs in direct speech are time adverbs like now, today,
etc. Meanwhile, time adverbs in indirect speech change according to
the situation. Example of tense: Direct: She said, "I am happy today."
Indirect: She said that she was happy that day.

2. Use
a. Statement
 In general, direct statements use verbs such as "say," "tell,"
"said," "told," and so on. Meanwhile, in indirect statements, the
word "that" is used as a connector between introductory phrases
(such as "he said," "she said to me," "he told me," "she says," etc.)
and the reported words.

Example:
- Direct: "He said, 'I have seen the movie'."
- Indirect: "He said that he had seen the movie."

b. Command
1) Positive Command
- Direct (Verb 1): "Come in, please," said Dony.
- Indirect (To + Verb 1): Dony told her to come in.
2) Negative Command
- Direct (Don’t + Verb 1): "Don’t open the door!"
- Indirect (Not + to + Verb 1): He told me not to open the door.

c. Question/Interrogative
1) Yes/No Question
 Questions that begin with auxiliary verbs such as "is,"
"am," "are," "was," "were," "do," "does," "did," "has," "have,"
"had," etc. In Yes/No Questions, indirect speech starts with
"if/whether."

 Present tense → Past tense

- Direct: "Are you sailing today?"
- Indirect: Diana asked me whether I was sailing that day.

 Past tense → Past perfect tense

- Direct: "Can you drive this motorcycle?"
- Indirect: Shanty asked whether I could drive the
motorcycle.

2) Question word
Questions that begin with "what," "why," "where,"
"who," "when," "how" (5W1H).

 Present tense → Past tense

- Direct: "Where does Margaret live?"
- Indirect: Diana wanted to know where Margaret lived.

 Past tense → Past perfect tense

- Direct: "Who opened the seminar yesterday?"
- Indirect: He wanted to know who had opened the seminar
the day before.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the examination of direct and indirect speech reveals the
intricate mechanisms underlying language expression and comprehension.
Through the analysis of various examples and contexts, we have gained a deeper
understanding of how these modes of speech operate and their respective roles in
communication.
Direct speech, characterized by its immediacy and authenticity, allows
speakers to convey their thoughts and emotions directly, fostering a sense of
intimacy and engagement with the audience. On the other hand, indirect speech
facilitates the reporting and summarizing of someone else's words, providing a
means to relay information while maintaining coherence and structure in narrative
discourse.
Throughout this exploration, we have observed the flexibility and
adaptability of language, as speakers and writers employ different modes of
speech to suit their communicative purposes and contexts. Whether in literature,
journalism, everyday conversations, or academic discourse, the choice between
direct and indirect speech shapes the tone, style, and effectiveness of
communication.
As we navigate the complexities of direct and indirect speech, it becomes
evident that mastery of these linguistic constructs is essential for effective
communication and interpretation. By understanding the nuances of each mode
and the grammatical transformations they entail, communicators can convey their
messages accurately and convincingly, while recipients can interpret and analyze
information with clarity and insight.
The study of direct and indirect speech offers valuable insights into the
mechanics of human communication, enriching our appreciation for the diversity
and complexity of language expression. As we continue to explore the dynamic
interplay between these modes, we embark on a journey towards deeper
understanding and proficiency in the art of communication.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Boediono. TATA BAHASA INGGRIS-ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Jakarta: Bintang
Indonesia.

CNN Indonesia, "Pengertian, Perbedaan, dan Contoh Direct and Indirect Speech"
Retrived from: https://www.cnnindonesia.com/edukasi/20240125131430-
569-1054248/pengertian-perbedaan-dan-contoh-direct-and-indirect-
speech.

Hariyono, Rudy. Andrew Mc. Carthy. 2008. ABC Plus English Gramar. Surabaya:
GITAMEDIA PRESS.

Kurniawati, Cicik. Yuniarti Dwi Arini. 2013. PR BAHASA INGGRIS

Untuk SMA/MA Kelas XII. Klaten: Intan Pariwara.

ARTICLE
Islamic Education: Fostering Knowledge and Character
 Islamic education, deeply rooted in the principles of Islam, aims not only
to impart knowledge but also to nurture individuals of strong character and moral
integrity. Central to Islamic education is the belief that learning should be holistic,
integrating spiritual, moral, intellectual, and physical development.
One of the fundamental aspects of Islamic education is the emphasis on
the Quran, the holy book of Islam. Students learn to read, recite, and understand
the teachings of the Quran, which serve as a guiding light for their lives.
Alongside Quranic studies, students engage in the study of Hadith, the recorded
sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad, providing practical examples of
how to apply Islamic principles in daily life.
Islamic education also encompasses a wide range of subjects, including
Arabic language, Islamic history, jurisprudence (Fiqh), theology (Aqidah), and
ethics (Akhlaq). These subjects not only equip students with a comprehensive
understanding of their faith but also instill values of compassion, empathy, and
social responsibility.
Furthermore, Islamic education places great importance on character
development. Students are encouraged to embody virtues such as honesty,
humility, patience, and generosity, striving to emulate the exemplary character of
the Prophet Muhammad.
In addition to academic learning, Islamic education emphasizes the
importance of spiritual growth through acts of worship, such as prayer, fasting,
and charity. These rituals cultivate a deep sense of devotion and connection to
Allah, fostering a spiritual dimension to education that transcends mere academic
achievement.
Overall, Islamic education seeks to produce individuals who are not only
knowledgeable but also morally upright, compassionate, and committed to serving
humanity. By integrating faith with learning, it aims to empower individuals to
navigate the complexities of the modern world while upholding the values and
principles of Islam.