Physics Half-Yearly

1- a) 5
2- a) M^0 L^0 T^0
3- b) Torque
4- a) a/3b
5- b) 20m/s
6- b) 5
7- a) +x and +y
8- b) Newton 3rd law
9- b) negative
10- b) the vector sum of all the forces acting on the
body is zero.
11- C) A is true but R is false
12- A)
13- A)
14- A)
15- 6.67×10^7 dyn
16- .
17- F=(0.03kg)(33.33s−400m/s)≈−0.36N

18-
a) When an airplane's velocity is doubled, its momentum also
doubles, assuming the mass of the airplane remains
constant. The law of conservation of momentum is obeyed
because no external forces are mentioned in this scenario
that would change the total momentum of the airplane and
any other objects involved.

The law of conservation of momentum states that the total

momentum of an isolated system remains constant if no
external forces act on it. In this case, if we consider the
airplane as an isolated system, its initial momentum (mass
times initial velocity) will be equal to its final momentum
(mass times final velocity) after doubling its velocity.

19)k=2r

Where:

• �k is the radius of gyration.

• �r is the radius of the solid sphere.

20) XCM=m1+m2m1x1+m2x2
YCM=m1+m2m1y1+m2y2

For XCMxCM:

XCM=(5 kg⋅2)+(10 kg⋅1)5 kg+10 kg=10 kg+10 kg15 kg=20 kg15

kg=43 mxCM=5kg+10kg(5kg⋅2)+(10kg⋅1)=15kg10kg+10kg
=15kg20kg=34m

For YCMyCM:
YCM=(5 kg⋅3)+(10 kg⋅(−5))5 kg+10 kg=15 kg−50 kg15 kg=−35 k
g15 kg=−73 myCM=5kg+10kg(5kg⋅3)+(10kg⋅(−5))
=15kg15kg−50kg=15kg−35kg=−37m

So, the coordinates of the center of mass are

(XCM,YCM)=(43 m,−73 m)(xCM,yCM)=(34m,−37m).

21)
a)Angular Momentum (L)=Moment of Inertia (I)×Angular V
elocity (ω)
b)
Torque (τ)=Moment of Inertia (I)×Angular Acceleration (α)

22)
(i) II has more velocity than I
(ii) uniform accleration
(iii) Uniform motion

1. 23) Rocket Propulsion: In rocketry, the law of

conservation of linear momentum is crucial. When a
rocket propels gases backward at high speeds, it
experiences an equal and opposite force (thrust) that
propels it forward. The principle is used in space
exploration, satellite launches, and even fireworks.
2. Car Safety: In automotive engineering, the law of
conservation of linear momentum is applied to design
 safety features such as airbags and crumple zones.
Airbags are designed to inflate rapidly during a collision,
increasing the time over which the change in
momentum occurs, reducing the force experienced by
passengers. Crumple zones are designed to deform and
absorb energy during a crash, thus reducing the force
transmitted to the occupants.
3. Sports and Athletics: Various sports and athletic
activities rely on the conservation of linear momentum.
In sports like baseball, the conservation of momentum
helps pitchers throw fastballs and batters hit home runs.
In track and field, athletes use their body's momentum
to gain speed in events like the long jump or pole vault.

24)
• The particle attains a certain height ℎh after 5 seconds,
which means it reaches its maximum height and then
starts to descend.
• After 9 seconds, it returns to the same height ℎh.

Since the particle is at the same height ℎh after 9 seconds as

it was after 5 seconds, its speed at height ℎh is the same as
its initial speed when it was thrown upwards.

So, the speed of the particle at height ℎh is the same as the

initial speed at the moment it was thrown upwards.

25)
 1. First Body (Projected at angle "theota"): It has an initial
velocity "v0" that can be split into two components: "v0
cos(theota)" in the horizontal direction and "v0
sin(theota)" in the vertical direction.
2. Second Body (Projected at angle "90 - theota"): It also
has an initial velocity "v0" that can be split into two
components: "v0 sin(theota)" in the horizontal direction
and "v0 cos(theota)" in the vertical direction.

Both bodies have the same horizontal and vertical initial

velocities. Since the time of flight for projectile motion
depends only on the vertical motion (time taken to reach the
maximum height and then return to the same height), and
both bodies have the same vertical components of velocity,
they will have the same time of flight.

So, the ratio of their times of flight is "1:1," which means

their times of flight are equal.

OR
(i) True
(ii) True
(iii) False
26)
Centripetal force is provided in the following ways for the
mentioned cases:

a) motion of planets around the sun

 The centripetal force that keeps planets in orbit around the
Sun is primarily due to the gravitational attraction between
the planet and the Sun. According to Newton's law of
universal gravitation, every mass attracts every other mass
with a force directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between their centers. In this case, the gravitational
force acts as the centripetal force, pulling the planet toward
the center of its elliptical orbit.

b) stone tied to a string and whirled in a horizontal circle.

In this case, the tension in the string provides the
centripetal force. The stone is moving in a circular path, and
the tension in the string continuously pulls the stone toward
the center of the circle. This tension force is what keeps the
stone in circular motion.

c) motion of an electron around the nucleus of an atom

The motion of an electron around the nucleus in an atom is
governed by the electrostatic attraction between the
negatively charged electron and the positively charged
nucleus. According to Coulomb's law, opposite charges attract
each other. The electrostatic force provides the centripetal
force necessary to keep the electron in orbit around the
nucleus. The electron's kinetic energy balances the
electrostatic potential energy to maintain a stable orbit.
27)
a) We beat dusty blankets with a stick to remove dust
particles because the mechanical action of beating or shaking
causes the dust particles to become dislodged from the fabric
fibers. When we strike the blanket with a stick, it imparts
energy to the blanket, causing vibrations and movements in
the fabric. These vibrations can shake loose the dust particles
that have settled on the surface or have become embedded
in the fabric.
b) When a stone is thrown at a glass window, it smashes the
window into pieces because the stone's kinetic energy is
concentrated in a small area upon impact. The force applied
by the stone over a small contact area is sufficient to exceed
the glass's strength, causing it to break into shards. In
contrast, a bullet fired from a gun is much smaller and has a
much higher velocity. This high velocity allows the bullet to
penetrate the glass without applying a significant force over a
small area. Instead, the bullet creates a hole as it passes
through the glass due to its high speed and minimal contact
time. The glass doesn't shatter because the force is
distributed over a larger area as the bullet passes through,
rather than concentrated at a single point.
c) When the electric current is switched off, the blades of a
fan continue to move for some time due to inertia. Inertia is
the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of
motion
28) Radius, r=4 m
Coefficient of friction, μ=0.5
Maximum speed, Vmax=μrg
⟹Vmax=0.5×4×9.8
⟹Vmax=4.427 m/s
Therefore, the car will skid after it exceeds 4.427 m/s of speed.

29)
Torque is a measure of the rotational force that can cause an
object to rotate around an axis. It's defined as the product of
the force applied to the object and the distance from the axis
of rotation to the point where the force is applied.
Mathematically, torque (τ) is given by:

τ) =Force (F)×Lever Arm (r)τ=Force (F)×Lever Arm (r)

Given, the uniform angular speed of the rotor is 200

rad/s and the transmitted torque is 180 N-m.
Let T be the transmitted torque and ω be the angular speed
of the rotor.
The power (P) required by the engine is given by,
P=Tω
Substitute the values in the above equation.
P=(180N−m)(200rad/s)=36000W=(36000W)(1kW1000W)=36
kW
Thus, the power required by the engine is 36 kW.

30)
1. C)
2. C)
 3. A null vector, also known as a zero vector, is a
mathematical concept used in vector algebra and
geometry. It is a vector with a magnitude (length) of zero
and no specific direction.
4. Subtracting two vectors involves finding the vector that
represents the difference between the two vectors. You
can perform vector subtraction using either the
geometric method (head-to-tail method) or the
component method.

31)

1. D) 400 J
2. C) zero
3. B)
4. C) zero

32)
a)
The work energy theorem states that work done on a body is
equal to the net change in its energy.
Proof:
Consider a body of mass ‘m’ moving with an initial velocity u. Let
a constant force F acting on a body changes its velocity to v.
Let s be the distance traveled.
From the equation, v2=u2+2as,
we get v2–u2=2as
21(v2–u2)=as
Multiplying both sides by m, we have
21m(v2–u2)=mas
21m(v2–u2)=F.s(∵F=ma)
or 21mv2–21mu2=W

b)
Since both objects have the same kinetic energy, they will
have the same momentum. The momentum of an object
depends not only on its kinetic energy but also on its mass
and velocity. In this case, the lighter body will have a higher
velocity compared to the heavier body, but their momenta
are equal due to the equal kinetic energy.

1. c) Elastic Collision:
• In an elastic collision, both kinetic energy and

momentum are conserved.

• Examples include billiard ball collisions and

idealized collisions between gas particles.

Inelastic Collision:
• In an inelastic collision, momentum is conserved,

but kinetic energy is not necessarily conserved.

• Examples include car crashes and some types of

collisions in everyday life.

2. Collision between a Particle and a Slow-Moving
Electron:
When a particle (such as an alpha particle) collides with
a slow-moving electron, it's typically referred to as a
collision with atomic or subatomic particles.
• In such collisions, the behavior can be highly

dependent on the relative masses and velocities of

the particles involved.
 • Collisions with slow-moving electrons may result in
various outcomes, including elastic scattering
(where both momentum and kinetic energy are
conserved) or inelastic scattering (where kinetic
energy is not conserved).
• These types of collisions are commonly studied in
atomic and nuclear physics to understand the
behavior of particles at the atomic and subatomic
levels.

33)
a)
The total linear momentum of an isolated system of
interacting particles is conserved due to the law of
conservation of momentum. This fundamental principle in
physics states that the total linear momentum of an isolated
system remains constant if no external forces act on the
system.
b)
To calculate the impulse of the force exerted by the wall on
the ball, you can use the impulse-momentum theorem,
which relates the impulse (J) to the change in momentum
(Δp) of the ball:

ΔJ=Δp

The change in momentum is given by:

ΔP= Δp=pfinal−pinitial

Pinitial=m⋅Vinitial
pinitial=(0.05kg)⋅(25m/s)=1.25kg⋅m/s.

pfinal=(0.05kg)⋅(−25m/s)=−1.25kg⋅m/s.

Δp=pfinal−pinitial=(−1.25kg⋅m/s)−(1.25kg⋅m/s)=−2.5kg⋅m/s

So, the impulse of the force exerted by the wall on the ball is
−2.5 kg⋅m/s−2.5kg⋅m/s.