REAL TIME RESEARCH PROJECT

REPORT ON

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BULIDING

project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering
Submitted By
MD.MUNAWAR HUSSAIN
22C31A0110

Under the esteemed guidance of

K.CHANDANA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BALAJI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
( Accredited by NBA (UG-CE, ME, ECE&CSE) & NAAC A+ Grade (Affliated

to JNT University, Hyderabad and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

Laknepally (V)Narsampet ,Warangal-506132
 BALAJI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE
Accredited by NBA (UG-CE, ME, ECE&CSE) & NAAC A+ Grade
(Affliated
to JNT University, Hyderabad and Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Laknepally (V) Narsampet,Warangal-506132
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify the mini project report titled " EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
BULIDING " is being submitted by below mentioned students of B.Tech Civil
Engineering is a record Bonafied work carried by them. The results embodied
in this report have not been submitted to any other university for the award of
any degree.

Student Name: Roll No:

MD.MUNAWAR HUSSAIN 22C31A0110

Project guide Dr M PALANISAMY

K.CHANDANA Professor & Head
Assistant professor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible. Where constant guidance
and encouragement crowned our efforts with success. It is a pleasant aspect that we have now
1. the opportunity to express our gratitude for all of them

At first we express our sincere thanks to Dr.V.S.HARIHARAN, Principal of

"BALAJIINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE for providing the necessary lab
equipment facilities to complete our minor project within the college premises we are
extremely grateful to Dr. M. PALANISAMY, Head of the Department for extending this
cooperation in going valuable and innovation which encouraged us to proceed with our
project
We extend thanks to our guide Mrs.K .CHANDANA Assistant Professor, in giving
necessary ideas and timely help in framing this We express our gratitude and profound thanks
to staff of the Civil Engineering for the guidance provided in completing the project

It is our pleasure to acknowledge Mr. V.ARUN KUMAR lab assistant of Geotechnical

engineering laboratory who helped in completion of the work
I have indebted to extend our heartfelt thanks for the freedom of thought and action we
enjoyed during this project work.
 DECLARATION

I hear by declare that the project entitled A project report on” EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
BUILDING , is a record of an original work done by I under the guidance of K.CHANDANA,
and this project work has not performed the basis for the award of any degree fellowship This
is a record of bonafide work carried out by me and the results embodied in this project report
has not been produced
/copied from
any source. This results embedded in this project report have not been submitted to any other
university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Student Name: Roll No:

PAWAR SIDDARTHA 22C31A0113

 ABSTRACT

The turf of seismic activity Engineering has existed in our nation for over 35 years now.
Indian Earthquake Engineers have made momentous handouts to the seismic safety of
a number of important structures in the country. However, as the recent earthquakes
have shown, the performance of normal structures during past Indian earthquakes has
been less
satisfactory. This is mainly due to the lack of awareness amongst most practicing
engineers
of the special provisions that need to be followed in earthquake resistant design and
thereafter in construction.
Earthquakes compose one of the supreme hazards of living and assets on the earth. Due
to
abruptness of their happening, they are least understood and most dreaded. The
earthquake
resistant construction is considered to be very important to mitigate their effects. This
paper
presents the concise prerequisites of earthquake resistant construction and a few
techniques to improve the resistance of building and building materials to earthquake
forces, economically.

Keywords:-Earthquake, Structure, Resistant Design, Economically.

 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 .INTRODUTION PAGE NO:

1.1 POINT OF EARTTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING 1

CHAPTER 2.REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 METHODS OF DESIGNING EARTHQUAKE RESISTING 4

BUILDING
2.1.1 HOW EARTHQUAKE IMPACTED BULIDINGS 4
2.2 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE
BUILDINGS 6

CHAPTER 3.METHODOLOGY

3.1 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY 9

3.2 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO
EARTHQUAKES 10
3.3 REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (RHCBM) 12
3.4 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 14
3.5 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY INFILTRATE MAT
CONCRETE (SIMCON) 16
3.6 TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT HOUSING 17
3.7 THE ECONOMICS BENEFITS OF EARTH QUAKE RESISTING 18

CHAPTER 4. CONCLUSION 20

CHAPTER 5. REFERENCES 21
 Lists of figures

Fig:1- Burj khalifa

Fig:2- Causes of earthquake
Fig:3- Earthquake proofing buildings
Fig:4- Flexible foundation
Fig:5- Counter forces with damping shield buildings from vibrations
Fig:6- Reinforcement building structure
Fig:7- inertia forces in structure
Fig:8- inertia forces in building
Fig:9- Deformation in structures
Fig:10- Horizontal and vertical shaking
Fig:11- Seismic Design Philoshapy
Fig:12- Losses due to earthquake
Fig:13- Reinforce Hollow Concrete Block
Fig:14- Shear wall diaphragm
Fig:15- sign of earthquake
Fig:16- Mid-Level Isolation
Fig:17- Total horizontal earthquake force in a building increases downwards Along
its height
Fig:18- Pherols of uttarkashiss
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Building is a shelter which people occupy for their living or pursue their living functions. The
shelter should have a structure to protect its occupants from natural phenomena such as rain,
snow, heat and cold, and hazards such as strong winds and earthquakes. The intensity of natural
hazards varies from region to region on the earth. A building should also provide its occupants
with comfort for living and working space for their activities by controlling light, temperature
and humidity in severe climate and environment. The degree of desired amenities varies from
society to society according to economic conditions and personal priority in the life of the
members.

Earthquakes are Caused by rupture of rock zones called faults. The earth's surface consists of
tectonic plates which move relative to one another building strain energy along the plate
boundaries. When this energy exceeds the capacity of the rock materials along the fault surface,
the fault ruptures with seismic waves transmitted through hard bedrock layers. Most of major
earthquakes occur along the plate boundaries. The relative movement of tectonic plates also
builds up stresses within a tectonic plate. When the stress level exceeds the capacity, the fault
ruptures within the tectonic plate.

Burj khalifa is classic example of earthquake resisting

1.1) POINT OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING

An earthquake is the vibration, sometimes violent to the earth's surface that follows a release
of energy in the earth's crust.

1
This energy can be generated by a sudden dislocation of segments of the crust, by a volcanic
eruption or even by a manmade explosion.

The dislocation of the crust causes most destructive earthquakes.

Fig:2 Causes of earthquake

2
 CHAPTER 2 :
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1)METHODS OF DESIGINING EARTHQUAKE RESIST ING

BUILDING

Earth quake - Proof Buildings Are Designed

Throughout history, we've built impressive structure and cities only for them to encounter the
forces of nature. Earthquakes are one of the Earth's most destructive forces the seismic waves
throughout the ground can destroy buildings, take lives, and costs tremendous amounts of
money for loss and repair.

According to the National Earthquake Information center, there is an average of 20,000 earth
quake each year-16 of them being major disasters. On September 20, 2017, a magnitude 7.1
rocked Mexico's capital city and killed approximately 230 people. As with the case with other
earthquakes, the damage was not caused by the quake itself but by the collapse of buildings
with people inside them, making earthquake-proof buildings a must.

Over the past few decades, engineers have introduced new designs to better equip buildings to
withstand earthquakes. Read on to learn how earthquake- proof buildings are designed today.

Fig:3 Earthquak proofing buildings

3
2.1.1 How Earthquake Impact Buildings

Before we look at the features, it's important to understand how earthquakes impact man-made
structures. When an earthquake occurs, it sends shockwaves throughout the ground in short
rapid intervals in all different directions. While buildings are generally equipped to handle
vertical forces from their weight and gravity, they cannot handle side-to- side forces emitted
by quakes

This horizontal load vibrates walls, floors, columns, beams and the connectors that hold them
together. The difference in movement between the bottom and top of buildings exerts extreme
stress, causing the supporting frame to rupture and the entire structure to collapse.

Create a Flexible Foundation

One way to resist ground forces is to "lift" the building's foundation above the earth. Base
isolation involves constructing a building on top of flexible pads made of steel, rubber, and
lead. When the base moves during the earthquake, the isolators vibrate while the structure itself
remains steady. This effectively helps to absorb seismic waves and prevent them from travel
through a building.

Fig:4 flexib le foundation

Counter Forces with Damping

You might be aware that cars have shock absorption. However, you might not know that
engineers also use them for making earthquake resistant buildings. Similar to their use in cars,
shock absorbers reduce the magnitude of shockwaves and help buildings slow down. This is
accomplished in two ways: vibrational control devices and pendulum dampers.

4
The first method involves placing dampers at each level of a building between a column and
beam. Each damper consists of piston heads inside a cylinder filled with silicone oil. When
an earthquake occurs, the building transfers the vibration energy into the pistons, pushes
against the oil. The energy is transformed into heat, dissipating the force of the vibrations.

Fig: 5 Counter force s with damping

Shield Buildings from Vibrations
Instead of just counteracting forces, researchers are experimenting with ways buildings can
deflect and reroute the energy from earthquakes altogether. Dubbed the "seismic invisibility
cloak", this innovation involves creating a cloak of 100 concentric plastic and concrete rings
in and burying it at least three feet beneath the foundation of the building.

As seismic waves enter the rings, they are forced to move through to the outer rings for easier
travel. As a result, they are essentially channel away from the building and dissipated into
the plates in the ground.

Reinforce the Building's Structure

To withstand collapse, buildings need to redistribute the forces that travel through them
during a seismic event. Shear walls, cross braces, diaphragms, and moment-resisting frames
are central to reinforcing a building.
Shear walls are a useful building technology that helps to transfer earthquake forces. Made of
panels, these walls help a building keep its shape during movement. Shear walls are often
supported by diagonal cross braces. These steel beams have the ability to support compression
and tension, which helps to counteract the pressure and push forces back to the foundation.
Diaphragms are a central part of a building's structure. Consisting of the floors of the
building, the roof, and the decks placed over them, diaphragms help remove tension from
the floor and push force to the vertical structures of the building.
Moment-resisting frames provide more flexibility in a building's design. This structure is
placed among the joints of the building and allows for the columns and beams to bend while
the joints remain rigid. Thus, the building is able to resist the larger forces of an earthquake
while allowing designers more freedom to arrange buildings elements.
5
 Fig:6 Reinforce building structu re

2.2 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE

BUILDINGS
1. Inertia Forces in Structure

The generation of inertia forces in a structure is one of the seismic influences that
detrimentally affect the structure. When an earthquake causes ground shaking, the base of the
building would move but the roof would be at rest. However, since the walls and columns are
attached to it, the roof is dragged with the base of the building.

Fig:7 inertia forces in structure

The tendency of the roof structure to remain at its original position is called inertia. The inertia
forces can cause shearing of the structure which can concentrate stresses on the weak walls or
joints in the structure resulting in failure or perhaps total collapse. Finally, more mass means
higher inertia force that is why lighter buildings sustain the earthquake shaking better.

6
 Fig: 8 inertia forces in building

Effect of Deformations in Structures

When experiences earthquake and ground shaking occurs, the base of the building
moves with the ground shaking. However, the roof movement would be different
from that of the base of the structure. This difference in the movement creates
internal forces in colians which tend to return the column to its original position.
These internal forces are termed stiffness forces. The stiffness forces would be
higher as the size of columns gets higher. The stiffness force in a column is the
column stiffness times the relative displacement between its ends.

Fig:9 Deformation in structures

Horizontal and Vertical Shaking

Earthquake causes shaking of the ground in all the three directions X, Y and Z,
and the ground shakes randomly back and forth along each of these axis
directions. Commonly, structures are designed to withstand vertical loads, so the
vertical shaking due to earthquakes (either adds or subtracts vertical loads) is
tackled through safety factors used in the design to support vertical loads.

7
However, horizontal shaking along X and Y directions is critical for the performance of the
structure since it generates inertia forces and lateral displacement and hence adequate load
transfer path shall be provided to prevent its detrimental influences on the structure.

Fig:10 Horizontal and Vertical shaking

Other Effects

Apart from the direct influences of earthquakes on a structure which are discussed above,
there are other effects such as liquefaction, tsunami, and landslides. These are the indirect
effects of strong earthquakes that can cause sizable destruction.

8
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSHAPHY

Damage is unavoidable. Different types of damage (mainly visualized through cracks;

especially so in concrete and masonry buildings) occur in buildings during earthquakes. Some
of these cracks are acceptable (in terms of both their size and location), while others are not.
For instance, in a reinforced concrete frame building with masonry filler walls between
columns, the cracks between vertical columns and masonry filler walls are acceptable, but
diagonal cracks running through the columns are not (Figure 2). In general, qualified technical
professionals are knowledgeable of the causes and severity of damage in earthquake- resistant
buildings

Earthquake-resistant design is therefore concerned about ensuring that the damages in

buildings during earthquakes are of the acceptable variety, and also that they occur at the right
places and in right amounts.

This approach of earthquake-resistant design is much like the use of electrical fuses in houses:
to protect the entire electrical wiring and appliances in the house, you sacrifice some small
parts of the electrical circuit, called fuses; these fuses are easily replaced after the electrical
over current. Likewise, to save the building from collapsing, you need to allow some pre-
determined parts to undergo the acceptable type and level of damage.

Fig:11 Seismic Design Phil oshapy

9
3.2 REMIDIAL MEASURE TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO
EARTHQUAKE

Whenever a building project is prepared and designed, the first and the most important aspect
of design is to know the zone to which this structure is likely to rest. Depending upon these,
precautionary measures in structural design calculation are considered and structure can be
constructed with sufficient amount of resistance to earthquake forces. Various measures to be
adopted are explained point wise, giving emphasis to increase earthquake resistance of
buildings.

Fig:12 L osses due to earthquake

Building planning
The records of various earthquake failures reveal that unsymmetrical structure performs
poorly during earthquake. The unsymmetrical building usually develops torsion due to
seismic forces, which causes development of crack leading to collapse of a structure.
Building therefore should be constructed rectangular and symmetrical in plan. If a building
has to be planned in irregular or unsymmetrical shape, it should be treated as the combination
of a few rectangular blocks connected with passages. It will void torsion and will increase
resistance of building to earthquake forces.

Foundation

IS code recommends that as far as possible entire building should be founded on uniform soil
strata. It is basically to avoid differential settlement. In case if loads transmitted on different
column and column footing varies, foundation should be designed to have uniform settlement
by changing foundation size as per code conditions to have a loading intensity for uniform
10
settlement. Raft foundation performs better for seismic forces. If piles are driven to some depth
over which a raft is constructed (raft cum pile foundation), the behaviour of foundation under
seismic load will be far better. Piles will take care of differential settlement with raft and
resistance of structure to earthquake forces will be very large.

Provision of band

IS code recommends construction of concrete band at line level to resist earthquake. The
studies revealed that building with band at lintel level and one at plinth level improves load
carrying of building to earthquake tremendously. It is suggested here that if bands are plinth
level, sill level, lintel level and roof level in the case of masonry structure only, the resistance
of building to earthquake will increase tremendously. Band at sill level should go with vertical
band and door openings to meet at lintel level. Hold fast of doors can be fitted in their sill
band. In case of earthquake of very high intensity or large duration only infill wall between
walls will fail minimizing casualties and sudden collapse of structure. People will get
sufficient time to escape because of these bands.

Arches and domes

Behaviour of arches has been found very unsatisfactory during earthquake.

However domes perform very satisfactory due to symmetrical in nature. Arches
during earthquake have tendency to separate out and collapse. Mild steel ties if
provided at the ends, their resistance can be increased to a considerable extent.

Staircases

These are the worst affected part of any building during earthquake. Studies reveal that this
is mainly due to differential displacement of connected floors. This can be avoided by
providing open joints at each floor at the stairway to eliminate bracing effect.

Beam column joints

In framed structures the monolithic beam column connections are desirable so as to

accommodate reversible deformations. The maximum moments occur at beam-column
junction. Therefore most of the ductility requirements should be provided at the ends. Therefore
spacing of ties in column is restricted to 100mm centre and in case of beam strips and rings
should be closely spaced near the joints. The spacing should be restricted to 100mm centre to
centre only near the supports. In case of columns, vertical ties are provided; performance of
columns to earthquake forces Steel columns for tall buildings is buildings more than 8 storey
height should be provided as their performance is better than concrete column due to ductility
behaviour of material.

11
Masonry building.

Mortar plays an important role in masonry construction. Mortar possessing adequate strength
should only be used. Studies reveal that a cement sand ratio of 1:5 or 1:6 is quite strong as well
as economical also. If reinforcing bars are put after 8 to 10 bricklayers, their performance to
earthquake is still better. Other studies have revealed that masonry infill should not be
considered as non- structural element.

3.3 EARTH QUAKE RESISTING CONSTRUCTION WITH

REINFORCE HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK (RHCBM) Fig:13

Reinforce Hollow Concrete Block
Reinforced hollow concrete blocks are designed both as load- bearing walls for gravity loads
and also as shear walls for lateral seismic loads, to safely withstand the earthquakes.

This structural system of construction is known as shear wall- diaphragm concept, which gives
three-dimensional structural integrity for the buildings.

12
 Fig:14 Shear wall diaphragm
Structural Feature

Each masonry element is vertically reinforced with steel bars and concrete grouts fill, at
regular intervals, throughout the continuous vertical cavities of hollow blocks. Likewise, cach
masonry element is horizontally reinforced with

steel bars and concrete grout fills at plinth, sill, lintel and roof levels, as

continuous RC bands using U-shaped concrete blocks in the masonry

course, at recurring levels. A grid of reinforcement can be build into each masonry element
without the obligation of any extra shuttering and it reduces the scope of corrosion of the
reinforcement.

As the reinforcement bars in both vertical and horizontal directions can be continued into the
roof slab and lateral walls respectively, the structural integrity in all three dimensions is
achieved.

Structural Advantages

In this construction system, structurally, each wall and slab behaves as a shear
wall and diaphragm respectively, reducing the vulnerability of disastrous
damage to the structure during natural hazards.

Due to the uniform distribution of reinforcement in both vertical and horizontal

directions, through each masonry element, increased tensile resistance and
ductile behaviour of elements could be achieved.

13
Hence the construction system can safely resist lateral or cyclic loading, when
compared to other masonry construction systems.

This construction system has also been proved to offer better resistance
under dynamic loading, when compared to the other conventional
systems of construction.

Fig:15 Sign of earthquak`

Constructional Advantages

No extra formwork or any special construction machinery is necessary for

reinforcing the hollow block masonry.
Only semi-skilled labour is required for this type of construction. It is faster and
easier construction system, when compared to the other conservative
construction systems.

It is also cost-effective. Architectural and other advantages

This type of constructional system provides better audio and thermal

insulation for the building. This system is durable and maintenance free
Studies on the comparative cost economics of RHCBM

3.4 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION

This includes mid-level isolation system installed while the buildings are still being used.

14
This new method entails improving and classifying the columns on intermediate floors of an
existing building into flexible columns that incorporate rubber bearings (base isolation
systems) and rigid columns which have been wrapped in steel plates to add to their
toughness.

Fig:16 Mid -Level Isolation

This is the first method of improving earthquake resistance in Japan that classifies the
columns on the same floor as flexible columns and rigid columns, and it is the first casein
west Japan the Kansai region of attaching rubber bearings by cutting columns on the
intermediate floors an existing building.

This method involves improving earthquake resistance while the buildings are still being used
as normal operations.

There are three types of base isolation systems, depending on the location where rubber
bearings are incorporated:

Pile-head isolation Foundation isolation

Mid-level isolation

Concrete foundations for greater stability

Wooden columns treated with tar or pitch to protect against humidity, concreted into the ground
with nails embedded in the wood at the base to give extra anchorage.

Using concrete wall bases to prevent humidity affecting the wood and the canes in the walls.

Careful jointing between columns and beams to improve structural integrity.

Canes woven in a vertical fashion to provide greater stability.

15
Lightweight metal sheet roofing to reduce danger of falling tiles.

Nailing roofing material to roof beams; tying of beams and columns with roof wires.

Incorporating roof caves of sufficient width to ensure protection of walls from heavy rains.

3.5 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE USING SLURRY INFILTRATE

MAT CONCRETE (SIMCON)

Following the devastating earthquakes in Turkey this summer that killed as many as 20,000
people and injured another 27,000, images of survivors trapped beneath the rubble of
collapsed buildings appeared daily in news reports worldwide.

Now a North Carolina State University engineer is developing a new type of concrete to help
prevent such scenes from happening again

Fig:17 Total horizontal earthquake force in a bui lding increases

downward s along its height
This paper presents the compressive behaviour of a new type of highperformance steel fiver
reinforced concrete called slurry infiltrated mat concrete (SIMCON).

SIMCON is made by infiltrating preplaced continuous steel fiver- mats with a cement-based
slurry. Because of its fiver-mat configuration, individual fivers have a very high fiver aspect
ratio, leading to a significant increase in strength, ductilty, and toughness; and fiver-mats

16
are delivered in prepacked rolls that can be easily cut and handled in the field, as compared
with conventional short discontinuous fiver reinforced concretes.

Hence, SIMCON is well suited for repair, retrofit, and new construction of earthquake-
resistant buildings, bridges, and other structures that require high strength and ductility.

This paper presents stress-strain properties of SIMCON in compression that were obtained
experimentally.

After a month of curing, compressive strengths of up to 88 MPa (12.8 ksi) and strains at
ultimate stress ranging between 0.5% and 0.7% were reached with 5.39% fiver volume fraction
SIMCON.

This paper discusses the observed compressive behaviour and presents models for predicting
the entire stress-strain relationship, including the elastic modulus, ultimate stress, strain at
ultimate stress, and toughnes.

Earthquake Resistance Using Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete

SIMCON Following the devastating earthquakes in Turkey this summer that killed as many
as 20,000 people and injured another 27,000, images of survivors trapped beneath the
rubble of collapsed buildings appeared daily in news reports worldwide.

3.6 TRADITIONAL EARTHQUAKE REISTANT HOUSING

The Pherols of Uttarkashi

The Dhaji-Diwari buildings of Kashmir The Kat-Ki- Kunni

fluiklings of Kulu Valley
Quincha earthquake resistant buiklings

17
 Fig:18 Pherols of uttar kashi
The foundation consists of rubble musonry with lime mortar whereas, mud mortar is used for
the rest of the structure.
The infill materials are usually abode bricks bonded with mud mortar. The wooden bands tie
the walls of the structure with the floors and also impart ductility to a structure that is otherwise
brittle

3.7 The Economic Benefits of Earthquake Resistant Buildings

These include: lower building repair and replacement costs, continuation of building function
that reduces business interruption, preservation of revenue streams and, most importantly,
improved life safety.
In 1971, the Anheuser-Busch brewery in Van Nuys, California, suffered extensive damage in
the 6.5-magnitude Sylmar earthquake.
Forced to cease operations in order to rebuild the facility, the selfproclaimed "King of Beers"
took another hard financial hit as competitors made inroads into the Anheuser-Busch market
during this time. Faced with the serious consequences of being unprepared for a natural
disaster, the brewery upgraded its 95- acre facility, built in 1954, with earthquake retrofits and
new construction designed to the latest seismic standards.

18
Last summer, California received the double blow of two major earthquakes in the Ridgecrest
area, a 6.4 quake followed by a 7.1 temblor that was a wake-up call to thousands of California
businesses large and small still deciding whether retrofitting is a wise business investment or
whether it's better to gamble that buildings, capital and assets, and employees will survive a
major earthquake.

19
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS

There is a lack of awareness in the earthquake disaster mitigations. Avoiding non-engineered

structures with unskilled labour even in unimportant temporary constructions can help a great
way. Statewide awareness programmes have to be conducted by fully

exploiting the advancement in the information technology. Urgent steps are required to be
taken to make the coral provisions regarding earthquake resistant construction undebatable.

20
CHAPTER 5

REFERENCES

www.google.com

• www.wikipedia.com

• www.studymafia.org

www.bigrentz.com

www.devalt.com

21