4.

THICK CYLINDERS

The difference between a thin cylinder and a thick cylinder is that a thick cylinder has a stress in the
radial direction as well as a circumferential stress and longitudinal stress. A rule of thumb is that
th
radial stress becomes important when the wall thickness exceeds 1/20 of the diameter.

Figure 5
4.1 LAME'S THEORY

Consider a small section of the wall.

L = Longitudinal stress

R = Radial stress

C = Circumferential stress

Figure 6

We have 3 stresses in mutually perpendicular directions, the corresponding strains are

1
εl  E σL  νσR  σC 
1
εC  E σC  νσL  σR 
1
εR  E σR  νσC  σL 
Next consider the forces acting on a section of the wall.
Figure 7
Balance the forces vertically (assuming 1 m of length).

Remember the length of an arc is radius x angle

The area of the top curved surface is (r + r) x 1
The area of the bottom curved surface is r x 1

Remember Force is stress x area.

The vertical force up is (R + R)(r + r)
The vertical force down is R r  + 2 C r sin/2

Remember for small angles the sin is the same as the angle in radians.
sin/2 =/2 Balancing the forces we have
σR  δσR r  δrδθ  σR r δθ  2σCδr δθ
2
This resolves down to δσR  σ  σ
C R
δr
In the limit this becomes dσR  σ  σ ...................(4.1)
C R
dr
Without proof, it can be shown that the longitudinal stress and strain are the same at all radii.
(The proof of this is a long piece of work and would detract from the present studies if given here).

The strain is given by

εL 
1
σL  νσR  σC 
E
Since L and L are constant then it follows that (R + C) = constant.
The solution is simplified by making the constant 2a
σR  σC  2a .....................(4.2)
σC  2a  σR
Substitute (4.2) into (4.1) and
rdσR  2a  σ  σ  2a  2σ
R R R
dr
multiply all by r and rearrange
2
r dσR  2ar  2rσ
dr R

It can be shown that

2  2
d r σR  r dσR  2rσ
dr dr R

 2
d r σR 
 2ar
dr

r 2σR  2ardr  ar 2  b
where b is a constant of integratio n.
b
σR  a  r 2
b
σC  a  r 2
In order to solve problems, the constants a and b must be found from boundary conditions.

Remember: a boundary condition is a known answer such as knowing what the pressure or
stress is at a given radius.

When atmospheric pressure acts on one side of the wall, it is best to use gauge pressure in the
calculations. This makes atmospheric pressure zero and all other pressures are relative to it.

Remember: absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure.

WORKED EXAMPLE No.6

A hydraulic cylinder is 100 mm internal diameter and 140 mm external diameter. It is

pressurised internally to 100 MPa gauge. Determine the radial and circumferential stress at the
inner and outer surfaces.
Take E = 205 GPa and  = 0.25

SOLUTION

The boundary conditions are

Inner surface r = 50 mm R = - 100 MPa (compressive)

Outer surface r = 70 mm R = 0 MPa (compressive)

Substituting into Lame's equation we have

6 2 2
 R = - 100 x 10 = a - b/r = a - b/0.05
2 2
 R = 0 = a - b/r = a - b/0.07

Solving simultaneous equations b = 510 kN a = 104 MPa

2
Now solve the circumferential stress.  = a + b/r
c
Putting r = 0.05 c = 308 MPa
Putting r = 0.07 c = 208 MPa
5. SOLID SHAFTS AND SLEEVES

In this section we will examine the stress and strain induced when a sleeve fits on a shaft with an
interference fit.

Figure 8
When the sleeve is fitted we assume here that a pressure p is exerted all over the surface of contact.

Fits consider the shaft. We will derive the equations as though the shaft was hollow with no
pressure inside it and then put zero for the inside diameter.
b b
σR  a  2 At r  R i σR  0 a  2
r Ri
b b
At r  R σR p σR p  -
2
Ri R2
2 2 2 2
R R   R R 
 i   i 
- p  b 2 2  b  - p 2 2
R
 RiR   Ri
 2 
 R 
a  - p 2 2
R
 Ri 
b
σc  a  2
r
 2   2 
 R   
At r  R σc 
Ri
- p 2 2  - p 2 2 
R R
 Ri   Ri
2 2
R  R 

i
σc  - p 2 2

Ri  R
Put Ri = 0 and c = -p

The strain in the circumferential direction = c

εc  1 σc  νσR  1  p  νp p ν 1
E E E
εc  ΔR ΔR  pR υ 1
R E
This is the change in the outer diameter of the shaft.  is Poison’s ratio.
Next consider the sleeve.
b b
σR  a  At r  R o σR  0 a 
2
r2 Ro
b b
At r  R σR p σR p  - 2
2
R Ro
2 2 2 2
R R  R R 
 o   o 
- p  b 2 2  b  - p 2 2
R R
 R o  R o
 2 
 R 
a-p  2 2 
R
 Ro 
b
σc  a  2
r
 2   2 
 R   
At r  R σc 
Ro
2  - p 2
R
- p 2 2

R o R Ro 

R  R
2 2

σc  - p 2 2
o

R
 R o
The strain in the circumferential direction = c 2 2 
R  R o  
R  R  p
2 2
1 1 
εc  σ c  νσ R    - p 2 2   νp 
o
ν -
E E R R  E
  o   2
R R
2 
2  
Rp  R  R 2 
o
ΔR
εc  ΔR  ν-  2  o

R E  R  R 2 
  o 

This is the change in the inner diameter of the sleeve.

The decrease in radius of the shaft plus the increase in radius of the sleeve must add up to be the
interference fit  so adding the two R values we get:
 2 2
Rp R  R  pR
δ ν1 -  2 2 
 ν2 1 o

E  R R  E
1   o  2
If the elastic

constants are the same for both materials this simplifies to :
2 2
pR
 R  R  

δ  2ν - E  2
o

2
 1


R
   R o 
WORKED EXAMPLE No.7

A shaft has a diameter of 30.06 mm and is an interference fit with a sleeve 40 mm outer
diameter, 30 mm inner diameter and 50 mm long. Calculate the force needed to slide the sleeve
on the shaft if the coefficient of friction is 0.3. The elastic properties for both parts are the same
with E = 205 GPa and Poisson’s ratio = 0.25

Calculate the change in radius of the shaft and sleeve at the inside.

SOLUTION
 2 2
pR R  R  
δ  2ν -  2 2
o
1 R = 0.03 m Ro = 0.02  = 0.00003 m
E  R R 
  o 
p δE 1 =133.5 MPa
2 2
R R  R  
 2ν -  o
 1
 2 2 
 R  R o  
The normal force between the two surfaces of contact is N = pA
-3 2
A = 2RL = 2 x 0.015 x 0.05 = 4.712 x 10 m
6 -3
N = 133.5 x 10 x 4.712 x 10 = 629 kN
Force to overcome friction F = R = 0.3 x = 188.7 kN

For the shaft

6 6
ΔR  pR ν 1  133.5 x 10 x 0.015 0.25 17.326x10 m
9
E 205x10
For the sleeve at the inside
 2 2
Rp R  R  6
ΔR  
ν1 - 2 2   37.33x10 o m
E  R R 
1   o 
Check by adding 37.33 - 7.326 = 30m the interference fit.