Disorders Short Notes by Mr.

Zohaib
The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) includes the
following types of disorders:

1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders:
Neurodevelopmental Disorders are a group of conditions characterized by impairments in the growth and
development of the central nervous system. These disorders typically manifest early in childhood and can
lead to difficulties in various aspects of functioning, such as social interaction, communication, and
behavior. The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) provides
criteria for diagnosing Neurodevelopmental Disorders and includes duration criteria for some of these
disorders.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD):
Criteria involve persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, along with restricted,
repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. The symptoms must be present in early childhood
but may not become fully evident until social demands exceed limited capacities.
Duration: Symptoms must be present in early childhood, but there is no specific duration criterion
mentioned.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD):
Criteria involve persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with
functioning or development.
Duration: Symptoms must be present for at least six months.
Specific Learning Disorder:
Criteria involve difficulties in acquiring and using academic skills significantly below expected levels for
the individual's age, causing impairment in academic or occupational functioning.
Duration: The difficulties persist for at least six months, despite targeted intervention.
Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder):
Criteria involve deficits in intellectual functions and adaptive functioning, with onset during the
developmental period.
Duration: The condition is characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning and is not due
to a progressive neurological condition. The onset is during the developmental period.
Communication Disorders (Language Disorder, Speech Sound Disorder, Childhood-Onset Fluency
Disorder, and Social [Pragmatic] Communication Disorder): Criteria involve persistent difficulties in
communication and speech that interfere with functioning or development.
Duration: The symptoms persist for a certain duration, and there is no specific time frame mentioned for
each disorder. The duration criterion is focused on the persistence of the communication difficulties.
Motor Disorders (Developmental Coordination Disorder, Stereotypic Movement Disorder):
Criteria involve motor coordination difficulties and repetitive movements.
Duration: The symptoms must persist for at least six months for Developmental Coordination Disorder,
while the specific duration criteria for Stereotypic Movement Disorder may vary based on the subtype.
Tourette's Disorder and Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder:
Criteria involve the presence of motor and/or vocal tics that persist for a certain duration.
1. Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders: These include a range of other disorders that affect the
development of the nervous system and brain, such as tic disorders and Rett Syndrome.
2. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders:

 Positive symptoms involve the presence of abnormal behaviors or experiences that are not
typically found in the general population.
 Negative symptoms involve a decrease or absence of normal behaviors or abilities.
A. Two or more of the following symptoms present for a significant portion of time during a one-month
period (or less if treated successfully):
Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence), grossly
disorganized or catatonic behavior, and Negative symptoms (e.g., diminished emotional expression,
avolition)
B. Social/occupational dysfunction: The individual's daily functioning is significantly impaired in various
areas of life (e.g., work, relationships).
C. Duration: Continuous signs of the disturbance for at least six months, including one month of active-
phase symptoms.
D. Exclusion: The symptoms are not attributable to substance abuse, medication effects, or another
medical condition.
i Schizophreniform Disorder:
Similar to Schizophrenia, but the duration of symptoms is between one and six months.
ii Schizoaffective Disorder:
A. Major mood episode (major depressive or manic) concurrent with Criterion A for Schizophrenia.
B. Delusions or hallucinations for two or more weeks in the absence of a major mood episode.
C. Symptoms meeting criteria for a major mood episode are present for a significant portion of the total
duration of the illness.
iii Brief Psychotic Disorder:
A. Presence of one or more of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech,
grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
B. Duration: At least one day but less than one month.
C. Return to the premorbid level of functioning after the episode.
D. Exclusion: The symptoms are not attributable to substance use, medication effects, or another medical
condition.
Delusional Disorder:
A. Presence of one or more delusions for at least one month.
B. Criteria A for Schizophrenia has never been met.
C. Functioning is not markedly impaired, and behavior is not obviously bizarre.
D. Exclusion: The disturbance is not attributable to substance use, medical condition, or another mental
disorder.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder:
A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions,
eccentricities, and behavioral eccentricities, starting by early adulthood.
Note: Schizotypal Personality Disorder is a personality disorder and not a psychotic disorder per se.
However, it is included in the Schizophrenia Spectrum because it shares some features with
schizophrenia.
These include disorders characterized by abnormal thinking, perception, and behavior, such as
schizophrenia and delusional disorder.
1. Schizophrenia: Characterized by two or more of the following symptoms: delusions,
hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, or negative symptoms (such as lack
of emotion or motivation).
2. Schizophreniform Disorder: Similar to schizophrenia, but with a shorter duration of symptoms
(1 to 6 months).
3. Schizoaffective Disorder: Characterized by symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood
disorder (such as major depression or bipolar disorder).
4. Delusional Disorder: Characterized by the presence of one or more non-bizarre delusions
(beliefs that are plausible, but unlikely or impossible) that last for at least one month.
5. Brief Psychotic Disorder: Characterized by the sudden onset of one or more psychotic
symptoms (such as hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech) that last between one day
and one month.
6. Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder: Characterized by psychotic symptoms that
are attributed to substance use (such as drugs or medications) or withdrawal from a substance.
7. Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition: Characterized by psychotic symptoms
that are due to a medical condition (such as a brain tumor or dementia).
8. Catatonia: A condition that can occur in the context of other psychotic disorders and is
characterized by disturbances in movement, behavior, and volition
3. Bipolar and Related Disorders:
These include disorders characterized by episodes of mania or hypomania, such as bipolar disorder and
cyclothymic disorder.
1. Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by one or more manic or mixed episodes, and often one or
more major depressive episodes.
 2. Bipolar II Disorder: Characterized by one or more major depressive episodes and at least one
hypomanic episode (a less severe form of mania than is seen in Bipolar I Disorder).
3. Cyclothymic Disorder: Characterized by chronic and fluctuating mood disturbances that do not
meet the criteria for a full-blown manic or major depressive episode.
4. Depressive Disorders:
These include disorders characterized by depressed mood or loss of interest in activities, such as major
depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia).
1. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): This is a relatively new diagnosis that is
used to describe children who have persistent irritability and frequent temper outbursts.
2. Major Depressive Disorder(MDD): Characterized by one or more major depressive episodes,
which involve a persistent feeling of sadness or loss of interest in daily activities, as well as other
symptoms such as changes in appetite, sleep patterns, and energy levels.
3. Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Characterized by a chronic depressed mood that
lasts for at least two years (or one year for children and adolescents) and includes symptoms such
as poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem,
poor concentration, and feelings of hopelessness.
5. Anxiety Disorders:
These include disorders characterized by excessive fear, worry, or anxiety, such as generalized anxiety
disorder, panic disorder, and specific phobias.
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by excessive and persistent worry
and anxiety about a range of everyday situations, such as work, relationships, and health. The
anxiety is difficult to control and often interferes with daily activities.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by sudden and unexpected panic attacks, which are intense
periods of fear or discomfort accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations,
sweating, and shortness of breath.
3. Agoraphobia: This is characterized by a fear or avoidance of situations where escape might be
difficult or embarrassing or where help might not be available in case of panic symptoms or other
physical symptoms.
4. Specific Phobias: This is characterized by an intense fear or anxiety about a specific object or
situation that is disproportionate to the actual danger posed by that object or situation.
5. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by a persistent fear of social or
performance situations in which the individual feels exposed to possible scrutiny by others.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder: This is developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or
anxiety concerning separation from attachment figures (e.g., parents, caregivers) or from home.
The fear or anxiety must be persistent and lasting, typically lasting for at least four weeks in
children and adolescents and six months or more in adults.
7. Selective Mutism: This is characterized by a consistent failure to speak in specific social
situations where speaking is expected, such as school or other social gatherings.
8. Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder: This is characterized by anxiety symptoms
that are directly caused by substance use or withdrawal, such as from alcohol or drugs.

6. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by
obsessions, compulsions, and related symptoms. The disorders in this group are closely related to
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) but also include other disorders that share similar features. These
disorders are categorized in the DSM-5 as follows:
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders is a category that includes several related disorders
characterized by intrusive, distressing, and time-consuming thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. Here are the
main disorders within this category, along with their diagnostic criteria:
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):
Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both.
Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive and cause anxiety or
distress.
Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that individuals feel driven to perform in response to
obsessions or according to rigid rules.
The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (take more than one hour a day) or cause significant
distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.
i. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD):
Criteria:
Preoccupation with one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable
or appear slight to others.
The preoccupation causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of
functioning.
Repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror checking, excessive grooming) or mental acts (e.g., comparing
appearance with others) in response to the perceived appearance flaws.
ii. Hoarding Disorder:
Criteria:
Persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value.
The difficulty is due to a perceived need to save the items and the distress associated with discarding
them.
Accumulation of possessions leads to clutter that compromises the use of living areas.
The hoarding causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of
functioning.
iii.Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder):
Criteria:
Recurrent pulling out of one's hair, resulting in hair loss.
The repeated hair pulling leads to significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas
of functioning.
iv. Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder:
Criteria:
Recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions.
Attempts to stop or reduce the skin picking are unsuccessful.
The skin picking causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of
functioning.
v. Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder:
Criteria:
The presence of obsessive-compulsive or related symptoms is a direct result of substance intoxication or
withdrawal or medication use.
These disorders share common characteristics of unwanted and distressing thoughts, feelings, or
behaviors. The severity and specific symptoms may vary among individuals. Accurate diagnosis and
treatment by mental health professionals are essential for effective management of these disorders.
1. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): OCD is characterized by recurrent, intrusive, and
unwanted thoughts, images, or impulses (obsessions), which lead to repetitive behaviors or
mental acts (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety or preventing harm. Examples of obsessions
include fears of contamination, doubts about safety, or forbidden thoughts. Compulsions may
involve repetitive checking, cleaning, counting, or seeking reassurance.
2. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): BDD is characterized by a preoccupation with perceived
defects or flaws in one's appearance that are not observable or are only slight, and that lead to
significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. Examples
of BDD symptoms include excessive grooming, mirror checking, or seeking reassurance about
one's appearance.
3. Hoarding Disorder: Hoarding Disorder is characterized by persistent difficulty discarding or
parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, due to a perceived need to save them, a
fear of losing them, or a strong attachment to them. Hoarding behaviors may lead to cluttered
living spaces, social isolation, and impaired functioning.
4. Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder): Trichotillomania is characterized by recurrent
pulling out of one's hair, resulting in noticeable hair loss, distress, and impairment in social,
occupational, or other areas of functioning. Hair pulling may be preceded by tension or anxiety
and may provide relief or pleasure.
5. Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder: Excoriation Disorder is characterized by recurrent
picking at one's skin, resulting in skin lesions, scarring, and distress, and impairment in social,
occupational, or other areas of functioning. Skin picking may be preceded by tension or anxiety
and may provide relief or pleasure.
6. Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder: This category
includes disorders that are induced by the use of substances, such as drugs or medications, or by
the withdrawal from them, and that share features with OCD, such as obsessions, compulsions, or
related symptoms.
Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders can be disabling and may significantly impact a person's
quality of life. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, such as selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or exposure
and response prevention (ERP)

7. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

1. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
Criteria include exposure to a traumatic event involving actual or threatened death, serious injury, or
sexual violence, along with the presence of symptoms such as intrusive memories, nightmares,
flashbacks, avoidance of reminders, negative mood, changes in cognition and mood, and heightened
arousal. The symptoms must persist for more than one month.
2. Acute Stress Disorder:
Similar to PTSD, acute stress disorder is characterized by exposure to a traumatic event and the
subsequent development of symptoms. However, the symptoms must occur within three days to four
weeks after the traumatic event and last for a minimum of three days.
3. Adjustment Disorders:
Adjustment disorders involve emotional or behavioral symptoms that develop in response to a
stressor, which could be a single event or multiple stressors. The symptoms should occur within three
months of the stressor and should be out of proportion to the severity of the stressor.
Reactive Attachment Disorder:
This disorder is typically diagnosed in children and is characterized by a lack of emotional
attachments to caregivers due to neglect, changes in caregivers, or inconsistent care. The symptoms
must persist for at least 9 months.
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder:
Another disorder usually diagnosed in children, it is characterized by overly familiar behavior with
unfamiliar adults due to insufficient caregiving. The symptoms must persist for at least 9 months.
Posttraumatic Growth:
While not considered a disorder, posttraumatic growth refers to positive psychological changes that
can occur after experiencing trauma. This includes increased personal strength, improved
relationships, enhanced appreciation for life, and a greater sense of purpose. The individual may
exhibit resilience and positive adaptation following trauma.
It's important to note that the duration criteria vary for different Trauma- and Stressor-Related
Disorders. For some disorders, such as PTSD and acute stress disorder, the symptoms must persist for
a specific duration following the traumatic event. For others, like adjustment disorders and reactive
attachment disorder, the onset of symptoms and their duration in relation to the stressor are key
factors in making a diagnosis.
1. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): PTSD is a mental disorder that develops in response to
a traumatic event or series of events, such as experiencing or witnessing violence, sexual assault,
or natural disasters. Symptoms can include intrusive thoughts, nightmares, avoidance of triggers
associated with the trauma, negative changes in mood and cognition, and heightened arousal or
 reactivity. These symptoms can cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational,
or other areas of functioning.
2. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD): ASD is similar to PTSD, but the symptoms develop within one
month of exposure to the traumatic event and last for a minimum of three days and a maximum of
one month. The symptoms of ASD can include dissociation, re-experiencing of the trauma,
avoidance of triggers associated with the trauma, and hyperarousal. If the symptoms persist
beyond one month, the diagnosis may be changed to PTSD.
3. Adjustment Disorders: Adjustment Disorders are a group of mental health conditions that
involve emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a stressor, such as the loss of a loved
one, divorce, or a serious illness. The symptoms can include feelings of sadness, worry,
hopelessness, anxiety, or anger, as well as changes in behavior, such as withdrawing from social
activities or engaging in reckless behavior. The symptoms must occur within three months of the
stressor and cannot last longer than six months.
4. Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD): RAD is a rare condition that typically develops in
children who have experienced neglect or instability in their early years. It is characterized by a
consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers, and a
lack of seeking comfort from them. Children with RAD may have difficulty forming attachments
and relationships with others and may exhibit signs of developmental delays.
5. Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED): DSED is another rare condition that
typically develops in children who have experienced neglect or instability in their early years. It
involves a pattern of behavior in which a child indiscriminately seeks comfort and attention from
unfamiliar adults, without any discernment for whether the adult is safe or trustworthy. Children
with DSED may have difficulty forming attachments and relationships with others and may
exhibit signs of developmental delays.
6. Other Specified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: This category includes other
disorders that do not fit into the above categories but are still related to trauma and stress. For
example, Prolonged Grief Disorder involves persistent and intense grief after the loss of a loved
one, lasting longer than six months.
7. Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder: This category includes conditions that
are related to trauma and stress but do not meet the criteria for any specific disorder. It may be
used when there is insufficient information or ambiguity about the patient's condition.
8. Dissociative Disorders:
These include disorders characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, or identity.
1. Dissociative amnesia: This type of disorder is characterized by the inability to recall important
autobiographical information, usually involving a traumatic or stressful event.
2. Depersonalization (detached from oneself), /derealization disorder (detached from the world):
This type of disorder involves persistent feelings of detachment or estrangement from one's own
self, body, or surroundings.
3. Dissociative identity disorder (DID): This type of disorder, also known as multiple personality
disorder, is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities,
each with its own way of perceiving, thinking, and relating to the world.
8. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders:
These disorders are characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that are either very distressing or
result in excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms. The central feature of these
disorders is the significant impairment in functioning or excessive preoccupation with the symptoms,
even when medical evaluations and tests do not reveal sufficient medical explanations.
1. Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD):
Criteria include:
One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life.
Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms, which may manifest as
disproportionate time and energy devoted to these concerns. Duration of at least six months.
Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD), previously known as Hypochondriasis:
Criteria include:
Preoccupation with having a serious illness despite minimal or no medical evidence.
High level of anxiety about health and excessive health-related behaviors or avoidance.
Duration of at least six months.
Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder):
Criteria include:
Presence of neurological-like symptoms (e.g., weakness, tremors, seizures) that cannot be explained by
medical conditions.
Symptoms suggest a medical condition but are inconsistent with neurological pathways or physiology.
Psychological factors are associated with the initiation or exacerbation of the symptoms.
Factitious Disorder:
This disorder involves intentionally feigning or producing physical or psychological symptoms for the
purpose of assuming the sick role or receiving medical attention.
Factitious Disorder Imposed on another, previously known as Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy:
This involves deliberately causing or fabricating symptoms in another person, often a dependent
individual (e.g., child or elderly person), for the purpose of assuming the caregiver role or garnering
medical attention.
The duration criteria for these disorders typically require that the symptoms or behaviors persist for at
least six months, with the exception of Conversion Disorder, which does not have a specific duration
requirement.
These include disorders characterized by physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical
condition, such as somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder.
1. Somatic symptom disorder (SSD): This is a disorder in which individuals have one or more
persistent physical symptoms that cause distress or impairment in daily functioning, and
excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the symptoms.
2. Illness anxiety disorder (IAD): This is a disorder characterized by excessive worry and fear
about having a serious illness, despite the absence of significant physical symptoms. Individuals
with IAD may engage in excessive health-related behaviors, such as checking their body for signs
of illness or seeking medical reassurance repeatedly.
3. Conversion disorder (CD): This is a disorder in which individuals experience neurological
symptoms, such as paralysis or seizures, that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or
another mental disorder. The symptoms may be related to stress or trauma, and may improve or
resolve with psychological intervention.
4. Factitious Disorder: This disorder is characterized by intentionally feigning or producing
physical or psychological symptoms to assume the role of a sick person. The individual may
undergo unnecessary medical tests, procedures, or hospitalizations to receive attention or
sympathy from others.
5. Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions: This disorder involves
psychological factors that contribute to the severity or maintenance of a medical condition. For
example, an individual with chronic pain may experience increased pain due to depression or
anxiety.
 6. Etiology: Biological factors, Psychological factors, Social and cultural factors, Learned behavior,
Medical factors.
10. Feeding and Eating Disorders:
1. Pica: Pica is characterized by persistent eating of non-food substances for at least one month.
This can include things like hair, soil, paper, or paint.
2. Rumination disorder: Rumination disorder involves regurgitation of food that is then re-
chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. This behavior must occur for at least one month to meet
criteria.
3. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): ARFID involves a lack of interest in
eating or avoidance of certain types of food, resulting in significant weight loss, nutritional
deficiency, or interference with psychosocial functioning. This behavior must occur for at least
one month to meet criteria.
4. Anorexia nervosa: Anorexia nervosa involves restriction of food intake, resulting in
significantly low body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat. There is also
a disturbance in the way one's body weight or shape is experienced. The behavior must be present
for at least three months to meet criteria.
5. Bulimia nervosa: Bulimia nervosa involves episodes of binge eating (eating a large amount of
food in a discrete period of time) and purging (compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain,
such as vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise). The behavior must be present for at
least three months to meet criteria.
6. Binge-eating disorder: Binge-eating disorder involves recurrent episodes of binge eating
without compensatory behaviors. The binge-eating episodes are associated with a sense of lack of
control over eating. This behavior must occur at least once a week for three months to meet
criteria.
It's important to note that these criteria are not exhaustive, and there may be other feeding and eating
disorders that are not listed here. It's also essential to seek the advice of a mental health professional for
proper diagnosis and treatment.
11. Sleep-Wake Disorders
Sleep-wake disorders are a group of conditions characterized by disturbances in the normal sleep pattern.
The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) classifies sleep-wake
disorders into several categories based on their symptoms, severity, and other criteria.
1. Insomnia Disorder: A persistent difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep, or both, despite
adequate opportunity and circumstances to sleep, which results in daytime impairment. The
symptoms occur at least three nights per week for at least three months.
2. Hypersomnolence Disorder: Excessive sleepiness despite a main sleep period lasting at least 7
hours, with recurrent episodes of sleep or lapses into sleep occurring within the same day. The
symptoms occur at least three times per week for at least three months.
3. Narcolepsy: A disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden loss of
muscle tone), and/or hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations (hallucinations that occur when
falling asleep or waking up). These symptoms occur at least three times per week for at least
three months.
4. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of partial
or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep, which results in a reduction or cessation of
breathing, and leads to frequent arousals from sleep, resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness,
fatigue, or insomnia.
 5. Central Sleep Apnea: A disorder characterized by a lack of respiratory effort during sleep,
resulting in a reduction or cessation of breathing, which can lead to excessive daytime sleepiness,
fatigue, or insomnia.
6. Sleep-Related Hypoventilation/Hypoxemia: A disorder characterized by shallow breathing or
abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood during sleep, which results in excessive daytime
sleepiness, fatigue, or insomnia.
7. Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorder: A disorder characterized by a mismatch between the
individual's sleep-wake schedule and the 24-hour light-dark cycle, leading to difficulty falling
asleep or staying asleep, or excessive sleepiness during waking hours.
8. Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorder: A disorder characterized by recurrent
episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, usually occurring during the first third of the major
sleep episode, accompanied by either sleepwalking, sleep terrors, or both.
9. Nightmare Disorder: A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of extended, extremely
dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival,
security, or physical integrity.

12. Sexual Dysfunctions

Sexual dysfunctions are a group of disorders characterized by persistent or recurrent difficulties in sexual
functioning that cause distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. The
DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) classifies sexual
dysfunctions into several categories based on their symptoms, severity, and other criteria.
Delayed Ejaculation: A persistent or recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm after normal sexual
excitement and stimulation, which causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or
other areas of functioning. The symptoms occur for at least 6 months and occur in all or almost all sexual
encounters.
Erectile Disorder: A persistent or recurrent inability to attain or maintain an adequate erection for sexual
activity, which causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of
functioning. The symptoms occur for at least 6 months and occur in all or almost all sexual encounters.
Female Orgasmic Disorder: A persistent or recurrent difficulty in achieving orgasm or markedly
reduced intensity of orgasmic sensations, which causes significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other areas of functioning. The symptoms occur for at least 6 months and occur in all or
almost all sexual encounters.
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder: A persistent or recurrent absence or reduced sexual interest,
desire, or arousal, as manifested by either absent or reduced sexual thoughts or fantasies, or reduced
initiation or receptivity to sexual activity, which causes significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other areas of functioning. The symptoms occur for at least 6 months and occur in all or
almost all sexual encounters.
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder: A persistent or recurrent difficulty with vaginal penetration,
marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during intercourse, marked fear or anxiety about vulvovaginal or
pelvic pain in anticipation of, during, or as a result of vaginal penetration, or marked tensing or tightening
of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal penetration, which causes significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. The symptoms occur for at least 6
months and occur in all or almost all sexual encounters.
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A persistent or recurrent lack of interest in sexual activity, or
a lack of sexual fantasies or thoughts, which causes significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other areas of functioning. The symptoms occur for at least 6 months and occur in all or
almost all sexual encounters.
Premature Ejaculation: A persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation occurring during partnered
sexual activity within approximately one minute following vaginal penetration and before the individual
wishes it, which causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of
functioning. The symptoms occur for at least 6 months and occur in all or almost all sexual encounters.
The DSM-5 criteria provide a standardized framework for diagnosing sexual dysfunctions and facilitate
effective treatment and management of these conditions.
13. Gender Dysphoria:
Gender dysphoria is a term used to describe distress or discomfort experienced by individuals whose
gender identity does not align with their sex assigned at birth. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), outlines two types of gender dysphoria:
1. Gender Dysphoria in Children: This is characterized by a marked incongruence between the
individual's assigned gender and the gender they identify as. The criteria for this diagnosis
include a strong desire to be of the other gender or an insistence that one is of the other gender, a
preference for wearing clothing of the opposite gender, a strong preference for toys, games or
activities stereotypically associated with the opposite gender, and a persistent discomfort with
one's own anatomy or the physical traits associated with one's assigned gender.
2. Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents and Adults: This is characterized by a marked incongruence
between the individual's experienced/expressed gender and their assigned gender, lasting at least
six months. The criteria for this diagnosis include a marked incongruence between one's
experienced/expressed gender and primary and/or secondary sex characteristics, a strong desire to
rid oneself of primary and/or secondary sex characteristics, and a strong desire for the primary
and/or secondary sex characteristics of the other gender.
It's important to note that not all individuals who experience gender dysphoria will seek or require
medical interventions, and that being transgender or non-binary is not a mental disorder. The DSM-5
recognizes gender dysphoria as a condition that can cause significant distress and impairment, and seeks
to provide a diagnosis and treatment options for individuals who experience gender dysphoria.
14. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders are a group of disorders that are characterized by
problems with emotional and behavioral self-control. The DSM-5 outlines several types of disorders
within this category, including:
1. Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): This is characterized by a pattern of angry or irritable
mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, or vindictiveness. The criteria for this diagnosis include
a persistent pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness for
at least 6 months, and impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
2. Conduct Disorder (CD): This is characterized by a pattern of behavior that violates the rights of
others or societal norms. The criteria for this diagnosis include a persistent pattern of behavior
that violates the rights of others or societal norms, such as aggression towards people or animals,
destruction of property, theft, or deceitfulness. The behavior must occur over a period of at least
12 months and must be associated with significant impairment in social, academic, or
occupational functioning.
3. Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED): This is characterized by recurrent outbursts of
aggression that are disproportionate to the situation. The criteria for this diagnosis include
 recurrent behavioral outbursts characterized by a failure to control aggressive impulses, resulting
in serious assaultive acts or destruction of property. The outbursts must be out of proportion to
the provocation and not premeditated, and the person must have experienced marked distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.
4. Pyromania: This is characterized by a pattern of deliberate and purposeful fire-setting. The
criteria for this diagnosis include a fascination with fire and setting fires, a feeling of tension or
arousal before setting the fires, and pleasure or gratification after setting the fires. The behavior
must not be motivated by financial gain, revenge, or political ideology, and must be associated
with significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.
5. Kleptomania: This is characterized by recurrent stealing of items that are not needed for personal
use or monetary value. The criteria for this diagnosis include recurrent theft of objects that are not
needed for personal use or monetary gain, a feeling of tension or arousal before the theft, and
pleasure or gratification after the theft. The behavior must not be motivated by anger, vengeance,
or delusions, and must be associated with significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other areas of functioning.
It's important to note that these disorders can be difficult to diagnose and require a thorough evaluation by
a qualified mental health professional. Additionally, many of these disorders are often comorbid with
other mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, or substance use disorders. Treatment
typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication, and may also involve interventions
aimed at improving social skills, problem-solving, and coping strategies.
15. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders are a group of disorders that are characterized by problematic
patterns of substance use, including drugs, alcohol, and other substances. The DSM-5 outlines several
types of disorders within this category, including:

1. Substance Use Disorder: This is characterized by a problematic pattern of substance use that
leads to significant impairment or distress. The criteria for this diagnosis include impaired control
over substance use, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological criteria, and withdrawal
symptoms.
2. Alcohol Use Disorder: This is a specific type of substance use disorder that involves problematic
patterns of alcohol use. The criteria for this diagnosis include impaired control over alcohol use,
social impairment, risky use, pharmacological criteria, and withdrawal symptoms.
3. Tobacco Use Disorder: This is a specific type of substance use disorder that involves
problematic patterns of tobacco use. The criteria for this diagnosis include impaired control over
tobacco use, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological criteria, and withdrawal symptoms.
4. Gambling Disorder: This is characterized by a problematic pattern of gambling that leads to
significant impairment or distress. The criteria for this diagnosis include persistent and recurrent
problematic gambling behavior, leading to significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other areas of functioning.
5. Internet Gaming Disorder: This is characterized by a problematic pattern of internet gaming
that leads to significant impairment or distress. The criteria for this diagnosis include impaired
control over gaming, increasing priority given to gaming over other activities, continuation of
gaming despite negative consequences, and withdrawal symptoms.
It's important to note that substance-related and addictive disorders can have significant physical,
psychological, and social consequences. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy,
medication, and behavioral interventions aimed at helping individuals manage their substance use or
addictive behaviors. Treatment may also involve support groups, such as Alcoholics Anonymous or
Narcotics Anonymous.
16. Neurocognitive Disorders
Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs) are a group of conditions that involve a decline in cognitive
functioning due to damage or disease of the brain. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) provides criteria for several types of NCDs, including:
1. Major Neurocognitive Disorder: This is characterized by a significant decline in cognitive
functioning from a previous level of performance in one or more domains, such as complex
attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, or social
cognition. The decline must be severe enough to interfere with daily activities and independence.
2. Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: This is characterized by a modest decline in cognitive
functioning from a previous level of performance in one or more domains, but the decline is not
severe enough to interfere with daily activities and independence.
 To be diagnosed with either type of NCD, the following criteria must be met:
 There must be evidence of cognitive decline from a previous level of functioning.
 The decline must be based on either self-report, report from a knowledgeable informant, or
clinical assessment.
 The cognitive deficits must be severe enough to interfere with daily activities and independence.
 The cognitive deficits are not due to delirium or another mental disorder.
In addition, the DSM-5 specifies criteria for NCDs due to various medical conditions, such as
1. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder that affects memory, thinking,
and behavior. It is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for up to 60-80% of all cases.
The diagnostic criteria for NCD due to Alzheimer's disease include a gradual and progressive
decline in cognitive function, with the primary deficit being in memory, and impairments in other
cognitive domains, such as language, perception, and problem-solving.
2. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group of disorders that primarily affect the frontal and
temporal lobes of the brain, resulting in changes in behavior, personality, and language. The
diagnostic criteria for NCD due to Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration include a progressive
decline in behavior, language, or both, with relative preservation of memory and perception.
3. Lewy body disease is a type of dementia that is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies,
which are abnormal protein deposits that form in the brain. The diagnostic criteria for NCD due
to Lewy Body Disease include fluctuating cognition, visual hallucinations, and Parkinsonism,
which is a combination of motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
4. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the motor system,
resulting in tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The diagnostic criteria for NCD due to
Parkinson's disease include a decline in cognitive function, particularly in the domains of
attention, executive function, and visuospatial abilities.
5. Huntington's disease is an inherited disorder that affects the basal ganglia, which are structures
deep within the brain that are involved in movement, cognition, and emotion. The diagnostic
criteria for NCD due to Huntington's disease include a progressive decline in cognitive function,
with impairments in executive function, memory, and attention.
 6. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head or a
penetrating injury. The diagnostic criteria for NCD due to TBI include a decline in cognitive
function, with impairments in attention, memory, and executive function, which persist for more
than 1 month after the injury.
HIV infection is a viral infection that attacks the immune system and can also affect the brain. The
diagnostic criteria for NCD due to HIV infection include a decline in cognitive function, with
impairments in attention, executive function, and motor skills, which are not attributable to other medical
or psychiatric conditions.
It's important to note that each type of NCD has its own specific diagnostic criteria and features, which
can vary depending on the underlying medical condition. It's essential to consult with a healthcare
professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
17. Personality Disorders
The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) lists 10 types of
Personality Disorders. These disorders are classified into three clusters based on their similarities and
characteristics. Here are the types and criteria of Personality Disorders according to DSM-5:
Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Behavior
1. Paranoid Personality Disorder: characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others.
2. Schizoid Personality Disorder: characterized by a lack of interest or desire for social
relationships and a restricted range of emotions.
3. Schizotypal Personality Disorder: characterized by odd beliefs or magical thinking, unusual
perceptual experiences, and social isolation.
Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic Behavior

1. Antisocial Personality Disorder: characterized by a disregard for the rights of others and a lack
of empathy, often involving criminal or impulsive behavior.
2. Borderline Personality Disorder: characterized by unstable moods, self-image, and
relationships, often involving self-harm or suicidal behavior.
3. Histrionic Personality Disorder: characterized by excessive attention-seeking, emotional
expression, and superficial relationships.
4. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a need
for admiration, and a lack of empathy.
Cluster C: Anxious or Fearful Behavior
1. Avoidant Personality Disorder: characterized by social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and
hypersensitivity to criticism or rejection.
2. Dependent Personality Disorder: characterized by a need for others to take responsibility for
major areas of their life and difficulty making decisions.
3. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: characterized by a preoccupation with
orderliness, perfectionism, and control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.
To meet the diagnostic criteria for a Personality Disorder, the individual must exhibit a pervasive and
inflexible pattern of behavior that deviates markedly from cultural expectations, is stable over time, and
leads to significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. The
pattern of behavior must be evident in multiple contexts and not be better explained by another mental
disorder or substance use.
18. Paraphilic Disorders
The DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition) lists several types of
Paraphilic Disorders. These disorders are characterized by intense and persistent sexual interest, fantasies,
urges, or behaviors involving atypical objects, situations, or individuals. To be diagnosed with a
Paraphilic Disorder, the individual must experience significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other areas of functioning. Here are the types and criteria of Paraphilic Disorders
according to DSM-5.
1. Exhibitionistic Disorder: characterized by recurrent and intense sexual arousal from exposing
one's genitals to an unsuspecting person.
2. Fetishistic Disorder: characterized by recurrent and intense sexual arousal from non-human
objects or body parts.
3. Frotteuristic Disorder: characterized by recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching or
rubbing against a non-consenting person.
4. Pedophilic Disorder: characterized by recurrent and intense sexual arousal from prepubescent
children or children under the age of 13.
5. Sexual Masochism Disorder: characterized by recurrent and intense sexual arousal from being
humiliated, beaten, or bound.
6. Sexual Sadism Disorder: characterized by recurrent and intense sexual arousal from inflicting
physical or psychological suffering on another person.
7. Transvestic Disorder: characterized by recurrent and intense sexual arousal from wearing
clothing typically associated with the opposite gender.
To meet the diagnostic criteria for a Paraphilic Disorder, the individual must have had these fantasies,
urges, or behaviors for at least six months and they must cause significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. The fantasies, urges, or behaviors must also involve
either non-consenting individuals, cause harm or the risk of harm to others, or be associated with personal
distress or impairment. Additionally, the behavior cannot be better explained by another mental disorder
or substance use.
19. Other Mental Disorders
These include a range of other disorders, such as other specified and unspecified mental disorders, such
as adjustment disorder, and somatic symptom disorder.

Difference among Fear, Anxiety, Phobia, Stress and Depression

Fear: Fear is a natural and normal human emotion that arises in response to a perceived threat or danger.
It is a specific emotional response to a particular situation or object, and it can be helpful in alerting us to
potential danger. Fear is usually short-lived and subsides once the threat is resolved.
Anxiety: Anxiety is a more general feeling of unease, worry, or apprehension that can occur without an
apparent trigger or cause. It is a persistent feeling that can be accompanied by physical symptoms such as
trembling, sweating, or increased heart rate. Anxiety can be adaptive in some situations, such as when it
helps us to prepare for a challenging event, but it can also interfere with daily functioning and lead to
excessive worry or avoidance behaviors.
Phobia: A phobia is an extreme and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. It is a type of
anxiety disorder that can lead to avoidance behaviors that limit a person's ability to function normally.
Phobias can be triggered by a specific object or situation, such as a fear of heights, flying, or spiders.
Phobias can be very disruptive to a person's daily life, and they can be difficult to overcome without
professional help.
Stress: Stress is a physical and emotional response to a demanding situation or perceived threat. It is a
normal and adaptive response that can help us to perform better under pressure. However, chronic or
excessive stress can have negative effects on physical and mental health, leading to symptoms such as
headaches, fatigue, anxiety, and depression.
Depression: Depression is a mood disorder that involves persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and
loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities. It is a common mental health condition that can affect
people of all ages and backgrounds. Depression is often accompanied by physical symptoms such as
fatigue, changes in appetite, and sleep disturbances. It can have a significant impact on a person's ability
to function and enjoy life.
In summary, fear, anxiety, phobia, stress, and depression are all related to emotional distress, but they
differ in their causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches. Fear and phobia are specific emotional
responses to a particular situation or object, anxiety is a more general feeling of unease or worry, stress is
a response to a demanding situation or perceived threat, and depression involves persistent feelings of
sadness and loss of interest. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and severity of
symptoms, and may include medication, therapy, stress management techniques, and lifestyle changes.
Dissociative Disorders
Result in disruptions in their sense of identity. There are two dissociative syndromes.
1. Dissociative amnesia is a sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too
extensive to be due to normal forgetting.
2. Dissociative identity disorder (DID) involves a disruption of identity marked by the experience of
two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities. The name for this disorder used to
be multiple personality disorder.( the modern view is that these individuals fail to integrate incongruent
aspects of their personality into a normal, coherent whole)
Bipolar and Depressive disorder
Major Depress Disorder
In major depressive disorder, people show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of
interest in previous sources of pleasure.
People with major depressive disorder experience emotional extremes at just one end of the mood
continuum because they experience periodic bouts of depression.
• Average age of onset 30–35
• Two-thirds of the people are diagnosed with major depression
 A central feature of major depression is anhedonia (a diminished ability to experience pleasure).
Emotional symptoms
Dysphoric, gloomy mood Diminished ability to experience pleasure Sense of hopelessness Euphoric,
enthusiastic mood Excessive pursuit of pleasurable activities unwarranted optimism
Behavioral symptoms
Fatigue, loss of energy Insomnia Slowed speech and movement Social withdrawal Energetic, tireless,
hyperactive Decreased need for sleep Rapid speech and agitation Increased sociability
Cognitive symptoms impaired ability to think and make decisions Slowed thought processes Excessive
worry, rumination Guilt, self-blame, unrealistic negative evaluations of one's worth grandiose planning,
indiscriminate decision making Racing thoughts, and easily distracted Impulsive behavior
Inflated self-esteem and self-confidence

Bipolar Disorder
People with bipolar disorder generally experience emotional extremes at both ends of the mood
continuum, going through periods of both depression and mania (excitement and elation).
Bipolar I and II disorders each affect about 1% of the population.
DSM-5 distinguishes between Bipolar I and Bipolar II
Bipolar I disorder, which involves full manic episodes.
Bipolar II disorder, which involves milder hypomanic episodes marked by shorter duration and less
impairment
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that is characterized by periods of mania or hypomania
(elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, grandiosity, risky behavior, etc.)
and periods of depression (sadness, hopelessness, fatigue, appetite and sleep disturbances, etc.).
According to the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition), bipolar
disorder is classified into several subtypes, including:
Bipolar I disorder: This is the most severe form of bipolar disorder, and is characterized by at least one
manic episode that lasts for at least one week. A person with bipolar I disorder may also experience
depressive episodes, which can last for weeks to months.
Bipolar II disorder: This is a milder form of bipolar disorder, and is characterized by at least one major
depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode. A hypomanic episode is a less severe form of
mania, which lasts for at least four days.
Cyclothymic disorder: This is a chronic form of bipolar disorder, characterized by periods of hypomanic
symptoms and mild depressive symptoms that last for at least two years.
The DSM-5 also includes a category of "other specified bipolar and related disorders" and "unspecified
bipolar and related disorders", which can include individuals who do not meet the full criteria for one of
the specific bipolar disorder subtypes.
Bipolar disorder is a complex condition that can have a significant impact on a person's daily life,
relationships, and overall well-being. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication (such as
mood stabilizers and antidepressants) and psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or
interpersonal therapy).
Symptoms Depressive Episode Manic Episode