Unit 1 – TB 2

C H E M I S T R Y
Unit 01|Theory Book 2
wdj¾;Sh úp,k

wdj¾;s;d j.=j f.dvke.Su

• wkdjrKh lr.kakd uQ,øjH ixLHdj jeä jk úg u;l ;nd.ekSu wmyiq jQ neúka j¾.SlrKhl
wjYH;djh we;s úh' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i wdj¾;s;d j.=j y`ÿkajd fok ,§'
• kq;k wdj¾;s;d j.=jg m%:u uq,øjH j¾.SlrK wdldr lsym
s hla u mej;=k w;r Èñ;s% fukav,S*a iy
f,do¾ fïh¾ úiska bÈßm;a l< tlsfklg fndfyda ÿrg iudk j¾.SlrK wdldr fol fï w;ßka úfYaI
fõ'
• Tjqka fofokd u uQ,øjH j, ialkaO l%udxlhka u; tu j¾.SlrK isÿlr we;' (mrudKql l%udxlh hk
ixl,amh tjlg wkdjrKh ù ;snqfKa ke;')

kQ;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j

 mrudKql l%udxlh u; uq,øjH fm<.eiaùu u`.ska yd bf,lafg%dak úkHdih iurEmS uQ,øjH tl hg tl

isák fia kq;k wdj¾;s;d j.=j f.dvk.d we;'

 ;sria fma<s wdj¾; jk w;r isria ;Sre ldKAv fõ'

 bf,lafg%dak úkHdih wjika jk wdldrh u; uQ,øjH ldKav j,g fjka lrhs'
 uQ,øjHhl bf,lafg%dak mj;sk ndysr; u Yla;s uÜgu u; wdj¾; j,g fjka lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
 wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ ldKav 18la yd wdj¾; 7la fõ'
 uq,øjHhl bf,lafg%dak úkHdih wkqj wjidk bf,lafg%dakh msfrk WmYla;s uÜgu i,ld s, p, d yd f
f,i f.dkq 4 lg fjkalr we;'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 1

 ldKav wxlkfha l%ufõo

tla tla l%ufõohg wkqj s, p, d yd f f.dkq j, ms<sfj,ska tk ldKav j,g ,efnk wxl my; mßÈ fõ'

weußldkq wxlkh
• 𝑠 f.dkqj − IA , IIA
• 𝑝 f.dkqj − IIIA , IVA , VA , VIA , VIIA , VIIIA
• 𝑑 f.dkqj − IIIB , IVB , VB , VIB , VIIB , VIIIB , VIIIB , VIIIB , IB , IIB

𝐈𝐔𝐏𝐀𝐂 wxlkh
• 𝑠 f.dkqj − 1 , 2
• 𝑝 f.dkqj − 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18
• 𝑑 f.dkqj − 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12

ksjdrl wdprKh yd iM, kHIaál wdl¾IKh

• mrudKqjl wNHka;r Yla;s uÜgïj, mj;sk bf,lafg%dak u`.ska ndysr;u Yla;s uÜgïj, bf,lafg%dak yd
kHIaáh w;r mj;sk wdl¾IKhg ndOd muqKqjhs' fuu n,mEu ksjdrl wdprKh kï fõ'
• kHIaáfha we;s fm%dafgdak u`.ska bf,lafg%dak wdl¾IKh lrhs' fuh kHIaál wdl¾IKhhs'
• mrudKqjl ksjdrl wdprKh ;SrKh lrk idOlh jkafka tu mrudKqfõ wNHka;r Yla;s uÜgï j, we;s
bf,lafg%dak ixLHdjhs'
• fï wkqj ldKavhl my<g uQ,øjH j, ksjdrl wdprKh jeä jk w;r wdj¾;hl ol=Kg wdikakj fjkia
fkdù mj;shs'
• ndysr; u Yla;s uÜgfuys mj;sk bf,lafg%dakhla flfrys n,mdk fuu wdl¾IKfha yd ksjdrl wdprKfha
iuia: (iïm%hqla;) n,mEu “iM, kHIaál wdl¾IKh” f,i ye`Èkafõ'
• iM, kHIaál wdl¾IKh jeäùu mrudKql wrh wvq ùug fya;= fõ'

mrudKql wrh

• kHIaáh yd bf,lafg%dak mj;sk ndysr; u Yla;s uÜgu w;r ÿr mrudKql wrh f,i idudkHfhka
ye`Èkafõ'
• kuq;a bf,lafg%dakhl msysàu ksYÑ
a ;j m%ldY lsÍu l, fkdyels neúka úúO wdldr j,g mrudKql wrh
w¾: ±laúh'

iyixhqc wrh

• tl u uq,øjHfha mrudKq 2 la iyixhqcj ne`oS we;s úg tu mrudKq fol w;r wka;¾ kHIaál ÿßka yß
wvla tys iyixhqc wrh kï fõ'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 2

 iyixhqc wrh = d⁄2

• nkaOk idok WÉp jdhq i`oyd o iyixhqc wrh w¾: oelaúh yel'
• iyixhqc wrh mrudKqjl ienE wrhg jvd u`ola wvq fõ'

jekavjd,a wrh

• wKq 2 la tlsfklg yels;dla <`.ska mj;sk úg tajdfha wkqhd; kHIaá 2 la w;r ÿßka yß wvla jekavjd,a
wrh fõ'

d1 1
jekavjd,a wrh = d ⁄2

• >k wjia;dj i,ld WÉp jdhQkag o jekavjd,a wrh w¾: ±laúh yel'
• jekavjd,a wrh mrudKqjl ienE wrhg jvd u`ola jeä fõ'

f,dayl wrh

• f,dayl cd,hl legdhk tlsfkl b;d <`.ska weisÍ we;s wjia;djl wkqhd; legdhk 2 l kHIaá w;r
ÿßka w¾Ohla f,dayl wrh f,i ye`Èkafõ'
• f,dayl wrh mrudKqjl i;H wrhg jvd jeä fõ'

f,dyl cd,h - rEm igyk

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 3

 iyixhqc wrh úp,kh

mrudKql wrfha úp,kh flfrys n,mdk idOl

1. ksjdrl wdprKh
2. kHIaál wdl¾IKh
3. mrudKqfõ we;s Yla;s uÜgï .Kk

 wdj¾;hla Tiafia jfï isg ol=Kg mrudKql wrh wvq fõ'

• wdj¾;hla Tiafia jfï isg ol=Kg mrudKqj, kHIaáfha we;s fm%dafgdak ixLHdj jeä ùfuka kHIaál
wdl¾IKh by< hhs' kuq;a wdj¾;hl jfï isg ol=Kg mrudKq j, wNHka;r Yla;s uÜgï ;=< we;s
bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj fjkia fkdjk neúka (tl;=jk bflafg%dak ndysr Yla;s uÜgug msfrk neúka)
ksjdrl wdprKh wdikakj fjkia fkdù mj;shs hehs is;sh yelsh'

• by; lreKq 2 u; iM, kHIaál wdl¾IKh wdj¾;hl jfï isg ol=Kg jeä jk w;r fï ksid
bf,lafg%dak j,g kHIaáh fj; we;s ne`§u jeä ù mrudKql wrh wvq ùu isÿ fõ'

 ldKavhl by< isg my<g mrudKql wrh jeä fõ'

• ldKavhl my<g hEfï § Yla;s uÜgï ixLHdj tl ne.ska jeäjk w;r tkï ndysr;u Yla;s
uÜgïj, we;s bf,lafg%dakj, Yla;sh l%ufhka ldKavfha my<g jeä fõ' fï ksid kHIaáfhka
ndysr;u bf,lafg%dak jvd;a ÿria ùu isÿ fõ'

 wdj¾;hla udre ùfï § mrudKql wrh úYd, jYfhka jeä fõ'

• wdj¾;hla udre ùfï § mrudKqjlg msfrk bf,lafg%dakh kj ndysr Yla;s uÜgulg msf¾' fï ksid
ksjdrl wdprKh úYd, jYfhka jeä fõ' (wNHka;r Yla;s uÜgïj, we;s e .Kk jeä úfuka ) .
tys m%;sM,hla f,i iM, kHIaál wdl¾IKh úYd,j wvq ù wrh jeä fõ'

01. my; m%fNao mrudKql wrh u; fm<.iajkak'

i) Li, Be, B, C, N
iv) N, He, Ne, Na, Al
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
ii) Li, K, Rb, Cs, Na
v) Mg, Ba, O, F, P, S
……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
iii) Li, C, N, O, Na

……………………………………………………………

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 4

 Recall Memory

whksl wrh úp,kh

 mrudKqjlska bf,lafg%dak tlla fyda lsysmhla bj;aùfuka fyda ,nd .ekSfuka we;sjk whk ms<sn`oj fuys §
wOHkh flf¾'

legdhk j, wrh

• legdhk iE§fï § fm%dafgdak ixLHdj ksh;j ;sìh § bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj wvq jk neúka bf,lafg%dak flfrys
kHIaáfhys wdl¾YKh jeämqr ,eîu fya;=fjka, mrudKqjlg idfmalaIj tu`.ska idok legdhk wrfhka
wvqfõ'
• fuf,iu hï mrudKqjla idok legdhkhl wdfrdamKh jeä jk ;rug tys wrh l=vd fõ'

Wod - Al3+ < Al2+ < Al+ < Al

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 5

 wekdhk j, wrh

• legdhk j,g úf,dau jYfhka wekdhk iE§fï § fm%dafgdak ixLHdj ksh;j ;sìh § bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj jeä
jk neúka bf,lafg%dak flfrys kHIaáfhys wdl¾YKh wvqùu fya;=fjka , mrudKqjlg idfmalaIj tu`.ska
idok wekdhk wrfhka úYd, fõ'
• fuf,iu hï mrudKqjla idok wekdhkhl wdfrdamKh jeä jk ;rug tys wrh úYd, fõ'

Wod - N3− > N2− > N − > N

 tlu ldKavhlg wh;a uQ,øjH idok iudk f,i wdfrdams; whk ie,lSfï §, ldKavh Tiafia my<g whksl

wrh jeä fõ' óg fya;=j ldKavh my<g whk j, Yla;s uÜgï .Kk (m%Odk lafjdkagï wxlh) jeä ùuhs'

Wod - Li+ < Na+ < K + < Rb+ < Cs +

 iu bf,lafg%daksl whk ie,lSfï § (tl u bf,lafg%dak .Kkla we;s) mrudKql l%udxlh (kHIaáfha we;s

fm%dafgdak .Kk) jeä jk ms<sfj,g whksl wrh wvq fõ'

Wod - Mg 2+ < Na+ < Ne < F − < O2−

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 6

 whkSlrK Yla;sh

 jdhquh mrudKqjlska fyda Ok whkhlska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsÍug wjYH wju Yla;sh whkSlrK
Yla;shhs'
 whkSlrKfha § bf,lafg%dakhla kHIaál wdl¾IKfhka uqojd .ekSu isÿ l< hq;= neúka th iEu úg u
;dm wjfYdaIl fõ'

m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh (𝐈𝟏 )

WodiSk jdhquh mrudKqjlska Bg ,sy,

s aj u ne`§ we;s bf,lafg%dakh bj;a lsÍug wjYH wju Yla;shhs'
fyda
WodiSk jdhquh mrudKq ujq,hlska Bg ,sy,
s aj u ne`§ we;s bf,lafg%dak ujq,h bj;alr jdhquh tal Ok
whk ujq,hla iE§fï § isÿjk Yla;s fjkihs'
Wod −
Na (g) Na+ (g)

fojk whkSlrK Yla;sh (𝐈𝟐 )

jdhquh tal Ok whkhlska Bg ,sy,

s aj u ne`§ we;s bf,lafg%dakh bj;a lsÍug wjYH wju Yla;shhs'
fyda
jdhquh tal Ok whk ujq,hlska kHIAáhg ,sys,j
a u ne`§ we;s bf,lafg%dak ujq,h bj;alr jdhquh oaú
Ok whk ujq,hla iE§fï § isÿjk Yla;s fjkihs'
Wod −
Na+ (g) Na2+ (g)

uQ,øjHl wkqhd; whkSlrK Yla;s

i,ld n,k uQ,øjHhl bf,lafg%dak tlska tl bj;a lsÍfï § ta i`oyd ,nd Èh hq;= Yla;Ska ys úp,kh ms<sn`oj
wOHkhla fuys§ isÿfõ'

Wod − ldnka ( 126𝐶 )

wkqhd; whkSlrK Yla;s

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 7

 • WodiSk mrudKqjlska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsÍu m<uq whkSlrKfha § isÿjk w;r fojk whkSlrKfha §
isÿjkafka bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsÍfuka ,efnk tal Ok whkhlska bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsÍuhs' th m<uq
wjia:djg idfmalaIj wmyiq neúka fojk whkSlrK Yla;sh, m<uq whkSlrK Yla;shg idfmalaIj by< fõ'

• by; wdldrhg l%ufhka bf,lafg%dakh bj;a lsÍug isÿjk whkfha Ok iajNdjh by< hk neúka (bf,lafg%dak
kHIaáhg olajk wdl¾Ikh jeä jk neúka) whkSlrK Yla;sh l%ufhka by< hhs'

• ∴ I1 < I2 < I3 ''' f,i whkSlrK Yla;sh úp,kh fõ'

• Yla;s uÜgula udre ùfuka miqj bj;a lsÍug isÿjk bf,lafg%dakh mj;skafka jvd wNHka;r Yla;s uÜgul
jk neúka (kHIaáhg jvd wdl¾Ykh ù mj;sk neúka) th bj;a lsÍu i`oyd idfmalaIj b;d by< Yla;shla
iemhSug isÿfõ' tuksid Yla;s uÜgula udre jk úg whkSlrK Yla;sh tljr u lemSfmfkk f,i by< hhs'

• lsishï uQ,øjHhl wkqhd; whkSlrK Yla;s w.hka úp,kfha m<uqjrg, by; i`oyka jQ wdldrfha lemSfmfkk
jeäùula isÿjkafka 𝑛 jk bf,lafg%dakh bj;a lsÍfï § kï, tu uQ,øjHfha msg;u Yla;s uÜgfuys we;s
bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj (𝑛 − 1) úh hq;= h' ta wkqj uQ,øjHh wh;a jk ldKavh ks.ukh l< yels fõ'

• óg wu;rj Wm Yla;s uÜgula udre ùfï § o whkSlrK Yla;sfhys iq`M lemS fmfkk jeä ùula ksÍlaIKh
fõ'

m%:u whkSlrK Yla;s úp,kh

whkSlrK Yla;sh flfrys n,mdk idOl

1) iM, kHIaál wdl¾IKh

i. kHIaál wdl¾IKh
ii. ksjdrl wdprKh

2) mrudKqfõ ;ru (kHIaáfha isg bf,lafg%dakhg we;s uOHkH ÿr u; r|d mj;S')

3) bf,lafg%dak úkHdih

mrudKql l%udxlh iu`. m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh úp,kh jk wdldrh

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 8

  ldKavhl by< isg my<g whkSlrK Yla;sh wvq fõ'

ldKavhl my<g hdfï § mrudKql wrh jeä ùu ksid ndysr bf,lafg%dak kHIaáfhka wE;a fõ' fï
fya;=fjka ta fj; mj;sk kHIaál wdl¾IKh wvq jk neúka tu bf,lafg%dakh bj;a lsÍu myiq fõ'

 wdj¾;hla Tiafia ol=Kg hdfï § whkSlrK Yla;sh iuia;hla jYfhka jeä fõ' kuq;a fuu jeäùu
′ wlajla ′ f,i isÿ fõ' (𝒅 f.dkqjg wh;a wdj¾; fldgil kï fuu jeä ùu b;d iq`M jYfhka isÿ fõ -
miqjg wOHkh flf¾')

wdj¾;hl ol=Kh hdfï § mrudKq j, bf,lafg%dak u; l%shdlrk iM, kHIaál wdl¾IK n,h by< hk

w;r kHIaáfha isg ndysr bf,lafg%dak j,g we;s ÿr o wvq fõ' fï ksid tu bf,lafg%dak bj;a lsÍu wmyiq

fõ'

 wdj¾;hla Tiafia ol=Kg hdfï § 𝟐 yd 𝟏𝟓 ldKav j, § whkSlrK Yla;sh iq¨ jYfhka jeäùï fmkajhs'

2 yd 15 ldKav j, bf,lafg%dak úkHdi ms<sfj,ska 𝑛𝑠 2 yd 𝑛𝑝3 hk mQ¾K yd w¾O ia:dhS wdldrhla .kshs'

fï ksid fuu ldKav j, mrudKq bf,lafg%dakhla bj;a lsÍfuka ish bf,lafg%dak úkHdifha we;s ia:dhS;djh

wysñ lr .ekSug hï m%;sfrdaOhla olajhs'

 wdj¾;hla udre ùfï § whkSlrK Yla;sfha úYd, jYfhka wvqùula isÿfõ'

wdj¾;hla udre ùfï § w¨f;ka msfrk bf,lafg%dakh kj Yla;s uÜgulg tl;= fõ' tu ksid tu mrudKql

wrh úYd, jYfhka tljr by< hhs' túg fmr i`oyka jQ wdldrhg whkSlrK Yla;sh tljr my< hhs'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 9

 wNHdi

01. whksl wrh u; fm<.iajkak'

i) P 3− , O2− , S 2− , Cl− , F − iii) N3− , O2− , F − , Na+ , Mg 2+

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………

ii) Na+ , Mg 2+ , Al3+ , P 3− , S 2− , Cl− iv) S 2− , Cl− , P 3− , O2− , H −

……………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………

02. my; m%fNaOhka wrh u; fm<.iajkak'

i) Na+ , Na2+ , Na3+ , Na iv) K, Na, P 3− , N3− , S 2−

………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………

ii) Na, Na+ , Mg, Mg 2+ v) Na+ , Mg 2+ , O2− , N 3− , Ne

………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………

iii) Na+ , Mg 2+ , Mg + , Mg, Na

…………………………………………………………………

03. my; uQ,øjH j, wkqhd; whKSlrK Yla;ska úp,kh o< jYfhka m%ia:dr .; lrkak'

I. C II. O
III. Ne IV. B

04.
i) Na isg Ar olajd m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh úp,kh jk wdldrh m%ia:dßlj olajkak'
ii) N isg Si olajd uq,øjHj, m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh úp,kh m%ia:dßlj olajkak'
iii) Li isg Ne olajd fojk whkSlrK Yla;sh úp,kh m%ia:dßlj olajkak'

05. my; olajd we;s m%fNao m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh u; fm<.iajkak'

i) Be, N, B, O, C iv) P, Cl, Ar, Ca, K

………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………

ii) Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, O v) Na, Mg, Al, Ne, K, Ca

………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………

iii) N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg vi) Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al

………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 10

 06. P, Q, R, S yd T hk wkqhd; uq,øjH 5 ys m%:u whkSlrK Yla;s úp,Hh my; mßÈ fõ'

PX
S
X
R X X T

by; uq,øjH wh;ajk ldKav y`ÿkd.kak'

07. A , B , C ,D keue;s wkqhd; uQ,øjH 4 l m%:u whkSlrK Yla;s úp,kh my; mßÈ fõ'

I1
-1
( kJ mol )

l l l l uQ,øjHh
A B C D
i) A , B , C , D i`oyd mej;sh yels ldKav wxl fhdackd lrkak'
ii) D muKla ldur WIAK;ajfha jdhqjla kï A , B , C , D ksjerÈ ldKav wxl ,nd fokak'
iii) A , B , C , D uQ,øjH y`ÿkd.kak'

08. A, B, C yd D hkq wkqhd; uq,øjH 4 ys m%:u whkSlrK Yla;s úp,kh my; mßÈ fõ'

I1

B X
X D
X X
C
A

mr'l%'

i) A, B, C yd D wh;a úh yels ldKav kï lrkak'

ii) A isis,a c,h iu`. fõ.fhka m%;sl%shd lrk kuq;a B tfia fkdlrhs' A, B, C yd D y`ÿkajkak'
iii) C ys wkqhd; whkSlrK Yla;s 6 la m%ia:dßlj olajkak'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 11

 09. A , B , C iy D hk wkqhd; uQ,øjH 4 ys m<uq w'Yla;s w.hka úp,kh my; mßÈ fjhs'

i) A iy D olajd uQ, øjH wh;a ldKav wxl kï lrkak'

ii) D j, ialkaO l%udxlh 30 la muK fõ kï A , B , C iy D y÷kdf.k tajdfha bf,lafg%dak úkHdih ,shd
olajkak'

10. A , B , C iy D hk wkqhd; uQ,øjH 4 ys " m<uq w'Y' úp,kh my; olajd we;' A j, mrudKql l%udxlh n
fõ'

i) A , B , C iy D wh;a jk ldKav wxl ,nd fokak'

ii) fuys C iy D hkq iajNdjfha nyq, uQ,øjH 2 ls' A , B , C , D y÷kd.kak'
iii) fïjdfha fojk whkSlrK Yla;Ska fuu m%ia:drh ;=,u ,l=Kq lrkak'
iv) A uQ,øjHfha wkqhd; whKSlrk Yla;s úp,kh o< jYfhka m%ia:drhla ;=, we| olajkak'

11.
i) A, B, C, D yd E hk uq,øjH j, m%:u whkSlrKh Yla;s úp,kh C < E < D < A < B f,i fõ' A isg D olajd
uq,øjH wod, jk ldKav i`oyka lrkak'

ii) P, Q, R, S yd T uq,øjHj, I1 úp,kh P < R < Q < S < T f,i fõ' uq,øjH wh;ajk ldKAv y`ÿkd.kak'

iii) L, M, N, P yd Q hk uq,øjHj, I1 úp,kh P < Q <<< L < M < N kï tajd wh;a ldKav y`ÿkd.kak'

iv) S, T, U, V yd X hk uq,øjHj, I1 úp,kh X <<< T < S < U < V f,i fõ kï tajd wh;a jk ldKav y`ÿkd.kak'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 12

 úoHq;a RK;dj

 iyixhqc nkaOkhl § nkaOk bf,lafg%dak hq., ;ud foig wdl¾Ikh lr .ekSug uq,øjH mrudKqjlg we;s
yelshdj tys úoHq;a iDK;djh kï fõ'
 úoHq;a iDK;djh úúO mßudKj,g wkqj m%ldY lr we;' fï w;ßka jvd iq,nj Ndú;djk ,Skia fmda,xs kï
úoHd{hd úiska bÈßm;a l< fmda,sx mßudKhg wkqj úúO uq,øjHj, úoHq;a iDK;d w.hka my; mßÈ fõ'

ka

 fï wkqj wdj¾;hla Tiafia jfï isg ol=Kg úoHq;a iDK;djh jeäjk w;r ldKavhl by< isg my<g
úoHq;a iDK;djh wvq fõ' (𝒅 f.dkqfõ uQ,øjH ie,lSfï § wm.ukhka olakg ,efí')

ú' iDK' jeä fõ'

ú' iDK' jeä fõ'

 úoHq;a iDK;djhg m%;sf,dauj hk .=Khla f,i úoHq;a Ok;djh ie,lsh yel'

 nkaOkhla idok mrudKq foflys úoHq;aRK;d fjki u; tu nkaOkfha iyixhqc fyda whksl iajNdjh
ms<sn`oj woyila ,nd .; yel'

 by; mßÈ fmda,k

s a mßudKhg wkqj uq,øjHhlg ksYaÑ; úoHq;a iDK;d w.hla ,nd ÿkak o tl u
uq,øjHhl jqj o úoHq;a iDK;djh uqyqïlrKh, mrudKqj u; we;s wdfrdamKh, T’lrKdxlh, wod,
mrudKqjg iïnkaO ù we;s wfkl=;a mrudKq jeks idOl u; fjkia fõ'

 úoHq;a iDK;djhg m%;sf,dauj hk .=Khla f,i úoHq;a Ok;djh ie,lsh yel'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 13

 bf,lafg%daklrK Yla;sh

 jdhquh mrudKqjlg fyda wekdhkhlg bf,lafg%dakhla we;=,a lsÍfï § isÿjk Yla;s úm¾hdi ms<sn`oj fuys§
wOHkh flf¾'

m%:u bf,lafg%dk
a lrK Yla;sh

jdhquh mrudKqjlg bf,lafg%dakhla tla lsÍfï § isÿ jk Yla;s úm¾hdih bf,lafg%dak ,nd .ekSfï Yla;sh
hkqfjka ye`Èkafõ'
tuksid nyq;rhla uQ,øjH j, m%:u bf,lafg%daklrK Yla;sh ;dm odhl (bf,lafg%dakh .ekSfï § ;dmh msg
lrhs / ∆H = (−) ) ù we;' tkï iaj leue;af;ka bf,lafg%dak ,nd .kshs'

m%:u bf,lafg%daklrK Yla;sh ;dm wjfYdaIl jk m%fNao

1.

2.

3.

 mrudKql wrh jeä jk úg idudkHfhka bf,lafg%daklrK Yla;sfhys ;dmodhl iajNdjh (bf,lafg%dakhla

,nd .ekSug we;s leue;a;) wvq fõ'
 kuq;a i,ld n,k ldKavhl 2 wdj¾;fha we;s uQ,øjHhlg idfmalaIj 3 wdj¾;fha uQ,øjHhl m%:u
bf,lafg%daklrK Yla;sfhys ;dm odhl iajNdjh (bf,lafg%dakhla ,nd .ekSug we;s leue;a;) by< fõ'
 óg fya;=j f,i msg;ska bf,lafg%dakhla ,nd.ekSug iqÿiq , m%Yia; u m%udKfha mrudKql wrhla we;af;a 3
wdj¾;fha uQ,øjH j,g nj lshhs'
 fuu fya;=j wkqj m%:u bf,lafg%dak nkaOq;djh u; F < Cl ùu , O < S ùu yd N ys m%:u bf,lafg%dak
nkaOq;djh ;dm wjfYdaIl kuq;a P ys th ;dm odhl ùu hk lreKq meyeÈ,s l< yel'

fojk bf,lafg%dk
a lrK Yla;sh

jdhquh tal ixhqc wekdhk ujq,hlg bf,lafg%dak ujq,hla ,nd § jdhquh oaõ ixhqc wekdhk ujq,hla
iE§fï § isÿjk Yla;s fjkihs' fuh iEu úg u ;dm wjfYdaIl fõ' (wlue;af;ka isÿfõ')
 idudkHfhka ixLHd;aulj fojk bf,lafg%dak nkaOq;djh m%:u bf,lafg%dak nkaOq;djhg jvd by< fõ'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 14

 wu;r oekqug'''

legdhk wekdhk iE§fï yelshdj

 uQ,øjHhl whk iE§fï yelshdj tys whkSlrK Yla;s yd ixhqc;d ljpfha we;s bf,lafg%dak ixLHdj
u; ;SrKh fõ'
 wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ 1, 2 yd 13 ldKav j, uQ,øjH legdhk idok w;r 15, 16 yd 17 ldKav j, uQ,øjH
wekdhk idohs'
 tkï idudkHfhka f,day u`.ska legdhk we;sjk w;r wf,day u`.ska wekdhk we;sfõ'
 𝟏𝟒 ldKavhg wh;a uQ,øjH idudkHfhka +𝟒 whk fkdidohs' Bg fya;=j tajdfha m<uq , fojk , f;jk yd
isõjk whkSlrK Yla;sj, tl;=j úYd, w.hla ùuhs'

;dmdxl yd øjdxl úp,kh

 wdj¾;hl by< u øjdxl ;dmdxl 𝟏𝟒 jk ldKavfha uQ,øjH u`.ska fmkajhs' ta tajd fhdaO iyixhqc cd,
f,i iajNdjfha mj;sk neúks'
 wdj¾;hl my< u øjdxl ;dmdxl 𝟏𝟖 jk ldKavfha uQ,øjH u`.ska fmkajhs' ta tajd ;ks mrudKql wKq
f,i iajNdjfha mj;sk neúks'
 wdj¾;hla Tiafia jfï isg ol=Kg øjdxl ;dmdxl meyeÈ,s rgdjlg úp,khla ksÍlaIKh l< fkdyel'
 wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ jï mi we;s ldKav (f,day) j, my<g hdfï § øjdxl ;dmdxl my< hhs'
 wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ ol=Kq mi we;s ldKav (wf,day) j, my<g hdfï § øjdxl ;dmdxl idudkHfhka by<
hhs'
TlaislrK TlaisyrK yelshdj

 lsishï ridhksl m%fNaohla m%;sl%shdjl § bf,lafg%dak ,nd.ekSu TlaisyrKh f,i y`ÿqkajhs'

Wod − F + e F−
 lsishï ridhksl m%fNaohla m%;sl%shdjl § bf,lafg%dak msglsÍu TlaislrKh f,i y`ÿqkajhs'
Wod − Na Na+ + e

 fuys § TlaislrKh jk m%fNaoh Tlaisydrlh f,i o TlaisyrKh jk m%fNaoh Tlaisldrlh f,i o

y`ÿkajhs'
 wdj¾;hl jfï isg ol=Kg hdfï §, uQ,øjH j, bf,lafg%dak msglsÍfï yelshdj wvq jk w;r bf,lafg%dak
,nd .ekSfï yelshdj jeä fõ'
 tkï wdj¾;hl jfï isg ol=Kg TlaislrK yelshdj wvqfjñka TlaisyrK yelshdj jeä fõ'
 ldKavhla Tiafia my<g bf,lafg%dak bj;a lsÍu jvd myiq jk neúka TlaislrK yelshdj jeäfõ'

f,day .=K

 f,dayhla hkq ,
my< Ok TlaislrKdxl fmkajk, f,dayl nkaOk cd,hl mj;sk m%fNaohls'
 f,dayuh mrudKq myiqfjka bf,lafg%dak msglrñka TlaislrKh ùug keUqrejla olajhs'
 wdj¾;hl jfï isg ol=Kg hdfï § f,day .=K wvq fõ'
 ldKavhl my<g hdfï § f,day .=K jeä fõ'

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 15

 wNHdi
1)
i) ‘úoHq;a RK;djh’ w¾: olajkak'

…......…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………..……...

……..…………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………..…………...…

ii) iajNdjfha mj;sk úoHq;a RK;djfha jeäu uq,øjH 3 ms<sfj,ska i`oyka lrkak'

…...…….……………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………

iii) iyixhqc nkaOkhla ;ekSug odhl jk mrudKq 2 w;r úoHq;a ikakdhl fjki jeä jk úg nkaOkfha
iyixhqc iajNdjh jeä fõo wvq fõo?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

iv) “idudkHfhka WÉp jdhqka i`oyd úoHq;a iDK;d w.hka w¾: fkd±lafõ' kuq;a Xe jeks uq,øjH j,g
úoHq;a iDK;d w.hka mj;shs'” fuu m%ldYh myokak'

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

v) fmda,ska mßudKhg wkqj úoHq;a iDK;djh 2.5 g jeä m<uq wdj¾: 3g wh;a uq,øjHhka fudkjdo?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

vi) lsishï i,ld n,k uQ,øjHhl úoHq;a iDK;djh fjkia ùug n,mdk idOl fudkjdo?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2)
i) mrudKql wrh flfrys n,mdk idOl i`oyka lrkak'

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) SF4 yd SF6 f,i ixfhda. mj;shs' SCl4 f,i ixfhda.hla mej;sh o SCl6 f,i ixfhda.hla ke;af;a
ukao hkak myokak'

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 16

 3) my; mo y`ÿkajkak'

i. iyixhqc wrh —

…......…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………..…

………..…………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………..………

…...…….……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………

ii. jekavjd,a wrh —

…......…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………..…

………..…………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………..………

…...…….……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………

iii. f,dayl wrh —

…......…………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………..…

………..…………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………..………

…...…….……………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………

4)
i) m%:u whkSlrK Yla;sh hkak w¾: olajkak'

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) fojk whkSlrK Yla;sh hkak w¾: olajkak'

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 17

 5) úoHq;a iDK;djh u; fm<.iajkak'

i) Na, Mg, P, K, N iv) Na, C, N, H, O

………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………

ii) Ba, O, Mg, Cs, Al, C v) Cl, Br, F, I, O, N

………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………

iii) H, N, O, F, P

…………………………………………………………

6) my; m%fNao j, § we;s uQ,øjHh úoHq;a iDK;djh u; fm<.iajkak'

1. CO2, CO, CH4, H2CO3, COCl2, CCl4

2. N2 , NH3 , N2H2 , NO , NO2 , NO2− , NO3− , NH2−

3. S8 , SO2 , SO3 , H2 S , SO2− 2−

3 , SO4

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 18

 igyka ………

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 19

wñ, oikdhl | wdidfjka bf.k.kak 20