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Anemia (Investigatory Ram Recommended
Mehra
project) class 11 R Student at Follow
Anaemia
May 20, 2016 • Download as DOCX, PDF • gghs
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Anaemia results from a lack of red blood cells or
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Anemia (Investigatory project) class 11

1. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 1 INTRODUCTION Anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder in the
world. Anemia is a major killer in India. As it a!ects an estimated 50% of the population. Statistics reveal that every second Indian
woman is anemic. One in every five maternal deaths is directly due to anemia. Anemia a!ects both adults and children of both
sexes, although pregnant women and adolescent girls are most susceptible and most a!ected by this disease. Anemia prevalence in
young children continues to remain over 70% in most parts of India.
2. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 2 OBJECTIVES What is Anemia? Classification and Pathophysiology of Anemia
Anemia Cause Anemia Symptoms Lab Investigation of Anemia Treatment What Is Anemia?
3. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 3 Anemia is a conditionthat develops when your blood lacks enough healthy re d blood
cells or hemoglobin.Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or
your hemoglobinis abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen. Symptoms of anemia -- like fatigue -- occur
because organs aren't getting what they need to function properly. Anemia is the most common blood conditionin the U.S. and India.
It a!ects about 3.5 million Americans.Women, young children, and people with chronic diseases are at increased risk of anemia.
Important factors to remember are: Certain forms of anemia are hereditary and infants may be a!ected from the timeof birth.
Women in the childbearing years are particularly susceptibleto iron- deficiency anemia because of the blood loss from menstruation
and the increased blood supply demands during pregnancy. Older adults also may have a greater risk of developing anemia
because of poor diet and other medical conditions. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
4. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 4 CLASSIFICATION TYPES OF ANAEMIA
5. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 5 Normochromic, normocytic anaemia (normal MCHC, normal MCV).These include: ◦
Anemia of chronic disease ◦ Haemolytic anemia (those characterized by accelerated destruction of rbc's) ◦ Anemia of acute
hemorrhage ◦ Aplastic anemia (those characterized by disappearance of rbc precursors from the marrow) Hypochromic, microcytic
anaemia (low MCHC, low MCV).Theseinclude: ◦ Iron deficiency anemia ◦ Thalassemia ◦ Anemia of chronic diseases Normochromic,
macrocytic anaemia(normal MCHC, high MCV).Theseinclude:
6. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 6 ◦ Vitamin B12 deficiency ◦ Folate deficiency CAUSES OF ANAEMIA Based on clinical
:
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7. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 7 Iron deficiency anaemia ♣ Excessive loss of iron. ♣ Women are at risk. ---- For
menstrual blood and growing fetus. Megaloblastic anaemia ♣ Less intake of vitamin B 12 and folic acid. ♣ Red bone marrow
produces abnormal RBC. E.g. cancer drugs Pernicious anaemia ♣ Inability of stomach to absorb vitamin B 12 in small intestine.
Hemorrhagic anaemia ♣ Excessive loss of RBC through bleeding, stomach ulcers, menstruation
8. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 8 Hemolytic anaemia ♣ RBC plasma membraneruptures. ♣ May be due to parasites,
toxins, antibodies. Thalassemia ♣ Less synthesis of hemoglobin .Found in population of Mediterranean sea. Sickle cell anemia ♣
Hereditary blood disorder, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Aplastic anaemia ♣
Destruction of red bone marrow. ♣ caused by toxins, gamma radiation. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Common symptoms of anemia Easy
fatigue and loss of energy
9. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 9 Unusually rapid heartbeat, particularly with exercise Shortness of breath and
headache, particularly with exercise Di!iculty concentrating Dizziness Pale skin Leg cramps Insomnia AnaemiaCaused by
Iron Deficiency People with an iron deficiency may experience these symptoms:
10. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 10 A hunger for strange substances such as paper, ice, or dirt (a condition called
pica) Upward curvature of the nails, referred to as koilonychias Soreness of the mouth with cracks at the corners AnaemiaCaused
by Vitamin B12 Deficiency People whose Anemia is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B12 may have these symptoms: A tingling,
"pins and needles" sensation in the hands or feet Lost sense of touch A wobbly gait and di!iculty walking Clumsiness and
sti!ness of the arms and legs Dementia Hallucinations, paranoia, and schizophrenia
11. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 11 Symptoms of anemia
12. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 12 Investigations The red cell population is defined by 1. Quantitative parameters:
Volume of packed cells i.e. the haematocrit Hemoglobin concentration Red cell concentration per unit volume. 2. Qualitative
parameters: Mean corpuscular volume Mean corpuscular hemoglobin Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
13. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 13 Quantitativeparameters Haematocrit (Packed cell volume): It is the proportion of
the volume of blood sample that is occupied by RBCs. Men -42-52% Women -36-48% Cell Volume Hemoglobin Concentration: It
is the amount of hemoglobin per unit volume of blood.(Gms/Dl) Women - 12-16gms/dl Men - 14-17 Gms/dl Red Cell Count:
Total number of Red Cells per unit volume of blood sample. [ No. of RBC/ cu.mm ] Men - 4.2-5.4*106//mm3 Women- 3.6-5.0*
106/mm3
14. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 14 Qualitativeparameters Mean Corpuscular Volume: It is the average volume a RBC.
[ fL ] Normal 82-98mm3or 82-98fL Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin: It is the average hemoglobin content per RBC. Normal value
is 27 to 31 pL Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration: It is the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given Red Cell
Volume. [Gms/ dL ] Normal 32-36 g/Dl
15. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 15 TREATMENT MILD &MODERATE GROUP DOSAGE/day Children2-5 years 20-30mg
iron Children6-11 years 30-60mg iron Adolescentsandadults 60 mg iron Anaemia will correct within 2 to 4 months if appropriate iron
dosages are administered and underlying cause of iron deficiency is corrected. Continue iron therapy an additional 4 to 6 months
(adults) a"er the hemoglobin normalizes to replenish the iron stores.
16. INVESTIGATOTRY PROJECT BIOLOGY Page 16 SEVERE ANAEMIA A"er completing 3 months of therapeutic supplementation,
pregnant women and infants should continue preventive supplementation program. AGE GROUP DOSE DURATION <2 years 25 mg iron
+ 100- 400 ug folicacid daily 3 months 2-12 years 60 mg iron + 400 ug folicaciddaily 3 months Adolescentsand adults, including
pregnantwomen 120 mg iron+400ug folicaciddaily 3 months

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