SH1658

Goals of Counseling (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003)

1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the client’s human growth and development
including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness
2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome
3. Enhancement Goals – enhanced special skills and abilities
4. Remedial Goals – assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development
5. Exploratory Goals – examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc.
6. Reinforcement Goals – helps clients in recognizing that what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is
fine.
7. Cognitive Goals – involve acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills
8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health
9. Physiological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control, and
developing a positive self-concept

Ethical Principles of Counseling

1. Autonomy of individuals
➢ Based on the right to freedom of action and freedom of choice in so far as the pursuit of these
freedom does not interfere with the freedom of others
2. Principle of Nonmaleficence
➢ Refers to the instruction to all helpers or healers that they must, above all, do no harm;
➢ Beneficence refers to the order to promote human welfare
➢ Both nonmaleficence and beneficence occur in the prominence in codes of practice that counselors
must warrant that they are trained to the appropriate level of competence
3. Principle of Justice
➢ Concerned with the fair distribution of resources and services, unless there is some acceptable
reason for treating them differently
➢ For counseling, the principle has particular relevance to the question of access
4. Principle of Fidelity
➢ Shares to the presence of loyalty, reliability, dependability, and action in good faith
➢ The rule of confidentiality reveals the importance of fidelity; entering into a contract means to stay
with the client and give the case his/her efforts

Roles and Functions of Counselors

1. Individual Assessment – seeks to identify the characteristics and potential of every client; promotes
the client’s self-understanding and assisting counselors to understand the client better
2. Individual Counseling – considers as the core activity through which other activities become
meaningful; it is a client-centered process that demand confidentiality
3. Group Counseling and Guidance – groups are means of providing organized and planned assistance
to individuals for an array of needs
4. Career Assistance – counselors are called on to provide career planning and adjustment assistance
to clients
5. Placement and Follow-Up – a service of school counseling programs wit emphasis on educational
placements in course and programs
6. Referral – the practice of helping clients find needed expert assistance that the referring counselor
cannot provide
7. Consultation – a process of helping a client through a third party or helping the system improve its
services to its clientele.
8. Research – necessary to advance the profession of counseling; it can provide empirically-based data
relevant to the ultimate goal of implementing effective counseling.
9. Evaluation and Accountability – evaluation means of assessing the effectiveness of counselor’s
activities; accountability is an outgrowth of demand that schools and other tax-supported institutions be
held accountable for their actions
10. Prevention – includes the promotion of mental health through primary prevention using a social-
psychological perspective.

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Competencies of Counselors (McLeod, 2003)

1. Interpersonal Skills – counselors who are competent display the ability to listen, communicate,
empathize, be present, aware of nonverbal communication, sensitive to voice quality, responsive to
expressions of emotion, turn-taking, structure if time, and use of language
2. Personal Beliefs and Attitudes – counselors have the capacity to accept others, believe in the
potential for change, awareness of ethical and moral choices, and sensitive to values held by client and
self
3. Conceptual Ability – counselors have the ability to understand and assess the client’s problems, to
anticipate future problems, to make sense of immediate process in terms of a wider conceptual scheme
to remember information about the client
4. Personal Soundness – counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to counseling
relationships, self-confidence, capacity to tolerate strong or uncomfortable feelings in relation to clients
5. Mastery of Techniques – counselors must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out specific
interventions, ability to assess the effectiveness of interventions, understanding of the rationale behind
techniques, possession of a sufficiently wide repertoire of interventions
6. Ability to understand and work within social systems – this would comprise of awareness of family
and work relationships of the client, the impact of agency on the clients, the capacity to use support
networks and supervision, sensitivity to the client from different gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or
age group
7. Openness to learning and inquiry – counselors must have the capacity to be curious about clients’
backgrounds and problems, being open to new knowledge.

Stages and Process in Counseling (Nystul, 2003)

1. Relationship Building – the heart of counseling because it provides the force and foundation for
counseling to succeed. It involves establishing rapport, promote acceptance, establishing genuine
interaction, promote direct mutual communication, etc.
2. Assessment and Diagnosis – one of the most crucial stages. It serves as the window for the counselor
to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.
3. Formulation of Counseling Goals – Counseling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome
goal. Process Goals institute the circumstances needed to make the counseling work progress while
outcome goals stipulate the desire of the client in terms of the counseling process.
4. Intervention and Problem Solving – upon the formulation of the counseling goals, the strategies for
intervention may now be outlined. Interventions comprise of individual, group, couples, and family
counseling.
5. Termination and Follow Up – the essential goal in counseling to witness a client's progress on his/her
own without the assistance of the counselor.
6. Research and Evaluation – this stage can be undertaken at any point in the counseling stage.
Research and evaluation are fundamental parts of the evaluation.

Examples of Methods of Counseling

A. Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theories

The approach of Freud in counseling and psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis which
is an analysis of the mind.
Methods and Techniques
a. Free Association – a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes to his mind in
order to release suppressed emotions
b. Dream Analysis – a method to explore unconscious processes using dreams
c. Confrontation and Clarification – a form of feedback procedure for patients to become aware of
what is happening to them and to determine areas for further analysis
d. Interpretation – a process of giving insights to the patients about their inner conflicts which can be
reflected in resistance, transference, and other processes

B. Adler’s Individual Psychology

The approach of Adler in counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition in
psychological functioning.

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Phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy

a. First Phase: Establishing the Relationship
➢ Use of listening skills – to promote mutual trust and respect
➢ Winning respect and offering hope – increase the client’s motivation to be involved in
counseling
➢ Encouragement – gives the feeling of support to the client
b. Second Phase: Performing Analysis and Assessment
➢ Lifestyle Analysis – identify the client’s strengths
➢ Dream Analysis – see dreams as an attempt to deal with difficulties and challenges of life
c. Third Phase: Promoting Insights
➢ Insight Process – allows clients to understand the dynamics of self-defeating
d. Phase Four: Reorientation
➢ Spitting in the Client’s Soup – involves determining the pay-off of the game and interpreting it
to the client
➢ The Push-Button Techniques – includes focusing on pleasant and unpleasant experiences and
feelings they generated
➢ Catching Oneself – used to avoid old defeating patterns such as humor
➢ Acting as-if – advances “can-do” spirit and self-fulfilling prophecy
➢ Task setting and Commitment – provides a structure as a homework assignment that can be
useful in instilling the value of effort to change

C. Jung’s Analytic Psychology

The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy. Its overall goal is to
work for the client’s transcend and move towards self-realization by helping the self to emerge.
a. Jung’s approach highlights the task of the unconscious processes in “psychological functioning.”
b. The approach applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to
utilize the result to boost the functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness.
c. Jungian counseling believes that the method of treatment must be flexible and has to established
by the character and persona of the clients.
d. Jungian approach analyzes the interrelationship of several dreams recorded over a period of time.

Reference:
Melegrito, M., Dela Cruz, A., Valdez, V., & Fernandez, C. (2016). The Padayon Series: Disciplines and
Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

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