Summer 2020 749 750 Thermal Science and Engineering

SUMMER 2020 Q – W will be stored in the system. Energy in storage is neithr heat nor
THERMAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (MC 405) work, and is given the name, simply the energy of the system, E.
Answer Five questions, taking ANY TWO from Group A, If the electric, magnetic and chemical energies are absent, and changes
ANY TWO from Group B and ALL form Group C. in potential and kinetic energies for a closed system are neglected for a
Figures in the bracket indicate full marks. closed system, the first law can be written as
Group A Q – W = U Or Q = W + U, which is to be proved.
Q. 1 (a) Define thermodynamic system. Differentiate among (c) The processes are shown in Fig. 1 and the relevant data, which
open system, close system and isolated system. (4) are given, are indicated on it. In the Figure, 1-2 is heating in the heat
(b) State the first law of thermodynamics and prove that for exchanger. 2-3 is expansion in the turbine and 3-4 is expansion in the nozzle.
non flow process it leads to Q = W + U. (6)
(c) Air at 290 K temperature passes through a heat exchanger
at 30 m/s velocity and its temperature gets raised to 1100 K.
Subsequently the heated air enters a turbine with the same velocity
and its expansion continues till the temperature drops to 900 K. After
Fig. 1 : Processes of Q. 1 (c)
exit from the turbine at 45 m/s, further expansion occurs in a nozzle
and the temperature falls to 800 K. If mass flow rate of air is 2 kg/s, Air flow rate is given as 2 kg/s.
determine: (i) Heat transfer rate, to air, in the heat exchanger,
(i) Rate of heat transfer to air in the heat exchanger = m Cp (T2 – T1) = 2 × 1.005 × (1100 – 290)
(ii) Power output from the turbine and = 1628.1 kJ/s Ans.
(iii) Velocity at exit from the nozzle (ii) Power output from the turbine, using steady flow energy equation,
Assume no heat loss and take cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK for air. (10)  V2   V2 
Sol. (a) Thermodynamic system : For its definition, Refer = m  C p T2  2    C p T3  3  
Q. 1(a) (i), Summer 2006.  2000   2000  
Difference between open system and closed system : Refer Q.1 (b)   302   452  
= 2  (1.005  1100)    (1.005  900)  
(i), Winter 2006. 2000   2000  
 
For isolated system, refer Q. 1 (a), Winter 2008. Also refer Q. 1 (b), = 2 × (1105.95 – 905.5) = 400.9 kJ/s (kW) Ans.
Winter 2010.
(iii) For the nozzle,
(b) First law of thermodynamics : Its statement is given, refer
Q. 1 (a), Winter 2006. V32 V2
Cp T3 + = Cp T4 + 4 for 1 kg/s of flow
The expression  2000 2000
 dW   dQ applies only to systems undergoing
cycles, and the algebraic summation of all energy transfers across system V42 V2
boundaries is zero. But if the system (closed) undergoes a change of state  = Cp (T3 – T4) + 3
2000 2000
during which both heat transfer and work transfer are involved, the net
452
energy transfer will be stored or accumulated within the system. If Q is = 1.005 (900 – 800) + = 101.5
the amount of heat transferred to the system, and W is the amount of work 2000
transferred from the system during the process, the net energy transferred  V4 = Ve = 101.5  2000 = 450.5 m/s Ans.
Summer 2020 751 752 Thermal Science and Engineering

Q. 2 (a) State the two statements of second law of Efficiency of engine A,

thermodynamics and establish the equivalence between them. (6) T T
(b) Differentiate between thermodynamic work and heat A = 1  2  1  2 ...(1)
T1 694
transfer. (4)
Output of A,
(c) Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series.
Engine A rejects heat directly to engine B. A receives 200 kJ at a  T2 
temperature of 421 °C from the hot source while engine B is in WA = A × Q1 =  1    200
694 
communication with a cold sink at a temperature of 5 °C. If the work
Heat rejected by engine A
output of A is twice that of B, find:
Q2 = Q1 – W A
(i) Intermediate temperature between A and B
(ii) Efficiency of each engine and  T2 
= 200 – 200  1  
(iii) Heat rejected to the sink. (10) 694 
Sol. (a) For the two statements of second law of thermodynamics,
 T4  T2  200
and proof of the equivalence between them, refer Q. 2 (a), Winter 2006. = 200 1  1   ...(2)
 694  694
(b) For difference between thermodynamic work and heat transfer,
refer Q. 2 (d), Summer 2010. This is also the heat supplied to engine B.
(c) The two reversible heat engines arranged in series are shown in Efficiency of engine B,
Fig. 2. The source temperature, T1 = 421°C, or 421 + 273 = 694 K. The T 278
B = 1  3  1  ...(3)
sink temperature T3 = 5°C or 5 + 273 = 278 K. Let the intermediate T2 T2
temperature be T2 K, and the heat rejected by engine A be Q2.
Output of B, W B =  B × Q2

 278  T2  200
= 1   , from eq. (2).
 T2  694
(i) Given Work output of A = 2 × Work out of B.
 WA = 2 WB

 T2    278  T2  200 
or  1    200 = 2    1  T   694 
694  2 

T2 2 T2 2  278
or 1 = 
694 694 694
or 694 – T2 = 2 T2 – 2 × 278
or 694 + 2 × 278 = 2 T2 + T2 or 1250 = 3 T2.
 Intermediate temperature
1250
T2 = = 416.7 K Ans.
Fig. 2 : Two reversible heat engines in series 3
Summer 2020 753 754 Thermal Science and Engineering

(ii) Efficiency of engine A, from equation (1)

T2 416.7
A = 1  =1–
694 694
= 0.399 or 39.9 % Ans.
Efficiency of engine B, from equation (3)
T 278
B = 1  3  1  = 0.3328 or 33.28 % Ans.
T2 416.7
(iii) Output of A = A × Q1 = 0.399 × 200 = 79.8 kJ
T2  200 416.7  200
Heat input to B = Q2 = = = 120.08 kJ
694 694
Work output of B = B × Q2 = 0.3328 × 120.08 or WB = 39.97 kJ
Fig. 3 : Otto cycle on p-v diagram
 Heat rejected to sink
v1
= Q2 – WB = 120.08 – 39.97 Compression ratio, r = 8
v2
= 80.11 kJ Ans.
Q. 3 (a) What is throttling process? Point out its salient aspects. Heat addition, Q = 2800 kJ/kg of air.
(4) (i) For isentropic compression 1-2,
(b) State and derive Clapeyron equation. (6)  1 1.4  1
(c) An air standard Otto cycle has a heat addition of 2800 kJ/kg  300  (8) 1.4
T 2 = T1 ( r ) = = 685.7 K
of air and a compression ratio of 8. The pressure and temperature at

the begining of compression process are 1 bar and 300 K respectively. v  1.4
p2 = p1  1   1  (8) = 18.38 bar
Determine:  v2 
(i) The maximum pressure and temperature in the cycle
For constant volume heat addition process 2-3,
(ii) The thermal efficiency and
Q = Cv (T3 – T2)
(iii) The mean effective pressure
or 2800 = 0.718 (T3 – 685.7)
Take cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg K and R = 287 J/kg K.
Sol. (a) For throttling process and its salient aspects, refer Q. 9 (ii), 2800
 T3 = Tmax = + 685.7 = 4585.4 K Ans.
Winter 2005. 0.718
(b) For statement of Clapeyron equation, refer Q. 9 (v), Summer T   4585.4 
2005. For its derivation, refer Q. 3 (a), Winter 2005. and p3 = pmax = p2  3  = 18.38  
 T2  685.7 
(c) Refer to the air standard Otto cycle drawn on p-v diagram in Fig. 3.
= 122.9 bar Ans.
Pressure at state 1, p1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa
Temperature at state 1, T1 = 300 K 1 1
(ii) Thermal efficiency = as = 1   1
1 1.4  1
C p 1.005 (r ) (8)
=  = 1.4
Cv 0.718 = 0.5649 or 56.49 % Ans.
Summer 2020 755 756 Thermal Science and Engineering

RT1 0.287  300 (c) Calculate the rate of heat loss through the vertical walls of
(iii) For 1 kg, v1 =  = 0.861 m3/kg a boiler furnace of size 4 m by 3 m by 3 m high. The walls are
p1 100
constructed from an inner fire brick wall 25 cm thick of thermal
v1 0.861 conductivity 0.4 W/mK, a layer of ceramic blanket insulation of
v2 =  = 0.1076 m3/kg
r 8 thermal conductivity 0.2 W/mK and 8 cm thick, and a steel protective
Work done =  × Q = 0.5649 × 2800 = 1581.2 kJ/kg layer of thermal conductivity 55 W/mK and 2 mm thick. The inside
Work done per kg temperature of the fire brick layer was measured at 600 °C and the
 mean effective pressure = temperature of the outside of the insulation 60 °C. Also find the
Swept volume per kg
interface temperature of layers. (8)
1581.2
= = 2099 kN/m2 Sol. (a) The general heat conduction equation in Cartesian co-
0.861 – 0.1076 ordinates is obtained in Q. 5 (b), Summer 2010.
= 20.99 bar Ans. (b) The criteria of selection of fins and also the difference between
The values of pmax, Tmax and mep obtained are very high. It is because fin effectiveness and fin efficiency are given refer Q. 5 (c), Summer 2013.
the rate of heat addition per kg of air is very high. (c) The cross-section of furnace wall is shown in Fig. 4. The thermal
Q. 4 (a) Write the Maxwell equations also write first and second conductivities are (in W/mK).
T-ds equations. (5) kbrick = 0.4, kiM = 0.2 and ksteel = 55.
(b) What is psychometrics? What is an adiabatic saturation
process? (5) The thermal resistance are:
(c) Explain the working of actual gas turbine with p-v and T-s 0.25 m2 0.08 m2
diagram. (5) Rbrick = = 0.625 ; RiM = = 0.4
0.4 wK 0.2 wK
(d) Describe a simple vapour compression cycle giving clearly
T1  T3 600  60
the flow diagram. (5) Heat flux = = = 526.83 W/m2
Rbrick  Rin 0.625  0.4
Sol. (a) Maxwell equations and also the first and second T-ds
equations are written, refer Q. 3 (c), Winter 2013.
(b) Psychrometrics : It is defined, refer Q. 4 (d) (iv), Winter 2012.
Adiabatic saturation process : It is explained, refer Q. 4 (b), Summer
2007, and also Q. 4 (e), Summer 2005.
(c) Working of an actual gas turbine cycle with p-v and T-s diagrams
is described, refer Q. 4 (a), Summer 2010.
(d) The working of a simple vapour compression cycle is described,
refer Q. 3 (d), Summer 2005.
The flow diagram is given in Q. 4 (a), Winter 2005.
Group B
Q. 5 (a) Obtain the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian
co-ordinates. (6)
(b) Discuss the criteria of selection of fins. What is the difference
between fin effectiveness and fin efficiency? (6) Fig. 4 : Cross-section of furnace wall
Summer 2020 757 758 Thermal Science and Engineering

There are four walls of the furnace : 2 of area (4 × 3) m2, and 2 of (b) Critical radius of insulation : For its meaning and derivation of
area (3 × 3) m2. expression for critical thickness of insulation, refer Q. 5 (a), Summer
 Total heat transfer area 2007.
= 2 × (4 × 3 + 3 × 3) = 42 m2 (c) Given:
 Rate of heat loss through the furnace wall Aluminum sphere with mass, m = 5.5 kg;
= heat flux × heat transfer area Specific heat C = 900 J/kg K;
= 526.83 × 42 Thermal conductivity K = 205 W/m K ;
= 22126.8 W Ans. Density  = 2700 k/m3
The heat flux of 42 W/m2 is also equal to heat flux across the free brick Convective heat transfer coefficient, h = 58 W/m2 K
Initial temperature, Ti = 290 °C
T1  T2 600  T2
 42 =  Immersion fluid temperature = 15 °C
Rbrick 0.625
To find time required to reach temperature T = 95 °C
 Interface temperature of layers,
If r = radius of sphere,
T 2 = 600 – 46 × 0.625
= 573.75°C Ans. 4  r3 m 5.5
Volume of sphere = = 
Q. 6 (a) What is the lumped system analysis for transient heat 3  2700
conduction? When it is applicable? (4) 1/ 3
 3  5.5 
(b) What do you mean by critical radius of insulation? Derive  r=  = 0.0786 m
 4  2700 
the expression of critical thickness of insulation for cylinder. (6)
(c) An aluminium sphere mass of 5.5 kg and initially at a Characteristic length of sphere
temperature of 290 °C is suddenly immersed in a fluid at 15 °C with Volume
heat transfer coefficient 58 W/m2 K. Estimate the time required to =
Surface area
cool the aluminium to 95 °C, for aluminium take  = 2700 kg/m3, c
= 900 J/kg K, k = 205 W/mK. (10) r 0.0786
=  = 0.0262 m
Sol. (a) Lumped system analysis for transient heat conduction : Refer 3 3
Q. 9 (vii), Winter 2005.
h  5  0.0262
Applications : It is applied for solids of large thermal conductivity The Biot number Bi =  = 7.416 × 10–3
k 205
and surface areas large in proportional to their volume. The examples are
It is less than 0.1, hence the lumped heat capacity system analysis
(i) plates
may be applied.
(ii) thin metallic wires
For temperature-T, time t history
(iii) heat treatment of metals
 ht  ht
(iv) Time response of thermocouples and thermometers. T  T C 95  15 C
= e or = e = 0.2909
Ti  T 290  15
Summer 2020 759 760 Thermal Science and Engineering

ht  58 t
or ln (0.2909) =  = 2700  0.0262  900
C

= – 9.11 × 10–4 t
ln (0.2909)
 t = = 1355 s
9.11  104
= 22.59 minutes Ans.
Q. 7 (a) Obtain the momentum equation for a hydrodynamic
boundary layer over a flat plate. (6)
(b) Obtain an expression for LMTD for a counter flow heat
exchanger. (6) Fig. 5 : Temperature variation along heat exchanger (counter flow)
(c) In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger, water is heated
Making an energy balance
from 25 °C to 65 °C by an oil with a specific heat of 1.45 kJ/kg K and
mass flow rate of 0.9 kg/s. The oil is cooled from 230 °C to 160 °C. If Q = Heat lost by oil
the overall heat transfer coefficient is 420 W/m2 °C, calculate the = Heat gained by water
following: i.e. Q = heat transfer rate
(i) The rate of heat transfers
= moil  Ch (thin  thout )
(ii) The mass flow rate of water and
= mw Cw (tcout  tcin )
(iii) The surface area of the heat exchangers (8)
Sol. (a) Momentum equation for hydrodynamic boundary layer over or 0.9 × 1.45 (230 – 160)
a flat plate : It is obtained, refer Q. 6 (a), Winter 2008. = mw × 4.18 × (65 – 25)
(b) Expression for LMTD for a counter flow exchanger : It is obtained, i.e. mass flow rate of water
refer Q. 7 (a), Winter 2008.
(c) 0.9 kg/s of oil (specific heat Ch = 1.45 kJ/kg k) is cooled from 0.9  1.45  70 91.35
mw = =
4.18  40 4.18  40
thin = 230 °C to th
out
= 160 °C. It heats mw kg/s of water from = 0.54635 kg/s Ans. (ii)
tcin = 25 °C to tc
out = 65 °C
The specific heat of water Cw is taken as 4.18 kJ/kg K. The temperature thout  tcin   thin  tcout 
LMTD =
variation along the length of the counter flow heat exchanger is shown in  th  tcin 
ln  out 
Fig. 5.  thin  tcout 
Summer 2020 761 762 Thermal Science and Engineering

For the proof of I = E/, refer Q. 8 (a), Winter 2008 and Q. 7 (a),
(160  25)  (230  65)
= = 149.5 °C Winter 2013.
160  25
ln
230  65 (d) Film condensation : If the contensation takes place continuously
over a surface cooled by some process and the condensate film covers
Q = 0.9 × 1.45 × (230 – 160) entire condensing surface and flows down under the action of gravity, the
= 91.35 kJ/s situation is the phenomenon of film condensation.
Pool boiling : In pool boiling the liquid near the surface is essentially
= 91.35 × 103 J/s = rate of heat transfer Ans. (i)
stagnant, and its motion near the surface is due to free convection and
Q = AU × LMTD mixing induced by bubble formation and detachment. The pool boiling
occurs in steam boilers involving natural convection. Whereas in nucleate
(iii)  Surface area of heat, exchanger
boiling, bubbles are formed due to higher excess temperature. The bubbles
91.35  103 are formed at the heated surface. The bubbles are formed rapidly and rise
Q
A= = = 1.455 m2 Ans. (iii) to the surface. It results in rapid evaporation at the surface. The bubbles
U  LMTD 420  149.5
are formed at certain localised spots. The bubble agitation induces
Q. 8 (a) Define the term absorptivity, reflectivity and considerable fluid mixing. It promotes substantial increase in the heat flux.
transmissivity. Discuss the relation between each other for a black Group C
body and opaque body. (5)
Q. 9. Multiple choice question choose the correct answer: (2×10)
(b) State and prove the Kirchhoff’s law of radiation heat transfer.
(i) Measurement of temperature is based on ............. .
(5)
(a) thermodynamic properties
(c) Define intensity of radiation. Prove that the intensity of (b) zeroth law of thermodynamics
radiation is given by : I = E/. (5)
(c) first law of thermodynamics
(d) Explain the phenomena of film condensation. Differentiate
(d) second law of theomodynamics
between pool boiling and nucleate boiling. (5)
(ii) Carnot cycle efficiency depends upon .............. .
Sol. (a) Definition of terms absorptivity , reflectivity  and
transmissivity  : Refer Q. 6 (b), Summer 2005. (a) properties of the medium/substance used

Relation between them: (b) condition of engine

(c) working condition
(i) For a black body (ii) For opaque body
(d) temperature range of operation
For the relations, refer Q. 8 (d), Winter 2007.
(iii) In a Rankine Cycle, heat output is obtained from
(b) Kirchhoff’s law : For its statement, refer Q. 6 (v), Winter 2005.
(a) Condenser (b) Boiler
For its proof, refer Q. 6, Winter 2008.
(c) Turbine (d) Pump
(c) Radiation intensity : For its definition, refer Q. 7 (a), Winter 2013.
Summer 2020 763 764 Thermal Science and Engineering

(iv) The ideal gas-refrigeration cycle is similar to (x) A perfect black body is one which
(a) Brayton cycle (a) Is black in colour
(b) Reversed Brayton cycle (b) Reflects all heat
(c) Rankine cycle (c) Transmits all heat radiations
(d) Reversed Rankine cycle (d) Absorbs heat radiations of all wave lengths falling on it
(v) When humidity ratio of air ................ air is said to be Sol. The correct answers are:
dehumidified. (i) (b) ; (ii) (d) ; (iii) (a) ; (iv) (b) ; (v) (b) ; (vi) (c) ; (vii) (c) ; (viii)
(a) increases (c); (ix) (a) ; (x) (d).
(b) decreases
__________
(c) remains constant
(d) None of the mentioned
(vi) Heat transfer deals with the rate of
(a) work transfer
(b) temperature transfer
(c) energy transfer
(d) None of the above
(vii) Aluminium is used as a fin material because
(a) it has higher convection heat transfer coefficient
(b) it has lower convection heat transfer coefficient
(c) it has higher thermal conductivity
(d) it has lower thermal conductivity
(viii) How many types of convection are there?
(a) 4 (b) 3
BOOK REFERENCE
(c) 2 (d) 1
(ix) Unit of thermal diffusivity is
THERMAL SCIENCE
(a) m2/hr (b) m2/hr °C
and
(c) kcal/m2 hr (d) kcal/m.hr °C
ENGINEERING
M.L. Mathur and F.S. Mehta