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EN 2-2004 Example 003

P-M INTERACTION CHECK FOR COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED RECTANGULAR COLUMN

EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Detailed calculations are shown for demand/capacity checks of the mid-height
section of a column given axial load, biaxial bending moments, and transverse
lateral load.

In this example, a reinforced concrete column is subjected to factored axial load N

= 12,600 kN, transverse lateral load P = 500 kN, and moments My_top = 1450 kN-
m, My_bottom = -600 kN-m, Mz_top = -70 kN-m, Mz_bottom = 40 kN-m. The column is
pinned supported on the bottom and restrained at the top from translation in the X
and Y directions. This column is reinforced with fourteen size-40 bars.

GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

Z
N = 12,600 kN c = 60 mm

My_top = 1450 kN-m c = 60 mm

Mz_top = -70 kN-m

h = 750 mm Y

A A
40 bar
P = 500 kN

b = 650 mm

L = 15200 mm
6 2
Ecm = 41x10 kN/m fck = 70 MPa
6
Es = 200x10 kN/m
2 fyk = 500 MPa
My_bottom = -600 kN-m
Mz_bottom = 40 kN-m

Coefficients
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐 = 1.5 𝛼𝛼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.85
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1.2 𝛼𝛼𝑒𝑒 = 15
𝛾𝛾𝑠𝑠 = 1.15 𝜑𝜑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1.21

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 1

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TECHNICAL FEATURES TESTED

 Tied reinforced concrete column design

RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated and compared in the table below. The
results are shown for the major axis of bending (Y-direction of bending) with the
governing permutation.

Important note: for the biaxial bending ratio checks, ETABS utilizes the PMM
interaction surface to determine the column demand/capacity ratio (See Section
3.4.2.3 in the Concrete Frame Design Manual – Eurocode 2-2004 with 8-2004).
However, the independent results employ the simplified criterion provided by
Eurocode 2-2004 [Equation 5.39 in Section 5.8.9(4)]. As a result, modest
discrepancy is expected for the biaxial bending ratio between ETABS and
independent results.

Output Parameter Independent ETABS Ratio

Biaxial bending check
1.91 1.47 1.2993
(Nominal Curvature)
Biaxial bending check
1.85 1.45 1.2759
(Nominal Stiffness)
Imperfection moment, M imp (kN-m) 296.6 297 1.0013
Minimum moment, M min (kN-m) 315 315 1.0000
Second-order moment, M 2 (kN-m)
1811 1810.3 1.0004
(Nominal Curvature)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
2441 2440 1.0004
(Nominal Curvature)
Moment magnification factor, MMF
3.51 3.51 1.0000
(Nominal Stiffness)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
2211 2213 1.0009
(Nominal Stiffness)
Moment resistance, M Rd
2505 2505 1.0000
(at N Ed = 12, 600 kN)

COMPUTER FILE: EN 2-2004 EX003

CONCLUSION
The computed results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 2

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HAND CALCULATION

The hand calculation considers nine (9) permutations in the design check for the section
at mid-height of the column, but only shows the details for three (3) permutations
including one with analysis moments, one with analysis moments plus imperfection
moment applied in the positive major axis of bending, and one with analysis moments,
imperfection moment, and second-order moments. Comparison between results in all
nine (9) permutations is made to determine the governing design.

Note:
a. The effective length, 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜 , is computed based on the bracing condition and stiffness of
the structural members connected to the column top and bottom in the model. The
value of 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜 can be overwritten through the effective length factors in the View/Revise
Overwrites form of the program. For this example, the effective length factors in the
major and minor bending directions are assumed to be 0.93 and 0.91, respectively.

b. The radius of gyration of the cross section used in calculation of the slenderness ratio
only includes concrete without contribution of longitudinal reinforcement.

c. The slenderness limit ratio is calculated using first-order moments that include the
imperfection moment applied on each axis of bending one at a time.

1) Analysis moment (permutation #1)

Moment diagrams:
1450 kN-m -70 kN-m

-1475 kN-m
-15 kN-m

-600 kN-m 40 kN-m

Major Minor

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 3

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Construct P-M interaction diagrams for the section in major axis of bending:
Concrete limiting strain:
  90 − f ck   1
4
  90 − f ck   1
4

ε cu 3 = 2.6 + 35    =2.6 + 35    = 0.00266

  100   1000   100   1000
for f ck = 70 MPa > 50 MPa
  f − 50   1   70 − 50   1
ε c3 =
1.75 + 0.55 
ck
  1.75 + 0.55 
=  =0.00203
  40   1000   40   1000
for f ck = 70 MPa > 50 MPa
ε c _=
max ε=
cu 3 0.00266

Balance point:
Neutral axis at balance point:
f yk
f yd 500
γs 1.=15 0.002174
εy =
= =
Es Es 200 , 000
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐_𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑑 0.00266 × (0.75 − 0.06)
𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = = = 0.37945 (𝑚𝑚)
𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐_𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 + 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦 0.00266 + 0.002174

Concrete compressive force:

f − 50 70 − 50
λ =− 0.8 ck =− 0.8 =0.75
400 400
f ck 70
=f cd α= cc 0.85= 39.6667 (MPa)
γc 1.5
𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 = (𝜆𝜆𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 )(𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ) × 0.65 = (0.75 × 0.37945)(0.9 × 39666.7) × 0.65
= 6603.86 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)

Steel compressive force:

In computing the compressive force of steel in compression, concrete area over
locations of these steel bars contributing to compressive force is subtracted. The top 3
layers of longitudinal reinforcement are within the neutral axis depth and in
compression.
Layer 1 (top 4 bars):
cbal − 0.6 0.37945 − 0.06
=ε sc1 = ε c _ max = 0.00266 0.00224
cbal 0.37945
500
𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 , 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � − 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � , 200000 × 0.00224� − 0.9 × 39.667
1.15
= 399.082 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀)

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 4

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𝜋𝜋 ∗ 0.042
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 399.082 × × 4 = 2.006 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = 2006 (kN)
4
Layer 2 (next 2 bars):
cbal − 0.6 − 0.1575 0.37945 − 0.06 − 0.1575
=ε sc 2 = ε c _ max = 0.00266 0.001135
cbal 0.37945
500
𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 , 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � − 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � , 200000 × 0.001135� − 0.9 × 39.667
1.15
= 191.3 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀)
𝜋𝜋 × 0.042
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 191.3 × × 2 = 0.4808 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = 480.8 (kN)
4

Layer 3 (2 bars):
𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 0.6 − 2 × 0.1575 0.37945 − 0.06 − 2 × 0.1575
𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 = 𝜀𝜀𝑐𝑐_𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.00266
𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.37945
= 0.0000312
500
𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 , 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � − 𝜂𝜂𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � , 200000 × 0.0000312� = 6.24 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀)
1.15
(compressive stress in this layer of steel is lower than concrete compressive stress, so
concrete compression subtraction is ignored)
𝜋𝜋 × 0.042
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 6.24 × × 2 = 0.0157 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = 15.7 (kN)
4

Steel tensile force:

Layer 4 (2 bars):
h − cbal − c − 0.1575 0.75 − 0.37945 − 0.06 − 0.1575
=ε s4 = ε c _ max = 0.00266 0.001073
cbal 0.37945
500
𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠4 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 , 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � , 200000 × 0.001073� = 214.6 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀)
1.15
2
𝜋𝜋 × 0.04
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠4 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 214.6 2 = 0.53935 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = 539.35 (kN)
4

Layer 5 (4 bars):
h − cbal − c 0.75 − 0.37945 − 0.06
=ε s5 = ε c _ max = 0.00266 0.002177
cbal 0.37945
500
𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠5 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 , 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝜀𝜀𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 � , 200000 × 0.002177� = 434.78 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀)
1.15

𝜋𝜋 × 0.042
𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠5 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 434.78 × × 4 = 2.1855 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = 2185.5 (kN)
4

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 5

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Total axial force at balance point:

P =Fc + Fsc1 + Fsc 2 + Fsc 3 − Fs 4 − Fs 5 =6603.86 + 2006 + 480.8 + 15.7 − 539.35 − 2185.5
= 6381.5 (kN)
Moment resistance at balance point (moment is taken about the top of the cross
section):
ℎ 𝜆𝜆𝑐𝑐𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠5 𝑑𝑑 + 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠4 (𝑑𝑑 − 0.1575) + 𝑃𝑃 − 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑐 − 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠1 × 0.06 − 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 × (0.06 + 0.1575)
2 2
− 𝐹𝐹𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠3 × (0.06 + 2 × 0.1575)
0.75 0.75 × 0.37945
= 2185.5 × 0.690 + 539.35(0.690 − 0.1575) + 6381.5 − 6603.86
2 2
− 2006 × 0.06 + 480.8 × (0.06 + 0.1575) + 15.7 × (0.06 + 2 × 0.1575)
= 1508 + 287.2 + 2393 − 939.7 − 120.4 − 104.6 − 5.9 = 3017.6 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

Similar calculations of the P-M interaction at the balance point are carried out for
other points to complete the P-M interaction curve of the cross section in the Y and Z
directions. From these two P-M interaction curves, the moment resistance at N =
12,600 kN is obtained for both directions:
M Rd _Y = 2505 ( kN - m )
M Rd _ Z = 2256 ( kN - m )

Biaxial bending check:

𝜋𝜋 × 0.042 500
𝑁𝑁𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 0.75 × 0.65 × 39.667 + 14 ×
4 1.15
= 26.987 (𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀) = 26987 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
N Ed 12600
= = 0.467
N Rd 26987
0.467 − 0.1
=a = (1.5 − 1) + 1 1.306
0.7 − 0.1
a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   15 1.306  1475 1.306
  +   =   +  = 0.502
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2256   2505 

2) Analysis moment plus imperfection moment applied on positive major axis of

bending (permutation #2)
Imperfection moment:
m =1
 1  1
α=
m 0.5 1 + = 0.5 1 + =
 1
 m  1

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 6

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2 2
α= = = 0.513 and 2 ≤ α h ≤ 1 ⇒ α h =2
h
l 15.2 3 3
θ 0 = 1 200
1 2
𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 = 𝜃𝜃0 𝛼𝛼ℎ 𝛼𝛼𝑚𝑚 = × × 1 = 0.00333
200 3
𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙0_𝑌𝑌 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘𝑌𝑌 𝑙𝑙 0.00333 × 0.93 × 15.2
𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖_𝑌𝑌 = = = = 0.02354 (𝑚𝑚)
2 2 2
𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_Y = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖_Y = 12,600 × 0.02354 = 296.6 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
= e0 _Y max = (
20mm, h
30 ) (
mm, 750mm
max 20=
30 )
25 ( mm )
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 _𝑌𝑌 = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒0_Y = 12,600 × 0.025 = 315 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑙𝑙0_𝑍𝑍 𝜃𝜃𝑖𝑖 𝑘𝑘𝑍𝑍 𝑙𝑙 0.00333 × 0.91 × 15.2
𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖_𝑍𝑍 = = = = 0.02303 (𝑚𝑚)
2 2 2
𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_Z = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖_Z = 12,600 × 0.02303 = 290.2 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
= e0 _Z max = (
20mm, b
30 ) (
mm, 650mm
max 20=
30 )
21.67 ( mm )
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑛𝑛 _𝑍𝑍 = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒0_Z = 12,600 × 0.02167 = 273 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

Since the imperfection moment is only applied on the positive major axis of bending,
the design moments are:
M Ed_Y = M analysis + M imp_Y ≥ M min_Y = 315
= − 1475 + 296.6 = −1178.4 (kN-m)
M Ed_Z = M analysis ≥ M min_Z = 273
= − 15 ≥ M min_Z =273 ⇒ M Ed_Z =
−273 (kN-m)
Biaxial bending check:
a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   273 1.306  1178.4 1.306
  +   =   +  = 0.437
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2256   2505 
3) Analysis moment plus imperfection moment applied in negative minor axis of
bending and second-order moment (permutation #9)
M 02=
_Y (
max M Y _ top , M Y _ botto=
m )
max ( 1450 , −600
= ) 1450 ( kN − m )
= 1450 ( kN − m )
⇒ M 02 _Y
M 01_Y = ( ) min ( 1450 , −600 ) =
min M Y _ top , M Y _ bottom = 600 ( kN − m ) ⇒ M 01 =
−600 (kN - m)
𝑀𝑀0𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸_Y = 0.6𝑀𝑀02_Y + 0.4𝑀𝑀01_Y ≥ 0.4𝑀𝑀02_Y
= 0.6 × 1450 + 0.4(−600) ≥ 0.4 × 1450
= 630 (kN − m)

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 7

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REVISION NO.: 0

�𝑀𝑀02_Z � = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚��𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 �, �𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ��� × 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚��𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 �, �𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 �� − 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_Z

= −[𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(|−70|, |40|)] − 290.2 = −360.2 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

�𝑀𝑀01_Z � = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠�𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚��𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 �, �𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ��� × 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚��𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 �, �𝑀𝑀𝑍𝑍_𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 �� − 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖_Z

= 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(|−70|, |40|) − 290.2 = −250.2 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

𝑀𝑀0𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸_Z = 0.6𝑀𝑀02_Z + 0.4𝑀𝑀01_Z ≥ 0.4𝑀𝑀02_Z

= 0.6 × (−360.2) + 0.4 × (−250.2) ≥ 0.4 × (−360.2)
= −316.2 (kN − m)

Slenderness check
Radius of gyration:
𝐴𝐴 = ℎ × 𝑏𝑏 = 0.75 × 0.65 = 0.4875 (𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑏𝑏×ℎ3 0.65×0.753
𝐼𝐼𝑌𝑌 = = = 0.02285 (𝑚𝑚4 )
12 12
𝑏𝑏×ℎ3 0.75×0.653
𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 = = = 0.01716 (𝑚𝑚4 )
12 12
𝐼𝐼 0.02285
𝑖𝑖𝑌𝑌 = � 𝑌𝑌 = � = 0.2165 (𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝐴 0.4875
𝐼𝐼 0.01716
𝑖𝑖𝑍𝑍 = � 𝑍𝑍 = � = 0.1876 (𝑚𝑚)
𝐴𝐴 0.4875

Effective length:
𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜_Y = 𝑘𝑘𝑌𝑌 𝑙𝑙 = 0.93 × 15.2 = 14.136 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜_Z = 𝑘𝑘𝑍𝑍 𝑙𝑙 = 0.91 × 15.2 = 13.832 (𝑚𝑚)

Slenderness ratio:
lo_Y 14.136
λY =
= = 65.3
iY 0.2165
lo_Z 13.832
λZ =
= = 73.7
iZ 0.1876

Limiting slenderness ratio:

f - 50 70 - 50
η 1.0 - ck = 1.0 -
= = 0.9
200 200
f ck 70
=f cd α=cc 0.85
= 39.6667 (MPa)
γc 1.5
𝜋𝜋 × 0.042 500
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 × 14 ×
𝜔𝜔 = = 4 1.15 = 0.3956
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.75 × 0.65 × 39.6667

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 8

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

1𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 12,600𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ×
𝑛𝑛 = = 1000𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 = 0.652
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.75 × 0.65 × 39.6667
1 1
𝐴𝐴 = = = 0.805
1 + 0.2𝜑𝜑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 + 0.2 × 1.21
𝐵𝐵 = √1 + 2𝜔𝜔 = √1 + 2 ∗ 0.3956 = 1.3384
M 01_Y −600
rm_Y = = = −0.4138
M 02 _Y 1450
CY= 1.7 − rm_Y= 1.7 − ( −0.4138 )= 2.1138
20𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑌𝑌 20 × 0.805 × 1.3384 × 2.1138
𝜆𝜆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 _𝑌𝑌 = = = 56.41
√𝑛𝑛 √0.652
M 01_Z −250.2
=rm_Z = = 0.6946
M 02 _Z −360.2
CZ =1.7 − rm_Z =1.7 − 0.6946 =1.0054
20𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐶𝐶𝑍𝑍 20 × 0.805 × 1.3384 × 1.0054
𝜆𝜆𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 _𝑍𝑍 = = = 26.83
√𝑛𝑛 √0.652
Slenderness condition:
λY =65.3 > 56.41 =λlim _Y ⇒ the column is slender in Y - direction
λZ =73.7 > 26.83 =λlim _Z ⇒ the column is slender in Z - direction
Second-order moment must be included in the final design moments in both major
and minor axes of bending.

As the column is slender, the code allows two (2) different methods to compute
second-order moment including Nominal Curvature and Nominal Stiffness. The
following section 4 utilizes the Nominal Curvature method, and section 5 employs the
Nominal Stiffness method.

4) Second-order moment (Nominal Curvature):

Relative axial force at maximum moment resistance:

nbal is defined as the value of relative axial force at maximum moment resistance,
which is also the relative axial force at the balance point of the P-M interaction
diagram of the cross section.

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 9

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

As shown previously, the axial capacity of the section under maximum bending in
major axis is Pbal_Y = 6381.5 kN . Similar calculation is carried out for the section on
minor axis of bending and it is found Pbal_Z = 6185.2 kN
6381.5
𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏_Y 1000
𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏_Y = = = 0.33
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.75 × 0.65 × 39.667
6185.2
𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏_Z 1000
𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏_Z = = = 0.32
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 0.75 × 0.65 × 39.667
nu =1 + ω =1 + 0.3956 =1.3956
nu − n 1.3956 − 0.652
=K r_Y = = 0.698
nu − nbal_Y 1.3956 − 0.33
nu − n 1.3956 − 0.652
=K r_Z = = 0.691
nu − nbal_Z 1.3956 − 0.32
f λ 70 65.3
βY = 0.35 + ck − Y = 0.35 + − = 0.2647
200 150 200 150
f λ 70 73.7
β Z = 0.35 + ck − Z = 0.35 + − = 0.2087
200 150 200 150
𝐾𝐾𝜑𝜑_Y = 1 + 𝛽𝛽𝑌𝑌 𝜑𝜑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1 + 0.2647 × 1.21 = 1.32
𝐾𝐾𝜑𝜑_Z = 1 + 𝛽𝛽𝑍𝑍 𝜑𝜑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 1 + 0.2087 × 1.21 = 1.25
14 2
2
𝜋𝜋 × 0.042 0.75
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_Y = �(𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 × 𝑑𝑑 ) = �2 × 4 × ×� − 0.06� �
4 2
𝑖𝑖=1
2
𝜋𝜋 × 0.042 0.75 𝜋𝜋 × 0.042
+ �2 × 2 × � − 0.06 − 0.1575� + 2 × 2 × ∗ 0�
4 2 4
= 0.0011222 (𝑚𝑚4 )
14 2
2
𝜋𝜋 × 0.042 0.65
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_Z = �(𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 × 𝑑𝑑 ) = �2 × 5 � − 0.06� �
4 2
𝑖𝑖=1
2
𝜋𝜋 × 0.042 0.65
+ �2 × 2 � − 0.06 − 0.17667� � = 0.0009217 (𝑚𝑚4 )
4 2
2
𝜋𝜋 × 𝑑𝑑 𝜋𝜋 × 0.042
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 14 = 14 = 0.0176 (𝑚𝑚2 )
4 4
I s_Y 0.0011222
is_Y =
= = 0.2525 (m)
As 0.0176
I s_Z 0.0009217
is_Z
= = = 0.2288 (m)
As 0.0176

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 10

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

h 0.75
dY = + iY = + 0.2525 = 0.6275 (m)
2 2
h 0.65
d Z = + iZ = + 0.2288 = 0.5538 (m)
2 2
500
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
1.15
1 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 200000
= = = = 0.0077
𝑟𝑟0_Y 0.45𝑑𝑑𝑌𝑌 0.45𝑑𝑑𝑌𝑌 0.45 × 0.6275
500
𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
1.15
1 𝜀𝜀𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 200000
= = = = 0.008723
𝑟𝑟0_Z 0.45𝑑𝑑𝑍𝑍 0.45𝑑𝑑𝑍𝑍 0.45 × 0.5538
1 1
= 𝐾𝐾𝑟𝑟_Y 𝐾𝐾𝜑𝜑_Y = 0.698 × 1.32 × 0.0077 = 0.0071
𝑟𝑟𝑌𝑌 𝑟𝑟0_Y
1 1
= 𝐾𝐾𝑟𝑟_Z 𝐾𝐾𝜑𝜑_Z = 0.691 × 1.25 × 0.008723 = 0.007534
𝑟𝑟𝑍𝑍 𝑟𝑟0_Z

Since the first-order moment is double-curvature loading condition:

=c π= 2
9.87
1 2 1 1
𝑒𝑒2_Y = 𝑙𝑙0_Y = 0.0071 × 14.1362 = 0.1437 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑟𝑟𝑌𝑌 𝑐𝑐 9.87
1 2 1 1
𝑒𝑒2_Z = 𝑙𝑙0_Z = 0.007534 × 13.8322 = 0.146 (𝑚𝑚)
𝑟𝑟𝑍𝑍 𝑐𝑐 9.87
𝑀𝑀2_Y = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒2_Y = 12,600 × 0.1437 = 1811 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)
𝑀𝑀2_Z = 𝑁𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒2_Z = 12,600 × 0.146 = 1840 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

Final design moments: (the second-order moment is added in the same direction as
M 0Ed )
M Ed _Y = M 0 EdY + M 2Y ≥ M minY = 315
= 630 + 1811 = 2441 > 315 ⇒ M Ed _Y = 2441 (kN - m)
M Ed _ Z = M 0 Ed_Z + M 2 _Z ≥ M min _Z = 273
=−316.2 − 1840 =−2156 ⇒ −2156 > 273 ⇒ M Ed _ Z =−2156 (kN - m)

Biaxial bending check:

a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   2156 1.306  2441 1.306
  +   =   +  = 1.91
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2256   2505 

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 11

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

5) Moment magnification factor (Nominal Stiffness):

𝜋𝜋 × 0.042
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 14
𝜌𝜌 = = 4 = 0.036 > 0.002 ⇒ 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠 = 1
𝐴𝐴 0.75 × 0.65
f ck 70
= k1 = = 1.87
20 20
λ 65.3
k2 _Y = n Y ≤ 0.2 = 0.652 = 0.25 ≤ 0.2 ⇒ k2 _Y = 0.2
170 170
λ 73.7
k2 _Z = n Z ≤ 0.2 = 0.652 = 0.28 ≤ 0.2 ⇒ k2 _Z = 0.2
170 170
𝑘𝑘1 𝑘𝑘2_Y 1.87 ∗ 0.2
𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐_Y = = = 0.17
1 + 𝜑𝜑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 + 1.21
𝑘𝑘1 𝑘𝑘2_Z 1.87 × 0.2
𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐_Z = = = 0.17
1 + 𝜑𝜑𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 1 + 1.21
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 41 × 106
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = = = 34.17 × 106 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚2 )
𝛾𝛾𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 1.2
𝑏𝑏 × ℎ3 0.65 × 0.753
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐_Y = = = 0.02285 (𝑚𝑚4 )
12 12

𝑏𝑏 × ℎ3 0.75 × 0.653
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐_Z = = = 0.01716 (𝑚𝑚4 )
12 12

𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑌𝑌 = 𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐_Y 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐_Y + 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_Y

= 0.17 × 34.17 × 106 × 0.02285 + 1 × 200 × 106 × 0.001122
= 3.57 × 105 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚2 )

𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 = 𝐾𝐾𝑐𝑐_Z 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐_Z + 𝐾𝐾𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠_Z

= 0.17 × 34.17 × 106 × 0.01716 + 1 × 200 × 106 × 0.0009217
= 2.84 × 105 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚2 )

𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑌𝑌 𝜋𝜋 2 × 3.57 × 105

𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵_Y = 2 = = 17632.5 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
𝑙𝑙0_Y 14.1362
𝜋𝜋 2 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑍𝑍 𝜋𝜋 2 × 2.84 × 105
𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵_Z = 2 = = 14650 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
𝑙𝑙0_Z 13.8322

Since the first-order moment is double-curvature loading condition:

c=
0 π= 2
9.87

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 12

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

π2
β
= = 1
c0

Moment magnification factor:

β 1
1+
MMFY = 1+
= =3.51
N B_Y 17632.5 −1
−1 12600
N Ed
β 1
1+
MMFZ = 1+
= 7.15
=
N B_Y 14650 − 1
−1 12600
N Ed

𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑𝑌𝑌 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝑀𝑀0𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸_Y × 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌 ; 𝑀𝑀min _𝑌𝑌 � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚[630 × 3.51; 315]

= 2211 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑𝑍𝑍 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚�𝑀𝑀0𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸_Z × 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹𝑍𝑍 ; 𝑀𝑀min_ 𝑍𝑍 � = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚[−316.2 × 7.15; 273]

= −2261 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚)

a a
 M Ed _ Z   M Ed _Y   2261 1.306  2211 1.306
  +   =   +  = 1.85
 M Rd _ Z   M Rd _Y   2256   2505 
All four (4) axes of bending that the imperfection moment is applied on are positive
major, negative major, positive minor, and negative minor directions. Similar
calculations are carried out for the other permutations with the imperfection moment
applied in the other axes of bending one at a time. The final governing
demand/capacity ratio (D/C) turns out to be the permutation with the imperfection
moment applied in the negative minor axis of bending including analysis and second-
order moment.
D
For the Nominal Curvature method:   = 1.91
 C  NC
D
For the Nominal Stiffness method:   = 1.85
 C  NS

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 13

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

Summary: shown for the governing permutation

Y-Axis Z-Axis
First-order moment
M 01 (kN-m) -600 -250.2
M 02 (kN-m) 1450 -360.2
M 0Ed (kN-m) 630 -316.2
Imperfection moment, M imp (kN-m) 296.6 290.2
Minimum moment, M min (kN-m) 315 273
Slenderness
Slenderness ratio, λ 65.3 73.7
Slenderness limit ratio, λlim 56.4 26.8
Slenderness condition Slender Slender
Second-order moment, M 2 (kN-m)
1811 1840
(Nominal Curvature)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
2441 2156
(Nominal Curvature)
Moment magnification factor, MMF
3.51 7.15
(Nominal Stiffness)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
2211 2261
(Nominal Stiffness)
Moment resistance, M Rd (at N Ed = 12, 600 kN) 2505 2256

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 14

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

Comparison:

Important note: for the biaxial bending ratio checks, ETABS utilizes the PMM
interaction surface to determine the column demand/capacity ratio (See Section
3.4.2.3 in the Concrete Frame Design Manual – Eurocode 2-2004 with 8-2004).
However, the independent results employ the simplified criterion provided by
Eurocode 2-2004 [Equation 5.39 in Section 5.8.9(4)]. As a result, modest
discrepancy is expected for the biaxial bending ratio between ETABS and
independent results.

Y-direction (Major axis): shown for the governing permutation

Hand Calculation ETABS Ratio

M 01 (kN-m) -600 -600 1.0000
M 02 (kN-m) 1450 1450 1.0000
M 0e (kN-m) 630 630 1.0000
Imperfection moment, M imp (kN-m) 296.6 297 1.0013
Minimum moment, M min (kN-m) 315 315 1.0000
Slenderness ratio, λ 65.3 65.3 1.0000
Slenderness limit ratio, λlim 56.4 56.4 1.0000
Second-order moment, M 2 (kN-m)
1811 1810.3 1.0004
(Nominal Curvature)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
2441 2440 1.0004
(Nominal Curvature)
Biaxial bending check
1.91 1.47 1.2993
(Nominal Curvature)
Moment magnification factor, MMF
3.51 3.51 1.0000
(Nominal Stiffness)
Final design moment, M Ed (kN-m)
2211 2213 1.0009
(Nominal Stiffness)
Biaxial bending check
1.85 1.45 1.2759
(Nominal Stiffness)
Moment resistance, M Rd
2505 2505 1.000
(at N Ed = 12, 600 kN)

EN 2-2004 Example 003 - 15