Software Verification

PROGRAM NAME: ETABS

REVISION NO.: 0

EC 4 2004 CCD Example 002

CONCRETE-FILLED CHS COMPOSITE COLUMN

EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Compression, moment, and shear capacities and demand/capacity ratio are calculated for
concrete-filled circular pipe section member at mid-height as shown below. It is simply
supported with a length of 4.5 meters and the moment is only applied about y-axis.

GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

Dead: 𝑁𝑁𝐺𝐺 = 3000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑀𝑀𝐺𝐺 = 50 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚, load factor 𝛾𝛾𝐺𝐺 = 1.35
Live: 𝑁𝑁𝑄𝑄 = 1300 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑀𝑀𝑄𝑄 = 45 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚, load factor 𝛾𝛾𝑄𝑄 = 1.50

TECHNICAL FEATURES TESTED

 Axial compressive strength
 Major moment strength
 Shear strength
 Demand/Capacity ratio.

EC 4 2004 CCD Example 002 - 1

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

COMPUTER FILE: EC 4 2004 CCD EX002

Applicable Programs
 ETABS

RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated.

CONCLUSION
The results show exact match with independent results. The results in Example are taken
from the worked example “Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column” in the Companion
Document to EN 1993 and EN 1993 – Steel and Steel and Concrete Composite Buildings
– 2005.

Benchmarks: ETABS

Percent
Output Parameter Example Independent Program Difference
Axial - 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) 8298 8300 8299 0.01%
Axial - 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) 9956 9956 9956 0.00%
Axial - 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) 3127 3079 3073 0.20%
Axial reduction factor - 𝜒𝜒 0.89 0.91 0.91 0.00%
Flexure – 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚) 747 747 747 0.00%
Flexure – 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚) 40 40 40 0.00%
Flexure – 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚) 707 707 707 0.00%
Shear - 𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) 1625 1625 1625 0.00%
D/C - Axial 0.81 0.79 0.80 1.27%
D/C – Combined Axial and
0.58 0.80 0.80 0.00%
Biaxial Bending

The percent difference is calculated from Independent and Program values. The values given in
Independent are computed with rounded values at intermediate stages, resulting in slight
discrepancy of some values compared to those by the Program.

EC 4 2004 CCD Example 002 - 2

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

The difference between the D/C – Combined Axial and Biaxial Bending values by Example and
Program is due to the 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝑑𝑑 used in amplifying the first-order moment to account for second-order
effects and the permutations done by the Program. To account for second-order effects, the
Example amplifies the first-order moment at midheight of the column while the Program does to
the greatest moment on the column. The EN 1994-1-1:2004 specifies the greatest first-order
moment to be amplified. Also, the permutation process shows that the imperfection moment
applied to the z-axis bending results in the greatest D/C ratio, not to the y-axis bending as done
in the Example.

HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material:
Steel:
𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 = 210,000 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = 355 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2, 𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0 = 1.0, 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 /𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0 = 355 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
Concrete:
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 35,000 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 40 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2, 𝛾𝛾𝐶𝐶 = 1.5, 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 /𝛾𝛾𝐶𝐶 = 26.7 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝜑𝜑𝑡𝑡 = 1.5
Reinforcement:
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 = 210,000 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 460 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2, 𝛾𝛾𝑆𝑆 = 1.15, 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 /𝛾𝛾𝑆𝑆 = 400 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2

Member: 𝐾𝐾𝑦𝑦 = 𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧 = 1.0 for a pinned-pinned condition

𝐿𝐿𝑦𝑦 = 𝐿𝐿𝑧𝑧 = 4500 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Loadings: Dead: 𝑁𝑁𝐺𝐺 = 3000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑀𝑀𝐺𝐺 = 50 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚, load factor 𝛾𝛾𝐺𝐺 = 1.35
Live: 𝑁𝑁𝑄𝑄 = 1300 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, 𝑀𝑀𝑄𝑄 = 45 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚, load factor 𝛾𝛾𝑄𝑄 = 1.50

Required strengths: for the section in the middle

𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 1.35𝑁𝑁𝐺𝐺 + 1.50𝑁𝑁𝑄𝑄 = 1.35 × 3000 + 1.50 × 1300 = 6000 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
�1.35𝑀𝑀𝐺𝐺 + 1.50𝑀𝑀𝑄𝑄 � (1.35 × 50 + 1.50 × 45)
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = = = 67.5 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
2 2
�1.35𝑀𝑀𝐺𝐺 + 1.50𝑀𝑀𝑄𝑄 � (1.35 × 50 + 1.50 × 45)
𝑉𝑉𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = = = 30 (𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)
𝐿𝐿 4.5

Section properties:
Steel:
𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎 = 406.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑡𝑡 = 10 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 = 124.5 × 102 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 )
𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎,𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎,𝑧𝑧 = 24476 × 104 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 )
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 = 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧 = 1572 × 103 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 )
Reinforcement:

EC 4 2004 CCD Example 002 - 3

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

Concrete cover 𝑐𝑐 = 50 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚

Longitudinal bar No. 16 with 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 = 16 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Spiral tie bar No. 8 with 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 = 8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠 406.4 16
𝑟𝑟 = − 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑑𝑣𝑣 − = − 10 − 50 − 8 − = 127.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 2 2 2
360°
𝜃𝜃 = = 36°
10
𝑦𝑦2 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 127.2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠36° = 75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟2𝜃𝜃 = 127.2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠72° = 121 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧3 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 127.2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠18° = 39.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
3𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 127.2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠54° = 102.9 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑟𝑟 = 127.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑠𝑠2 𝜋𝜋 162 𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = = = 201 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4 4
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 10𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 2010 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 20.1 × 102 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑦𝑦 = 4𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦22 + 4𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦12 = 4 × 201 × 752 + 4 × 201 × 1212 = 1629 × 104 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑧𝑧 = 4𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑧𝑧32 + 4𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑧𝑧22 + 2𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑧𝑧12
= 4 × 201 × 39.32 + 4 × 201 × 102.92 + 2 × 201 × 127.22 = 1629 × 104 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 = 4𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦2 + 4𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑦𝑦1 = 4 × 201 × 75 + 4 × 201 × 121 = 158 × 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧 = 4𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑧𝑧3 + 4𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑧𝑧2 + 2𝐴𝐴𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑧𝑧1
= 4 × 201 × 39.3 + 4 × 201 × 102.9 + 2 × 201 × 127.2 = 166 × 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3

Concrete:
𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐 = 𝑑𝑑𝑎𝑎 − 2𝑡𝑡 = 406.4 − 2 × 10 = 386.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐2 𝜋𝜋 386.42 𝜋𝜋
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 = − 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = − 2010 = 115253 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 = 1153 × 102 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 )
4 4
𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐4 𝜋𝜋 386.44 𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦 = − 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑦𝑦 = − 1629 × 104 = 107796 × 104 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 )
64 64
𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐4 𝜋𝜋 386.44 𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 = − 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑧𝑧 = − 1629 × 104 = 107796 × 104 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚4 )
64 64

EC 4 2004 CCD Example 002 - 4

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐3 386.43
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 = − 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 = − 158 × 103 = 9458 × 103 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 )
6 6
𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐3 386.43
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧 = − 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧 = − 166 × 103 = 9449 × 103 (𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3 )
6 6

Simplified calculation method for the interaction curve:

𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 26.7 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 for concrete filled section
𝑁𝑁𝐺𝐺,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝛾𝛾𝐺𝐺 𝑁𝑁𝐺𝐺 = 1.35 × 3000 = 4050 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝛾𝛾𝐺𝐺 𝑁𝑁𝐺𝐺 + 𝛾𝛾𝑄𝑄 𝑁𝑁𝑄𝑄 = 1.35 × 3000 + 1.50 × 1300 = 6000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
1 1
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 35,000 = 17400 𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝑁𝑁𝐺𝐺,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 4050
1+ 1 + 6000 1.5
𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝜑𝜑𝑡𝑡
(𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑦𝑦 = 𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎,𝑦𝑦 + 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑦𝑦 + 𝐾𝐾𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦
= 210,000 × 24476 × 104 + 210,000 × 1629 × 104
+ 0.6 × 17,400 × 107796 × 104 = 66206 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚2
(𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑧𝑧 = 𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎,𝑧𝑧 + 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑧𝑧 + 𝐾𝐾𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧
= 210,000 × 24476 × 104 + 210,000 × 1629 × 104
+ 0.6 × 17,400 × 107796 × 104 = 66206 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚2
𝜋𝜋 2 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑦𝑦 𝜋𝜋 2 × 66206
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦 = 2 = = 32268 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
�𝐾𝐾 𝐿𝐿 � (4.5)2
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝜋𝜋 2 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑧𝑧 𝜋𝜋 2 × 66206
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 = = = 32268 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧 𝐿𝐿𝑧𝑧 )2 (4.5)2

According to EN 1994-1-1:2004 6.7.3.2(6), the compression strength of the concrete filled

pipe can have an increase due to the increase in concrete strength caused by confinement
𝑁𝑁 𝑒𝑒 𝑀𝑀
provided that the relative slenderness 𝜆𝜆̅ = � 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ≤ 0.5 and < 0.1 where 𝑒𝑒 = 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸.
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
The characteristic compression strength 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑦𝑦 is initially determined as:
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑦𝑦 = 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑧𝑧 = 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
= 124.5 × 102 × 355 + 1153 × 102 × 40 + 20.1 × 102 × 460 = 9956 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁 9956
𝜆𝜆̅𝑦𝑦 = � 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑦𝑦 = 𝜆𝜆̅𝑧𝑧 = � 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑧𝑧 = � = 0.555 > 0.5 → the compression strength
𝑁𝑁 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦 𝑁𝑁
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 32268
cannot be increased in both axes of buckling.
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑦𝑦 = 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑧𝑧 = 𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
= 124.5 × 102 × 355 + 1153 × 102 × 26.7 + 20.1 × 102 × 400 = 8300 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 124.5 × 102 × 355
𝛿𝛿 = = = 0.533 → 0.2 < 𝛿𝛿 = 0.533 < 0.9
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 8300 × 103

As 0.2 < 𝛿𝛿 < 0.9 and 𝜆𝜆̅𝑦𝑦 = 𝜆𝜆̅𝑧𝑧 = 0.555 < 2.0 → the simplified method can be used.

𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1153 × 102 × 26.7 = 3079 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

EC 4 2004 CCD Example 002 - 5

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

Bending about y-axis:

𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 +
2
9458 × 103 × 26.7
= 1572 × 103 × 355 + 158 × 103 × 400 + = 747 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
2
To determine 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , an iterative procedure is carried out to calculate ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 , 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 , 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 ,
and 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 as follows:
1. Assume 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑦𝑦 = 0 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = 0 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 −𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑦𝑦 (2𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 −𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ) 3079×103 −0
2. ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 +4𝑡𝑡�2𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �
=
2×406.4×26.7+4×10×(2×355−26.7)
= 62.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
3. Within ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = 62.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, there are 2 reinforcing bars on the y-axis with the distance of
zero:
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑦𝑦 = 2 × 201 = 402 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
2

𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = � 𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑦𝑦,𝑖𝑖 = 0 × 201 + 0 × 201 = 0 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3

𝑖𝑖=1
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 −𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑦𝑦 (2𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 −𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ) 3079×103 −402(2×400−26.7)
4. Update ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 +4𝑡𝑡�2𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �
= 2×406.4×26.7+4×10×(2×355−26.7) = 56.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
5. Within ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = 56.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑦𝑦 and 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 are the same as in step 3.
Therefore, ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = 56.5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = (𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑡𝑡)ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 − 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = (406.4 − 2 × 10) × 56.52 − 0 = 1233 × 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
2
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = 𝑑𝑑ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 − 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 − 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = 406.4 × 56.52 − 1233 × 103 − 0 = 64 × 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑑𝑑 + 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 +
2
1233 × 103 × 26.7
= 64 × 103 × 355 + 0 × 400 + = 40 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 747 − 40 = 707 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

Bending about z-axis:

EC 4 2004 CCD Example 002 - 6

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 +
2
9449 × 103 × 26.7
= 1572 × 103 × 355 + 166 × 103 × 400 + = 750 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
2
To determine 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 , an iterative procedure is carried out to calculate ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 , 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 , 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 ,
and 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 as follows:
1. Assume 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑧𝑧 = 0 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 = 0 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 −𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑧𝑧 (2𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 −𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ) 3079×103 −0
2. ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 = 2𝑑𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 +4𝑡𝑡�2𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �
= = 62.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2×406.4×26.7+4×10×(2×355−26.7)
3. Within ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 = 62.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, there are 4 reinforcing bars at the distance of 39.3 mm from the
z-axis:
𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑧𝑧 = 4 × 201 = 804 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
4

𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 = � 𝑒𝑒𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑧𝑧,𝑖𝑖 = 4 × 201 × 39.3 = 31.6 × 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3

𝑖𝑖=1
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 −𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑧𝑧 (2𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 −𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ) 3079×103 −804(2×400−26.7)
4. Update ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 = 2𝑑𝑑𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 +4𝑡𝑡�2𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 −𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �
= 2×406.4×26.7+4×10×(2×355−26.7) = 50.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
5. Within ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑦𝑦 = 50.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑧𝑧 and 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 are the same as in step 3.
Therefore, ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 = 50.2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 = (𝑑𝑑 − 2𝑡𝑡)ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 − 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 = (406.4 − 2 × 10) × 50.22 − 31.6 × 103
= 942 × 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
2
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 = 𝑑𝑑ℎ𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 − 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 − 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 = 406.4 × 50.22 − 942 × 103 − 31.6 × 103
= 50.5 × 103 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚3
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧 𝑓𝑓𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 +
2
942 × 103 × 26.7
= 50.5 × 103 × 355 + 31.6 × 103 × 400 +
2
= 43 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑀𝑀𝑛𝑛,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 750 − 43 = 707 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

Global buckling under axial load:

EC 4 2004 CCD Example 002 - 7

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 20.1×102
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
= 1153×102 = 1.7% < 3% → buckling curve 𝑎𝑎 → 𝛼𝛼 = 0.21
Φ𝑦𝑦 = Φ𝑧𝑧 = 0.5�1 + 𝛼𝛼�𝜆𝜆̅𝑦𝑦 − 0.2� + 𝜆𝜆̅2𝑦𝑦 � = 0.5[1 + 0.21(0.555 − 0.2) + 0.5552 ] = 0.69
1 1
𝜒𝜒𝑦𝑦 = 𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 = = = 0.91
2 ̅ 2 0.69 + √0.692 − 0.5552
Φ𝑦𝑦 + �Φ𝑦𝑦 − 𝜆𝜆𝑦𝑦
𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 6000
= = = 0.794
𝜒𝜒𝑦𝑦 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝜒𝜒𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 0.91 × 8300

Second-Order moments:
As the imperfection moment is only required to be considered about one axis of bending, the
program considers nine (9) permutations, one with the demand moments taken from analysis,
four with the analysis moments plus the imperfection moment applied in the positive and
negative y- and z-axis directions of bending one at a time, and four with the moments
including the second-order effects and the imperfection moments applied in the four
directions of bending one at a time. The permutation that results in the largest Demand-over-
Capacity (D/C) ratio is the one governing the design.

In this example, it turns out that the permutation in which the imperfection moment is
considered in the z-axis bending produces the largest D/C ratio and governs the design.

Bending about y-axis:

(𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑦𝑦 = 𝐾𝐾0 �𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎,𝑦𝑦 + 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑦𝑦 + 𝐾𝐾𝑒𝑒,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦 �
= 0.9(210,000 × 24476 × 104 + 210,000 × 1629 × 104
+ 0.5 × 17,400 × 107796 × 104 ) = 57779 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚2
2 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)
𝜋𝜋 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑦𝑦 𝜋𝜋 2 × 57779
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑦𝑦 = 2 = = 28161 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
�𝐾𝐾 𝐿𝐿 � (4.5)2
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑦𝑦 28161
𝛼𝛼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑦𝑦 = = = 4.7 < 10 → second-order moment must be considered.
𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 6000
𝑀𝑀1
For the first-order moment, its diagram is linear with 𝑟𝑟 = =0
𝑀𝑀2
→ 𝛽𝛽 = 0.66 + 0.44𝑟𝑟 = 0.66
𝛽𝛽 0.66
𝑘𝑘1,𝑦𝑦 = = = 0.838 < 1.0 → 𝑘𝑘1 = 1.0
1 − 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 /𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑦𝑦 1 − 6000/28161
The imperfection moment is not considered in this y-axis of bending
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑘𝑘1,𝑦𝑦 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑘𝑘1,𝑦𝑦 �1.35𝑀𝑀𝐺𝐺 + 1.50𝑀𝑀𝑄𝑄 � = 1.0 × (1.35 × 50 + 1.50 × 45)
= 135 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

Bending about z-axis:

(𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑧𝑧 = 𝐾𝐾0 �𝐸𝐸𝑎𝑎 𝐼𝐼𝑎𝑎,𝑧𝑧 + 𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠,𝑧𝑧 + 𝐾𝐾𝑒𝑒,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 �
= 0.9(210,000 × 24476 × 104 + 210,000 × 1629 × 104
+ 0.5 × 17,400 × 107796 × 104 ) = 57779 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚2

EC 4 2004 CCD Example 002 - 8

 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: ETABS
REVISION NO.: 0

𝜋𝜋 2 (𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸)𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼,𝑧𝑧 𝜋𝜋 2 × 57779
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑧𝑧 = = = 28161 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
(𝐾𝐾𝑧𝑧 𝐿𝐿𝑧𝑧 )2 (4.5)2
𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑧𝑧 28161
𝛼𝛼𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑧𝑧 = = = 4.7 < 10 → second-order moment must be considered.
𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 6000
No first-order moment is applied about z-axis.
For the imperfection moment, its diagram is parabolic → 𝛽𝛽 = 1.0
𝛽𝛽 1.0
𝑘𝑘2,𝑧𝑧 = = = 1.27
1 − 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 /𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐,𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑦𝑦 1 − 6000/28161

𝐴𝐴 20.1×102 𝐿𝐿 4.5
As 𝐴𝐴𝑠𝑠 = 1153×102 = 1.7% < 3% → 𝑒𝑒0 = = = 0.015
𝑐𝑐 300 300
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑘𝑘2,𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑒𝑒0 = 𝑘𝑘2,𝑧𝑧 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑒𝑒0 = 1.27 × 6000 × 0.015 = 114.4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚

Shear design:
2𝐴𝐴𝑎𝑎 2 × 124.5 × 102
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = = = 79.28 × 102 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 355
𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 79.28 × 102 = 1625 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
√3 𝛾𝛾𝑀𝑀0 √3 × 1.0
𝑉𝑉𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 30
𝑉𝑉
= = 0.018 < 0.5 → the effects of shear on the moment and axial strengths are
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑎𝑎,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 1625
ignored.

Demand/Capacity (D/C) ratio:

From the interaction diagram, at 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 6000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘:
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 8300 − 6000
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 707 = 311.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 8300 − 3079
𝑀𝑀𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 311.5
𝜇𝜇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = = = 0.441
𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 707
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑁𝑁𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 8300 − 6000
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 707 = 311.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑁𝑁𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 8300 − 3079
𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 311.5
𝜇𝜇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = = = 0.441
𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 707
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑀𝑀𝑧𝑧,𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸,𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 135 114.4
+ = + = +
𝜇𝜇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝜇𝜇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑙,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝜇𝜇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑦𝑦,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝜇𝜇𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑧𝑧,𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 0.441 × 707 0.441 × 707
= 0.8015

The D/C ratio of 0.8015 governs the design.

EC 4 2004 CCD Example 002 - 9