ANALYSIS OF POWER QUALITY IN ADO EKITI DISTRIBUTION

NETWORK
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background Of The Study
Ado Ekiti, the capital city of Ekiti State, Nigeria, has experienced rapid industrial
and commercial growth in recent years, leading to an increased demand for
electricity (Adeoti et al., 2020). However, the power distribution network in Ado
Ekiti has struggled to keep pace with this growth, resulting in poor power quality
and frequent power outages (Oyedepo et al., 2018).
Power quality is a critical aspect of electricity supply, as it affects the reliability,
efficiency, and lifespan of electrical equipment (Arrillaga et al., 2017). Poor power
quality can cause equipment malfunction, damage, and even complete failure,
leading to significant economic losses and disruptions to industrial and
commercial activities (Dugan et al., 2012).
The Ado Ekiti distribution network faces several challenges that affect power
quality, including aging and deteriorating infrastructure (Oyedepo et al., 2018),
overloading and underloading of power systems (Adeoti et al., 2020), high levels
of harmonic distortion (Arrillaga et al., 2017), voltage sag and swell (Dugan et al.,
2012), and power outages and blackouts (Oyedepo et al., 2018).
Despite these challenges, there is a lack of comprehensive studies on power
quality in the Ado Ekiti distribution network (Adeoti et al., 2020). Therefore, this
study aims to analyze the power quality in the Ado Ekiti distribution network,
identify the causes of poor power quality, and recommend strategies for
improvement.

1.2Problem Statement
The Ado Ekiti power distribution network experiences poor power quality, causing
economic losses and disruptions. Aging infrastructure and lack of effective
strategies exacerbate the issue, necessitating a comprehensive study to identify
root causes and develop improvement strategies.
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1.3Aim And Objectives
The aim of this study is to investigate the power quality in the Ado Ekiti
distribution network. The specific objectives are:
1. to assess the current power quality in the Ado Ekiti distribution network,
including voltage sag and swell, harmonic distortion, and power outages;
2. to identify the root causes of poor power quality, including aging infrastructure,
overloading, and other factors;
3. to develop effective strategies for improving power quality and reliability,
including infrastructure upgrades, load management, and other solutions.

1.4 Scope Of Study

The scope of this study is focused on the Ado Ekiti distribution network, covering
the city and its surrounding areas. The study assesses the power quality in the
distribution network, including voltage sag and swell, harmonic distortion, power
outages, and other disturbances, and evaluates the impact of poor power quality
on industrial and commercial activities. The study covers a period of one year,
from January to December, to account for seasonal variations in power demand
and quality. A combination of field measurements, simulations, and statistical
analysis is employed to achieve the objectives, with data and insights gathered
from various stakeholders, including electricity consumers, utility companies, and
regulatory agencies. The study is focused on power quality assessment, root cause
analysis of poor power quality, development of strategies for improving power
quality and reliability, and evaluation of the impact of poor power quality on
industrial and commercial activities.

1.5Significant Of The Study

The significance of this study lies in its potential to provide valuable insights and
solutions to the pressing issue of poor power quality in the Ado Ekiti distribution
network. By investigating the root causes of power quality problems and

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developing effective strategies for improvement, this study can contribute to
enhancing the reliability and efficiency of the power supply, which is crucial for
the economic and social well-being of the city and its inhabitants. Furthermore,
the findings of this study can serve as a reference for other distribution networks
facing similar challenges, and can inform policy and decision-making at the local
and national levels. Ultimately, this study aims to make a meaningful impact on
the quality of life and economic development of Ado Ekiti and beyond.

1.6Definition Of Terms
Power Quality (PQ): The degree to which electric power conforms to established
standards for voltage, frequency, and waveform, ensuring reliable and efficient
operation of electrical equipment.
Power Distribution Network (PDN): A system of electrical lines, substations, and
transformers that deliver electricity from the power plant to consumers.
Voltage Sag (VS): A temporary reduction in voltage magnitude, typically lasting
from a few cycles to several minutes.
Voltage Swell (VSW): A temporary increase in voltage magnitude, typically lasting
from a few cycles to several minutes.
Harmonic Distortion (HD): The presence of voltage or current waves at
frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, causing
interference and equipment malfunction.
Power Outage (PO): A complete loss of electric power, resulting in disruption of
electrical supply to consumers.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The power distribution network in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, has experienced rapid
industrial and commercial growth in recent years, leading to an increased demand
for electricity (Adeoti et al., 2020). This growth has put a strain on the existing
infrastructure, resulting in poor power quality and frequent power outages
(Oyedepo et al., 2018). Power quality is a critical aspect of electricity supply, as it
affects the reliability, efficiency, and lifespan of electrical equipment (Arrillaga et
al., 2017). Poor power quality can cause equipment malfunction, damage, and
even complete failure, leading to significant economic losses and disruptions to
industrial and commercial activities (Dugan et al., 2012).
Furthermore, poor power quality can also lead to voltage sag, harmonic
distortion, and other disturbances, which can have a significant impact on the
overall performance of the power distribution network (Oyedepo et al., 2018). In
addition, the lack of effective power quality monitoring and analysis in Ado Ekiti
has made it challenging to identify and address power quality issues in a timely
and efficient manner (Adeoti et al., 2020).
Therefore, this study aims to analyze the power quality in the Ado Ekiti
distribution network, identify the causes of poor power quality, and recommend
strategies for improvement. The study will employ a combination of field
measurements, simulations, and statistical analysis to achieve its objectives. The
findings of this study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on power
quality and provide valuable insights for power distribution network operators,
policymakers, and other stakeholders in the electricity sector.

2.2 Power Quality Parameters

Power quality is a critical aspect of electricity supply, and its measurement is

crucial for ensuring reliable operation of electrical equipment. Power quality
parameters are used to assess the quality of the power supply and identify

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potential issues that may affect the reliable operation of electrical equipment.
These parameters provide valuable information about the voltage, current, and
frequency of the power supply, enabling utilities and consumers to take corrective
action to prevent equipment damage and downtime. The parameters used to
measure power quality include voltage magnitude and unbalance, harmonic
distortion, voltage sag and swell, power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD),
and voltage fluctuations. Understanding these parameters is essential for
evaluating power quality and identifying areas for improvement.

2.3 Causes of Poor Power Quality

Poor power quality can be caused by a variety of factors, including the aging and
deterioration of infrastructure, overloading and underutilization of electrical
equipment, and faulty or malfunctioning equipment. Weather conditions such as
lightning and storms can also cause power quality issues, as can human error and
negligence. Inadequate maintenance and repair of electrical equipment can lead
to power quality problems, as can the use of incompatible or faulty electrical
equipment. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can also contribute to poor power
quality. These factors can lead to disturbances in the power supply, resulting in
poor power quality and potential damage to electrical equipment.

2.4 Effects Of Poor Power Quality

Poor power quality can have far-reaching and devastating effects on electrical
equipment and the overall power distribution system. The consequences of poor
power quality can be categorized into three main areas: economic, safety, and
reliability. Economically, poor power quality can lead to equipment damage,
downtime, and lost productivity, resulting in significant financial losses. In terms of
safety, poor power quality can cause electrical shocks, fires, and other hazards,
posing a risk to human life and property. Finally, poor power quality can
compromise the reliability and efficiency of the power distribution system, leading
to increased energy losses, reduced system lifespan, and decreased overall
performance. Moreover, poor power quality can also lead to voltage sag,
harmonic distortion, and other power quality issues, further exacerbating the

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problem. It is essential to address poor power quality to mitigate these effects and
ensure a reliable and efficient power supply.

2.5 Power Quality Monitoring and Analysis

Power quality monitoring and analysis are crucial for identifying and mitigating
power quality issues. Power quality monitoring involves the measurement and
recording of power quality parameters, such as voltage, current, and frequency,
over time. This data is then analyzed using various techniques, including wavelet
analysis, fast Fourier transform (FFT), and harmonic analysis, to identify trends,
patterns, and anomalies that may indicate power quality issues. The results of
power quality analysis can be used to identify the root causes of power quality
problems, develop effective mitigation strategies, and optimize the performance
of the power distribution system. Effective power quality monitoring and analysis
can help utilities and consumers reduce equipment damage, downtime, and
energy losses, while also improving the overall reliability and efficiency of the
power supply.

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References:

Adeoti, O., Oyedepo, O., & Ademola, A. (2020). Power quality assessment of a
distribution network in Nigeria. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology,
15(4), 839-848.
Arrillaga, J., Watson, N., & Chen, S. (2017). Power system harmonics. John Wiley &
Sons.
Dugan, R. C., McGranaghan, M. F., & Beaty, H. W. (2012). Electrical power systems
quality. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Oyedepo, O., Adeoti, O., & Ademola, A. (2018). Power quality issues in Nigeria’s
power sector: A review. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Adeoti,
O., Oyedepo, O., & Ademola, A. (2020). Power quality assessment of a distribution
network in Nigeria. Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 15(4), 839-
848.
Arrillaga, J., Watson, N., & Chen, S.(2017). Power system harmonics. John Wiley &
Sons.
Dugan, R. C., McGranaghan, M. F., & Beaty, H. W. (2012). Electrical power systems
quality. McGraw-Hill Professional.
Oyedepo, O., Adeoti, O., & Ademola, A. (2018). Power quality issues in Nigeria’s
power sector: A review. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
Systems, 103, 143-152.